'ffi.hL

Cf,A?Tf,R 8
COST OF RENI]WABLE EI{ERGY PRODUCTION
&l TNTRODUCTION
Onc of the djriql ficroB i. rhe dissin.tion ot RETS is rhci, fileial vilbility. fte
notrclary h€nefi$ o.4cd to the ead uc6 wld d€pad or lh. mour dd Gt of tucl
sv.d thouh th. w of RETS. Thc @st of plr

pojel cd b. 6rin.t d uilg r[c
200!)l
ucE -
lrIcRF + pl+ Fc
AEP
ucE _ I"lcM + pl+ Fc
31@lq.GUF)
t12
qpBion (K,Ddp.l !d C&s, 2({r3; fi@gvijh
(8.t)
wn€rc I0 is Ih. irinal c.pilrl @sr CRF i! thc cAirat '@vqy fs.ioi, tr b 1[. eud
o&M 6n !s Fedl!8c of t0, Fc is tn. tu t @d pd uit ot 6..s/ ollput, ,!d ^!p is
lhe ovdg. Mud clericiry ou9ul of thc Msalte dc.g/ ryltd, Thc Alp of ihe
Melbl. dq$/ s$tan @ b€ 6timi.d sirg tbe qpBsid:
AE = 8160.\C) \CUF) (8.2)
whe& C is de ntcd capeiiy of th€ roewiblc pow gaflnon l,3ld tud cUF i! th.
op&i9 utilisltio! ficlor. E{. (8.r) c& al@ b. mifto 6
(8.3)
Th. qpid @v.ry felor, CRF, wi6 Mordins to tL. pdiort ovr wbjcn rhe clpillt is
to bc @vE4 ! ys, ed lle @ud ilt Ee nt.j 4 thu (K&dpsi .d Ca!, 2oO3):
(t+ d), _l
The @sI ofeleEicity gadrio! too .
@bifrtim of all $e wi.bl6.
(3.4)
Fni.dr sole i! gdE lly d.pe.ddt We a
Th. ldelise.l cl.cticiiy podudion cosr ton solar lv srsr@ is b!$d on tuhl.y
irv*iomt asrs 6 wcu s th. O&M 6Il. T[c inrBtu nr co61@Bisrs ofPv Dodulc

costs .ad tbe BOS sr' The loiter e rclorively lowq for ofi_srid lrrroft 6 th.
s'€t G m ot6 b. i .sEted i, ma-iopq avoidirs l..d equisirioa ItujnS |@
b.ds &d 6jor suplbn lor&rw for tn boduL. Fof @t .li3.(i optioN, l&d @srs ed
o3r fd sup[on sl'lDnE hav. to b€ irctudcd,
Thc v!lu6 ofde PV edllc fond i! tirGarw e iD ln. nns. of 3.3 to 6.0 t/W I! ce
of OC eld Pv plu!!, du. lo tars. $d. lwhde, rh. Do

24,18 Rl&Wh (40.30 t/kw!) for c.piht cqt of ? g^t Thc s.t@
eirh d..@ in th. capi!.1 co.t, For c.pilat cGr of 5 $/W ed CUr of Ot5, the
sadtion ost b€eb.s 17,2? R&7kWh (28,?8 l/k\\,lr), Sotd pv (ofl-8rid) srrtm m
Mnomicd thd th. cC .onvcdioul srsr@! for @l hor d€N.
CUF
0.15
0.13
o.20
0.t
0.25
018
0.30
lUSl=R!60
Itbl.8,1: C@t of el.drt tty g.tr.ndon froD Sotrr pv h pd{t t D
55.91
50.17
45.79
1t0,30
35.98
33.53
40.30
33.58
t0.22
21.48
24.18
21.59
20.15
57.57
47,98
43.18
39.25
34,54
24.78
34.54
28.74
25,90
23.55
20.72
r8.50
t121
39,98
35,98
32.11
24.18
25.10
21.99
23.78
4.99
21.59
19.63
11.21
t4.39
The ovd.ll cost of clericity a.md@ toD co€l .!rl ss b.re

lictrin& ctc, the O&M costs includ€ thc e?an, @dtodns ed n@g@r a{! cic.
IE Gr of rh. tubinc wie yit llc .rcd c.peiry of ttc rdbi@ &d lne cr pd kW
t nils to d6B. win e jl].l!e i! &. cap&ity, h rhb dudy, thc con of wid 'wd
gd.alDn pd kwb t@ 15 MW CC wjnd Io@ (2j tu$i!6 ot 600 tW) dd 150 W
WHS ar r|! ditfMr l@lioo ir llc @sd !B of prlilhd B 6r,@i.d.
Tn iniri.l cipilal 6sts iacluding insrlltarjor c6ts for the tu .!6gy lrrtm rbuld jr
trrdte @ eud L0 t^V for cC wind ttu dd i! thc Ms. of lhort 2 to 3 yw for
ofr-grid s,Elq5, I! l[i! 3rudr UCE effido 6!0 wim a..5/ rr$dr na bd
stin.red coftidsilg 1,0, 1.25 dd 1,5 $f N th. capihl cosl for OC ay$@ dd 2,0,
2,5 ed 3.0 g { for ofI-gid 3ts16r, Tt O&M 63i! for wind .l@ticiry g.l@tion
!Fr@ @urd bc almen@ b.tc6 t.5 d 6% of rhc alht @sr I! rhis srrdy, o&M
c8L e tatd a 2% 6f th. c.r,irat iovBdar, Th. lif. rine of th. wid a..6/ rynd
rs coruideEd !! 20 F@ lnd rhe disunt nie d 10./ Gt@swijk, 2OO4j KedDrl ed
C.r& 2001; S.,ledi 2006),
Thc UCE gd@red tuE lj Mw wind fam ar 40 localrG o ln. corsLl eir of
Prti6b! ha bd diurod Ejrs rLe E. (S.3) fo. tbE difq.nr v.t!., of c,pirat @sts,
Thc @rlrs @ FMr.d ir T.u6 s.2 ,Dd 8.3. h Sindn lbyeq t!. oiniEu elr of
.ldliicity gdqlrior is fo6d 6 2.60 R!&wh (4.36 l&1rt) !r ,@hore, whit. $c
corepooding nRiDh is 5.28 R ,kwlr (8.80 ,t ) !l Xldhe sn. for |.0 $/wqpital
In Bll@niiie, the nidnu cost of elEiriciry gadlrion is foud .! 4,J0 R!,twlr (?,jO
tndlh) at AglbF, whilc tha @rBpondin8 IMil]@ i! t4l7 Rs^Mr (23.95 ,Awlr) .l
M.!d sii. for t.0 tW qpir.t @sl. Tb. irdy orctud.s t ur !t nolr oftn.leatiG i.
u. oostal @a of &ttutan .3peialy in Sindh prcvilc., wind pow is con .tiriv. to
@nvatimrl GC $.f@t powq em wjlhout @Niddi!8 thc dtd.lili.!.
115

