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Scholefield JH, Moss S, Sufi F, Mangham CM & Hardcastle JD 2002. Effect of faecal occult blood screening on mortality from colorectal cancer: results from a randomised controlled trial. Gut 50(6): 840–4. Segnan N, Senore C, Andreoni B, Aste H, Bonelli L, Crosta C, Ferraris R, Gasperoni S, Penna A, Risio M, Rossini FP, Sciallero S, Zappa M & Atkin WS 2002. Baseline findings of the Italian multicenter randomized controlled trial of ‘once-only sigmoidoscopy’––SCORE. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(23): 1763–72. Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr & Weiss NS 1992. A case–control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 326: 653–7. Singh H, Turner D, Xue L, Targownik LE & Bernstein CN 2006. Risk of developing colorectal cancer following a negative colonoscopy examination: evidence for a 10-year interval between colonoscopies. JAMA 295(20): 2366–73. St John DJ, Young GP, McHutchison JG, Deacon MC & Alexeyeff MA 1992. Comparison of the specificity and sensitivity of Hemoccult and HemoQuant in screening for colorectal neoplasia. Ann Intern Med 117: 376–82. Tong S, Hughes K, Oldenburg B & Del Mar C 2004. Would general practitioners support a population-based colorectal cancer screening programme of faecal-occult blood testing? Intern Med J 34(9–10): 532–8. Towler B, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Weller D & Silagy C 1998. A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult. BMJ 317: 559–65. Turner GB, Chin MW, Foster NM, Emery J & Forbes GM 2006. Attitudes of Western Australian general practitioners to colorectal cancer screening. Med J Aust 185(4): 237. UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening Trial Investigators (UKSSTI) 2002. Single flexible sigmoidoscopy screening to prevent colorectal cancer: baseline findings of a UK multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 359(9314): 1291–300. US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 2002. Screening for colorectal cancer: recommendation and rationale. Ann Intern Med 137(2): 129–31. Valery PC, Coory M, Stirling J & Green AC 2006. Cancer diagnosis, treatment, and survival in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians: a matched cohort study. Lancet 367(9525): 1842–8. Van Dam J, Cotton P, Johnson CD, McFarland BG, Pineau BC, Provenzale D, Ransohoff D, Rex D, Rockey D & Wootton FT III 2004. AGA future trends report: CT colonography. Gastroenterology 127(3): 970–84. Viiala CH, Zimmerman M, Cullen DJ & Hoffman NE 2003. Complication rates of colonoscopy in an Australian teaching hospital environment. Intern Med J 33(8): 355–9. Wardle J, Miles A & Atkin W 2005. Gender differences in utilization of colorectal cancer screening. J Med Screen 12(1): 20–7. Wardle J, Taylor T, Sutton S & Atkin A 1999. Does publicity about cancer screening raise fear of cancer? Randomised trial of the psychological effect of information about cancer screening. BMJ 319(7216): 1037–8. Weil J, Colin-Jones D, Langman M, Lawson D, Logan R, Murphy M, Rawlins M, Vessey M & Wainwright P 1995. Prophylactic aspirin and risk of peptic ulcer bleeding. BMJ 310(6983): 827–30. Weissfeld JL, Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Bresalier RS, Church T, Yurgalevitch S, Austin JH, Prorok PC & Gohagan JK 2005. Flexible sigmoidoscopy in the PLCO cancer screening trial: results from the baseline screening examination of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(13): 989–97. Winawer SJ, Fletcher RH, Miller L, Godlee F, Stolar MH, Mulrow CD, Woolf SH, Glick SN, Ganiats TG, Bond JH, Rosen L, Zapka JG, Olsen SJ, Giardiello FM, Sisk JE, Van Antwerp R, Brown-Davis C, Marciniak DA & Mayer RJ 1997. Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale. Gastroenterology 112: 594–642. Woolcott Research 2004. A qualitative evaluation of opinions, attitudes and behaviours influencing the Bowel Cancer Screening Pilot Program. Final report. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) & American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) 1997. Summary: food nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: AICR. National Cancer Prevention Policy 2007 – 09 15 B o w e l c a n c e r
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National Cancer Prevention Policy 2
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The Cancer Council Australia Member
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Overweight and obesity 86 Introduct
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A b b r e v i a t i o n s AACR Aust
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T h e N a t i o n a l C a n c e r P
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increase their understanding of man
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T o b a c c o Introduction 12 Secti
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Figure 1.1 Number of Australians wh
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(16.3%) continues the trends observ
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in the longer-term future, when hea
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Tobacco products are among the top
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In 2007, given estimated costs of $
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improved regulation, by collectivel
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Tobacco control strategy for Aborig
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Australian National Tobacco Strateg
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Regulation of products Possible reg
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• • parents/carers and children
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Australia in partnership with a num
