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Fie!re1-?. Light MicoSnph6 (LM) showing ddotheial (se (40 r): A, Ci.c,bi@ olii . B, Cicqbito gilgi1.6it t,C, Ciceftil. n@,orhitu i O. Ciredno lestuhtuv.r. t6t.rti.nat E- Cieftita ls. idtd tu. trtute;F, Cietuita l.sniatu vt, d.,tob:A,Cicetuie tututculoi.les :H,Cietuib d.cipEF tt 29
Page 1 and 2: BIOSYSTEMATIC STT'DIES OF TIIE GENU
Page 3 and 4: BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF TIIE GENUS
Page 5 and 6: qrta.q,ilfrrgss'G TO WHOM IT MAY CO
Page 7 and 8: ? Cps.la Moryhology i) Inroducilon
Page 9 and 10: 16 4.4 List of chdclcrs, s.ored for
Page 11 and 12: | !n de gdctul to Mr S.td ul ltld.
Page 13 and 14: The distribution paitem of all d. i
Page 15 and 16: - I 4,u -u 9'4 L.tv l/-,t' - +({+V,
Page 17 and 18: Sakcsar and Sslt dnges in P!!jab, t
Page 19 and 20: LITf,RATURE SURVIY Lin@eus (l?51, 1
Page 21 and 22: Lactuco tiea L.. fttaineA ridd rbe
Page 23 and 24: Blanq (1928) in Bcauritul Flowe6 of
Page 25 and 26: P.*isb) He ale &cepLd tn. senu Pren
Page 27 and 28: ! E FIF 9tb: it_E €tE E1.3 n :g!
Page 29 and 30: MATERTALS AND METHODS The prsenr *o
Page 31 and 32: The sten b whne or shiny in cds. of
Page 33 and 34: Figu. Ll. Sc@ing Elecnon MicFeFph!
Page 35: Fiercl.z Stuine Eltun Micrcsmpts (S
Page 38 and 39: I L \ o l [..'. P. ., . *3 -"'1 ;l
Page 41 and 42: 15. wh€ad atu€rrtd wallr'. Srep
Page 44: Figure 1.6. LiSlrr Micographs {LM)
Page 50 and 51: and b€ak alhost abs.nt. l'hilc th
Page 52 and 53: SYSTEMATIC TR.EATf IIENT Papp6 bise
Page 54 and 55: l. Ltctuc.Uo Ntarort Naaola in Biol
Page 56 and 57: f.. Fl. lm. Coop. 2. 122:187. l. 12
Page 58 and 59: phyllaries glabrous. 3-4 -seriaie,
Page 60 and 61: + Planr dicbobnonsly or intricarelv
Page 62 and 63: Cypsela 4J x l.s nm loie, ddk bro*n
Page 64 and 65: Itg,, l, S.ttiota dr,,tdis @ns.) So
Page 66 and 67: 6 @ t I'l " /f\ &) @A ffi l Fle, l.