T.Ll. 8.2. Cort of d.crrictty 8.mndo. fon wtd trnr ttr Stdb
- r.:t-,rtr -l$gffilq r- r.ivw
1.64
5.20
4.36
4.52
6.2J
6.03
7.78
5.95
6.t0
6_71
8.80
6t8
6.25
5,45
6,30
5.33
4.16
4.59
2.92
231
2.85
1,76
3.64
3.62
4.61
3.57
3.66
4.03
s.2a
4.11
3,75
3.27
t.1a
2.86
3,50
2.61
9.56
6.O3
5.64
5.94
1.84
7.58
7.,,4
9,73
7.62
8.39
_01
1.82
6.3t
1.41
5,95
1.29
5,45
5.73
3.90
3,65
3.39
3.56
4,10
4.s2
5.84
5.03
6.60
4,12
3.57
4.31
4,21
t1.41
t,80
7,29
6.n
7.12
9.41
9.10
|.67
8.93
9,t4
10.07
t3.21
9.26
9.38
3.t?
9,4s
1.t4
4.14
6.54
6,88
4.68
4.38
4.6
5,64
5.,16
5.43
7.00
5.16
6.04
7.92
5.56
5.6!
4,90
5.61
5.25
1.92
Tn. UCE 8odld Am wHS of t jO w cerci9 .t .O difi@t tMrioF ir ln. ced
.@ of Paldsh [s b@ 6riea&d Birg tne Eq. (8.3) ror rb& difftut v,lue ot
caprtal @sls, Thd EsI(. e pearcd in Tabl* 8.4 ard 8.5. Ir Sindh prcvincc, th.
bll1lllM ed of €terriciry Smdrd j! found s 4.04 R3/twl (6_?3 l&wt) ar M.tli,
while lhe @r6rdding .qimM i5 30.44 Ret\r,h {50.?4 n?twh) .i Trlhr sir. for 2.0
5nV qpilal o$. In BalGhist'4 trE nininh mt of .l*hcrly es@t.d b fourd .s
5.,r4 Rrkwll (9.0? ,/t\tr!).t Caddej, wlik rne coF6pondi.s @inM i 44,13
tu&w! (?3.55 ,twh) .l Othd site fd 2,0 yW c4illl o$.
8.23 B.grs.b.rcd.og.n..rdon
A si.eli6.d lpptwl ro cdcul'i. rh. UCE stffinid 6@ bdg.s br!.d osa@ti6
.)tstcd includ* c.pirat c@t, O&M oslq 4d tuel @sB. Tn c@iLl @n of this lowa
t76

gaHatio tsrd is dnosr .qu.l b rh. @sr of rh.md tusil fiEl bdjed Dowd
sa@tor 8r4r.br. tn rhtu snldt rh. c@irlt @n ofb.gB. bs6 @8aftnm sy$m n
oNid.f,ed I I $/w. Tn O&M @sr! e rata s 2% ofrhc robl c,r,irat inv6h1at. ft.
lif€ tim. of th. srstd is @$ida!d s 20 ys e

ogohtior is ch.9q rb& rhe @vdrio!.t f*it tu€l b.!cd Dow s.ndljo j,
Tlbl. 8.4: C..r ol.t dtdry 8ctrddor fmr rvFS lr Stndh
El*ri.t! s.n@tjo;G
L=2.0Yw
7.16
8.37
9.
7.21
6,36
4.22
12.17
16.61
23.79
24.69
t7.43
26,33
29.t2
6.13
23.14
50.14
tt,u
22.54
t2,57
1,86
5.02
4.31
3.81
4.93
7.18
9.97
14,81
15,80
4.()4
t3_89
30.,14
6.74
t3.53
4,11
9.70
10.46
llJ8
9_01
7.95
lo28
r5.59
20,71
29.74
!0.36
21.19
32.9r
36.4o
8.41
28.93
6a,42
1405
28,18
15.71
9.42
5.42
6_21
6.33
5,41
9.35
t2A6
t1.84
I3.51
13.o1
19.?5
2t.u
t1.36
38.05
4.43
16.9t
(l^wt) (Rerwh
l1,65
12.55
13.66
10.81
9,54
t3.?t
24.92
35.69
37.03
26.t5
39,49
43.67
10.09
76,10
l6_86
33.3t
r8,85
I t,t9
6.9
1.51
8,t9
5.72
\,22
rd95
21.41
22.22
15,69
23,10
.20
6.05
20.83
45,66
rol2
20,29
ll.3l
rh. initid captul ccr of |}. t d,opow srsd @e,r of .ivit
.ncudiig/el4Foh.chldql cmls tud ov.de€d @sb, The civil
d3:ndiDyclen!@lllicrl @$ i,ctude llc con or ditfdE qDooMt! of
bor.opo*c ,r"rc., srcb & pow lrltiu Oo.[ ciql &d €l*hh(ha,cal
@hpol)dr!), tlsdoh, ,!r.tu.]€, divalioo, Dads, buitdols .tc. od!6d 6rs
irclud. th. @rl! of pleirs.!d .dDi,i3r.rio!, r.rB, @Eposnd (ir !!quiEd), a..
Tn O&M ccil ielud. rh€ trotual cos& of oFEdng tne tr t opowd sFreD dd e
178

