ict in agriculture - Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation

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SECTION 1 — OVERVIEW OF ICT IN AGRICULTURE: OPPORTUNITIES, ACCESS, AND CROSS-CUTTING THEMES 7 FIGURE 1.2: African Undersea Cables, Those Working and Those in Development This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. ESTONIA RUSSIAN LATVIA DENMARK UNITED FED. LITHUANIA KINGDOM THE IRELAND NETH. BELARUS Highbridge GERMANY POLAND Bude BELGIUM LUX. CZECH REP. UKRAINE SLOVAK REP. Penmarc'h FRANCE AUSTRIA MOLDOVA SWITZ. HUNGARY SLOVENIA ROMANIA CROATIA BOSNIA Marseille Monaco SERBIA ITALY & HERZ. Vigo KOSOVO BULGARIA MONTENEGRO FYR PORTUGAL SPAIN ALBANIA MACEDONIA Mediterranean Undersea Cables 320 gigabits Atlas Offshore Active 1280 gigabits SAS-1 Active 3840 gigabits SEA-ME-WE 4 Active 3840 gigabits I-ME-WE Active 3840 gigabits EIG Active RUSSIAN FEDERATION KYRGYZ REP. IBRD 38933 NOVEMBER 2011 Lisbon Seixal Sesimbra Portimão Chipiona Gibraltar (UK) Asilah Casablanca MOROCCO Palermo MONACO Catania Annaba Bizerte TUNISIA Tripoli GREECE TURKEY CYPRUS Tripoli LEBANON ISRAEL Alexandria SYRIAN ARAB REP. IRAQ West Bank and Gaza TURKMENISTAN ISLAMIC REP. OF IRAN KUWAIT TAJIKISTAN AFGHANISTAN CHINA Buena Vista Alta Vista Former Spanish Sahara ALGERIA LIBYA Cairo Suez ARAB REP. OF EGYPT JORDAN SAUDI ARABIA Jeddah BAHRAIN QATAR Fujairah U.A.E. Muscat PAKISTAN Karachi NEPAL INDIA MAURITANIA Port Sudan OMAN Mumbai CAPE VERDE Praia THE GAMBIA GUINEA-BISSAU Nouakchott MALI Dakar SENEGAL Banjul BURKINA Bissau FASO GUINEA BENIN Conakry TOGO SIERRA LEONE CÔTE GHANA Freetown D’IVOIRE Cotonou Lomé Lagos Monrovia Abidjan Accra LIBERIA NIGER NIGERIA CAMEROON Limbé Douala CHAD CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. SUDAN SOUTH SUDAN ERITREA REP. OF YEMEN Djibouti DJIBOUTI ETHIOPIA SOMALIA Kochi Chennai Colombo To Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore SRI LANKA Kribi Bata UGANDA Mogadishu MALDIVES To Penang To Fortaleza, Brazil EQU. GUINEA SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE Santana Libreville CONGO GABON Pointe-Noire Muanda Cacuaco DEM. REP. OF CONGO KENYA RWANDA BURUNDI Mombasa TANZANIA Dar Es Salaam SEYCHELLES Victoria Luanda COMOROS SAT3/SAFE MaIN OnE GLO-1 WACS ACE SAex West Coast 340 gigabits 1920 gigabits 2500 gigabits 5120 gigabits 5120 gigabits 12800 gigabits Active Active Active Q4 2011 Q3 2012 Q2 2013 ECONOMIC AND SECTOR WORK ANGOLA NAMIBIA Swakopmund Yzerfontein Yzerfontein Melkbosstrand Cape Town BOTSWANA ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE Maputo SWAZILAND SOUTH Mtunzini AFRICA LESOTHO Source: Adapted from Steve Song, http://manypossibilities.net and TeleGeography. for individuals to use on their own. Internet access is also expected to increase through the continued rollout of third- and fourth-generation (3G and 4G) mobile networks that greatly improved capacity for carrying data. Smartphones, such as BlackBerries or iPhones, which include 3G mobile services with remote Internet connection, will increase access to information even to poor farmers. The International Telecommunication Union (2010) reports that at the end of 2010, 143 countries offered commercial 3G services, providing at least 256 kilobits per second of bandwidth and supplying voice and data simultaneously (figure 1.3 shows the slow, but increasing rate of uptake of mobile broadband) and other ICT tools. MALAWI MOZAMBIQUE Moroni Mayotte (Fr.) Toliary Kaouéni Toamasina MADAGASCAR Terre- MAURITIUS Rouge Savanne Saint-Paul Réunion (Fr.) SEAS TEAMs Seacom Lion2 Lion EASSy East Coast 320 gigabits 1280 gigabits 1280 gigabits 1280 gigabits 1300 gigabits 4720 gigabits Q3 2012 Active Active Q2 2012 Active Adaptable and More Affordable Tools The proliferation of adaptable and more affordable technologies and devices has also increased ICT’s relevance to smallholder agriculture. Innovation has steadily reduced the purchase price of phones, laptops, scientific instruments, and specialized software. Agricultural innovation in developed countries has become more applicable to developing-country needs. The intuitive design of many technologies and their capacity to convey information visually or audibly make them useful to people with limited formal education or exposure to technology. Active
8 FIGURE 1.3: Global ICT Development from 2000–2010 Per 100 inhabitants 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions Internet users Fixed telephone lines Active mobile broadband subscriptions Fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions Mobile-based applications are also becoming more suitable for poor and isolated communities, especially though feature phones. Drawing on simple, available technologies such as SMS, service providers can offer mobile banking, other transactional services (selling inputs, for example), and information services (market price alerts). Other publicly and privately provided services such as extension and advisory services are delivered over mobiles, which are increasingly not just “phones” but are actually multifunctional wireless devices. Geospatial information is also becoming easier to access and use as mapping tools, such as Microsoft Earth or Google Maps (image 1.2), bring geographical data information to nonspecialist users. Scientists and development organizations have created substantial sets of georeferenced data on population, poverty, transportation, and any number of other public goods and variables through more affordable, usable geographic information systems available on standard PCs and mobile devices using web-based tools. Satellite images and similar representations have improved exponentially in quality and detail. These tools and remote sensors use less energy and require less human attention than in previous years. The capacity to overlay geospatial information with climate and socioeconomic data opens many options for analyzing biophysical trends (such as erosion or the movement of pathogens), making projections (about the effects of climate change or the best location of wholesale markets in relation to transport infrastructure), and selecting particular groups to test new technologies or farming practices (for instance, identifying farmers that are MODULE 1 — INTRODUCTION: ICT IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: International Telecommunications Union’s World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database. most likely to benefit from using e-vouchers to purchase fertilizer). Advances in Data Storage and Exchange Greatly increased data storage capacity and the ability to access data remotely and share it easily have improved the use of ICT in agriculture. Sharing knowledge and exchanging data have created opportunities to involve more stakeholders in agricultural research—involvement facilitated by an IMAGE 1.2: Google Map of Kampala, Uganda. Source: Google Maps. ICT IN AGRICULTURE