Page 68 and 69: Typer Alghdisi4r "Nurist n: Dmh_i P
Page 70 and 71: 21 .1.1911, S, .4bedin 8210 (Klr{)r
Page 72 and 73: Fl. Afeb. 4ll. 1960i R.R. Stesan rn
Page 74 and 75: 6.10.2ao4. Jon Alon & Muheet l
Page 76 and 77: puiplish.R.cepbcle nalcd, CrTsla ye
Page 78 and 79: Lactcd 4Mis Edgpw..inTtuos. Lfn. So
Page 80 and 81: clay soil,2l.7.l97l,,s.-4rcdu 8117,
Page 82 and 83: M-S.z,a. chuno s.t. (KUH:)i Kd8ah,
Page 84 and 85: house.* 50 cn tarr, no€ts puale,
Page 86 and 87: Alon 60 IKUH). wali Tdgi, Quslt!, n
Page 88 and 89: in rhe niddle, mu.icaleahodly papil
Page 90 and 91: a. Laat t .lolichopltlla KirM., ii
Page 92 and 93: larq white,lm tall, atct hetb. l oE
Page 94 and 95: A B (d, I AL /i1 Fig, l.la I3. &rr,
Page 96 and 97:
lne bs, sni-anplexicaul, S-18 x l-5
Page 98 and 99:
,,1. Olatod 5OOl (KUHI B.wen Aath M
Page 100 and 101:
u6k. hclh. in sandy sil, I n dl, ll
Page 102 and 103:
Sp.cinens E$nin.d: - D-a: Quek Dii
Page 104 and 105:
A l'!+1 w A r.:il &/ I nZ. l.l' Mu,
Page 106 and 107:
proninenl ribs, gmdully naFowed int
Page 108 and 109:
2. Mtle.lirn tatnisi lL ) De., Prod
Page 110 and 111:
mmb@ou, glabmq boMish pinl, subobtu
Page 112 and 113:
F|{". t. Mltsediw @ewL.) Dc.. A bit
Page 114 and 115:
tiehl ptrryle.25 1 .2tYJ\, Jdn ,lla
Page 116 and 117:
Th€ genls &dr'rrrrlnplu Bungc ce
Page 118 and 119:
PcMhi.l virh thick@1. SEm 15-]0 (45
Page 120 and 121:
dffi 0 Fia|.$St@to',,.rth6 D.6ia (B
Page 122 and 123:
Harboi hills: .,u8i Pas, c. 4l kn f
Page 124 and 125:
t ff \v ffir N] I I ffi ffi rui F'4
Page 126 and 127:
sessile, saginately auiculate. auri
Page 128 and 129:
NOTEr Thc rtle spsimfl of Ca .Iotrh
Page 130 and 131:
,1, Fl.lnd. 12:26?.1995r C.ic6on &
Page 132 and 133:
lw Er l {rir.z R@hi Bro: A, hrbitt
Page 134 and 135:
Nor.: Thc n4 s!di6 t quir. linilt i
Page 136 and 137:
!, Cic.rrrd r/t Rohr B&o, tp.roe (F
Page 138 and 139:
ti ffi FiC- r-22 Ci.crbib silglt.nt
Page 140 and 141:
DC.) Mamgain & Pao vd. la$emda cyps
Page 142 and 143:
phylldiB l2- 15. 3-sc.iale, sen to
Page 144 and 145:
Ek.,t.Stqloaw?lw ,Esia(l{tiI,,) o.
Page 146 and 147:
A ]ffi 1 [,i,\ IN Flg. 1.2a Ci..tbi
Page 148 and 149:
31.?.1940.,4.X. Sr€wdt 20125 (RAW
Page 150 and 151:
Sp.ciD.rr Elnimd: B{: Sw.l Dbr S.oh
Page 152 and 153:
& /.D. Sr€wd, 19287 (KUH); Minima
Page 154 and 155:
| + Le,vd eniiE or lobed il lobed.
Page 156 and 157:
Fie,l. (r.tutada,Qn6\tlarre' Beduv
Page 158 and 159:
Sytrryps: K6hmn, l'rrdoi ( K), c L
Page 160 and 161:
22.1.1921, R.R. & LD sryatt 63s0 (M
Page 162 and 163:
lGl2 p.r capitulun. CtFela imturci
Page 164 and 165:
- Leavesddticdal€ lo semlat or si
Page 166 and 167:
l l ,I 6t l lri ^T Ftg.r21 P@nthaai
Page 168 and 169:
2. Pm8th6 btun^ldno W^ll,ex DC., Pr
Page 170 and 171:
i- PEna t.t ,tutuniara \N^ll-q r}c.
Page 172 and 173:
l.lt, llorets pink, I r.8 r97r, J.
