Human Toxicity, Environmental Impact and Legal Implications of

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements 1
Potential conflicts of interest 1
Limitations 1
Disclaimer 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 5
2.0 THE MAIN FINDINGS ON HUMAN HEALTH TOXICITY AND THE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WATER FLUORIDATION 7
2.1 HEALTH RISKS 11
2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS 14
2.3 INADEQUATE RISK ASSESSMENT 16
3.0 FLUOROSILICICTES AND DRINKING WATER 18
4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF FLUORIDE 24
4.1 Fluoride in Surface Water and Sewer Systems 26
4.2 Fluoride and Fisheries 28
4.3 Fluoride as a Pollutant in Soil. 31
4.4 Fluoride in our Food 33
4.5 Ingested Fluoride 38
5.0 HUMAN CHEMISTRY: FLUORIDE INTERACTION WITH CALCIUM AND
MAGNESIUM 44
5.1 Hypocalcaemia 46
5.2 Sarcoidosis 49
5.3 Relationship to Calcium Bio-availability in Drinking Water 50
5.4 Fluoride Intake and Health Monitoring Programs 50
5.5 Calcium Disorders and Gastroenteritis 51
5.6 Additional Health Risks from Low Calcium and Magnesium 52
5.7 Vulnerable Populations: Disease Clusters in Ireland 57
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