crbauy qp*lcd io b€ mr. d l6s conlr|or tre on. ,!s b eo$d, rhe hrdrorbd
plels e divided inro rh@ diileMt caiegod* i... h4., mal and dn nicb ptets
bele llc €pirrt crs od O&M @l! v&i6 .@dins to thc aiz. of r[.,tut. The
iniriil cop'ul .o3l tud O&M c6 oa hrdDpwq pejats ince, qlh deE& r
dLt lize (Kedp.t dd O.rg, 2oO3). tltc cipihl cosl Dd O&M 6sts s peDe|igc of
1h. initial c+irrt c6r of difiq@r cat.gon6 of nydrepowd pt .t e rMrc.t j, TsbL
3.?, TtD life dnc of.ho Lr8./sbrll lDd dinvni@ hldepowa gdq.lion s'6t@3 is
onsidered as J0 dd 35 ,rds Esrativcly hd the djsobi 6te i! lo% (Shinwdi .t aL
2005, WAIDA 2OO7; Seblndi, 2006).
T.bl. 8,5: Con of.Lct icity g.n.nrior tron 1VES In Ddemt.r
llEtric'ry s@@tim car
lo=2.0t1[ L-r

or I $AV .dd o&M @sts s 2% oI rh. cAiral @st3 e u!.d for dd6/ prlducdo! @sl
..timtioN. The UCE sa@rion &!D hrdmpow ptdts of dif@l si6 for vdiou
.eg$ ollhe cailal ods bd O&M coltl [s bq etin tcd Bllg rh. Eq, (S.3) ed dE
redb @ lcat d j! T.btc 8.8.
T.bL 3.6: IrPlr D.md.n !..d for brie b4xd .L.ki.ft, ld.Edd sr dftutio!
:'::-"r-1o ---------- Carit l6t
:
cliF r Milio 5
Powscn 6rion
o&M@-,r6aracdonorqp,br@j, l;lf_ 11;T
0.10
..^;--- 20
:-" * RtToD. 1oo
sare* @utrld u",* i
2.5
3.0
Trblc &7: C.pird od O& M @rr. for hy.tropoq.r DteE l! p.H3ts!
t.Gl.5
1.5-2.5
2.1 3,0
2.0!3,0
2.0-3.0
2.G3.0
T.bl. &8: Cdr oa.tdttt.fty sddriotr atuD hydr.F,., |n p.ki,trtr
L(l 1.0 t,2J 1.5 t.5 2,0 2.5 2.O 3.0
2.16 3A5 4.r4
r.65 2.01 2A8
2.87 3.@ 4,lr
t,72 2.16 2-59
2,99 3,73 4A8
t.19 2.24 2.69
from LHP for {'* v.lu*
1.65 Rrtwrr e.76 t&rftr)
o j
5,65 t 06 8.4?
2.48 3,31 4.t4 3.39 4,24 5.08
4,31 5.?5 ?.t3 5.88 7,35 8.31
2.9 3.45 4.lt 1,52 4.4r 5.29
5.97 7.41 6.10 ?.63 9.16
2.69 3-58 4.48 i66 4,5a 5.49
c.pitll c$a ed o&M cosis
lovd rbd lh. gqmlion 6.
t80

of clctri.ily ftoo all lhc otla ony€ltiout dd RES. Thc gdcBtion mr @ hi8lhq for
hishd rdu6 of qpn l @$s .nd O&M €dr ..d ms6 toD I _65 ro 2.69 Rj/twL (2.?6
io 4.48 i4.*,b)_ ra* cltG idicr!. ln.r Lgp is rhc chaper tuc of cteri.iry
sendtior iD Paldsr... h this stldy, bdqow pmjab h.s bed co4idded o,ny fo.
cl*Ficiry sderation. Their olho b@tik like Be of waler for jrisati@ purpce v@
@r ircbdcd in $e 4t' LEp plers hlvc t@y avnoumrd dd saal inD.cts sd
tnctr .s6odr i3 bdi d€ *op€ of 1hi3 ,t!dy.
Ilrc.l{ricity gderslion csts in cse of SH? m h de Drge of2.4810 4,48 tu/kv}
(4,14 to 7.47 9/tW1) &d fd nintDi@ hydrcpo,a pbjei! ihe gddrion cdr e in
llc @s. of 3.rO ro 5.50 Rr&Wtr (5.65 to 9_16 r&W!). The rsft.re ilrdicdc ltEt
t!. gMion qG for mat ed mjltoim tydbroyd @ @DDdblc io
cowqnoDAl rhtull powd gd@rion. Akq th4e pow plbls have la! dviomalal
ed cial inpmis lhq ihe LHp @d oihd @vdli@al thma powe flmls.
CO6T OF TIIf,RMAT ENERGY ?RODUCTION
S\vH, bio8.s uiL3 &d tCS hav. bem @nsi&@d s rnc lhmd d.r6/ producing RETS
f.r c&Lios md I'qtirg purpos i! ltc Bitarial sbr of potilr4 fte lehDlosi*
@uld obsdtuG midy rt naual g6 ud hr

