The Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Organizational Behavior

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Document Page 21 theory) can be easily modified through organizational intervention. Within this new perspective, job attitudes are seen to be a function of stable traits of the worker in addition to being a reaction to a specific situation (see PERSONALITY TRAITS). Perhaps the most convincing evidence for a dispositional component to job attitudes was a longitudinal study by Staw, Bell, and Clausen (1986). Affectivity measures obtained from Californian children in the classroom were significantly correlated with job attitudes measured later in life. Laboratory studies subsequently implicated individual dispositions in JOB SATISFACTION, but it was also found that task enrichment manipulations had a stronger effect on satisfaction. Field studies suggest that individual job attitudes have some stability over time, and experimental studies indicate that traits and mood influence task satisfaction. On the other hand, the degree of stability in attitudes is not very strong, and no study has yet shown that that stability can be attributed to traits rather than constancy in the situation. Moreover, the effects of traits do not in any way account for the satisfaction effects of task perceptions. While there may be some dispositional component to job attitudes, this would not seem to be an impediment to organizational interventions designed to improve job attitudes. See also Attitude theory; Personality; Affect Bibliography Gutek, B. A. & Winter, S. J. (1992). Consistency of job satisfaction across situations: Fact or framing artifact? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 41, 61–78. Staw, B. M., Bell, N. E. & Clausen, J. A. (1986). The dispositional approach to job attitudes: A lifetime longitudinal test. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 56–77. JOHN SCHAUBROECK Attribution An attribution is a causal explanation. Attribution theory is concerned with the COGNITIVE PROCESSES and consequences of the processes by which individuals explain the behavior and outcomes of others as well as their own behavior and outcomes (Martinko, 1994). Heider (1958) is most often credited as the founder of attribution theory. His basic thesis was that people are motivated to predict and control their environments. An essential prerequisite for control is an understanding of the basic causal mechanisms operating in the environment. Thus, average people can be viewed as "naive psychologists" attempting to understand and explain cause and effect relationships so that they can attain mastery in their environments. file:///C|/downloadnetlibrary/Blackwell%20Ency/nlReader.dll@BookID=48684&FileName=Page_21.html (1 of 2) [2008-04-01 01:24:54]
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Document The Blackwell Encyclopedic
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Document The Blackwell Encyclopedic
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Document Typeset in 9.5 on 11pt Ehr
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Document Preface Organizational Beh
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Document Page vii all who have shar
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Document Page ix It is helpful, the
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Document Acknowledgments Page xi Th
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Document Contributors Seymour Adler
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Document Adrienne Colella Rutgers U
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Document Hampden-Turner, C. (1990).
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Document Lazarsfeld, P. F. & Menzel
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Document An estimated sixty (plus)
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Document Koopman, P. L., Broekhuyse
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Document Wolf, N. (1991). The beaut
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Document Kling, R. (1980). Social a
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Document Chakravarthy, B. (1986). M
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Document Schaubroeck and Kuehn (199
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Document criteria, and is therefore
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Document production and prescribe w
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Document Page 507 The single issue
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Document Page 508 performance such
Page 2076:
Document psychological test of nume
Page 2080:
Document bined to form a battery of
Page 2084:
Document Organizational Behavior an
Page 2088:
Document personal processes (see SE
Page 2092:
Document Page 513 R. O. Perloff (Ed
Page 2096:
Document Page 514 tendencies while
Page 2100:
Document Page 515 tive, and financi
Page 2104:
Document Page 516 and men tend to h
Page 2108:
Document woman" standard by some co
Page 2112:
Document Page 518 to test the sensi
Page 2116:
Document See also Organizational ef
Page 2120:
Document Page 520 There have been m
Page 2124:
Document Page 521 existing critique
Page 2128:
Document Bibliography Zajonc, R. B.
Page 2132:
Document differences among Chinese
Page 2136:
Document Page 524 both the newcomer
Page 2140:
Document Louis, M. R. (1980). Surpr
Page 2144:
Document there should be a degree o
Page 2148:
Document Page 527 Mumford, E. (1987
Page 2152:
Document 1992) is empirical: An ite
Page 2156:
Document Bibliography Urwick, L. F.
Page 2160:
Document organizational behavior. E
Page 2164:
Document analyses, have been used t
Page 2168:
Document Page 532 case, status can
Page 2172:
Document Page 533 overgeneralizatio
Page 2176:
Document Page 534 JOINT VENTURES).
Page 2180:
Document Mowery, D. (Ed.), (1988).
Page 2184:
Document Page 536 relies on multipl
Page 2188:
Document Cognitive Approaches Page
Page 2192:
Document Page 538 have, in recent y
Page 2196:
Document Page 539 concerned with ne
Page 2200:
Document Page 540 Alarm (in prepara
Page 2204:
Document Page 541 Ferguson, is the
Page 2208:
Document Bibliography Page 542 Char
Page 2212:
Document Page 543 Performance, in t
Page 2216:
Document Page 544 this level of ana
Page 2220:
Document Page 545 Succession planni
Page 2224:
Document (1) the Strong man who dep
Page 2228:
Document Page 547 dramatically. As
Page 2232:
Document Page 548 team leader. Desp
Page 2236:
Document Page 549 Given the widespr
Page 2240:
Document and applications (pp. 3-28
Page 2244:
Document Page 551 importance also.
Page 2248:
Document Page 552 IZATIONAL BEHAVIO
Page 2252:
Document Page 553 defines a key rol
Page 2256:
Document T Taboos Page 554 Organiza
Page 2260:
Document Page 555 See also Group dy
Page 2264:
Document Page 556 While it was reco
Page 2268:
Document Team Roles see GROUP ROLES
Page 2272:
Document Page 558 variety of cuttin
Page 2276:
Document Technology and Organizatio
Page 2280:
Document is also significantly affe
Page 2284:
Document Page 561 boundaries, for e
Page 2288:
Document Page 562 disciplinary team
Page 2292:
Document Williams, R. & Gibson, D.
