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BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF THE GENUS LACTACA L. (s.I.I LACTUCEAE _ ASTERACEAE FROM PAKISTAN AND KASHMIR THESIS SUBMIfiED FOR THf, R"EQUIREMENT OFTHE DEGREE "DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHV" By ROOHI BANO To DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI, KARACHI. 2009 :
BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF TIIE GENUS IACTAC,4 L. (s.l.l LACTUCEAE - ASTERACEAE FROM PAKISTAI{ AND KASHMIR TIIESIS APPROVED pRoF. DR MUTTAMMAD eArsER ho *-: SUPERVISOR EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Page 1: BIOSYSTEMATIC STT'DIES OF TIIE GENU
Page 5 and 6: qrta.q,ilfrrgss'G TO WHOM IT MAY CO
Page 7 and 8: ? Cps.la Moryhology i) Inroducilon
Page 9 and 10: 16 4.4 List of chdclcrs, s.ored for
Page 11 and 12: | !n de gdctul to Mr S.td ul ltld.
Page 13 and 14: The distribution paitem of all d. i
Page 15 and 16: - I 4,u -u 9'4 L.tv l/-,t' - +({+V,
Page 17 and 18: Sakcsar and Sslt dnges in P!!jab, t
Page 19 and 20: LITf,RATURE SURVIY Lin@eus (l?51, 1
Page 21 and 22: Lactuco tiea L.. fttaineA ridd rbe
Page 23 and 24: Blanq (1928) in Bcauritul Flowe6 of
Page 25 and 26: P.*isb) He ale &cepLd tn. senu Pren
Page 27 and 28: ! E FIF 9tb: it_E €tE E1.3 n :g!
Page 29 and 30: MATERTALS AND METHODS The prsenr *o
Page 31 and 32: The sten b whne or shiny in cds. of
Page 33 and 34: Figu. Ll. Sc@ing Elecnon MicFeFph!
Page 35: Fiercl.z Stuine Eltun Micrcsmpts (S
Page 38 and 39: I L \ o l [..'. P. ., . *3 -"'1 ;l
Page 41 and 42: 15. wh€ad atu€rrtd wallr'. Srep
Page 44: Figure 1.6. LiSlrr Micographs {LM)
Page 48: FieEl.8. Liaht Micog6phs (t lvl) sh
Page 51 and 52: .---l*---lElE ,'r .t N .s o 3 .it-
Page 53 and 54:
5 + tneolw phyllsie 56 - si.L, outc
Page 55 and 56:
-600m I ,fiffi Fltr. 1.9 Latu.ttt .
Page 57 and 58:
on way b Prtuna. c.8 cn hitt, 23 51
Page 59 and 60:
'b r. ff?+k,?*i,.t (Boda) sojtr de
Page 61 and 62:
t { .l "00 fl) V0 flg, l.l0 J..t l,
Page 63 and 64:
2-.T@'rl4 oriett ltr (Bois.) sojAl
Page 65 and 66:
- Planrs .ol rhomy. Sten nor divm.a
Page 67 and 68:
(R AW)r Nonh.m Bdehisrj!. 1955, AJ!
Page 69 and 70:
ibidi Yarknoon, Torikhoo-Chitial, p
Page 71 and 72:
(KUH)i c,25 km {ion znob on q.y to
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@ tl ""T iiitr ,i lllliilfr I lil]\
Page 75 and 76:
Distributon: -Europe, Austmlia. M
Page 77 and 78:
. Lev.s nor os above Flolet3yellow.
Page 79 and 80:
2202 (BM); Shishi, (B/w 3t'15 N. 7l
Page 81 and 82:
floals whne, i.fteqeot, on s@m btnk
Page 83 and 84:
Kafm, (r5" l0' N, 71 30' E), c.220t
Page 85 and 86:
shyok valky, r 2400 m, 16.8.1940, 4
Page 87 and 88:
Disnibutio.: -Tu.l(.y, Jord.r! I6q,
Page 89 and 90:
& 6 Flg. l.lt La.tac. Aoti.hopht'll
Page 91 and 92:
@d lind{bl@e, acnt -subobnae.Florct
Page 93 and 94:
a.Izdtd @i,taL. C.atu.pt 2: 29. m t
Page 95 and 96:
4. l4ee vniol4L.cen.f- Pl. 2: 29. n
Page 97 and 98:
in heigtu, norets light yellow, coM
Page 99 and 100:
20.8.1940, Ll. Jrd., 20906 (RAW)i B
Page 101 and 102:
L€clotyp.: Hclb.LiDt.No. 950.2, (
Page 103 and 104:
4. Mulgedi n cass Cass., Dict. S.i.
Page 105 and 106:
ct?sel! boM-drk boM or blactjsh, sh
Page 107 and 108:
ig. l. r rrii.|r, I'1, r r I r )( I
Page 109 and 110:
@ @ ffi liC.l.16 Lltts..litn t.ta,i
Page 111 and 112:
(BM); cilsn, c. 1500 m, noRN blu.,2
Page 113 and 114:
arid eil, I I 7 200t. Sdr/?d tardel
Page 115 and 116:
A hi8lly polymoinic sp@i€s pres.t
Page 117 and 118:
t $ $ ^" '" lii!3'li%f.W#! $# I' Bu
Page 119 and 120:
Satpura hlc. 3000 n.25 6 1955, E Na
Page 121 and 122:
peliolate, dilared at the base, mos
Page 123 and 124:
A genus Bnh It speci€s, disdburcd
Page 125 and 126:
- Involucrc phylluics 9-15, ll-14 n
Page 127 and 128:
Distibution: Afdmisl,n dd Pakhlan (
Page 129 and 130:
Edn€ed. upp€r mc| lav€s *aly
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| + PLn|s eaulsnr. t c. qot*,i - Pl
Page 133 and 134:
+ Pla up lo 12 cn dl Lav€s un_lob
Page 135 and 136:
]" Fls. l.2l Oc.rr,,r drl, R@hi Bdo
Page 137 and 138:
isolaled fton il by baving up to 5
Page 139 and 140:
l. Ot.rri& s, 8n.ts/s Roohr Bmo, sp
Page 141 and 142:
Pl. Punj 379. l9l6i Collet,Il Sinl.
Page 143 and 144:
s.Cietuita l4se aad (w^ll* DC ) M.n
Page 145 and 146:
i. Ci.eftitd t ssesi' a\w^ll exDC )
Page 147 and 148:
ii - cic.rbrb t s*dtanr lw^ll.ex DC
Page 149 and 150:
t t I ;m Fie.l.ra Chabilt k$.ni.n (
Page 151 and 152:
Ann. csr.v6c. Pl. w. PaL Ksbn 760 l
Page 153 and 154:
l l p ffi rfi\ uil ng,l.25 Ckabtbd.
Page 155 and 156:
codmon. Srow in cuhilated lield as
Page 157 and 158:
Jh Alon & Naar Dih 256l (KUH)j B_9:
Page 159 and 160:
t D tr ffi B - Bdo. A. htbrt B{ I -
Page 161 and 162:
R@d. nore$ lavend.r, * 3300 m. Au8.
Page 163 and 164:
Pemiat herb.sten e!{t 'ar€ly 6c.n
Page 165 and 166:
B-8: I(ahmir: Ranput, Jhelun Vrllev
Page 167 and 168:
2. h.n.nth.! 4itcritori64 (B€auv.
Page 169 and 170:
E :l mL Wi T- l B*1.2a Pmd,thzs bru
Page 171 and 172:
Rlwolpindi Disr.: Mu@ Hills. Pu.jab
Page 173 and 174:
INTRODUCTION CYPSELA MORPHOLOCY Sec
Page 175 and 176:
gmcra of the Lmily Cohposihe l6m (a
Page 177 and 178:
ThouS! lol of wbrk ha ben dorc on t
Page 179 and 180:
C)!*la 4 5-ll nn long including bea
Page 181 and 182:
z E c E 2 't : 3t E: 6 c I E 3 i! r
Page 183 and 184:
a 6 a i E3 EI z 3 d i; E 5 I 5 3 d
Page 186:
Figu€2.2. Scdning Electron Midosr
Page 189 and 190:
- CrTel. 4.5 nn long, *ilh 5-7 mdow
Page 191 and 192:
i t !1 iE e I t e s I E ,! .E .t E
Page 193 and 194:
iN)x Elis\l
Page 196:
Figure2 5. Scahnin8 Eleclroh MicrcS
Page 199 and 200:
5- $ardrqtarr Bu!g. o.bL 2.5; Fig.