LP{i
Trbl. 89: Cdoritic nru6 tld .fitd.lcid of @triry .nd b..{!g fu.k
8,3,1 Sohrw.tqddr.E
Tnc UCUE (lhm,l) lrovided by a
Mql @d io th. AUE d.livcrd
&ndP3l.dl O 200r, i.a,
ucuE=t"[c,aF*tt
AUE
,1W
(r4J) urilietion(%) (Rt
16.0
15.8
I0.8
1,6
TCS
ll
l0
r2
rcs
25.0
t5.0
t3.5
3.00
2.00
2.00
16.0
45.0
60
(fr
2.15
5.60
50.00
35,25
wha. I. b th. qpnal od oI the SWH, CRF i3 rhc qpn,r @very 6.to., I h lllc O&M
cNt a a ft&rior of rhe capid @st of SWH, dd At,E is rhe ffiull N.nn th.ful
ch.rgy d.livered by lne Swlt_
Th. uul @ul of tu t eled (AFS) cu bc dcl.m'led
2004; Klddp.l .!d Ca& 2@3)
,{IS =
(8.t
182
a (ch,tretr {d Klrdpil,
(3.6)
whd CV reprderts dE catonic wlu. of0r. fucl slbstituled (eved) by rh. swH qd tli
th. .mci6cy of utilistion of lhe tucl for mter h.otin& The MIFS ca ba oilculared

""o.1-"* lcv,t,
wh@ UP? i! &. unl prs of O. tu t.
_ | lUE -r.l
(E.7)
lE3
@ul 6@.r|ry b6.fit' (BJ @ bc
(&8)
TtG 3i6pL p.rirr Fiod (sPP) for.&t r s.r6 ialg o b. d.lqrtud { rt 6do
of 6. clpiril 6r ro rh. .d @d bd6r, ctrld ro 6c @ LG_
spp=L
D-
(&9)
IX. wiM iqrd Fr!fuiq! $Gd f6 6t'erl'oo of iLG UCUE ddirrqt by SWII @
DMr.d i. T.U.8.10 (s{irdt, 2{0q K&dD.l,!d C.r& 2oo3).,tt dridds of
UCUA d.tvEd ty th. S\VII ed e. of rh. &v.diod.t *!r- h.dq oaO* c
prsr.d io T.bL 8,l!. sis r[. 6i of ll. .quipbar b& @t ba fi&6 i!!o
6l@Ldoohc&ofofttriad ve tFd!8.?rioo* 6G v.tu ot(rcUE,Gan d
i! T.bL 8.ll dwrF 'DdGrier. U. @G.Foodiq rtud v.lq. tlow6r, rb.
difrd4c tav6 d. tm vd!6 ![.U d b. dSlif.tnr for @t .offity u.d
r!?Ntri|t d.d€tic wda l6riry !poti!d.-,
rdl. &lO. D.* rd... rr.t tr c.d .th.d.r of ntr r.cr l€drg
q . h.rid ofcoir.l @!t
Rr 20,000
t50
l0
0,10
0.@,

T.bb &U: Eftrg| prcdncdor.6r.!d Dd.t ry v.tu. of tod.rEd rry $r.r,.r.. !ar.B
tn Ittdrt n
LPG
0cs)
0cs)
(rcs)
(rcs)
UCUE
o64l
0.15
t.266
0.E44
1.54
l,0o
1,96
|,85
0.26
0.85
2126
1588.61
2392,41
4315
233?,84
3ls 0)
210
8138.00
4252.50
7t71.21
47U.Al
8?50.00
567J,68
11103.75
1470.00
4812.50
I Dny h. nokn td T.bl. 8. tnrt rh. UCI2TE previ.t d by dilfqEnr @Fmrio.ll
o!t66 wi6 @6idmbly. Tli. cfiici@y of tu.I lriti$tio! dd @it Fie of tuel B.d
fd w!&r harios b!v. MjM .ffd on rh. UCUE delivdld. T[e UC-IJE deliv.r.d by
SwH diti€Iy dcpadi l9on rh. rot.t nmb6 ofd.ys wh6 rh. SwH dcli@ hor wt6
or is us.d 6y rhe hv6td- Tb..3lidt6 ofUCUE.t livcEd by Swll shms lbd rhe
srsteG e dr{fretiv. dD .ll orha .lt@tiv6 cxc.pr e6 geys. I1 i5 cxpctcd rnlt
SWH u@ld be oqditi. to ss s.Fc6 in lhc nd tunE dE ro ris. in tbe pricc of
Tle S?P Id rh. SWH is 6timr.d as 2 10 5 y.s dcpddirg uron thc tuel $bslirut.d,
u.ii pnce of tlE snblritutcd tu.I in ihe mrkcr ed €rDiency of ulitisotion of lhe
sbstitured tecbnologies, The to*Bt SP! valuc of SwH i 2 }!s *da t@sne is
lubti ed md hgh61 is 5 }lN whd woo

Ucw _roIcRF + /)+,tF1tuupl
465,H
wle L i5 in initirl clpit t 63t of tCS, CRF ir lle c.pit l l@vEy f.cror I i, th.
O&M.oar s t'a.rim of iDiti.l clpiirt co.r of ICS, Arc; i, 6. munr of 6u.l tu l
@n'D0lior by ICS, UPr ie rhc uir Fie of n&L 365 is rh. !uEb6 ofdlF ir ya6! !trd
H i! lhc&jly16 .!.6|ilqui@alof 6c holciotdforro,inslDd harid8. Th.
@i!ra@ osr of bios6 @t .toE bai.! ncgtjgihly @!ll ir ir .sfuod !o b. 2d in
Thc dul dour of fuel s*€d, AFS. ce b. ddmircd s
.* J6sJlt I ll
c/, 14- ,1- )
(8.r0)
(8.11)
wh@ CVr Eplwnr the €ldi6c Elu. of rh. 6et, 16 rhc .fE"i-!y ofdrlisrio ofICS
.id ib rhc cmci@y ofurilisdid ofTCS.
Th. 6@cr.ly mdn of am.l fiEl $vir8r (M\tN) d b. olcd'.ted Nirs l!. eLtion
uns =t!j!| 1 -t Vr,
ryr \4- 4.)
(8.12)
wh@ UPr is d. uit price of rh. tud. Tn nct @ud mrctaly bmdrts (Bq) .m b.
^ [tff.J/( t I -r.l
(8.13)
T.blc 8.12 pltgts thc vrlE of in$r pru.td u!.d for eddio! of rh. UCUE lrd
M\trS by ICS (krdp.l .nd cors, 20Ol; S.rn idi, 2006). t!. {kny CHI! dded ofs
ovdgc bioaas @IIsuiI8 hou.nold b aMcd a l0 MJ- ft€ UCUE d.li@d by rhc

