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I wish to cxprcss my dee?est mse of gmdtude to iy supnnor Prof Dr Muhanmad Qaiser (vicc Chancellor, Federal Urdu expcn advic. .nd cnncal supewision I an d$ s6l.tul ACKNOWLEDCEMENT Univesiry Anq Science & Tcchiologv) for his of my couse eudy throtrShosl th. penod of lo Prct D.. S.l. Ali, Pot Dr Sulbn-ul Abslin. Dr. Rubi" Abid. Pbt: Di. Anjud P.Nan ad Dr' Ghulm R!@l for then uluable sugg€sions, Suid4ce Dd help duint thc .ht're cose. I afr cxtEmely lb,nkful to Prci Dt Sundvva Khaloo! ChaiQeNon, D.panmeol oI Botdy, Unive6ily of Knrachi, forpoliding d.panmdhl tuilnies I an gF.tty ind.bien b Prei Ih. Anjum Pcl1m (Dnebt Mr' Sh.Bali Khd icuElor) and Mis Kan€ Fatida (Libmnan) of the Kadchi UniveEirt H'lbanun lor pBvidin8 hclbanun and lib€ry aacilili.s. I om EBtclul to lhe Dnecb6 and Cumrols or BM, E, M ud RAw for the loln of Ind.bt dre is expos!.d !o Pot Dr, Knschncr (PRA) ror Larih diasnosis of tn. n€w I !n thrntful ro the DiEtor, Krrehi Univdny Halanm md lhc lrchlr8c Camlizcd s{i6.c Labo6bn6 and lehnicians for peviding me facilities oa Sclniing Elatun Mimsoope Thant! aE due aho lo Mr. Raflqlddin, Mr. Abnr for thof lln. illuslElioc md do.ll.nt photoDicrcsFphs sd Mr, Jan Alan ('raononisl) for nis coopaalion dd
| !n de gdctul to Mr S.td ul ltld. Mr Hlid.t Ali M. Ndd Mr- Gohr (nd' Mi llrli.a Mis Zrndud, Mis Sdt{, Mis S.d.i cdlogE .nd nidG fd rhcn suPPdr Sp€ial grnirudc aE due ds io, PtitrciPrl B.luia Found.tiotr College' Gulshe+lqbd Cdpu, Captain @ Munn Ahn d, for his support ed cooPmlion q!tud.d b nc 'n times orneed and for pbvision of facilili.s of ny r€5@rch w'rk Duing $e couse of oonpl.tion of oy r.selch vo*, th@ wde a .unbq of pcopl. vho qlended &en h.h. ooop.r.tion {d luPPon foi ny !bj€t. I d enrd.lv g t.tul to aI of dr@; for ritn o.t rh.ir tin ly h.lp, il would hav. bm vdv dilficulr f@ dc io !@*fi y6ni3h tnisNian|Ml. Finally I owe a vhol€ lot ofgnb't!& ro my tuihd, wno srood by re ddjng dE d iF Friod of tbis snrdy. Hq oco6.gdo( suppon ..d rdiv.rio& *6. Cet sds tor nc in mplcting thir rc*, vi
Page 1 and 2: BIOSYSTEMATIC STT'DIES OF TIIE GENU
Page 3 and 4: BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF TIIE GENUS
Page 5 and 6: qrta.q,ilfrrgss'G TO WHOM IT MAY CO
Page 7 and 8: ? Cps.la Moryhology i) Inroducilon
Page 9: 16 4.4 List of chdclcrs, s.ored for
Page 13 and 14: The distribution paitem of all d. i
Page 15 and 16: - I 4,u -u 9'4 L.tv l/-,t' - +({+V,
Page 17 and 18: Sakcsar and Sslt dnges in P!!jab, t
Page 19 and 20: LITf,RATURE SURVIY Lin@eus (l?51, 1
Page 21 and 22: Lactuco tiea L.. fttaineA ridd rbe
Page 23 and 24: Blanq (1928) in Bcauritul Flowe6 of
Page 25 and 26: P.*isb) He ale &cepLd tn. senu Pren
Page 27 and 28: ! E FIF 9tb: it_E €tE E1.3 n :g!
Page 29 and 30: MATERTALS AND METHODS The prsenr *o
Page 31 and 32: The sten b whne or shiny in cds. of
Page 33 and 34: Figu. Ll. Sc@ing Elecnon MicFeFph!
Page 35: Fiercl.z Stuine Eltun Micrcsmpts (S
Page 38 and 39: I L \ o l [..'. P. ., . *3 -"'1 ;l
Page 41 and 42: 15. wh€ad atu€rrtd wallr'. Srep
Page 44: Figure 1.6. LiSlrr Micographs {LM)
Page 48: FieEl.8. Liaht Micog6phs (t lvl) sh
Page 51 and 52: .---l*---lElE ,'r .t N .s o 3 .it-
Page 53 and 54: 5 + tneolw phyllsie 56 - si.L, outc
Page 55 and 56: -600m I ,fiffi Fltr. 1.9 Latu.ttt .