Page 2296:
Document Page 564 discourse whose p
Page 2300:
Document Page 565 By way of conclus
Page 2304:
Document Page 566 all circumstances
Page 2308:
Document Page 567 organizational re
Page 2312:
Document well as the characteristic
Page 2316:
Document Page 569 involvement of se
Page 2320:
Document Page 570 tices aimed at se
Page 2324:
Document Page 571 One implication,
Page 2328:
Document Page 572 are essentially s
Page 2332:
Document Page 573 substantial prese
Page 2338:
Document z0592-01.gif Figure 1 An i
Page 2342:
Document Page 575 organizational sy
Page 2346:
Document Page 576 system to interac
Page 2350:
Document programs meeting important
Page 2354:
Document is clear that the same ins
Page 2358:
Document Page 579 systems will take
Page 2362:
Document Page 580 are often highly
Page 2366:
Document through behavioral modelin
Page 2370:
Document tance to Williamson's (198
Page 2374:
Document leadership, after refineme
Page 2378:
Document Transitions see CAREER TRA
Page 2382:
Document Page 585 economic actors i
Page 2386:
Document Barber, B. (1983). The log
Page 2390:
Document around agents tend to have
Page 2394:
Document Page 588 MANAGERIAL STYLE)
Page 2398:
Document Page 589 Mowday, Porter, &
Page 2402:
Document Page 590 directed at multi
Page 2406:
Document Page 591 Individuals exhib
Page 2410:
Document U Uncertainty Page 592 Thi
Page 2414:
Document Page 593 Hofstede, G. (198
Page 2418:
Document ment, JOB INSECURITY, and
Page 2422:
Document Page 595 CESSING). Several
Page 2426:
Document The validity of data is re
Page 2430:
Document (5) If necessary or desire
Page 2434:
Document Because values are learned
Page 2438:
Document England, G. W. (1967). Org
Page 2442:
Document These cycles (or circles)
Page 2446:
Document Example: In an employment
Page 2450:
Document Historically, the emphasis
Page 2454:
Document W Withdrawal, Organization
Page 2458:
Document Page 605 omics, anthropolo
Page 2462:
Document Page 606 exploring each to
Page 2466:
Document Reskin, B. & Roos, P. A. (
Page 2470:
Document Bibliography Brenner, O. C
Page 2474:
Document Reimann, B. (1980). Organi
Page 2478:
Document See also Group dynamics; G
Page 2482:
Document Page 611 conditions for di
Page 2486:
Document Index Note: Headwords are
Page 2490:
Document advanced manufacturing tec
Page 2494:
Document anthropology, 121 anticipa
Page 2498:
Document and postmodernism, 436 pow
Page 2502:
Document research design, 480 selec
Page 2506:
Document typologies, 48 vocational
Page 2510:
Document civil rights, 141, 241 cla
Page 2514:
Document collective action, 71, 112
Page 2518:
Document community ecology, 82 comm
Page 2522:
Document and reciprocity, 470 sabot
Page 2526:
Document and ownership, 13 research
Page 2530:
Document obedience, 352 teleologica
Page 2534:
Document business ethics, 41 career
Page 2538:
Document power, 441 resources, 486
Page 2542:
Document division of labor, 137, 14
Page 2546:
Document managerial, 316 organizati
Page 2550:
Document matrix organization, 319 o
Page 2554:
Document evolutionary theory, organ
Page 2558:
Document performance appraisal, 413
Page 2562:
Document Follett, M. P., 63 force f
Page 2566:
Document roles, 516 sexual harassme
Page 2570:
Document groupthink, 207 quality ci
Page 2574:
Document gate keepers, 189 group de
Page 2578:
Document conflicts, 95 and discrimi
Page 2582:
Document influence, 231 group dynam
Page 2586:
Document empirical results, 241 gua
Page 2590:
Document importance, 257 training,
Page 2594:
Document job satisfaction, 2, 9, 75
Page 2598:
Document knowledge of results, 280,
Page 2602:
Document social constructionism, 52
Page 2606:
Document management development, 30
Page 2610:
Document management of high potenti
Page 2614:
Document and analysis levels, 294 r
Page 2618:
Document human relations movement,
Page 2622:
Document innovation, 239 interorgan
Page 2626:
Document team building, 555 organiz
Page 2630:
Document demography, 383 differenti
Page 2634:
Document organizational neurosis, 3
Page 2638:
Document performance appraisal, 413
Page 2642:
Document research, 481 performance,
Page 2646:
Document phenomenology, 228 plannin
Page 2650:
Document power, 5, 24, 437 autonomy
Page 2654:
Document process technology, 447, 5
Page 2658:
Document Q quality, 87, 393, 476 se
Page 2662:
Document research integrative view,
Page 2666:
Document resource partitioning, 432
Page 2670:
Document business ethics, 41 stakeh
Page 2674:
Document training, 577 selection in
Page 2678:
Document payment systems, 406 perso
Page 2682:
Document social loafing, 200, 206,
Page 2686:
Document international management,
Page 2690:
Document strategy implementation, 5
Page 2694:
Document symbolic architecture, 67
Page 2698:
Document job characteristics, 264 j
Page 2702:
Document tit-for-tat, 443 top manag
Page 2706:
Document uncertainty, 592 avoidance
Page 2710:
Document shared, 599 socialization,
Page 2714:
Document life stages, 297 paid work
Page 2718:
Document Y Yin, R. K., 483 file:///
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