Algae Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology

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1 DEFINITION General Overview The term algae has no formal taxonomic standing. It is routinely used to indicate a polyphyletic (i.e., including organisms that do not share a common origin, but follow multiple and independent evolutionary lines), noncohesive, and artificial assemblage of O2-evolving, photosynthetic organisms (with several exceptions of colorless members undoubtedly related to pigmented forms). According to this definition, plants could be considered an algal division. Algae and plants produce the same storage compounds, use similar defense strategies against predators and parasites, and a strong morphological similarity exists between some algae and plants. Then, how to distinguish algae from plants? The answer is quite easy because the similarities between algae and plants are much fewer than their differences. Plants show a very high degree of differentiation, with roots, leaves, stems, and xylem/phloem vascular network. Their reproductive organs are surrounded by a jacket of sterile cells. They have a multicellular diploid embryo stage that remains developmentally and nutritionally dependent on the parental gametophyte for a significant period (and hence the name embryophytes is given to plants) and tissue-generating parenchymatous meristems at the shoot and root apices, producing tissues that differentiate in a wide variety of shapes. Moreover, all plants have a digenetic life cycle with an alternation between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. Algae do not have any of these features; they do not have roots, stems, leaves, nor well-defined vascular tissues. Even though many seaweeds are plant-like in appearance and some of them show specialization and differentiation of their vegetative cells, they do not form embryos, their reproductive structures consist of cells that are potentially fertile and lack sterile cells covering or protecting them. Parenchymatous development is present only in some groups and have both monogenetic and digenetic life cycles. Moreover, algae occur in dissimilar forms such as microscopic single cell, macroscopic multicellular loose or filmy conglomerations, matted or branched colonies, or more complex leafy or blade forms, which contrast strongly with uniformity in vascular plants. Evolution may have worked in two ways, one for shaping similarities for and the other shaping differences. The same environmental pressure led to the parallel, independent evolution of similar traits in both plants and algae, while the transition from relatively stable aquatic environment to a gaseous medium exposed plants to new physical conditions that resulted in key physiological and structural changes necessary to invade upland habitats and fully exploit them. The bottom line is that plants are a separate group with no overlapping with the algal assemblage. The profound diversity of size ranging from picoplankton only 0.2–2.0 mm in diameter to giant kelps with fronds up to 60 m in length, ecology and colonized habitats, cellular structure, levels of organization and morphology, pigments for photosynthesis, reserve and structural polysaccharides, and type of life history reflect the varied evolutionary origins of this heterogeneous assemblage of organisms, including both prokaryote and eukaryote species. The term algae refers to both macroalgae and a highly diversified group of microorganisms known as microalgae. The number of algal species has been estimated to be one to ten million, and most of them are microalgae. 1
2 Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology CLASSIFICATION No easily definable classification system acceptable to all exists for algae because taxonomy is under constant and rapid revision at all levels following every day new genetic and ultrastructural evidence. Keeping in mind that the polyphyletic nature of the algal group is somewhat inconsistent with traditional taxonomic groupings, though they are still useful to define the general character and level of organization, and the fact that taxonomic opinion may change as information accumulates, a tentative scheme of classification is adopted mainly based on the work of Van Den Hoek et al. (1995) and compared with the classifications of Bold and Wynne (1978), Margulis et al. (1990), Graham and Wilcox (2000), and South and Whittick (1987). Prokaryotic members of this assemblage are grouped into two divisions: Cyanophyta and Prochlorophyta, whereas eukaryotic members are grouped into nine divisions: Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Heterokontophyta, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyta, Chlorarachniophyta, and Chlorophyta (Table 1.1). TABLE 1.1 Classification Scheme of the Different Algal Groups Kingdom Division Class Prokaryota eubacteria Cyanophyta Cyanophyceae Prochlorophyta Prochlorophyceae Glaucophyta Glaucophyceae Rhodophyta Bangiophyceae Florideophyceae Heterokontophyta Chrysophyceae Xanthophyceae Eustigmatophyceae Bacillariophyceae Raphidophyceae Dictyochophyceae Phaeophyceae Haptophyta Haptophyceae Cryptophyta Cryptophyceae Eukaryota Dinophyta Dinophyceae Euglenophyta Euglenophyceae Chlorarachniophyta Chlorarachniophyceae Chlorophyta Prasinophyceae Chlorophyceae Ulvophyceae Cladophorophyceae Bryopsidophyceae Zygnematophyceae Trentepohliophyceae Klebsormidiophyceæ Charophyceae Dasycladophyceae OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION Algae can be aquatic or subaerial, when they are exposed to the atmosphere rather than being submerged in water. Aquatic algae are found almost anywhere from freshwater spring to salt lakes, with tolerance for a broad range of pH, temperature, turbidity, and O2 and CO2 concentration.
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Page 5 and 6: Published in 2006 by CRC Press Tayl
Page 7 and 8: Our sincere gratitude and a special
Page 10 and 11: Table of Contents Chapter 1 General
Page 12 and 13: How Algae Use Light Information ...
Page 14 and 15: Lambertian Surfaces . . ...........
Page 16: In memory of Maria Antonietta Barsa
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6 Algal Culturing COLLECTION, STORA
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Algal Culturing 211 TABLE 6.1 Shape
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Algal Culturing 213 maintenance of
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Algal Culturing 215 tissue culture
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Algal Culturing 217 TABLE 6.2 BG11
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Algal Culturing 219 TABLE 6.5 Aaron
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Algal Culturing 221 TABLE 6.7 Beije
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Algal Culturing 223 TABLE 6.9 Mes-V
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Algal Culturing 225 MARINE MEDIA Se
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Algal Culturing 227 reactions. Of t
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Algal Culturing 229 TABLE 6.11 Waln
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Algal Culturing 231 TABLE 6.14 PCR-
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Algal Culturing 233 TABLE 6.17 ESAW
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Algal Culturing 235 . CSIRO (CSIRO
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Algal Culturing 237 extended period
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Algal Culturing 239 In practice, cu
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Algal Culturing 241 SEMI-CONTINUOUS
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Algal Culturing 243 around the worl
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Algal Culturing 245 tech,” and ca
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Algal Culturing 247 FIGURE 6.3 Sche
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Algal Culturing 249 Digital microsc
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7 INTRODUCTION Algae and Men Microa
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Algae and Men 253 of cattle is rapi
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Algae and Men 255 FIGURE 7.2 Drying
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Algae and Men 257 for equally valua
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Algae and Men 259 thickening powers
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Algae and Men 261 FIGURE 7.6 Frond
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Algae and Men 265 TABLE 7.3 Mineral
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Algae and Men 267 sporophyte. Spore
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Algae and Men 269 naturally found i
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Algae and Men 271 so that water and
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Algae and Men 275 and some fish spe
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Algae and Men 277 Because Ascophyll
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Algae and Men 279 Maerl is the comm
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Algae and Men 281 THERAPEUTIC SUPPL
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Algae and Men 283 in globules in ot
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Algae and Men 285 supplement due to
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Algae and Men 287 epiphyte and has
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Algae and Men 289 closely-related P
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Algae and Men 291 Takeyama, H., Kan
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294 Index Carbohydrate storage prod
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296 Index Endosymbiosis, serial sec
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298 Index Motility about, 85 buoyan
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300 Index Redfield ratio, 161-162 R
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