Page 57 and 58: on way b Prtuna. c.8 cn hitt, 23 51
Page 59 and 60: 'b r. ff?+k,?*i,.t (Boda) sojtr de
Page 61 and 62:
t { .l "00 fl) V0 flg, l.l0 J..t l,
Page 63 and 64:
2-.T@'rl4 oriett ltr (Bois.) sojAl
Page 65 and 66:
- Planrs .ol rhomy. Sten nor divm.a
Page 67 and 68:
(R AW)r Nonh.m Bdehisrj!. 1955, AJ!
Page 69 and 70:
ibidi Yarknoon, Torikhoo-Chitial, p
Page 71 and 72:
(KUH)i c,25 km {ion znob on q.y to
Page 73 and 74:
@ tl ""T iiitr ,i lllliilfr I lil]\
Page 75 and 76:
Distributon: -Europe, Austmlia. M
Page 77 and 78:
. Lev.s nor os above Flolet3yellow.
Page 79 and 80:
2202 (BM); Shishi, (B/w 3t'15 N. 7l
Page 81 and 82:
floals whne, i.fteqeot, on s@m btnk
Page 83 and 84:
Kafm, (r5" l0' N, 71 30' E), c.220t
Page 85 and 86:
shyok valky, r 2400 m, 16.8.1940, 4
Page 87 and 88:
Disnibutio.: -Tu.l(.y, Jord.r! I6q,
Page 89 and 90:
& 6 Flg. l.lt La.tac. Aoti.hopht'll
Page 91 and 92:
@d lind{bl@e, acnt -subobnae.Florct
Page 93 and 94:
a.Izdtd @i,taL. C.atu.pt 2: 29. m t
Page 95 and 96:
4. l4ee vniol4L.cen.f- Pl. 2: 29. n
Page 97 and 98:
in heigtu, norets light yellow, coM
Page 99 and 100:
20.8.1940, Ll. Jrd., 20906 (RAW)i B
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L€clotyp.: Hclb.LiDt.No. 950.2, (
Page 103 and 104:
4. Mulgedi n cass Cass., Dict. S.i.
Page 105 and 106:
ct?sel! boM-drk boM or blactjsh, sh
Page 107 and 108:
ig. l. r rrii.|r, I'1, r r I r )( I
Page 109 and 110:
@ @ ffi liC.l.16 Lltts..litn t.ta,i
Page 111 and 112:
(BM); cilsn, c. 1500 m, noRN blu.,2
Page 113 and 114:
arid eil, I I 7 200t. Sdr/?d tardel
Page 115 and 116:
A hi8lly polymoinic sp@i€s pres.t
Page 117 and 118:
t $ $ ^" '" lii!3'li%f.W#! $# I' Bu
Page 119 and 120:
Satpura hlc. 3000 n.25 6 1955, E Na
Page 121 and 122:
peliolate, dilared at the base, mos
Page 123 and 124:
A genus Bnh It speci€s, disdburcd
Page 125 and 126:
- Involucrc phylluics 9-15, ll-14 n
Page 127 and 128:
Distibution: Afdmisl,n dd Pakhlan (
Page 129 and 130:
Edn€ed. upp€r mc| lav€s *aly
Page 131 and 132:
| + PLn|s eaulsnr. t c. qot*,i - Pl
Page 133 and 134:
+ Pla up lo 12 cn dl Lav€s un_lob
Page 135 and 136:
]" Fls. l.2l Oc.rr,,r drl, R@hi Bdo
Page 137 and 138:
isolaled fton il by baving up to 5
Page 139 and 140:
l. Ot.rri& s, 8n.ts/s Roohr Bmo, sp
Page 141 and 142:
Pl. Punj 379. l9l6i Collet,Il Sinl.
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s.Cietuita l4se aad (w^ll* DC ) M.n
Page 145 and 146:
i. Ci.eftitd t ssesi' a\w^ll exDC )
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ii - cic.rbrb t s*dtanr lw^ll.ex DC
Page 149 and 150:
t t I ;m Fie.l.ra Chabilt k$.ni.n (
Page 151 and 152:
Ann. csr.v6c. Pl. w. PaL Ksbn 760 l
Page 153 and 154:
l l p ffi rfi\ uil ng,l.25 Ckabtbd.
Page 155 and 156:
codmon. Srow in cuhilated lield as
Page 157 and 158:
Jh Alon & Naar Dih 256l (KUH)j B_9:
Page 159 and 160:
t D tr ffi B - Bdo. A. htbrt B{ I -
Page 161 and 162:
R@d. nore$ lavend.r, * 3300 m. Au8.
