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to LEO to $lo00 per pound ($2200 per kilogram) by 2007 and to $100’~ per pound by 2025 while increasing safety by orders of magnitude. Several programs within NASA are addressing innovative propulsion systems that offer potential for reducing launch costs. Various air-breathing propulsion systems currently are being investigated under these programs. The NASA Aerospace Propulsion and Power Base Research and Technology Program supports long-term fundamental research and is managed at GLenn Research Center. Currently funded areas relevant to space transportation include hybrid hyperspeed propulsion (HHP) and pulse detonation engine (PDE) research. The HHP Program currently is addressing rocket-based combined cycle and turbine-based combined cycle systems. The PDE research program has the goal of demonstrating the feasibility of PDE-based hybrid-cycle and combined cycle propulsion systems that meet NASA’s aviation and access-to-space goals. The ASTP also is part of the Base Research and Technology Program and is managed at the Marshall Space Flight Center. As technologies developed under the Aerospace Propulsion and Power Base Research and Technology Program mature, they are incorporated into ASTP. One example of this is rocket-based combined cycle systems that are being considered as part of ASTP. The NASA Ultra Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) Program has the goal of developing propulsion system component technology that is relevant to a wide range of vehicle missions. In addition to subsonic and supersonic speed regimes, it includes the hypersonic speed regime. More specifically, component technologies for turbine-based combined cycle engines are being developed as part of UEET. Author Air Breathing Engines; Cost Reduction; Hybrid Propulsion; Launch Costs; Low Earth Orbits; Propulsion System Performance; Rocket-Based Combined-Cycle Engines; Hypersonic Speed 20030031381 National Center for Microgravity Research on Fluids and Combusiton, Cleveland, OH, USA The Filtered Abel Transform and Its Application in Combustion Diagnostics Simons, Stephen N., Technical Monitor; Yuan, Zeng-Guang; March 2003; 16 pp.; In English; 1995 Fall Meeting, Western States Section, 30-31 Oct. 1995, Stanford, CA, USA; Original contains black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NCC3?975; WBS 22-101-52-01 Report No.(s): NASA/CR-2003-212121; E-13773; NAS 1.26:212121; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Many non-intrusive combustion diagnosis methods generate line-of-sight projections of a flame field. To reconstruct the spatial field of the measured properties, these projections need to be deconvoluted. When the spatial field is axisymmetric, commonly used deconvolution method include the Abel transforms, the onion peeling method and the two-dimensional Fourier transform method and its derivatives such as the filtered back projection methods. This paper proposes a new approach for performing the Abel transform method is developed, which possesses the exactness of the Abel transform and the flexibility of incorporating various filters in the reconstruction process. The Abel transform is an exact method and the simplest among these commonly used methods. It is evinced in this paper that all the exact reconstruction methods for axisymmetric distributions must be equivalent to the Abel transform because of its uniqueness and exactness. Detailed proof is presented to show that the two dimensional Fourier methods when applied to axisymmetric cases is identical to the Abel transform. Discrepancies among various reconstruction method stem from the different approximations made to perform numerical calculations. An equation relating the spectrum of a set of projection date to that of the corresponding spatial distribution is obtained, which shows that the spectrum of the projection is equal to the Abel transform of the spectrum of the corresponding spatial distribution. From the equation, if either the projection or the distribution is bandwidth limited, the other is also bandwidth limited, and both have the same bandwidth. If the two are not bandwidth limited, the Abel transform has a bias against low wave number components in most practical cases. This explains why the Abel transform and all exact deconvolution methods are sensitive to high wave number noises. The filtered Abel transform is based on the fact that the Abel transform of filtered projection data is equal to an integral transform of the original projection data with the kernel function being the Abel transform of the filtering function. The kernel function is independent of the projection data and can be obtained separately when the filtering function is selected. Users can select the best filtering function for a particular set of experimental data. When the kernal function is obtained, it can be used repeatedly to a number of projection data sets (rovs) from the same experiment. When an entire flame image that contains a large number of projection lines needs to be processed, the new approach significantly reduces computational effort in comparison with the conventional approach in which each projection data set is deconvoluted separately. Computer codes have been developed to perform the filter Abel transform for an entire flame field. Measured soot volume fraction data of a jet diffusion flame are processed as an example. Author Abel Function; Combustion; Diagnosis; Kernel Functions; Fourier Transformation; Diffusion Flames; Axisymmetric Flow 31
20030032186 NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA Magnetic Flux Compression Experiments Using Plasma Armatures Turner, M. W.; Hawk, C. W.; Litchford, R. J.; March 2003; 37 pp.; In English; Original contains black and white illustrations Report No.(s): NASA/TP-2003-212341; NAS 1.60:212341; M-1069; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy Magnetic flux compression reaction chambers offer considerable promise for controlling the plasma flow associated with various micronuclear/chemical pulse propulsion and power schemes, primarily because they avoid thermalization with wall structures and permit multicycle operation modes. The major physical effects of concern are the diffusion of magnetic flux into the rapidly expanding plasma cloud and the development of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities at the plasma surface, both of which can severely degrade reactor efficiency and lead to plasma-wall impact. A physical parameter of critical importance to these underlying magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes is the magnetic Reynolds number (R(sub m), the value of which depends upon the product of plasma electrical conductivity and velocity. Efficient flux compression requires R(sub m) less than 1, and a thorough understanding of MHD phenomena at high magnetic Reynolds numbers is essential to the reliable design and operation of practical reactors. As