Page 174 and 175:
lggltonq&Qaiser, 1995;Abid & Qais.r
Page 176 and 177:
2(]O8a & b, 2009) sldied lh€ ctfs
Page 178 and 179:
OISERVAITONS AT{D RESULTS Cen.rrl c
Page 180 and 181:
' Cyp6.la 7-12 @ iftludins bqk. not
Page 182 and 183:
2- S&rtald F.W. Sclnidl (T.ble 2.2i
Page 184:
Figue 2 I Scmning Elecron Micograph
Page 188 and 189:
- tdd,., L. G.$r.) (Trbl. 2.3 | lig
Page 190 and 191:
g I :!! z $i 3 6 t ; I B E I i s I
Page 192 and 193:
Figr 2.3. Scding Eleoon Mictog6ph6
Page 194:
dali'ha?hrlla A' Figure 24 Sca..ing
Page 198 and 199:
:! d-i F a a I I I z t : i € s 5l
Page 200 and 201:
t 6 E c : t e E s 3 e I e I I Ed- 3
Page 203:
Fig!rc 2.T. Scanhing Elecro. Microg
Page 206 and 207:
:!+ll ; I d z B I ! i 5 E ! : a v
Page 209 and 210:
Key to th. .pei6 md 3psles gmup ol
Page 211 and 212:
jl {i RI :] 2, E :: rl^ a ;E 6i ij
Page 214:
s.sning Elcmn MicrSnphi ( sEMl ot c
Page 218:
' icc /ap'rcqLt es: 'bttu A. cfP$h:
Page 221:
lislrdj3. SoiaAlddlfi.rl|qb@O.trq!.
Page 224:
Fig{c 2.r4. Scding ehcftn MicreSnph
Page 228 and 229:
DrscussroN Debil.d Esuh of individu
Page 230 and 231:
senenc lq€l! the differehces in c
Page 232 and 233:
In rhe genus Cicerbrd W.llr., lht 4
Page 234 and 235:
tollcn gniN tnd deised the leminolo
Page 236 and 237:
llied gei€m Ncuring m PakEran lod
Page 238 and 239:
all lne sludied ttxa b.longDg to 8
Page 240 and 241:
;l €I 7z ! ! : !': I tE 9: 3:i l:
Page 242 and 243:
This type is epresenEd by Loctuce o
Page 245:
Figua 1.2 Scmins El6mn tuob: t\, e9
Page 248 and 249:
E q E E * D # E E E E * * * g
Page 250 and 251:
K.t to l!. .FL! od +..L. gh{r + Pol
Page 253:
Fisur€ 3.5 Scannins El@tron Micro
Page 256 and 257:
E g E t # ,,4 E E E E .a
Page 258 and 259:
K.y ro lne cp.cl€c.!d rpeciq groi
Page 261 and 262:
FigDre 1.8 Lighl Midogtrphs (LM) of
Page 263:
Figule 3 9 Scanning Electon Micrcga
Page 267 and 268:
Fieurc Ltl Lignr Micogtaphs (LM) of
Page 269 and 270:
4 Clce.rt - iype (Fie. 3 I 1 G-H i
Page 272:
Figur. Ll3 Scdning Electroo Mimg6ph
Page 276 and 277:
FisoF 3.15 Lignr MicoeBpis (LM) of
Page 278:
Fiew l.16 S.anning Elatron MicmsFph
Page 281 and 282:
E q tr E * fr # ffi E E E E # * @ #
Page 283 and 284:
- Abohl l&llm .rt Nive. MMi peiecti
Page 285:
Figure 3.18 Scanning Elecdon Micogr
Page 289 and 290:
FiguE 1,20 Lignr Micrcgnpbs (r-N{)
Page 291:
FiguE 3.21 Scdhing Eleton Micoer.ph
Page 294 and 295:
Sroup acconmodats 8 taxa which r€
Page 296 and 297:
Po[€n type Iv (Cicrt it4-tyD.]: T
Page 298 and 299:
INTRODUCTION NUMERICAL TAXONOMY Nun
Page 300 and 301:
Crtr,r This sludy wa! based on 14 m
Page 302 and 303:
Tqbl.4,l Llsi ofch.rlcteB, rcor.d f
Page 304 and 305:
t I ! i ! I i : I i g :' t I I t l
Page 306 and 307:
,4..!c4 L,{r.rtr.} rnd its relsled
Page 308 and 309:
Subgrouplll: It is a Elzlively smal
Page 310 and 311:
3b 'zz Ei e: ;: E€ afs s 49,Y3 3e
Page 312 and 313:
T.blc 4,a. un ol chrrst n. *o..d fo
Page 314 and 315:
c I i I ! : 3 t € i i -l
Page 316 and 317:
LACTUCA L. ('.s|r.) Clustcr analysi
Page 318 and 319:
PCI FiB.4.4 Tlo din.Bioul gbph shol
Page 320 and 321:
ll, Table 4,7 List of ch.r.cle4. tc
Page 322 and 323:
i 2t9 i E > .s .;
Page 324 and 325:
od ;t n4 60>> :! eg g;R5 FEgS !5ia!
