Vertical flow constructed wetlands for the treatment of inorganic ...

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Figure 2.1: Section view of a typical FWS wetland (Extracted from Kadlec and Knight, 1996). Figure 2.2: Section view of a typical HF wetland with details of major components. sand Figure 2.3: Section view of a typical VF wetland with details of major components (picture modified from Tilley et al., 2008). 10
2.3 Common uses of constructed wetlands Constructed wetland technology can be applied to treat different wastewaters. As mentioned in section 2.1 they were initially used to treat phenol, dairy and livestock wastewaters as well as domestic effluents (Seidel, 1955 in Vymazal, 2005). Since the 1950’s constructed wetlands have been applied to treat an increasing variety of waters including domestic and municipal wastewaters, industrial wastewaters, agricultural field runoff, animal wastewaters including those from livestock, poultry, swine and aquaculture operations, landfill leachate, contaminated groundwater, urban stormwater runoff and also relatively clean waters from rivers and lakes as pre treatment for human supply schemes (Kadlec and Wallace, 2009). While there is a vast body of literature discussing domestic and municipal wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands the focus of this section will be primarily on industrial effluents and stormwater runoff. For comprehensive information on domestic and municipal effluents the reader is directed to Dallas et al., (2004); Brix and Arias (2005); USEPA (2000) and Kadlec and Wallace (2009). Detailed information on the use of CWs for landfill leachate treatment is given in Bulc (2006), Johnson et al. (1999) and Vrhovsek et al. (2000). 2.3.2 Industrial wastewaters Because of their versatility, CWs have been increasingly used to treat nearly all types of industrial effluents. They have been effectively applied to highly organic effluents from food processing facilities such as potato (Burgoon et al., 1999), sugar and ethanol (Salati et al., 1999) , dairy (Mantovi et al., 2003), beverages, wine (Shepherd et al., 2001) and olive oil (Grafias et al., 2010), and to moderately low organic content waters from mines (O’Sullivan et al., 2004), chemical and fertiliser manufacturers (Domingos et al., 2007, 2008), tanneries (Calheiros et al., 2007) amongst others. Some of these industrial effluents can be very acidic or saline so specific media for pH control and careful selection of salt tolerant plants is required. Some examples 11
Page 1: Vertical flow constructed wetlands
Page 4 and 5: 1. Journal articles: Items derived
Page 6 and 7: Berryman and Frances Brigg provided
Page 8 and 9: The feasibility of using carbon ric
Page 10 and 11: Table of Contents Items derived fro
Page 13 and 14: 1.1 Industrial wastewaters Chapter
Page 15 and 16: eneficial as long as the water is t
Page 17 and 18: 1.4 Scope of this thesis The main r
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 8 describes the design rati
Page 21: similar to aerobic ponds, usually s
Page 25 and 26: These systems favour settling of su
Page 27 and 28: Total organic carbon (TOC) determin
Page 29 and 30: organically bound N is called ammon
Page 31 and 32: Biochemically equation 2.11 is subd
Page 33 and 34: oxidised. External carbon sources s
Page 35 and 36: 2009) in FWS wetlands, and also oxy
Page 37 and 38: intensive (Reed et al., 1995). Harv
Page 39 and 40: limited because they only allow the
Page 41 and 42: whose distribution followed a clear
Page 43 and 44: The concentration of heavy metal io
Page 45 and 46: Metal carbonates: When the concentr
Page 47 and 48: and 8.3g Na2SO4/L. The authors attr
Page 49 and 50: therefore were selected for a 97 da
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 3: Salinity impact on nitri
Page 53 and 54: associated with the reduced number
Page 55 and 56: 2000). The theoretical HRT is the a
Page 57 and 58: 3.2.3 Water sampling and analysis W
Page 59 and 60: Table 3.1: Sediment sampling dates
Page 61 and 62: threshold calculation suggested by
Page 63 and 64: 18 days. The plants in T2 wetlands,
Page 65 and 66: Even though known amounts of sea sa
Page 67 and 68: 3.3.3.1 Ammonia removal Ammonia rem
Page 69 and 70: NH 3-N (mg/L) 160 140 120 100 80 60
Page 71 and 72: attempted to be answered in one of
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During Phase I, the overall average
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NH3-Nconcentration out (mg/L) Figur
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to the literature, some peaks have
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3.3.5.2.1 Control wetland TRFLP ana
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% of total peak area 100 90 80 70 6
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% of total peak area 100 90 80 70 6
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3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Plant health S
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ones reported by Kantawanichkul et
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Chen et al. (2003) observed nitrite
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Ward et al. (2000) found that in th
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Chapter 4: Nitrification and denitr
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Figure 4.1: Experimental set up dem
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of sediment was performed through t
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4.2.7 Data analysis Microsoft Excel
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4.3.2.2 NO3-N Effluent nitrate conc
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The load vs concentration chart pre
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Because the influent pump did not d
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increased during the first two week
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clear seasonal variation in nosZ ge
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4.4 Conclusions The unplanted semi
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Fick 1997; Ingersoll and Baker, 199
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Both systems were planted with nati
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A B C Figure 5.2: A. Containers hol
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5.3.1.1 Implications of storage for
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NO 3-N (mg/L) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
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COD (mg/L) 600 500 400 300 200 100
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Chapter 6: Heavy metals in a constr
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Figure 6.1: Photo of the constructe
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potassium, phosphorus, sulphur and
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Table 6.2: Mean (standard deviation
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values are comparable to the Aqua R
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On a dry weight basis, macrophyte r
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Chapter 7: Nitrogen removal and amm
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etween the sand surface and 0.3m ab
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profiles were analysed using Genema
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Table 7.1: Monthly total flows, ave
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clones S8-sludge and S9-sand which
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specific 119bp OTU. Even though N.
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Chapter 8: Design and monitoring of
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VF wetlands operated in parallel in
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8.2.1.1.4 Distribution/collection p
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Figure 8.4: Wetland cell 1 on the f
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Figure 8.7: Cell 2 being tested at
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on Figure 8.7. Within a year vegeta
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NH3-N Load (kg/d) 900 800 700 600 5
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The same strong positive correlatio
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construction and planting costs, in
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Considering the findings and limita
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Brant A.H., Jagoe C.H., Kelsey-Wall
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Crites, R., Tchobanoglous, G. (1998
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Gorra, R., Coci, M., Ambrosoli, R.
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Kadlec, R.H., Bastiaens, W.V. and U
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eactors. WEFTEC 79th Annual Technic
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16S rRNA and amoA sequence analysis
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Sun, G. and Austin, D. (2007). Comp
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Wu, Y., Tam, N.F.Y. and Wong, M.H.
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Figure A2: Permeability of the sand
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Treatment 1 wetland Dec-08 Mar-09 A
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Comparison of Surface samples from
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Treatment 1 wetland Mar-09 Figure B
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Appendix C. Complementary results f
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