a means of improving this understanding, a simplified laboratory experiment has been constructed in which the plasma jet ejected from an ablative pulse plasma gun is used to investigate plasma armature interaction with magnetic fields. As a prelude to intensive study, exploratory experiments were carried out to quantify the magnetic Reynolds number characteristics of the plasma jet source. Jet velocity was deduced from time-of-flight measurements using optical probes, and electrical conductivity was measured using an inductive probing technique. Using air at 27-inHg vacuum, measured velocities approached 4.5 km/s and measured conductivities were in the range of 30 to 40 kS/m. Author Electrical Resistivity; Plasma Compression; Magnetic Flux; Reynolds Number; Plasma Jets; Plasma Dynamics; Stability; Chemical Propulsion 23 CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS (GENERAL) Includes general research topics related to the composition, properties, structure, and use of chemical compounds and materials as they relate to aircraft, launch vehicles, and spacecraft. For specific topics in chemistry and materials see categories 25 through 29. For astrochemistry see category 90 Astrophysics. 20030020946 NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA The Effect of Film Composition on the Texture and Grain Size of CuInS2 Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Jin, Michael H.-C.; Banger, Kulbinder K.; Harris, Jerry D.; Hepp, Aloysius F.; May 12, 2003; 3 pp.; In English; 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 12-16 May 2003, Osaka, Japan; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy CuInS2 was deposited by spray pyrolysis using single-source precursors synthesized in-house. Films with either (112) or (204/220) preferred orientation always showed Cu-rich and In-rich composition respectively. The In-rich (204/220)-oriented films always contained a secondary phase evaluated as an In-rich compound, and the hindrance of (112)-oriented grain growth was confirmed by glancing angle X-ray diffraction. In conclusion, only the Cu-rich (112)-oriented films with dense columnar grains can be prepared without the secondary In-rich compound. The effect of extra Cu on the grain size and the solar cell results will be also presented. Author Films; Textures; Grain Size; Copper Sulfides; Indium Sulfides; Pyrolysis 20030025233 Iowa Univ., Iowa City, IA, USA Rejuvenation of Spent Media via Supported Emulsion Liquid Membranes Wiencek, John M.; [2002]; 4 pp.; In English; Original contains black and white illustrations Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG8-1588; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy The overall goal of this project was to maximize the reuseability of spent fermentation media. Supported emulsion liquid membrane separation, a highly efficient extraction technique, was used to remove inhibitory byproducts during fermentation; thus, improve the yield while reducing the need for fresh water. The key objectives of this study were: (1) Develop an emulsion liquid membrane system targeting low molecular weight organic acids which has minimal toxicity on a variety of microbial systems. (2) Conduct mass transfer studies to allow proper modeling and design of a supported emulsion liquid membrane system. (3) Investigate the effect of gravity on emulsion coalescence within the membrane unit. (4) Access the effect of water re-use on fermentation yields in a model microbial system. and (5) Develop a perfusion-type fermentor utilizing a supported 32
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dance in the Arabian Sea and Bay of
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Operational Vertical Sounder) Verti
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The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spe
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droughts of the 1930s and 1950s. Th
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20030031380 NASA Goddard Space Flig
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Data from the Tropical Rainfall Mea
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Mid-latitude forest ecosystems have
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Understanding functional associatio
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cyanobacterial mats, oxygenic photo
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as CIAO/SDP software developers, we
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Exploration Rover (MER) expeditions
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data in guard cells leads to the pr
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analyzed using quantum kinetic theo
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Science Through ARts (STAR) is an e
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This source had been a bright persi
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We revise the physics of primary el
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size of the gullies in relation to
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society, GISS is part of the Earth
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Effect of a BN Interphase that Debo
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Scalability of a Low-Cost Multi-Ter
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DATA TRANSMISSION Reliable Transpor
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Atomic Data for the K-Vacancy State
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FORMATION FLYING A Nonlinear, Six-D
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HIGH TEMPERATURE Alumina Volatility
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Atomic Data for the K-Vacancy State
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MATRICES (MATHEMATICS) A Time Integ
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NASA’s Sentinels Monitoring Weath
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SACCHAROMYCES Redundancies in Large
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SOLAR CORONA Are CME ‘interaction
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STANDARDS NASA GSFC Mechanical Engi
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Rayleigh-Taylor Gravity Waves and Q
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Balagadde, Frederick The Electrical
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Gliebe, Philip Recent Progress in E
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Hughes, S. P. Primer Vector Optimiz
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Raffaelle, Ryne Future Photovoltaic
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Shirron, Peter J. A Cryogenic, Insu
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Urban and Rural Ozone Collect over
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Xu, Yun-Jun Coupled Attitude and Or
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