Ics h.s bcm 6timr.d using lle Eq. (8.10) ed lhc Bun5 e pEmt d in TabL s,13, I
my b€ mt

333 Dlog!
IE @t of uit voll@ of biogs Fodu.ti@
dmd 6rt of rh. pl&r wftn in€ u@r of to|!l
Cde, 2003), i,.,
..^ t-lcRF + ul
*" =ii;iw-
* pI* r-.cRFucuE
-I.IcPi
J6SCUFC,Cvn4.
187
6 tE c.l@latcd by dividing Ibc rctt l
mual biosa prcducrion (Kordgal md
(8.r4)
wh€rc UCr. k rh. 6sr ofuit rcln ofbiogs prbduclio!. h is th. jlid.t oriLt co.t of
th. biog6 pl&! p is rne O&M ost q a facii@ ofth. qpilrl @s! CUr thc speiry
utilistion focio. of rhc bioga plmr, Clt rhc qpeity oftn bioss pler,365 rh. Nbbd
oI dat! in t!a, dd CRF the cspitll eov.ry f&lor.
Th. UCUE povid.d by tioea plsrl for . Siva ad e b4 b6 6lidr.d by dividiq
rh. rotd uual o3( of Ihe bioss lLnt .!d rhe drt-w iLvi* by rhc rolrl AUE
ilelivcFd by 6. tq('ll@r6bolos/ c@bi@li@ h itis srldy, n b .l!u.d thll biogs
would bc u.d for oliry dd Lating dd.e lppliqtim ornt rh.GfoF, th. UCUE
for @ldlg ed h.aling m t. .xt'eMd e
(8.l5)
vh.E CV!. Epl66t thc cjldifi. v.l@ of biog.x L thc 6r of th. biosa ok siov.,
116 rbc thcnnd .lEcituy of *ilirotion of biogd 6r stov! ald CRF. th€ @pinl
€ovdry f&br of biqd cmk stova Thc Ddltoece co6l of biog! @k stove beins
trgligibly !mU, ii i! asmed 10 b€ ao in th. prdhl worti
Th.mlrllJrl@tof tu l ered" AFS. o h. d.r.di!.d s

" =3"'",*'{+#)
133
(8.r6)
enae CV r.t6dr3 r[c c.tdi6c vrlr. of th. irel shcdnn d (3!v.d) by lLc bioss
pldt dd t6 thc c{noiocyof ltitistion of rh. Nbstirutcd tu l fd @hry ed h@rilg.
I1lc nor.t4y Fnl of mual tuel evilgs, MVFS, cd b€ cat d.rcd ujry tb. el.dd
uvn = xs.c, cw[ 9!t!t pp,]
\L.t4F )
rnft UPr i! dE uit Fice of l[. tu t, ftc rct Mud mn tdt b...nc (B-)
I trw - \ I
o_=lNsc"cwlffiuerIu.l
(3.14
{8.18)
Trble 8,14 ptlmc th. rilc of inprt plmet6 !$d to. 6tiuti@ of UCI'E
deliv€rcd by bioga tldl (Xedp.l ard cdg 2003: sdnodi, 2006). TLe UCe
pDdulim ho! b6 dri'nar€d a 2,3? RdD , I!. estimat€s of UCUE d.liv4d by tne
f.nily sia bioga plant !d @e of lh. conmti@rl @otins ud h.airg oprioB @
pMr.d in TrUc 8.15. Silc thc co.t of rhc .quipnal hd mr ba tata inlo lhe
c.IolaliN i. @ of @vadoul drirg ud bE ng opriotrr rh. rrlB of UCIJE
pllsld h Tablc 8,15 rlwrs unddBtiMtc t[.dGpddirs !.nDl rdu6. trovE$,
dc difr.@ bctw6 th. tm valu.s shlll tur h. sisniff.4 fd nolt @@nly sed
!}porriatc donBtic w.rd hatinS lpplid@r,
It my h. rct d I@n T.hl€ 8.15 rb.r lh. UCUE prcvid€d by dilr.mr coNarionl
opti@ vdi6 oaidaally. Th. c6ci*y of 6r.l unlGqon rdd uit p.ie ol tucl !*d
fd 6tjrg .nd hclriig t!y. MiDm .Eel @ rhe UCUE &livqd. T[c UC{JE
d.livald by fdny lia bioeN Ejl ir @mp.n!|. ro thll for ln. c[a!6i of rh€

