Rupturing Concepts of Disability and Inclusion

TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
3.3.1 A Socio-Medical Approach: Personal Tragedy Theory .......................42
3.3.2 A Social Interactionist Approach: Stigmatisation ................................43
3.3.3 A Materialist Approach: Social Oppression Theory ............................43
3.4 Extending Social Model Concepts ................................................................44
3.5 Considering Discursive Practices..................................................................46
3.6 Social Model Concepts and Particularity ......................................................47
3.7 Is a Definition of Disability Possible?...........................................................48
3.8 Summary........................................................................................................53
CHAPTER FOUR: Threads of Configuration 2: The Wefts of Social
Practices of Disability Services................................................................................55
4.1 Exploring Human Services and Disability ....................................................55
4.2 Human Services as a Social Practice.............................................................57
4.3 Social Practices in a Disability Context ........................................................65
4.4 Practice of Punishment: Penalty....................................................................66
4.4.1 Disability as Inferiority.........................................................................67
4.4.2 Infanticide and Abandonment...............................................................67
4.4.3 Intentional Removal – Institutionalisation ..........................................
70
4.4.4 Scientific Influences .............................................................................72
4.4.5 Issues of Further Vulnerability and Abuse ...........................................75
4.4.6 Abjection and Elimination....................................................................76
4.5 Practice of Provision: Pathos.........................................................................78
4.5.1 Pathos as an Alternative........................................................................79
4.5.2 The Christian Influence ........................................................................79
4.5.3 Changes to the Church’s Role ..............................................................81
4.5.4 Enlightened Care...................................................................................82
4.5.5 The Influence of Expressivism .............................................................82
4.6 Practice of Provision: Pathology ...................................................................85
4.6.1 Significant Understandings of the Body...............................................86
4.6.2 Two Trajectories of the Relevance of Cartesianism:
The Impaired Body and the Impaired Mind .........................................88
4.6.3 Convergence of the Trajectories...........................................................96
4.7 Practice of Provision: Philosophies...............................................................97
4.7.1 Normalisation........................................................................................98
4.7.1.1 Descriptions of the Principles of Normalisation......................98
4.7.1.2 Outcomes of Normalisation and/or SRV................................104
(a) Deinstitutionalisation ..............................................................105
(b) Community Care .....................................................................107
(c) Mainstreaming.........................................................................110
(d) Services Development and Professionalisation ......................111
4.7.2 Disability Rights .................................................................................114
4.7.3 The Implications of Normalisation and Rights
on Disability Policies..........................................................................119