ict in agriculture - Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation

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BOXES LIST OF BOXES Box 1.1: Globalizing Food Markets and New Challenges for Smallholder Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Box 2.1: The Risks of Picking Winners in the Rapidly Evolving IT Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Box 2.2: Singapore’s Simplifi ed Licenses Encourage Innovative, Cost-effective ICT Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . 20 Box 2.3: Balancing Quality and Service in Reaching Rural Areas: Fixed-line versus Wireless Backhaul . . . . . . . . 23 Box 2.4: Chile’s ICT Policies for Connectivity and Economic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Box 2.5: Lessons from South Africa’s Experience in Migrating to Digital Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Box 2.6: CDMA450 Technology Connects Rural Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Box 2.7: Mobile Phones with Features Attract Rural Users in China and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Box 2.8: MXit Blends Entertainments and Practical Content in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Box 2.9: India Exemplifi es Evolution in the Public Provision of Low-Cost Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Box 3.1: What Is a Mobile Application? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Box 3.2: Mobile Phones Enable Kerala Fishers to Identify Better Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Box 3.3: One Device, Many Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Box 3.4: Mobile Phones, Agriculture, and Gender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Box 3.5: An Esoko Transaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Box 3.6: Kilimo Salama Demonstrates the Convergence of Mobile Phones and Sophisticated Mobile Services . . . . 63 Box 4.1: Key Constraints Restricting Women’s Access to ICTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Box 4.2: Policy Recommendations for Gender-Aware Universal Access and Rural Development . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Box 4.3: Mobile Phones and Economic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Box 5.1: The Food Security Challenge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Box 5.2: Gender in Agricultural Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Box 5.3: Using Remote Sensors and Similar Tools to Measure Soil Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Box 5.4: Collecting African Soil Data Over Time to Understand Soil Degradation Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Box 5.5: Rewarding Farmers for Carbon Sequestration in Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Box 5.6: Web-Based GIS for Paddy Precision Farming, Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Box 5.7: Crowdsourcing Prevents Cassava Losses in Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Box 5.8: Modeling India’s Groundnut Yield through Climate Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Box 6.1: Datasets on Amazon Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Box 6.2: Social Media Support Research Project Review and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Box 6.3: Innovation Brokers at the Heart of Networking and Communication in Agricultural Information Systems . . 116 Box 6.4: Key Considerations When Using ICT in AIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Box 6.5: ICTs Engage Stakeholders in Formulating an Ambitious Research Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Box 6.6: Rural Tanzanians Update Researchers on Spreading Cassava Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Box 6.7: Web-Based Tools Facilitate Research Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Box 6.8: Dataverse: An Open Application for Storing and Analyzing Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Box 6.9: Mendeley: ICT to Expand the Literature Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Box 6.10: Driving Developing County Access: The CIARD Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 ECONOMIC AND SECTOR WORK XIII
XIV BOXES Box 6.11: Rural Radio Lets Listeners Speak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Box 6.12: Mobile Phones as Tools for Farmer Surveys and Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Box 7.1: Farmers Require Four Kinds of Financial Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Box 7.2: ICT Increases the Availability of Rural Finance in South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Box 7.3: In Rural Kenya and South Africa, ICT Applications Reduce the Cost of Financial Services . . . . . . . . . . 157 Box 7.4: Increased Operational Effi ciency in Africa through ICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Box 7.5: Financial Service Providers in the United States and Mozambique Use ICT to Improve Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Box 7.6: Using ICT to Identify Financial Service Clients in Africa and South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Box 8.1: Factors that Can Hamper Women’s Uptake of ICTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Box 8.2: Telecenters Build Skills, Directly and Indirectly, in Members of Farmer Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Box 8.3: Unintended Consequences of Not Including Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Box 8.4: Chile’s Coopeumo and the Mobile Information Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Box 8.5: A Checklist of Considerations for Designing an Effective, Sustainable ICT-Based Project to Support Farmer Organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Box 8.6: Considerations for Effectively, Sustainably Computerizing Farmer Organizations and Cooperatives . . . . . 191 Box 8.7: What Is ERP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Box 8.8: Considerations for Effectively, Sustainably Enabling Farmers to Share Information and Gain a Greater Voice in the Agricultural Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Box 9.1: Changing Sources of Information for Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Box 9.2: The Spread of SMS-Based Services and Prospects for Reducing Their Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Box 9.3: Winter Salad Grower in Georgia Improves His Negotiating Position with Itinerant Traders by Mobile Phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Box 9.4: Government-Provided Information on Market Prices: A South Asian Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Box 10.1: Functions of Supply-Chain Management Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Box 10.2: Companies Use Enterprise Resource Planning Software to Manage Smallholder Suppliers . . . . . . . . . 