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20 and United Nations opinion suggest (Supreme Court, nd; United Nations, nd). The recent controversy surrounding the Obama healthcare plan indicates that attempts to circumvent colour-blind ideology by adopting policies of targeted universalism will be hindered by the neoconservative right playing to the anti-collectivist mainstream’s fear of socialism (Obama, nd). In an interview at the National Press Club in July 2009, Republican Party chairman Michael Steele launched a series of Republican-sponsored, anti-plan television advertisements by labelling the healthcare review as both “socialist” and “a risky experiment” (CBS News, 2009). It is a testament to Obama’s intelligence, oratory skill and commitment to the advancement of equality that, in November 2009, the healthcare system review narrowly passed the House of Representatives (Hulse and Pear, 2009). However, the difficulty of enacting such sweeping policy changes, within the ideological framework of civic universalism to which he owes his presidency, may ultimately prove impractical to reconcile with the heightened expectations of the black community. Organisations such as the NAACP, the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America (N’COBRA) and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) remain a collective voice advocating financial restitution for the legacy of material racial inequality bequeathed to post-emancipation generations. However, the persistence of such inequality, regardless of the ideological significance of Obama’s election, suggests that success for the black Civil Rights Movement cannot be claimed until race-affinity is no longer a factor in voting behaviour, and when America can statistically claim economic and social, as well as political, equality for all her citizens. References American Civil Liberties Union 2009 U.N. Human Rights Body Issues Decisive Observations On Racial Discrimination in U.S. www.aclu.org (Accessed 8th October 2009). Barnes, R. and Shear, M. (2008) Obama Makes History. The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com (Accessed 10th November 2009). CBS News 2009 Steele Calls Obama Healthcare Plan ‘Socialism’. CBS News. www.cbsnews.com (Accessed 10th November 2009). Freidman, M. (2009) Simulacobama: The mediated election of 2008. Journal of American Studies, 43, 341-356. Hossfeld, L. (nd) African American Progress Report: 1970- 2000. University of North Carolina Eastern Poverty Research. www.povertyeast.org (Accessed 9th November 2009). Hout, M. (1984) Status, Autonomy and Training in Occupational Mobility. American Journal of Sociology, 89, 1370-1409. Hulse, C. and Pear, R. (2009) Sweeping Health Care Plan Passes House. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com (Accessed 10th November 2009). Klein, N. (2009) Minority Death Match: Jews, blacks and the post-racial presidency. Harper’s Magazine http://harpers.org/ archive/2009/09/0082642 (Accessed 10th November 2009). Kohut, A. (2008) Post-Election Perspectives. Pew Research Center, www.pewresearch.org (Accessed 10th November 2009). Krugman, P. (2008) It’s a Different Country. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com (Accessed 10th November 2009). Lopez, M. and Taylor, P. (2009) Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in History. Pew Research Center. www. pewresearch.org (Accessed 10th November 2009). McAdam, T. (2009) Presidential Election Demographics. National Examiner. www.examiner.com (Accessed 10th November 2009). Montanaro, D. (2008) Obama Wins. Microsoft News Network www.firstread.msnbc.msn.com (Accessed 10th November 2009).
Nagourney, A. (2008) Obama Wins Election; McCain Loses as Bush Legacy is Rejected. The New York Times. www.nytimes. com (Accessed 10th November 2009). Obama, B. (2007) Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on reclaiming the American Dream. Edinburgh: Canongate Books Ltd. Obama, B. (nd) The Obama Plan. Barack Obama Online www.barackobama.com (Accessed 9th November 2009). Oliver, M. and Shapiro, T. (2006) Black Wealth, White Wealth: A new perspective. New York: Routledge. Powell, J. (2008) Post-Racialism or Targeted Universalism? Denver University Law Review, 86, Special Issue. www.law. du.edu (Accessed 12th October 2009). Powers, K. (2009) The Globalization of Reparations Movements. NAACP. www.naacp.org, (Accessed 9th November 2009). Schorr, D. (2008) A New, ‘Post-Racial’ Political Era in America. National Public Radio. www.npr.org (Accessed 10th November 2009). Street, P. (2008) Barack Obama and the Future of American Politics. New York: Paradigm. Supreme Court of the United States (nd) Parents Involved in Community Schools v Seattle School District No 1. www. supremecourtus.gov (Accessed 10th November 2009). U.S. Census Bureau (nd) USA QuickFacts. www.quickfacts. census.gov (Accessed 10th November 2009). U.S. Electoral College (2008) Presidential Election. www. archives.gov (Accessed 9th November 2009). Wilson, W. (1980) The Declining Significance of Race. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 21
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