National Cancer Prevention Policy - Tobacco Control Supersite

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C o n t e n t s Abbreviations 6 The National Cancer Prevention Policy 8 References 10 Section One: Preventable risk factors Tobacco 12 Introduction 12 The link between tobacco and cancer 13 The impact 13 The challenge 15 Effective interventions 20 The policy context 26 Aims 34 References 37 Ultraviolet radiation 41 Introduction 41 The link between ultraviolet radiation and cancer 41 The impact 43 The challenge 44 Effective interventions 46 The policy context 47 Aims 47 References 49 Nutrition 52 Introduction 52 The link between nutrition and cancer 52 The impact 57 The challenge 57 Effective interventions 59 The policy context 63 Aims 64 References 66 Physical activity 71 Introduction 71 How physical activity is measured 72 The link between physical activity and cancer 73 The impact 74 The challenge 75 Effective interventions 76 The policy context 80 Aims 81 References 82 C o n t e n t s
Overweight and obesity 86 Introduction 86 The link between overweight and obesity and cancer 87 The impact 89 The challenge 90 Effective interventions 93 The policy context 98 Aims 99 References 102 Alcohol 107 Introduction 107 The link between alcohol and cancer 107 How the amount of disease caused by alcohol is estimated 110 The impact 111 The challenge 112 Effective interventions 113 The policy context 114 Aims 116 References 117 Section Two: Screening to detect cancer early Principles of screening 122 Breast cancer 126 Breast cancer in Australia 126 Can breast cancer be prevented? 127 Tests and programs for breast cancer 128 The policy context 130 Potential benefits and adverse effects of breast cancer screening 132 Who should be screened? 132 Aims 133 References 135 Cervical cancer 138 Cervical cancer in Australia 138 Can cervical cancer be prevented? 138 Screening tests and programs for cervical cancer 139 The policy context 140 Potential benefits and adverse effects of cervical cancer screening 141 Who should be screened? 142 Aims 143 References 144 Bowel (colorectal) cancer 145 Bowel cancer in Australia 145 Can bowel cancer be prevented? 145 Tests and programs for bowel cancer 147 The policy context 150 Potential benefits and adverse effects of bowel cancer screening 153 Who should be screened? 154 Aims 154 References 156
Page 1 and 2: National Cancer Prevention Policy 2
Page 3: The Cancer Council Australia Member
Page 7 and 8: A b b r e v i a t i o n s AACR Aust
Page 9 and 10: T h e N a t i o n a l C a n c e r P
Page 11 and 12: increase their understanding of man
Page 13 and 14: T o b a c c o Introduction 12 Secti
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.1 Number of Australians wh
Page 17 and 18: (16.3%) continues the trends observ
Page 19 and 20: in the longer-term future, when hea
Page 21 and 22: Tobacco products are among the top
Page 23 and 24: In 2007, given estimated costs of $
Page 25 and 26: improved regulation, by collectivel
Page 27 and 28: Tobacco control strategy for Aborig
Page 29 and 30: Australian National Tobacco Strateg
Page 31 and 32: Regulation of products Possible reg
Page 33 and 34: • • parents/carers and children
Page 35 and 36: Australia in partnership with a num
Page 37 and 38: What needs to be achieved How The C
Page 39 and 40: ——— 2005. 2004 National Drug
Page 41 and 42: Schofield PE, Borland R, Hill DJ, P
Page 43 and 44: In adult life, recreational (interm
Page 45 and 46: ehaviours as a result of public edu
Page 47 and 48: Screening for melanoma There is ins
Page 49 and 50: What needs to be achieved How The C
Page 51 and 52: Autier P 2004. Issues about solaria
Page 53 and 54: N u t r i t i o n Introduction 52 S
Page 55 and 56:
Table 1.4 Conclusions of the major
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It may be possible that different t
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Table 1.5 Current trends in consump
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key stakeholders (Sorensen et al. 1
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A large scale randomised controlled
Page 65 and 66:
• The International Union Against
Page 67 and 68:
References Nutrition Agency for Hea
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Kushi L & Giovannucci E 2002. Dieta
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Strategic Inter-Governmental Nutrit
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How physical activity is measured U
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There is consistent epidemiological
Page 77 and 78:
• • Moderate-intensity physical
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to help them achieve greater and mo
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Populations Aboriginal and Torres S
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An increased capacity to monitor be
Page 85 and 86:
McTiernan A, Kooperberg C, White E,
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O v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i
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Table 1.9 Proportion of cancer attr
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were $107.3 million in 2005, with 7
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Obese children have a 25% to 50% ch
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Table 1.10 Summary of the strengths
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more than moderately effective. The
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a screening approach particularly f
Page 101 and 102:
What needs to be achieved How The C
Page 103 and 104:
References Overweight and obesity A
Page 105 and 106:
Gebel K, King L, Bauman A, Vita P,
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——— 2004. SNAP: A population
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(the highest level of evidence in t
Page 111 and 112:
How the amount of disease caused by
Page 113 and 114:
The challenge Adults Alcohol is a s
Page 115 and 116:
and healthy drinking cultures in Au
Page 117 and 118:
ook’) (RACGP 2006) assists in dev
Page 119 and 120:
English DR, Holman CDJ, Milne E, Hu
Page 122 and 123:
Section Two: Screening to detect ca
Page 124 and 125:
early detection improves health out
Page 126 and 127:
false positive faecal occult blood
Page 128 and 129:
1987, compared to 51.3 deaths per 1
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Breast self-examination Breast self
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a significant proportion of women a
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An Australian review of the benefit
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References Breast cancer Australian
Page 138 and 139:
Semiglazov VF, Manikhas AG, Moiseen
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A vaccine to prevent HPV infection
Page 142 and 143:
It is anticipated that the introduc
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Recruitment Women in the target age
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B o w e l ( c o l o r e c t a l ) c
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could focus on: how to use this tim
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Periodic testing is recommended, as
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participate in the initial phase; t
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likely to do so if reinvited, espec
Page 156 and 157:
What we want to achieve How The Can
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P, Sivak MV & Butler H 2004. Comput
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Scholefield JH, Moss S, Sufi F, Man
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M e l a n o m a Melanoma in Austral
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Would screening be of benefit at th
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P r o s t a t e c a n c e r Cancer
Page 168 and 169:
have lower levels of free PSA than
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• • a monitoring mechanism be p
Page 172 and 173:
ecause surgical patients are usuall
Page 174 and 175:
Klein EA 2004. Selenium and vitamin
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Section Three: Immunisation www.can
Page 178 and 179:
epithelial carcinomas of the bladde
Page 180 and 181:
The challenge Stigmatisation of cer
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The goals of a therapeutic vaccine
Page 184 and 185:
Brinkman JA, Caffrey AS, Muderspach
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Victorian Cervical Cytology Registr
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Chronic hepatitis B infection occur
Page 190 and 191:
Global Globally, an estimated two t
Page 192 and 193:
The rise in HCC is thought to be as
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• • • • • • • • •
Page 196 and 197:
The policy context The bleak outcom
Page 198 and 199:
Aims What needs to be achieved How
Page 200 and 201:
Chen DS 2005. Long-term protection
Page 202 and 203:
Williams A 2002. Reduction in the h
Page 204 and 205:
Authors Dr Cleola Anderiesz BSc (Ho
Page 206 and 207:
Associate Professor John Kelly MDBS
Page 208 and 209:
A alcohol 107 - 119 aims of The Can
Page 210 and 211:
east cancer (post-menopause) 87, 88
Page 213:
The National Cancer Prevention Poli
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