Page 163 and 164:
Pemiat herb.sten e!{t 'ar€ly 6c.n
Page 165 and 166:
B-8: I(ahmir: Ranput, Jhelun Vrllev
Page 167 and 168:
2. h.n.nth.! 4itcritori64 (B€auv.
Page 169 and 170:
E :l mL Wi T- l B*1.2a Pmd,thzs bru
Page 171 and 172:
Rlwolpindi Disr.: Mu@ Hills. Pu.jab
Page 173 and 174:
INTRODUCTION CYPSELA MORPHOLOCY Sec
Page 175 and 176:
gmcra of the Lmily Cohposihe l6m (a
Page 177 and 178:
ThouS! lol of wbrk ha ben dorc on t
Page 179 and 180:
C)!*la 4 5-ll nn long including bea
Page 181 and 182:
z E c E 2 't : 3t E: 6 c I E 3 i! r
Page 183 and 184:
a 6 a i E3 EI z 3 d i; E 5 I 5 3 d
Page 186:
Figu€2.2. Scdning Electron Midosr
Page 189 and 190:
- CrTel. 4.5 nn long, *ilh 5-7 mdow
Page 191 and 192:
i t !1 iE e I t e s I E ,! .E .t E
Page 193 and 194:
iN)x Elis\l
Page 196:
Figure2 5. Scahnin8 Eleclroh MicrcS
Page 199 and 200:
5- $ardrqtarr Bu!g. o.bL 2.5; Fig.
Page 201:
Figurc 2.6. ScMing El6$on Mic@g6phr
Page 205 and 206:
G C.phalonhrtchut Bons. \Ttblc 2 6r
Page 207:
FiguE 23 Scmning Elcction Micbgmphs
Page 210 and 211:
'E n t: ? ; t t E!: ,ii : a E _lrlr
Page 212:
Figua 2.9. Scdning E|een MicDgEphs
Page 216:
FiguE 2.ll Scening Electron MicNgap
Page 220 and 221:
&ft rdrt6L.(Table.2.EiFig.2.14&2.l5
Page 223 and 224:
eg :e E 6 6 5 : : e € € d s E :
Page 226:
Fige 2. I J. Sceing EldEon Micbgoph
Page 229 and 230:
ody and No whne, podal !ppdd.g6 al
Page 231 and 232:
aois., by h4ing 7-9 ribbed cr?sla,
Page 233 and 234:
INlRODUCTION PALYNOLOGY The use ofp
Page 235 and 236:
stErilietion. Blackhore, (191,4) ca
Page 237 and 238:
Mesocolpiun, Apocolpilm. Spi.e l.n8
Page 239 and 240:
a J i : tr; ii i: F! I ; ::: 5 ::i
Page 241 and 242:
1- r,.r!."rd type (ris. l.l A'F i I
Page 243:
FigllE 3,1 ScdninS El6rn Mimg6liE (
Page 247 and 248:
Figure I I Lighr MicoBmphs (LM) ol
Page 249 and 250:
2- l,cr!ca- rlpe(Fig 1.4 c F,I t A-
Page 251:
Figure I4. ScanningElecnonMicogBphs
Page 255 and 256:
FislRI6 Lighr MicmsBphs iLM) oflhe
Page 257 and 258:
3-.t 4pr,rdpnle lype(Fig.1.7 D-F.I8
Page 259:
Figw 3.7 Scflning Eletron Mictugnph
Page 262 and 263:
E E E # * 0 E q E E * & ds
Page 265:
Fi8!c 3.10 scming El.ctron Celhllar
Page 268 and 269:
E E * e E s tr E * 3
Page 270:
Figu.e 3.12. sctuing Eldtron Micrcg
Page 274:
F)Bure I 14 Sqnnrn8 Eleron MicroSra
Page 277 and 278:
E E G E * E E E t t
Page 280 and 281:
Fig@ 3.r? Light MicoeEpl$ (LM) oflh
Page 282 and 283:
Itis polfd'type h.s 14 trm viz., Ci
Page 284 and 285:
6 +hr .rir 42.5- (47:5) -50 ||'! in
Page 287:
Fkure 1.19. Scmitrg Eldtron MicregB
Page 290 and 291:
E E q tr {F # E g E * * s
Page 293 and 294:
DISCUSSION The tib. L4tc..e is char
Page 295 and 296:
eloup on ibe b6is of ldgo polar (2&
Page 297 and 298:
l.cuna. conpl€tely devoid ol .chi
Page 299 and 300:
The main objslive was to detemine i
Page 301 and 302:
Tbc dsb trr3 &r@ oumoic,lly. Clustc
Page 303 and 304:
F I I t iI I I : t g s s i I I t I
