Algae Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology

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General Overview 3 They can be planktonic, like most unicellular species, living suspended throughout the lighted regions of all water bodies including under ice in polar areas. They can be also benthic, attached to the bottom or living within sediments, limited to shallow areas because of the rapid attenuation of light with depth. Benthic algae can grow attached on stones (epilithic), on mud or sand (epipelic), on other algae or plants (epiphytic), or on animals (epizoic). In the case of marine algae, various terms can be used to describe their growth habits, such as supralittoral, when they grow above the high-tide level, within the reach of waves and spray; intertidal, when they grow on shores exposed to tidal cycles: or sublittoral, when they grow in the benthic environment from the extreme low-water level to around 200 m deep, in the case of very clear water. Oceans covering about 71% of earth’s surface contain more than 5000 species of planktonic microscopic algae, the phytoplankton, which forms the base of the marine food chain and produces roughly 50% of the oxygen we inhale. However, phytoplankton is not only a cause of life but also a cause of death sometimes. When the population becomes too large in response to pollution with nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate, these blooms can reduce the water transparency, causing the death of other photosynthetic organisms. They are often responsible for massive fish and bird kills, producing poisons and toxins. The temperate pelagic marine environment is also the realm of giant algae, the kelp. These algae have thalli up to 60 m long, and the community can be so crowded that it forms a real submerged forest; they are not limited to temperate waters, as they also form luxuriant thickets beneath polar ice sheets and can survive at very low depth. The depth record for algae is held by dark purple red algae collected at a depth of 268 m, where the faint light is blue-green and its intensity is only 0.0005% of surface light. At this depth the red part of the sunlight spectrum is filtered out from the water and sufficient energy is not available for photosynthesis. These algae can survive in the dark blue sea as they possess accessory pigments that absorb light in spectral regions different from those of the green chlorophylls a and b and channel this absorbed light energy to chlorophyll a, which is the only molecule that converts sunlight energy into chemical energy. For this reason the green of their chlorophylls is masked and they look dark purple. In contrast, algae that live in high irradiance habitat typically have pigments that protect them against the photodamages caused by singlet oxygen. It is the composition and amount of accessory and protective pigments that give algae their wide variety of colors andx for several algal groups, their common names such as brown algae, red algae, and golden and green algae. Internal freshwater environment displays a wide diversity of microalgae forms, although not exhibiting the phenomenal size range of their marine relatives. Freshwater phytoplankton and the benthic algae form the base of the aquatic food chain. A considerable number of subaerial algae have adapted to life on land. They can occur in surprising places such as tree trunks, animal fur, snow banks, hot springs, or even embedded within desert rocks. The activities of land algae are thought to convert rock into soil to minimize soil erosion and to increase water retention and nutrient availability for plants growing nearby. Algae also form mutually beneficial partnership with other organisms. They live with fungi to form lichens or inside the cells of reef-building corals, in both cases providing oxygen and complex nutrients to their partner and in return receiving protection and simple nutrients. This arrangement enables both partners to survive in conditions that they could not endure alone. Table 1.2 summarizes the different types of habitat colonized by the algal divisions. STRUCTURE OF THALLUS Examples of the distinctive morphological characteristics within different divisions are summarized in Table 1.3. UNICELLS AND UNICELL COLONIAL ALGAE Many algae are solitary cells, unicells with or without flagella, hence motile or non-motile. Nannochloropsis (Heterokontophyta) (Figure 1.1) is an example of a non-motile unicell, while
4 Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology TABLE 1.2 Distribution of Algal Divisions Division Common Name Habitat Marine Freshwater Terrestrial Symbiotic Cyanophyta Blue-green algae Yes Yes Yes Yes Prochlorophyta n.a. Yes n.d. n.d. Yes Glaucophyta n.a. n.d. Yes Yes Yes Rhodophyta Red algae Yes Yes Yes Yes Heterokontophyta Golden algae Yellow-green algae Diatoms Brown algae Yes Yes Yes Yes Haptophyta Coccolithophorids Yes Yes Yes Yes Cryptophyta Cryptomonads Yes Yes n.d. Yes Chlorarachniophyta n.a. Yes n.d. n.d. Yes Dinophyta Dinoflagellates Yes Yes n.d. Yes Euglenophyta Euglenoids Yes Yes Yes Yes Chlorophyta Green algae Yes Yes Yes Yes Note: n.a., not available; n.d., not detected. Ochromonas (Heterokontophyta) (Figure 1.2) is an example of motile unicell. Other algae exist as aggregates of several single cells held together loosely or in a highly organized fashion, the colony. In these types of aggregates, the cell number is indefinite, growth occurs by cell division