IE-33 - YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad
IE-33 - YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad
IE-33 - YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad
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Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the National Conference on<br />
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,<br />
<strong>YMCA</strong> <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Science</strong> & <strong>Technology</strong>, <strong>Faridabad</strong>, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012<br />
2. Need <strong>of</strong> economically and environmentaly viable rl frame work<br />
Despite growing participation within industries, most value recovery processes still remain small, independent<br />
and highly fragmented [34]. To strategize cost efficient product take-back plan, there has been growing interest<br />
in the development <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics that drives reverse flow <strong>of</strong> returned products from the end customers back<br />
to the original equipment manufacturers. Efficient planning and execution <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics would provide<br />
firms a competitive edge in the development <strong>of</strong> sustainable, yet pr<strong>of</strong>it-generating, business strategies. Sound<br />
strategy and execution <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics would promote not only economic, but also environmental benefits as<br />
value <strong>of</strong> returned products should be counted towards savings <strong>of</strong> raw material and labor. While reverse logistics<br />
do not promise guaranteed savings, many have reported noticeable benefits: 40% less overall cost, <strong>33</strong>% less<br />
inventory usage, and 44% higher customer satisfaction .From environmental viewpoint, reverse logistics make<br />
significant contribution towards reduction <strong>of</strong> hazardous waste, alleviation <strong>of</strong> landfill saturation and preservation<br />
<strong>of</strong> scarce raw materials [12]. Reverse logistics take fundamentally different approach from forward logistics<br />
having characteristics <strong>of</strong> highly fragmented return quantities, multiple return channels, complex transportation<br />
routing, higher level <strong>of</strong> expected serviceability for multiple Clients and variety <strong>of</strong> disposition options. Due to<br />
such characteristics, realization or execution <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics <strong>of</strong>ten entail many new challenges. Two major<br />
challenges <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics network design would include cost <strong>of</strong> value recovery process and low return rates<br />
from customers. Recent research reported the cost <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics accounts for nearly 44% <strong>of</strong> entire product<br />
take-back process [41]. Additionally, Green peace’s survey in 2007 revealed that many manufacturers struggle to<br />
achieve beyond 20 percent <strong>of</strong> product return rate. Challenges in product take-back processes entail careful<br />
evaluation <strong>of</strong> aforementioned two key issues <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics network design in order to minimize the total<br />
operating cost, while promoting higher customer product return frequency.<br />
However, the reverse flow <strong>of</strong> products from consumers to upstream business has not received much<br />
interest [13]. Yet, reverse logistics is a big business opportunity. According to the survey in 1999 that reverse<br />
logistics executive council the cost <strong>of</strong> handling, transporting and determining the disposition <strong>of</strong> returned products<br />
was $35 billion annually for U.S firms [14]. In 2000 remanufacturing in the U.S. was a #35 billion per year<br />
industry [15]. Up to now, rates are still increasing. In India e-waste generation from electronics and computers<br />
industries is approximate 1050 tons and if we count imported used products from developed countries then this<br />
figures goes up to three times. From abroad used computers and electronic goods send to India by illegal<br />
practices and received by big scrap dealers. The scrap dealers take outs useful components from used products<br />
like circuit boards, switches, condenser, capacitor, batteries, transformers, copper wires, aluminums wires and<br />
other precious metals by unscientific techniques and unsafe methods. By this process various dangerous gases<br />
and metal particle like cadmium, mercury, bromine flame, poly- chlorination, Bi-finials are mixed in the<br />
environment and causes for cancer, respiratory and brain related diseases in the society.<br />
3. SAFE HANDLING OF E-WASTE<br />
Today world is facing problem <strong>of</strong> e-waste. The life <strong>of</strong> this e-waste is very long and it is not biodegradable and<br />
remains in the environment for long period, Product life cycle has been very short and day to day companies are<br />
launching new advance products due to developments <strong>of</strong> advance technologies in the world. That is main reason<br />
for the creation <strong>of</strong> e-waste in the society. In India more than 10 million computers are under use and more than 2<br />
million computers are outdated. At present in our country here is no rule or directives from government<br />
regarding retreatment and recycling <strong>of</strong> e-waste. To save the environment and society there is need to develop an<br />
economically viable and safe practice <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics/recycling model. This model may be helpful to rescue<br />
<strong>of</strong> products/components in environment friendly manner. We hereby developed a conceptual holistic generic<br />
frame work <strong>of</strong> forward and reverse supply chain networks as shown in figure 1.<br />
3.1 Secondary Markets<br />
To generally conceptualize, reverse logistics is the process <strong>of</strong> retrieving the product from the end consumer for<br />
the purposes <strong>of</strong> capturing value or paper disposal. Activities include transportation, warehousing, distribution<br />
and inventory management. Transportation is usually the largest component <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics costs. Reverse<br />
logistics services include product returns, source reduction , recycling, materials substitution, reuse <strong>of</strong> materials,<br />
waste disposal, refurbishing, repair and remanufacturing [18] Reverse logistics -and reverse logistics researchhas<br />
traditionally emphasized green logistics i.e. the use <strong>of</strong> environmentally conscious logistics strategies [18,19].<br />
While environment aspects <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics are critically important, many firms are also recognizing the<br />
economic impact <strong>of</strong> reverse logistics [20] Practically all business must deal with returns <strong>of</strong> some natures because<br />
<strong>of</strong> issues such as marketing returns (i.e. customers change their minds or find the product unacceptable), damage<br />
or quality problems, overstocks, or, merchandise that is brought back for repairs, refurbishing, or<br />
remanufacturing. NOREK (2002) provides an indication <strong>of</strong> the sheer volume <strong>of</strong> returns generated in many<br />
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