Page 201:
Figurc 2.6. ScMing El6$on Mic@g6phr
Page 205 and 206:
G C.phalonhrtchut Bons. \Ttblc 2 6r
Page 207:
FiguE 23 Scmning Elcction Micbgmphs
Page 210 and 211:
'E n t: ? ; t t E!: ,ii : a E _lrlr
Page 212:
Figua 2.9. Scdning E|een MicDgEphs
Page 216:
FiguE 2.ll Scening Electron MicNgap
Page 220 and 221:
&ft rdrt6L.(Table.2.EiFig.2.14&2.l5
Page 223 and 224:
eg :e E 6 6 5 : : e € € d s E :
Page 226:
Fige 2. I J. Sceing EldEon Micbgoph
Page 229 and 230:
ody and No whne, podal !ppdd.g6 al
Page 231 and 232:
aois., by h4ing 7-9 ribbed cr?sla,
Page 233 and 234:
INlRODUCTION PALYNOLOGY The use ofp
Page 235 and 236:
stErilietion. Blackhore, (191,4) ca
Page 237 and 238:
Mesocolpiun, Apocolpilm. Spi.e l.n8
Page 239 and 240:
a J i : tr; ii i: F! I ; ::: 5 ::i
Page 241 and 242:
1- r,.r!."rd type (ris. l.l A'F i I
Page 243:
FigllE 3,1 ScdninS El6rn Mimg6liE (
Page 247 and 248:
Figure I I Lighr MicoBmphs (LM) ol
Page 249 and 250:
2- l,cr!ca- rlpe(Fig 1.4 c F,I t A-
Page 251:
Figure I4. ScanningElecnonMicogBphs
Page 255 and 256:
FislRI6 Lighr MicmsBphs iLM) oflhe
Page 257 and 258:
3-.t 4pr,rdpnle lype(Fig.1.7 D-F.I8
Page 259:
Figw 3.7 Scflning Eletron Mictugnph
Page 262 and 263:
E E E # * 0 E q E E * & ds
Page 265:
Fi8!c 3.10 scming El.ctron Celhllar
Page 268 and 269:
E E * e E s tr E * 3
Page 270:
Figu.e 3.12. sctuing Eldtron Micrcg
Page 274:
F)Bure I 14 Sqnnrn8 Eleron MicroSra
Page 277 and 278:
E E G E * E E E t t
Page 280 and 281:
Fig@ 3.r? Light MicoeEpl$ (LM) oflh
Page 282 and 283:
Itis polfd'type h.s 14 trm viz., Ci
Page 284 and 285:
6 +hr .rir 42.5- (47:5) -50 ||'! in
Page 287:
Fkure 1.19. Scmitrg Eldtron MicregB
Page 290 and 291:
E E q tr {F # E g E * * s
Page 293 and 294:
DISCUSSION The tib. L4tc..e is char
Page 295 and 296:
eloup on ibe b6is of ldgo polar (2&
Page 297 and 298:
l.cuna. conpl€tely devoid ol .chi
Page 299 and 300:
The main objslive was to detemine i
Page 301 and 302:
Tbc dsb trr3 &r@ oumoic,lly. Clustc
Page 303 and 304:
F I I t iI I I : t g s s i I I t I
Page 305 and 306:
ceph!iorhF.hus pi.lldito$i! cic.ibi
Page 307 and 308:
ol Cephdlaftohrr.h6 Boiss. ^ad M,lg
Page 309 and 310:
Th. litlr $! oEpoott contribut d 46
Page 311 and 312:
.2 0 PCI Iig.42Two diEdrioo.l8r|Eh
Page 313 and 314:
Sia ofFappus: I mm tlJ, a-t mm (2)
Page 315 and 316:
212 3 2 ; E d 3 a .j
Page 317 and 318:
E9 in ;o-9ii j>>tu_ EI $sx{ EFFA Eg
Page 319 and 320:
PriNip.l Cooponenrs An.lysh (PCA) T
Page 321 and 322:
E 6 t .E g z 'i d R
Page 323 and 324:
,tc,lXroll f .w. Schnldl Cluster an
Page 325 and 326:
Fi&4.5 Sit!!: Two didrio.rl g+t lid
Page 327 and 328:
I rble 4.10 Lht ofch.r.cr.ri *or.d
Page 329 and 330:
g E E. s = 3 t! € 3 (J 4 d (.) :g
Page 331 and 332:
CICERBIIA \Ntttr' Cluder andlysis i
Page 333 and 334:
conpon.nrs ontiibut d o 62.5% ofvar
Page 335 and 336:
PCI Fi9a.s Ttro di6id Fpt .torios |
Page 337 and 338:
INTRODUCTTON DISTRIBUTION PATTERN T
Page 340 and 341:
Kashnir Qqiser & Abid (2005) also s
Page 342 and 343:
(Brener. 1994: Mabbeney. 199?). Out
Page 344 and 345:
!;;i;. t;"p.;,",-li 5 tidrotis.sp 4
Page 346 and 347:
tncklt letNc. hG also been Bbbfthed
Page 348 and 349:
a b s ; F i s
Page 350 and 351:
- ,J. \ t (L. A a 5 s t t ! ri E I
Page 353 and 354:
t ?. a\ a - : $ a 3 E 3- 'E
Page 355 and 356:
o aa \r c E 6 9^ 3! E:
Page 357 and 358:
a qat"ri R@hi Btno.nd C. a/ri Roohi
Page 359 and 360:
esion n 8D* in open g6y dd sh.dv sl
Page 361 and 362:
.l 'E ,
Page 363 and 364:
I Ci...ria qatel, Roohi Ba.o 4 S.zt
Page 365 and 366:
indianins lh.n cbse rcloliotuhip $
Page 367 and 368:
Cephtlofthynchut picridilorn' (BoN
Page 369 and 370:
APPENDIX I LIST OF THE VOUCHER SPEC
Page 371 and 372:
Haklq ^ti 4614 (KVH); M Qaiter & A
Page 373 and 374:
Ciceruta l.sqtiana vt. Cicerbib Lt@
Page 375 and 376:
APPENDIX IT LIST OF TEf, VOUCEER SP
Page 377 and 378:
Sl?FdhanptB mnblolio Su4, Lt. Eatit
Page 379 and 380:
Jon Muhannod tt^ lR w) Prenarthes a
Page 381 and 382:
Abid, R lnd M, Qaiss. 2009 Cy?sela
Page 383 and 384:
Bflthsn, G 1376. Conprihe ln: Bcnlh
Page 385 and 386:
a.ssini.H 1823.X| Tribu Les Anrhafr
Page 387 and 388:
l)crhier. D 1982 Lc senc l,.r!., L
Page 389 and 390:
Cr@tje.. C. I and F Bouha. 1988 See
Page 391 and 392:
leitrey. c. 1975. rn: Davis, P. H.
Page 393 and 394:
Lebedr. A, L Dolealola, E Klistkovt
Page 395 and 396:
Mich.nd, C D i.d R. R Sokal 195? A
Page 397 and 398:
P\ltai,T. 2VS. Eictclopedto oJ tfut
Page 399 and 400:
S.or. R. w I 985 Nlic6ch&aci.6 ar B
Page 401 and 402:
Sojrt. J. 196t. Bdakunsa a .iiiA6 C
Page 403 and 404:
wau(h, N. l82l 12. Pl.,ot dsraticeu
Page 405 and 406:
C.phlorrehynchls Bdirs. C.ph.lorrny
Page 407 and 408:
.tud delpi$ C- B. Ctuke lutue &cipi
Page 409 and 410:
MdAediutu bsqtionun vr, d.ntatM DC.
Page 411 and 412:
ADDENDUM
Page 413 and 414:
"l srd il $rl ir ,- ryyF !*,"!* !4!
Page 415 and 416:
f|r.Lff-d.rd.ndlh.d.--r.dt-.4&rer*.
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