Algae Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology

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How Algae Use Light Information ...................................... 104 Photocycling Proteins . . . . . . ....................................... 104 Sensitivity. ..................................................... 105 Noise . . . ...................................................... 106 Direction. ...................................................... 107 Guiding. . ...................................................... 107 Trajectory Control . . .............................................. 107 Signal Transmission .............................................. 108 An Example: Photoreceptor and Photoreception in Euglena. . ................ 108 Chloroplasts . ..................................................... 111 Cyanophyta and Prochlorophyta. . . ................................... 112 Glaucophyta . . .................................................. 114 Rhodophyta. . . .................................................. 114 Heterokontophyta . . .............................................. 114 Haptophyta . . . .................................................. 116 Cryptophyta . . .................................................. 116 Dinophyta ...................................................... 117 Euglenophyta . .................................................. 117 Chlorarachniophyta . .............................................. 118 Chlorophyta . . .................................................. 119 Nucleus, Nuclear Division, and Cytokinesis . . . . ........................... 119 Rhodophyta. . . .................................................. 120 Cryptophyta . . .................................................. 120 Dinophyta ...................................................... 121 Euglenophyta . .................................................. 121 Chlorophyta . . .................................................. 123 Ejectile Organelles and Feeding Apparata. . . . . . ........................... 124 Heterokontophyta . . .............................................. 124 Haptophyta . . . .................................................. 124 Cryptophyta . . .................................................. 124 Dinophyta ...................................................... 125 Euglenophyta . .................................................. 129 Chlorarachniophyta . .............................................. 130 Chlorophyta . . .................................................. 130 Suggested Reading . . ................................................. 130 Chapter 3 Photosynthesis. . ....................................................... 135 Light. ............................................................. 135 Photosynthesis. ...................................................... 137 Light Dependent Reactions . .......................................... 137 PSII and PSI: Structure, Function and Organization . . . .................... 141 ATP-Synthase . .................................................. 143 ETC Components . . .............................................. 144 Electron Transport: The Z-Scheme. ................................... 146 Proton Transport: Mechanism of Photosynthetic Phosphorylation . ............ 148 Pigment Distribution in PSII and PSI Super-Complexes of Algal Division. ................................................. 149 Light-Independent Reactions .......................................... 149 RuBisCO ...................................................... 150
Calvin Benson Bassham Cycle. ...................................... 153 Carboxylation . ................................................ 153 Reduction . . . . ................................................ 154 Regeneration . . ................................................ 155 Photorespiration . . . . . . ............................................. 155 Energy Relationships in Photosynthesis: The Balance Sheet . .................... 156 Suggested Reading . . . . . . ............................................. 157 Chapter 4 Biogeochemical Role of Algae. . . . . . ....................................... 159 Roles of Algae in Biogeochemistry ....................................... 159 Limiting Nutrients . . . . . ............................................. 160 Algae and the Phosphorus Cycle . . ..................................... 162 Algae and the Nitrogen Cycle ......................................... 164 Algae and the Silicon Cycle. . ......................................... 168 Algae and the Sulfur Cycle . . ......................................... 171 Algae and the Oxygen/Carbon Cycles . . . . . .............................. 174 Suggested Reading . . . . . . ............................................. 177 Chapter 5 Working with Light . . . .................................................. 181 What is Light? ...................................................... 181 How Light Behaves . .................................................. 182 Scattering ........................................................ 182 Absorption: Lambert–Beer Law. . . ..................................... 183 Interference. . . .................................................... 184 Reflection ........................................................ 184 Refraction: Snell’s Law . ............................................. 187 Dispersion. ....................................................... 187 Diffraction . . . .................................................... 188 Field Instruments: Use and Application . ................................... 189 Radiometry . . . ...................................................... 190 Measurement Geometries, Solid Angles . . . . .............................. 190 Radiant Energy .................................................... 191 Spectral Radiant Energy ............................................. 191 Radiant Flux (Radiant Power) ......................................... 191 Spectral Radiant Flux (Spectral Radiant Power) . . .......................... 192 Radiant Flux Density (Irradiance and Radiant Exitance) ...................... 192 Spectral Radiant Flux Density ......................................... 192 Radiance. ........................................................ 193 Spectral Radiance . . . . . ............................................. 193 Radiant Intensity . . . . . . ............................................. 193 Spectral Radiant Intensity . . . ......................................... 194 Photometry . . . ...................................................... 194 Luminous Flux (Luminous Power) . ..................................... 195 Luminous Intensity . . . . ............................................. 195 Luminous Energy . . . . . ............................................. 197 Luminous Flux Density (Illuminance and Luminous Exitance). ....................................................... 197 Luminance . . . .................................................... 198
Page 2: Algae Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Bi
Page 5 and 6: Published in 2006 by CRC Press Tayl
Page 7 and 8: Our sincere gratitude and a special
Page 10 and 11: Table of Contents Chapter 1 General
Page 14 and 15: Lambertian Surfaces . . ...........
Page 16: In memory of Maria Antonietta Barsa
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6 Algal Culturing COLLECTION, STORA
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Algal Culturing 211 TABLE 6.1 Shape
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Algal Culturing 213 maintenance of
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Algal Culturing 215 tissue culture
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Algal Culturing 217 TABLE 6.2 BG11
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Algal Culturing 219 TABLE 6.5 Aaron
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Algal Culturing 221 TABLE 6.7 Beije
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Algal Culturing 223 TABLE 6.9 Mes-V
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Algal Culturing 225 MARINE MEDIA Se
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Algal Culturing 227 reactions. Of t
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Algal Culturing 229 TABLE 6.11 Waln
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Algal Culturing 231 TABLE 6.14 PCR-
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Algal Culturing 233 TABLE 6.17 ESAW
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Algal Culturing 235 . CSIRO (CSIRO
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Algal Culturing 237 extended period
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Algal Culturing 239 In practice, cu
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Algal Culturing 241 SEMI-CONTINUOUS
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Algal Culturing 243 around the worl
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Algal Culturing 245 tech,” and ca
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Algal Culturing 247 FIGURE 6.3 Sche
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Algal Culturing 249 Digital microsc
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7 INTRODUCTION Algae and Men Microa
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Algae and Men 253 of cattle is rapi
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Algae and Men 255 FIGURE 7.2 Drying
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Algae and Men 257 for equally valua
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Algae and Men 259 thickening powers
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Algae and Men 261 FIGURE 7.6 Frond
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Algae and Men 265 TABLE 7.3 Mineral
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Algae and Men 267 sporophyte. Spore
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Algae and Men 269 naturally found i
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Algae and Men 271 so that water and
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Algae and Men 275 and some fish spe
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Algae and Men 277 Because Ascophyll
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Algae and Men 279 Maerl is the comm
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Algae and Men 281 THERAPEUTIC SUPPL
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Algae and Men 283 in globules in ot
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Algae and Men 285 supplement due to
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Algae and Men 287 epiphyte and has
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Algae and Men 289 closely-related P
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Algae and Men 291 Takeyama, H., Kan
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294 Index Carbohydrate storage prod
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296 Index Endosymbiosis, serial sec
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298 Index Motility about, 85 buoyan
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300 Index Redfield ratio, 161-162 R
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