247 Box 11.1: Reuters Market Light Disseminates Early Warnings to Mitigate Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Box 11.2: How Does Insurance Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Box 11.3: What Is Index Insurance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Box 11.4: Commodity Futures Markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Box 11.5: Information Services Used by Community Knowledge Workers in Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Box 14.1: Outcomes of Automating Land Registration in Andhra Pradesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Box 14.2: Augmented Reality in Real Estate Marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Box 14.3: Reducing Corruption in Land Offi ces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Box 14.4: Creative Commons Supports Open Government Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Box 15.1: The Building Blocks of Forest Governance and Their Principal Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Box 15.2: Vietnam—Management Information System for the Forestry Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Box 15.3: Website of the Forestry Commission, United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Box 15.4: Advocacy and Awareness Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Box 15.5: Uganda—Environment Alert: Civil Society Organizations Use ICTs in Advocacy Campaigns . . . . . . . . . 384 Box 15.6: How Can Community Radio Benefi t Forest Governance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Box 15.7: Public Participation and Crowdsourcing of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Box 15.8: Citizen-Powered Urban Forest Map of San Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Box 15.9: MESTA—Participatory Forest Management Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Box 15.10: UNODC’s “Go” Family of Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 ICT IN AGRICULTURE
Page 1 and 2: NOVEMBER 2011 e-SOURCEBOOK ICT IN A
Page 3 and 4: © 2011 The International Bank for
Page 5 and 6: IV ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY ON THE FA
Page 7 and 8: VI IMPROVING PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISI
Page 9 and 10: VIII LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Figure
Page 11 and 12: X LIST OF IMAGES IMAGES Image 1.1:
Page 13: XII LIST OF TABLES TABLES Table 1.1
Page 17 and 18: XVI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
Page 19 and 20: XVIII GPS global positioning system
Page 22: SECTION 1 Overview of ICT in Agricu
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Page 27 and 28: 6 Importantly, ICT is not an end to
Page 29 and 30: 8 FIGURE 1.3: Global ICT Developmen
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Page 35 and 36: 14 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING F
Page 37 and 38: 16 MODULE 2 — MAKING ICT INFRASTR
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44 MODULE 2 — MAKING ICT INFRASTR
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50 MODULE 3 — ANYTIME, ANYWHERE:
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SECTION 3 Assessing Markets and Val
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206 OVERVIEW One of the best defini
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208 FIGURE 9.3: Ugandan Farmers’
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210 MODULE 9 — STRENGTHENING AGRI
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212 Greater access to information a
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214 FIGURE 9.5: ICT Inputs to Marke
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216 MODULE 9 — STRENGTHENING AGRI
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218 catalyst in each instance was t
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220 for a farmer averaged US$ 52, o
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222 TRENDS AND ISSUES Multiple and
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224 FIGURE 9.11: Traders’ Perceiv
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226 BOX 9.4: Government-Provided In
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228 To facilitate diversification,
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230 that received the Reuters Marke
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232 FIGURE 9.18: Average Tomato Sal
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234 survey also found that almost a
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236 the help of Mobile Transactions
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SECTION 3 — ACCESSING MARKETS AND
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SECTION 4 Improving Public Service
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314 OVERVIEW MODULE 13 — STRENGTH
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316 MODULE 13 — STRENGTHENING RUR
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344 MODULE 14 — ICT FOR LAND ADMI
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346 certificates. To provide additi
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348 FIGURE 14.2: Evolution of ICT i
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350 phenomena: (1) the widespread u
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352 consequences of development. Ma
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354 the faster and more innovative
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356 The performance of land adminis
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358 At the heart of these informati
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360 2011). By allowing groups of pe
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362 MODULE 14 — ICT FOR LAND ADMI
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364 property services to previously
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366 INNOVATIVE PRACTICE SUMMARY Vie
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368 INNOVATIVE PRACTICE SUMMARY ICT
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370 access the actual geographic fe
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372 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organ
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374 Forest Governance as a Developm
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376 in the narrow sense and lacked
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378 ICT experiences in the forest s
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380 IMAGE 15.2: Long-Term Investmen
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382 MODULE 15 — USING ICT TO IMPR
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384 � Mobile phones are carried e
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386 participation, it can also serv
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388 will be more useful when it all
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390 IMAGE 15.4: POIMapping in Kenya
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392 in 2007 (http://www.meridianawa
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394 Another example of ICTs being e
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398 supply chain from the field to
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400 The system has tagged and locat
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402 Metka Metka is a development pr
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404 Digital orthophoto quads. Digit
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406 Spectrum rights. Rights to spec
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