Algae Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology

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General Overview 21 FIGURE 1.30 Marine diatom. (Bar: 10 mm.) (Figure 1.33). Phaeophyceae are multicellular, from branched filaments to massive and complex kelp (Figure 1.34). Other groups of algae have been described as belonging to this division, such as Pelagophyceans and Sarcinochrysidaleans sensu Graham and Wilkox (2000) and Parmales sensu Van den Hoek et al. (1995). Heterokontophyta are mostly marine; but they can be found also in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. They show a preponderance of carotenoids over chlorophylls that result in all groups having golden rather than grass green hue typical of other major algal divisions. The members of this division possess chlorophylls a, c1, c2, and c3 with the exception of the Eustigmatophyceae that have only chlorophyll a. The principal accessory pigments are b-carotene, fucoxanthin, and vaucheriaxanthin. The thylakoids are grouped into stacks of three, called lamellae. One lamella usually runs along the whole periphery of the chloroplast, which is termed girdle lamella, absent only in the Eustigmatophyceae. The chloroplasts are enclosed in their own double membrane and also by a fold of the endoplasmic reticulum. The chloroplastic DNA is usually arranged in a ring-shaped nucleoid. Dictyochophyceae species possess several nucleoids scattered inside the chloroplast. The main reserve polysaccharide is chrysolaminarin, a b-1,3-glucan, located inside the cytoplasm in special vacuoles. The eyespot consists of a layer of globules, enclosed within the chloroplast, and together with the photoreceptor, located in the smooth flagellum, forms the photoreceptive apparatus. The members of this division can grow photoautotrophically but can also combine different nutritional strategies such as heterotrophy. The Heterokontophyta species that reproduce sexually have a haplontic (Chrysophyceae), diplontic (Bacillariophyceae) or diplohaplontic (Phaeophyceae) life cycle. HAPTOPHYTA FIGURE 1.31 Freshwater diatom. (Bar: 20 mm.) The great majority of Haptophyta are unicellular, motile, palmelloid, or coccoid (Figure 1.35), but a few form colonies or short filaments. These algae are generally found in marine habitats, although there are a number of records from freshwater and terrestrial environments. Flagellate cells bear two naked flagella, inserted either laterally or apically, which may have different length. A structure apparently found only in algae of this division is the haptonema, typically a long thin organelle
22 Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology FIGURE 1.32 Unicell of Heterosigma akashiwo. FIGURE 1.33 The silicoflagellate Distephanus speculum. reminiscent of a flagellum but with a different ultrastructure. The chloroplast contains only chlorophylls a, c 1, and c 2. The golden yellow brown appearance of the chloroplast is due to accessory pigments such as fucoxanthin, b-carotene, and other xanthins. Each chloroplast is enclosed FIGURE 1.34 Frond of Bellotia eriophorum. (Bar: 5 cm.)
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Page 5 and 6: Published in 2006 by CRC Press Tayl
Page 7 and 8: Our sincere gratitude and a special
Page 10 and 11: Table of Contents Chapter 1 General
Page 12 and 13: How Algae Use Light Information ...
Page 14 and 15: Lambertian Surfaces . . ...........
Page 16: In memory of Maria Antonietta Barsa
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6 Algal Culturing COLLECTION, STORA
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Algal Culturing 211 TABLE 6.1 Shape
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Algal Culturing 213 maintenance of
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Algal Culturing 215 tissue culture
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Algal Culturing 217 TABLE 6.2 BG11
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Algal Culturing 219 TABLE 6.5 Aaron
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Algal Culturing 221 TABLE 6.7 Beije
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Algal Culturing 223 TABLE 6.9 Mes-V
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Algal Culturing 225 MARINE MEDIA Se
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Algal Culturing 227 reactions. Of t
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Algal Culturing 229 TABLE 6.11 Waln
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Algal Culturing 231 TABLE 6.14 PCR-
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Algal Culturing 233 TABLE 6.17 ESAW
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Algal Culturing 235 . CSIRO (CSIRO
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Algal Culturing 237 extended period
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Algal Culturing 239 In practice, cu
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Algal Culturing 241 SEMI-CONTINUOUS
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Algal Culturing 243 around the worl
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Algal Culturing 245 tech,” and ca
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Algal Culturing 247 FIGURE 6.3 Sche
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Algal Culturing 249 Digital microsc
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7 INTRODUCTION Algae and Men Microa
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Algae and Men 253 of cattle is rapi
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Algae and Men 255 FIGURE 7.2 Drying
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Algae and Men 257 for equally valua
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Algae and Men 259 thickening powers
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Algae and Men 261 FIGURE 7.6 Frond
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Algae and Men 265 TABLE 7.3 Mineral
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Algae and Men 267 sporophyte. Spore
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Algae and Men 269 naturally found i
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Algae and Men 271 so that water and
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Algae and Men 275 and some fish spe
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Algae and Men 277 Because Ascophyll
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Algae and Men 279 Maerl is the comm
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Algae and Men 281 THERAPEUTIC SUPPL
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Algae and Men 283 in globules in ot
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Algae and Men 285 supplement due to
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Algae and Men 287 epiphyte and has
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Algae and Men 289 closely-related P
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Algae and Men 291 Takeyama, H., Kan
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294 Index Carbohydrate storage prod
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296 Index Endosymbiosis, serial sec
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298 Index Motility about, 85 buoyan
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300 Index Redfield ratio, 161-162 R
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Algae Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology

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