@nv6(ioml @kine ed hqri{g oplios, Biogs plaor sLo pDdo6 biofatitis h ih.
fon oI sF t rluny. Thc bdefirs ero.d Aoe the ue of biofdrilis tare not bca
ieluded in lnis @sr Btimlion @d if inctudcd dm rhe UCUE would have b.a lovd
r.br. &la: bprt p.ro.t B $.d fd ut 6d@rior of blogs produ.don
Capitdl 6s1 ofbioga pler
Usctul lif€tie of biogs plad
(s . F&tion ofcqital @n)
Ct!&i.yurilielid haior
Clpil.l @st of cmt 6!ov.
I!
CUF
25,000
5
30
0.9
0.60
l0
1642,5
T.bL &r5. En .g prcdrctior ost.od @r.try e.lu. .l fo.r rv.d by biq.r tl.!r!
h P.kirt r
(rcs)
0cs)
0cs)
Dug Crcs)
(rcs)
LPC
UCUE
iRs,elD
0.203
1.44
0.15
t,26n
r.00
0,85
o.26
t.96
1.85
9476.0
12475.0
8316.5
15208
9864.9
60833 Gwl)
912-5 (rn)
1095 (L)
130
M\'FS
2U27,aa
,4142.fi
16!32,91
3u4t6,61
19129.11
t6129.11
5l10.o0
38598.75
36500.00
Thc SPP Ior th. f@ily eize biogrs b estindt d a 0,7 to 5 )rs dcp€ndiog Lpor lhe tucl
5lbltitut d, ui pria ol rlc $bstil .d tuel i. the markot .trd dmcisry of n&l
189

udrisdu of rhc $bdinncd tehnoloSi6, Th. tow6r Spp utE ot faEily sia bioss
!L{r is 0J r@s *da Ltr@. t db6d$bd.ad tig!6r b 5 Fs E;basn[ol gd is
&4. COSI OF WATER PT'IIPINC INDICY IRODUC'IION
Tne UCUE dcliv€red by w.to pMdng RR& @ h. dct @i!ed 6 th. dio of 6. iotlr
@ual cosr Gm of ilE tuuolis.d copital @sl 6d mul opmrioA reFn dd
mi!t6&. @st) of th. wlter-pMpjng 3]!ld to &c rotd AUE d€livq.d by {E sysld
(PNhi! 200D. Mlthdatic.lly.
ucvr-Io[cRt'*t'
AVE
(8.19)
whd. UCUE is &. @jr @t of @tuI dO' ddivcrld by eda plqDc RET,, r.
..Pt6dts rhc.4it l @3t of rtc Edq puDpi!8 3ysr.o, r i! ln. @ual o&M @d s
poffig. of i.iti.l c.pirst @r! CRF i: r!. cqiral wcry ficru !d AUE b rtre lord
mud wtu ae5i dclirqld by ih. .Frar .
Siailodx th. mit ..6r of wst r (UC.\v) tu b. d.l!di!.d s thc drio of lle rotrl @@l
cosl of the rFt n io rh. arol eoul of utcr punp.d byth. sysd (?@!i! 2007),
r"I:RF + pl
Ur* =l (AUEt p.cn)
(8.20)
ehft pv ir tnc d@sity of wrtd, s is thc .@l@id de to snviry, ed n is dc .lf*riv.
It mrct .y hdc6t3 @i.tcd wi[ REr! fd irig.tion wlrd prDpiry d.r6d upd
ih. m.tuy srl! of fiEl $rql A t!@rtk ae&Eb.&d wrr-luti.g sFd
t90

uully Epl@s .ithd di*d or .tdt iciry, Ihc nooclliy wodl of tuel sved m be
Btmted 6 a poduci of lmal tu l svings dd th. mkd pricd of ln. tuel s,v€d,
ft.ootrclrry wonh of die€l !av.d by a a.wibtc a..Ey sr$cE @ b€ 6tin.led by
usins ihe fonowinS .rpBid (puohn. 2Oo7):
",^,=l;2),,
(8.2r)
wn* MwSd is th. ftonctarr wonh oa di@t src4 Cvd ir th. ..lorift vduc 6f di6.l,
tlda t 0rc ov.Ell .ffici@y of di@t .!Si,. pqp et dd (l?, $c D!*.i Dnc oI
diel. IIE rm iEid. ln. btulcr on rhc rishr-hlld 3id. Ep|!st! $. .mrl amurr or
di*l sva by s m.wblc dcr5| lrsld.
Sinil.dy, rh. mndry efl! of .t6nicirt $vcd by ! t@s$t @Ey sy:Gn @ h.
,, -lj:J"
(8.22)
vn@ rrZFS., i5 ln. ndcury wonn of.lericjty sv.4 CI,. t rhc caloriic $ru. of
eleEicity, tFq is thc ov...ll .ftcidcy of .tebic @ior punp d dd Up. lqMrs
lbe Dor*.t pri@ of.l@ticity. On@ !s.ia th. Gm in id. thc brutct o! tbq nghr-hud
Bide rFEsars rhe mlrl dout of .ldicity svcd by a n.cw&blc msE/ ltslm,
The vaio6 inpul po@eift ured for 6ti@rid of UCW dd UCt E d$vftd by wotd
rmpt's RET3 (wi ldill pMps &d $ld PV pMps) @ prstcd in Table 3.16
(Pwhj! 2007j AM!, 2006; ECI, 200?). Thc UCUE dd UCw d.liv@d by sole pv
pudps ed Mndnjll tumts hdv. ben diinaicd usinS th. Eq. (8,19) and &.
191
(8.20) lnd
txe Imrs ft pr$eried in Tdbl.s 8.17,8,19, Tho honaary wonn ofdisel @{t el@rrjcily