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What needs to be achieved How The C
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——— 2005. 2004 National Drug
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Schofield PE, Borland R, Hill DJ, P
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In adult life, recreational (interm
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ehaviours as a result of public edu
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Screening for melanoma There is ins
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Autier P 2004. Issues about solaria
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N u t r i t i o n Introduction 52 S
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Table 1.4 Conclusions of the major
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It may be possible that different t
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Table 1.5 Current trends in consump
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key stakeholders (Sorensen et al. 1
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A large scale randomised controlled
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• The International Union Against
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References Nutrition Agency for Hea
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Kushi L & Giovannucci E 2002. Dieta
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Strategic Inter-Governmental Nutrit
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How physical activity is measured U
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There is consistent epidemiological
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• • Moderate-intensity physical
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to help them achieve greater and mo
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Populations Aboriginal and Torres S
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An increased capacity to monitor be
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McTiernan A, Kooperberg C, White E,
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O v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i
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Table 1.9 Proportion of cancer attr
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were $107.3 million in 2005, with 7
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Obese children have a 25% to 50% ch
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Table 1.10 Summary of the strengths
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more than moderately effective. The
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a screening approach particularly f
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References Overweight and obesity A
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Gebel K, King L, Bauman A, Vita P,
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——— 2004. SNAP: A population
Page 109 and 110: (the highest level of evidence in t
Page 111 and 112: How the amount of disease caused by
Page 113 and 114: The challenge Adults Alcohol is a s
Page 115 and 116: and healthy drinking cultures in Au
Page 117 and 118: ook’) (RACGP 2006) assists in dev
Page 119 and 120: English DR, Holman CDJ, Milne E, Hu
Page 122 and 123: Section Two: Screening to detect ca
Page 124 and 125: early detection improves health out
Page 126 and 127: false positive faecal occult blood
Page 128 and 129: 1987, compared to 51.3 deaths per 1
Page 130 and 131: Breast self-examination Breast self
Page 132 and 133: a significant proportion of women a
Page 134 and 135: An Australian review of the benefit
Page 136 and 137: References Breast cancer Australian
Page 138 and 139: Semiglazov VF, Manikhas AG, Moiseen
Page 140 and 141: A vaccine to prevent HPV infection
Page 142 and 143: It is anticipated that the introduc
Page 144 and 145: Recruitment Women in the target age
Page 146 and 147: B o w e l ( c o l o r e c t a l ) c
Page 148 and 149: could focus on: how to use this tim
Page 150 and 151: Periodic testing is recommended, as
Page 152 and 153: participate in the initial phase; t
Page 154 and 155: likely to do so if reinvited, espec
Page 156 and 157: What we want to achieve How The Can
Page 158 and 159: P, Sivak MV & Butler H 2004. Comput
Page 162 and 163: M e l a n o m a Melanoma in Austral
Page 164 and 165: Would screening be of benefit at th
Page 166 and 167: P r o s t a t e c a n c e r Cancer
Page 168 and 169: have lower levels of free PSA than
Page 170 and 171: • • a monitoring mechanism be p
Page 172 and 173: ecause surgical patients are usuall
Page 174 and 175: Klein EA 2004. Selenium and vitamin
Page 176 and 177: Section Three: Immunisation www.can
Page 178 and 179: epithelial carcinomas of the bladde
Page 180 and 181: The challenge Stigmatisation of cer
Page 182 and 183: The goals of a therapeutic vaccine
Page 184 and 185: Brinkman JA, Caffrey AS, Muderspach
Page 186 and 187: Victorian Cervical Cytology Registr
Page 188 and 189: Chronic hepatitis B infection occur
Page 190 and 191: Global Globally, an estimated two t
Page 192 and 193: The rise in HCC is thought to be as
Page 194 and 195: • • • • • • • • •
Page 196 and 197: The policy context The bleak outcom
Page 198 and 199: Aims What needs to be achieved How
Page 200 and 201: Chen DS 2005. Long-term protection
Page 202 and 203: Williams A 2002. Reduction in the h
Page 204 and 205: Authors Dr Cleola Anderiesz BSc (Ho
Page 206 and 207: Associate Professor John Kelly MDBS
Page 208 and 209: A alcohol 107 - 119 aims of The Can
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east cancer (post-menopause) 87, 88
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The National Cancer Prevention Poli
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