Page 1 and 2: NOVEMBER 2011 e-SOURCEBOOK ICT IN A
Page 3 and 4: © 2011 The International Bank for
Page 5 and 6: IV ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY ON THE FA
Page 7 and 8: VI IMPROVING PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISI
Page 9 and 10: VIII LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Figure
Page 11 and 12: X LIST OF IMAGES IMAGES Image 1.1:
Page 13 and 14: XII LIST OF TABLES TABLES Table 1.1
Page 15 and 16: XIV BOXES Box 6.11: Rural Radio Let
Page 17 and 18: XVI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
Page 19 and 20: XVIII GPS global positioning system
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Page 35 and 36: 14 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING F
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58 MODULE 3 — ANYTIME, ANYWHERE:
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72 MODULE 4 — EXTENDING THE BENEF
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SECTION 3 Assessing Markets and Val
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206 OVERVIEW One of the best defini
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208 FIGURE 9.3: Ugandan Farmers’
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210 MODULE 9 — STRENGTHENING AGRI
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212 Greater access to information a
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214 FIGURE 9.5: ICT Inputs to Marke
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216 MODULE 9 — STRENGTHENING AGRI
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218 catalyst in each instance was t
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220 for a farmer averaged US$ 52, o
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222 TRENDS AND ISSUES Multiple and
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224 FIGURE 9.11: Traders’ Perceiv
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226 BOX 9.4: Government-Provided In
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228 To facilitate diversification,
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230 that received the Reuters Marke
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232 FIGURE 9.18: Average Tomato Sal
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234 survey also found that almost a
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236 the help of Mobile Transactions
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SECTION 3 — ACCESSING MARKETS AND
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314 OVERVIEW MODULE 13 — STRENGTH
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316 MODULE 13 — STRENGTHENING RUR
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344 MODULE 14 — ICT FOR LAND ADMI
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346 certificates. To provide additi
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348 FIGURE 14.2: Evolution of ICT i
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350 phenomena: (1) the widespread u
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352 consequences of development. Ma
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354 the faster and more innovative
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356 The performance of land adminis
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358 At the heart of these informati
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360 2011). By allowing groups of pe
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362 MODULE 14 — ICT FOR LAND ADMI
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364 property services to previously
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366 INNOVATIVE PRACTICE SUMMARY Vie
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368 INNOVATIVE PRACTICE SUMMARY ICT
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370 access the actual geographic fe
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372 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organ
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374 Forest Governance as a Developm
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376 in the narrow sense and lacked
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378 ICT experiences in the forest s
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380 IMAGE 15.2: Long-Term Investmen
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382 MODULE 15 — USING ICT TO IMPR
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384 � Mobile phones are carried e
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386 participation, it can also serv
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388 will be more useful when it all
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390 IMAGE 15.4: POIMapping in Kenya
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392 in 2007 (http://www.meridianawa
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394 Another example of ICTs being e
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396 report incidences of corruption
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398 supply chain from the field to
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400 The system has tagged and locat
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402 Metka Metka is a development pr
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404 Digital orthophoto quads. Digit
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406 Spectrum rights. Rights to spec
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