$v.d by lh.se RETS ns b€en esdmlcd $id8 Eq. (8,2D md (s,22). Tle ucuE ed
UCW delivcEd by eler'ic mtd t'!h9 .nd di.Fl agile pmp for ef@riv. vald hcad
of | 0 e hlvc ale ba 6riMr.d fd dpsiso with pi&l md $ld pv Dus.
Ttbl. 3.16: hDur prnm.(.B rj.d for csr BttD.totr ofna.r pmphg d.rg,
,Nd nt8 PV r.t r{i.hin pndr6
C+nrl @n of ele PvpolD (l lW Mortut.)
Catit.l @sr ofchei bodel wird pMp
capir.l @sr ofR nnlm nodel wind pMp
Amul O&M cosl ol PV pmp
Amud Fpan dd baiftdro 6t of wi.dniu php
$ s fr.clion ofcapilal asl
Usctul lifetin 6f $le PV pMp
Uetul lif€time olpi(tnil pw4'
Mdk r lda otelericiiy
C.,ldi6c rduc oleldicity
Olmll e6ci@y of elerdcmror-ptdp sd
Ovdll cficidcy of dielasin DMp sa
MUt
350,000
150,000
260,000
2000
0,02
20
l5
0.1
3.0
0.52
0.40
T.bl. 8.lt: CGt of q*fol .!erro/ .!d q.t r d.th.nd bt rotrr pv pubpt tr prtdtutr
CUF UCUE
0.18
0.2
0.22
0.25
0.28
0.30
18,55
16.69
15.t7
13.35
1r.97
.l3
t.82
1.64
t.3l
t.l1
t.09
6178.0?
1086.74
1195.42
8858,43
l0610.lt
3638,77
4041,08
5051.85
5660,11
Thc UCW dclivad by $lar PV pulD nB bc! 6tind€d citrg thc Eq. (8.20) for
di|Iml valu6 of CL'F ond drc @lr3 @ 'thlcd h TlbL 8.l7. rtc UCw d.lilccd
by deEic Eotor pup rnd dicel msire mlor puD! h.vc bm 6rinar.d s O.5O Rtnr
od 1.25 Rtnr rcspetively. For 0.25 CUF, rhc cltind.d Ucw tt€livd€d by $l& Pv
t92

pmp is 1.r0 n hr which t sHler dE tr. corcspondi,s vobc of di€set fteinc md
T.bb &r3: C6t of orad .n.rs/ rd ffr.. d.Uv..d r,y ,t(tDlt EmF itr srn.rL
(RrMr)
2.74
2_02
!_72
3.t0
14,24
27.31
12.27
2.75
0.13
Ll5
r.20
t31017.0
I t322.1
2457.4
2557.1
3lt?o
r!13.1
7331.3
ll25l.6
2.32
23.20
2.31
193
MVFS.
t,42 504?22.2 2t311.3
1.42 504351.9 213,14.6
t.61 4271at.5 t3/96.8
t-t4 6274074 11\47,5
0.34 3.r3t.{t.t 36693.?
1.34 5321017.0 23tO7.4
2,45 29r5ra.5 tZ6t3.a
t,37 2t2tll.t 9171.9
5,31 l343r4i 5333.3
5.51 127431.5 5516.0
3,74 t9t259.1 8215,6
5.93 t24666.1 522t_2
6.6 r014M 4 4617_4
15.26 46ri339 2023_3
4.47 t470t1.0 616L2
tL3a 62148.9 272t.2
1.94 369444.4 t5935.6
5,ll l4mm.0 6057.?
1.52 4706661 ?n165,4
l.l4 625{00.0 27043,3
F6n Trbl6 8,18 .!d 8.19 ir my h. nor.d thtt the UCw d.Uv.rcd by wildDm pMp
(Chzi nod.l) r&i6 ftw 0.2 Rvnt b l.lo Rtdr for th. vllue of i.pur ptud6
gile tu TobL E.l6, In Si l[ previle, lhc dinimM @n of std deliveld Cbdi
nodel wirdmill p!n|l! is l6md s O.2O Ri/n] at Nwiaba4 whib ihe @r6rondins
nuine is 1,59 Rtil or Modi lit . In Bd@hhba th. hinihm @sr of w.t r
dcltreied by Chui wrdbil pMps n foud B O.J8 Rrmr n cddm! \bl€ rtc
of,Bpodiog tAiim t 3.31 R/nr .t Otrl site. Th. eridcd lwlts claly
idi* rh.r n d6t of th. ldatioN i, th. *d .@ of Prtisra4 wi.rtoill puo!6 @
@r9.titive ro.letic and di6el6girc @tor p@p' I! lh. tutur, n is qpeled th.r
the oost of sld Pv pdcls sd windn:ilh *iU de@se tud on th. othcr nud dc Gt of

di*l od eleticity k expar.d ro irce.lc Thd.foF it cd be lxrerd lhar in rte n6
tutrE lhe wirdDill phpl md $lf ?V puDps coult b@mc 6nmi.tty vi.bl. RETS for
ra&r pupinS in P*isr.!.
T.bF &r9: Cdi oflrrit 6.rgl ad r.t r d.urcr.d hy {l.dnll DunDl h B.tNtl'irtr
UCUE
(Rr4,lJ)
I1.98
6,42
11,03
3.33
25.61
4,2t
t4.58
t5.21
3t.1r
I0.62
ll.93
t.l3
0.39
0.38
3.31
l3lllt,t
l? 35.2
216351.9
rz3x9.l
55lll.l
5030_l
9383,0
2181,6
1030,1
7325.1
3429.5
UCUE
4.13
3.30
12.38
23.63
35. COST OF TNANSPORT FIJEL DROI'UCTION
4.99 143170.4 6203.5
2.05 34903?_0 l5lm.6
2.63 27t629_6 rr157.2
3.?6 32t3.3
3.8 '9040?.,1 1no14.r a5n.2
5,43 t3t333.9 5706.7
2.99 2t9629.6 1036A.6
2.0t 349333.3 t5ll5.4
t.62 4425ta.5 r9t47,4
2.73 261140,1 tt325.3
10.61 61u74.1 2902_2
1.76 4u6555.6 t759tA
2.41 29!&rA 12695.5
2.43 233555.6 12435.6
6,fi l!73t4.3 s097.3
6.36 1t2111.4 4a65_4
14.04 50963.0 2205.1
2.01 3455t4.5 t4950.t
4AZ t6t140.1 6994.4
1.37 212074.1 9116,1
The EowobL TF @Bida.d in rhis study N lydfte@ ed .ih6ot tuel. The ccl
6timtioD ol bolh rh* u.wble TF is pnsdrd h@.
T[. Eil 61 of prcduirs clhml tucl &@ RES (@bs.s, ! by Fod@t of s€s @.)
irlnd6 rhc ceir.t @3! O&M @4 dd f..d!io.L sc.IlE following dp6so @
b! ui€d n] *dml. lh. l.vcli&d En m$ of.theol pllductioA:

ucEp _
l,lcRF + pl+ r,,
195
(8.2,)
wh@ UCEP b $e co.t F Eit of dlel tu t pedErioq I. jc ln. birilt c.pir.t cocr of
lh. ctbml prcdErio! lys!tu, CIF i3 rh. c.pi.l luvqy f.d.r, I i. rLc mud O&M
corl a ptutr8. of iliti.l c.pir.l @31, t6 llc tddsrock ost (c6t of mt.'6), dd AEp
i! the av@ee Mql cthdol tuct outrul oftE &newobL endg/ rysr.n.
To d,el.nie lh. Fr k8 @n of .thel tu L dc p@E&B !!!d i! Ea, (8,23) @ gi6
ir T!bl. 8.20 (EI, 2007; S.ftddi, 2OOO, Uriq tn6.j rtc .od ofalet nd pr.dBion
bs b6 sridr.d ! 16,00 Rr/I- Tb. @st h tc@ of oqry n ! b@ 6dDared s O?5
R'MI wLich is Ls tno ndf of llc cllMi gelire p.ie in thc courr. AMing 30%
irto*l on solc, .thml tu l @uld b. sold in {rc ndt t ar 20 tu/L, about 0.3 rine! rhc
lale !d€ of th. gaolin i! lne @uEy.
T.bl. &211. bDll p.hmt B !..d for dr 6dDtto! of .lieot tod
(a ! fieri@ of.agirll @sr)
8J.2 Eydilgen
t1
1.66
0.05
1000
0-I
20
4000
3,n
Tb. uit 61 of prldEi.a hldms@ (UCHP) i@ RES incbd.s th. @il!l cod, O&M
@s! &d aaE/ @3b. Th. loliowing qrBion a b. ud !o 6do!r. Lv.lis.d UCIIP
6!m M.v!bl. aa$/ lrrM (KotalEi .t llj 2000:

vcHp _ IoIcRF + A+ r,
196
(8.)4)
wh@ Io t l!. inirirl cipilal @s oflh. hyd@ga pmdEti@ sFld! CRF is tlr c@it l
l@vdy fEtor, p i! the .m.l O&M cosl s p.efig. of irilirl qpird cost, L i! lne
@!t of el-hiciry coM.d, .nd AH? ir tn a@g. mu.l hrdrc8d oueul of rn€
In thk studr only htdrcgd Fodrctioa toa mdlbL .t€ricity tlsusn watd
.l€ftltris is .@idq!d, ftc RET! c@Add br .lanicity e.tmdd @
hrdropowa, wird Dowd &d s|f Pv. Tlr .nqs/ .fiici@y orwlio cl*Eol'!j! vui€s
wid.ly. h tnis etudn trrs/.fficio.y ofrh. wls.lelrolrfir pb.* ir eBiddr! &
75%. For rhis €lu. of clEcidEy, 52.6 twh of .l@Eicity wuld b. rquftd fr
pDdudio! of t tg ofhldrcsa (Ko6&i ct it, 2006),
To d.t@ine rh. p.r ts @n of nrds8.!. de r{I!@tEs o!.d in Eq. (8,24) fG
.l€to!/!i pecs @ ci6 i! Title 8.21, Uring th*, t[. UcH? hu ha c.lculared
dd llbullted in Table 811. Th. UCm frcd grid elftrichy spdy for co@eeial and
ildsldd |aifr havc also ba cntturcd. The @n of b}db!6 Foductid fd
el@Foltsis pllce vdi6 ten 130,63 io 90&46 tuI(g dqqdhg o! the $F 6f
el*tricity esdarion srdd cc(L nE niriM ed bqimm !d uit hydrce@
poducn@ @rtg e fd hrdetovd ed $ld Pv poe l66ari6 stltm.
T[. htdrege! prcdetio! tm wild lowd re!@t€d clccbici9 i3 conpahbl. io th.
hydsso FrdEtion non CC spgly of.lericity. Tn udliqtio ofhydspowd fd the
ptlduction of hrdDem i5 coniry ro b. moE f.vounble h lhs of .on dd
€oeireMdt. If sle PV is utilk d for th€ prcduction of htdse€d, tL @st of htdre8a
i. 4,0 ed 7,4 rie6 hcld t@ O. c!61 of hrdrcgl if @b9ard widr cc
elatricity/wid pows hd htd$powo.

T l.8rl: C6t of hydlog.n p.odrcrion frcD rcnw.bt. .D.rgr su.c6 ttr p.ld,r
O&Mosls Htdrc8opDduction
(% of U
(35 M\1)
(24 Mu)
(12MW)
&6 coNcLUsloNs
J.00
1.25 10 2
r.50 18 2
?.?3 l&wh (4.64 ietwh)
s
15.14 908.46
4.13
2.ta
4,?81
247.62
130.63
ut.96
286.83
An dalutior of rhe 6t of .lEricity sffirior tob fN kt*r.rl mdrble cn rsy
s)^icm idicalB th8t hld&powo is $c nosl efl.cliv. ond $ld !v t th. msi
erposire sysrd. Whd pow.r dd basrs b!.€d @smrim e aould s cobp.ririvc
b th.onhriooal g4 !a.