of its components, there is no division of labor, and each cell can survive on its own. Hydrurus TABLE 1.3 Thallus Morphology in the Different Algal Divisions Division Unicellular and non-motile Unicellular and motile Colonial and non-motile Colonial and motile Filamentous Siphonous Parenchematous Cyanophyta Synechococcus n.d. Anacystis n.d. Calothrix n.d. Pleurocapsa Prochlorophyta Prochloron n.d. n.d. n.d. Prochlorothrix n.d. n.d. Glaucophyta Glaucocystis Gloeochaete n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Rhodophyta Porphyridium n.d. Cyanoderma n.d. Goniotricum n.d. Palmaria Heterokontophyta Navicula Ochromonas Chlorobotrys Synura Ectocarpus Vaucheria Fucus Haptophyta n.d. Chrysochromulina n.d. Corymbellus n.d. n.d. n.d. Cryptophyta n.d. Cryptomonas n.d. n.d. Bjornbergiella n.d. n.d. Dynophyta Dinococcus Gonyaulax Gloeodinium n.d. Dinoclonium n.d. n.d. Euglenophyta Ascoglena Euglena Colacium n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Chlorarachniophyta n.d. Chlorarachnion n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Chlorophyta Chlorella Dunaliella Pseudosphaerocystis Volvox Ulothrix Bryopsis Ulva Note: n.d., not detected.
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Page 5 and 6: Published in 2006 by CRC Press Tayl
Page 7 and 8: Our sincere gratitude and a special
Page 10 and 11: Table of Contents Chapter 1 General
Page 12 and 13: How Algae Use Light Information ...
Page 14 and 15: Lambertian Surfaces . . ...........
Page 16: In memory of Maria Antonietta Barsa
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6 Algal Culturing COLLECTION, STORA
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Algal Culturing 211 TABLE 6.1 Shape
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Algal Culturing 213 maintenance of
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Algal Culturing 215 tissue culture
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Algal Culturing 217 TABLE 6.2 BG11
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Algal Culturing 219 TABLE 6.5 Aaron
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Algal Culturing 221 TABLE 6.7 Beije
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Algal Culturing 223 TABLE 6.9 Mes-V
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Algal Culturing 225 MARINE MEDIA Se
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Algal Culturing 227 reactions. Of t
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Algal Culturing 229 TABLE 6.11 Waln
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Algal Culturing 231 TABLE 6.14 PCR-
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Algal Culturing 233 TABLE 6.17 ESAW
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Algal Culturing 235 . CSIRO (CSIRO
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Algal Culturing 237 extended period
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Algal Culturing 239 In practice, cu
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Algal Culturing 241 SEMI-CONTINUOUS
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Algal Culturing 243 around the worl
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Algal Culturing 245 tech,” and ca
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Algal Culturing 247 FIGURE 6.3 Sche
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Algal Culturing 249 Digital microsc
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7 INTRODUCTION Algae and Men Microa
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Algae and Men 253 of cattle is rapi
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Algae and Men 255 FIGURE 7.2 Drying
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Algae and Men 257 for equally valua
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Algae and Men 259 thickening powers
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Algae and Men 261 FIGURE 7.6 Frond
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Algae and Men 265 TABLE 7.3 Mineral
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Algae and Men 267 sporophyte. Spore
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Algae and Men 269 naturally found i
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Algae and Men 271 so that water and
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Algae and Men 275 and some fish spe
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Algae and Men 277 Because Ascophyll
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Algae and Men 279 Maerl is the comm
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Algae and Men 281 THERAPEUTIC SUPPL
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Algae and Men 283 in globules in ot
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Algae and Men 285 supplement due to
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Algae and Men 287 epiphyte and has
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Algae and Men 289 closely-related P
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Algae and Men 291 Takeyama, H., Kan
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294 Index Carbohydrate storage prod
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296 Index Endosymbiosis, serial sec
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298 Index Motility about, 85 buoyan
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300 Index Redfield ratio, 161-162 R
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