Page 326 and 327:
Prlnclprl Compon.nr, An.ly!i5 ("cA)
Page 328 and 329:
lq cold'oft .k b!g,! - Dbcl (|), co
Page 330 and 331:
3ir :{} !; It E 6 dd
Page 332 and 333:
SubgmrpUl: It itdud€s ot y on 3pc
Page 334 and 335:
E ?t E.! t! i5 E, 8 9,4. S16.:i X !
Page 336 and 337:
z =za E5E url=c n:$ E /."fr v\
Page 338:
Ldutu \etiola L. n Bn\an-romb I | 9
Page 341 and 342:
ll E .s E s s b ! t a E .98 EE €3
Page 343 and 344:
s t € '.i E E E
Page 345 and 346:
--4s; \- \Jf fl 3 .E t;
Page 347 and 348:
! s E
Page 349 and 350:
fie Cen s M sedtun Cas., is d6tribu
Page 351:
Easlcn ldno-Tuaiian clft.nt whecas
Page 354 and 355:
i.! t! c.! I it UC : .i *
Page 356 and 357:
-o o o C' -oa s
Page 358 and 359:
I t, la \ { s i i TJ { F .E ii .9
Page 360 and 361:
4. \ c z .9 i n s €
Page 362 and 363:
GENERAL DISCUSSION Thc p6dr s'srema
Page 364 and 365:
Mrlse,litd Cass ,nd Steptorhanphut
Page 366 and 367:
tz,,w L. m inclld€d undcr &crrcer
Page 368 and 369:
cr?efa !rc neither dnc e mr b€lel
Page 370 and 371:
Jm 1l^6 & Alika 1016 ab (KtM). ali
Page 372 and 373:
,/€rBr./ t8l5 (KUH): A Ohaloor &
Page 374 and 375:
384(KUH). S. Abedin & M. Qaitd 8993
Page 376 and 377:
lenn{et Lono.d ttt3 \El re.nifet La
Page 378 and 379:
a- Rdtu 64lRAw) rn. Lu ov & Shqit 8
Page 380 and 381:
REFERENCES Abid. R D md M Qane! 2OO
Page 382 and 383:
Aste6vs, R K l97l Palyoology oifie
Page 384 and 385:
Blanq,E \927.8.." ltlJlokqs.//(.rrn
Page 386 and 387:
( larke. (. B. 1376 Lonpotkt !ndi.a
Page 388 and 389:
hlt !n, C. 1952. Poller MorPhalar\
Page 390 and 391:
Iley$ood, v. H. 1984 Ih. CtrRnt Sc.
Page 392 and 393:
Kifanu.a s. 1955. ln: Kha6,ll (Edi@
Page 394 and 395:
Mabbdley, D i. 2OO8 Mobb. ey\ Plokr
Page 396 and 397:
On.r, S. and M. Qaiser. 1995 Seed n
Page 398 and 399:
Robinson, H and R. M. King. 1917 Er
Page 400 and 401:
Skv.rh. J.l- and B. L Twa 1966 a. P
Page 402 and 403:
Snausbaueh, P. D. and E L Cor..1978
Page 404 and 405:
wodehouse, R. P. l928b.Thephylogeo.
Page 406 and 407:
cieftib l@iEdta (w^tt.q Dc.) 8.5!r.
Page 408 and 409:
Lacto a @nola wr .aPitato L Lad@ @t
Page 410 and 411:
steptorh.mphur cmnbllblla Buge S&pr
Page 412 and 413:
A NEW SPI,GIEIT ANI' A NEW CAMEINT.
Page 414 and 415:
t sFlm! &'Ii!.d: x!!hl; Rr':F!, Jb.
Page 416:
Lh4clfoa&@ri',.4}l't-&!sd[ rd*r. d.
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