Page 305 and 306:
ceph!iorhF.hus pi.lldito$i! cic.ibi
Page 307 and 308:
ol Cephdlaftohrr.h6 Boiss. ^ad M,lg
Page 309 and 310:
Th. litlr $! oEpoott contribut d 46
Page 311 and 312:
.2 0 PCI Iig.42Two diEdrioo.l8r|Eh
Page 313 and 314:
Sia ofFappus: I mm tlJ, a-t mm (2)
Page 315 and 316:
212 3 2 ; E d 3 a .j
Page 317 and 318:
E9 in ;o-9ii j>>tu_ EI $sx{ EFFA Eg
Page 319 and 320:
PriNip.l Cooponenrs An.lysh (PCA) T
Page 321 and 322:
E 6 t .E g z 'i d R
Page 323 and 324:
,tc,lXroll f .w. Schnldl Cluster an
Page 325 and 326:
Fi&4.5 Sit!!: Two didrio.rl g+t lid
Page 327 and 328:
I rble 4.10 Lht ofch.r.cr.ri *or.d
Page 329 and 330:
g E E. s = 3 t! € 3 (J 4 d (.) :g
Page 331 and 332:
CICERBIIA \Ntttr' Cluder andlysis i
Page 333 and 334:
conpon.nrs ontiibut d o 62.5% ofvar
Page 335 and 336:
PCI Fi9a.s Ttro di6id Fpt .torios |
Page 337 and 338:
INTRODUCTTON DISTRIBUTION PATTERN T
Page 340 and 341:
Kashnir Qqiser & Abid (2005) also s
Page 342 and 343:
(Brener. 1994: Mabbeney. 199?). Out
Page 344 and 345:
!;;i;. t;"p.;,",-li 5 tidrotis.sp 4
Page 346 and 347:
tncklt letNc. hG also been Bbbfthed
Page 348 and 349:
a b s ; F i s
Page 350 and 351:
- ,J. \ t (L. A a 5 s t t ! ri E I
Page 353 and 354:
t ?. a\ a - : $ a 3 E 3- 'E
Page 355 and 356:
o aa \r c E 6 9^ 3! E:
Page 357 and 358:
a qat"ri R@hi Btno.nd C. a/ri Roohi
Page 359 and 360:
esion n 8D* in open g6y dd sh.dv sl
Page 361 and 362:
.l 'E ,
Page 363 and 364:
I Ci...ria qatel, Roohi Ba.o 4 S.zt
Page 365 and 366:
indianins lh.n cbse rcloliotuhip $
Page 367 and 368:
Cephtlofthynchut picridilorn' (BoN
Page 369 and 370:
APPENDIX I LIST OF THE VOUCHER SPEC
Page 371 and 372:
Haklq ^ti 4614 (KVH); M Qaiter & A
Page 373 and 374:
Ciceruta l.sqtiana vt. Cicerbib Lt@
Page 375 and 376:
APPENDIX IT LIST OF TEf, VOUCEER SP
Page 377 and 378:
Sl?FdhanptB mnblolio Su4, Lt. Eatit
Page 379 and 380:
Jon Muhannod tt^ lR w) Prenarthes a
Page 381 and 382:
Abid, R lnd M, Qaiss. 2009 Cy?sela
Page 383 and 384:
Bflthsn, G 1376. Conprihe ln: Bcnlh
Page 385 and 386:
a.ssini.H 1823.X| Tribu Les Anrhafr
Page 387 and 388:
l)crhier. D 1982 Lc senc l,.r!., L
Page 389 and 390:
Cr@tje.. C. I and F Bouha. 1988 See
Page 391 and 392:
leitrey. c. 1975. rn: Davis, P. H.
Page 393 and 394:
Lebedr. A, L Dolealola, E Klistkovt
Page 395 and 396:
Mich.nd, C D i.d R. R Sokal 195? A
Page 397 and 398:
P\ltai,T. 2VS. Eictclopedto oJ tfut
Page 399 and 400:
S.or. R. w I 985 Nlic6ch&aci.6 ar B
Page 401 and 402:
Sojrt. J. 196t. Bdakunsa a .iiiA6 C
Page 403 and 404:
wau(h, N. l82l 12. Pl.,ot dsraticeu
Page 405 and 406:
C.phlorrehynchls Bdirs. C.ph.lorrny
Page 407 and 408:
.tud delpi$ C- B. Ctuke lutue &cipi
Page 409 and 410:
MdAediutu bsqtionun vr, d.ntatM DC.
Page 411 and 412:
ADDENDUM
Page 413 and 414:
"l srd il $rl ir ,- ryyF !*,"!* !4!
Page 415 and 416:
f|r.Lff-d.rd.ndlh.d.--r.dt-.4&rer*.
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