Barefoot vs. Shod Running - Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation ...

Barefoot vs. Shod Running: 

An Evidence-Based Review of 

Ground Reaction Forces at 

Initial Contact 

Ryan Johnson, MS, DPT(c) 

PT 209-910

Clinical Problem: 

• Currently there is a significant lack of 

knowledge surrounding efficient running 

– What running patterns are most beneficial? 

– Is a heel strike really the best and most healthy 

running pattern? 

– What are the effects of footwear? 

– How can physical therapy assist runners to reduce 

injury and increase performance?

Significance of Problem: 

Number of 

PEOPLE 

interested in 

BF running 

Growing Trend 

(Fitzgerald M, 2010) 

Number of 

PATIENTS 

interested in 

BF running

Physical Therapy Relevance: 

Clinicians need Knowledge 

Research provides 

clinicians with an 

understanding of the 

biomechanics behind 

different running 

patterns 

Clinicians are able to 

make “evidencebased” 

decisions for 

each patient

Physical Therapy Relevance: 

Researchers need Inspiration 

Clinicians synthesize 

knowledge to make 

clinical decisions 

Pose questions to 

researchers to 

stimulate future 

studies

Purpose of Review 

Compare Shod vs. Barefoot (BF) Running 

through analysis of 

Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9itkEkcQ8WM&feature=related

Theoretical Constructs 

• Repetitive impact forces through the body may 

be detrimental (landing hard after a jump or 

when stepping off curve, working all day with a 

jackhammer, FOOSH, etc.). 

(Sangha et al. 2000; Hewett et al. 2005; Hreljac et al. 2004; Schamberger et al. 2002) 

http://gallery.photo.net/photo/3069741-lg.jpg 

http://c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000KnYFMTjp0dg/s


• The ground reaction force (GRF) upon impact, 

“is considered to be the most basic element 

which causes running related injuries.” 

http://jpthermt.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/running-injury.jpg 

(Robbins et al. 1987)

Theory behind BF Running 

• Current scientists, paleontologists, anatomists and 

physiologists have been challenging “traditional” 

knowledge on running biomechanics 

• Daniel E. Lieberman, PhD 

• Irene Davis, PhD, PT, FACSM 

• Madhusudhan Venkadesan, PhD 

• Mark Bishop, PT, PhD, CSCS 

• Craig Richards, PhD 

• R. Squadrone 

http://static.technorati.com/11/02/04/26399/wo 

man-running221.jpg

Theory behind BF Running 

• Hypothesizing that landing on the mid-foot 

rather than a heel-first strike may: 

– Conserve energy 

– Reduce impact transient forces (Liberman DE et al., 2010)

http://www.ceessentials.net/images/critiqueLowerExtremity/image216.jpg 

Anatomy and 


http://www.carifinonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/heel-strike-compare.jpg

Proposed Benefits to BF Running 

The following have been postulated as possible 

benefits to BF running: 

• Decreased VO 2 consumption 

• Increasing the strength of the ligamentous and muscular 

support of the arch 

• Increased proprioception 

• Decreased risk of lower extremity injury, including: 

– Lateral Ankle Sprains 

– Plantar Fasciitis 

– Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome 

– Etc. 

(Hanson et al. 2011; Squadrone et al. 2009; Jungers et al. 2010; 

Robbins et al. 1989; Divert C, 2005; Divert C, 1985; Warran et al. 1987)

And Lastly…. 

It has been proposed that BF running can 

decrease the transient ground reaction force 

experienced at initial contact (Liberman et al., 2010) 

http://www.stgeorgerunningcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/running-barefoot.jpg

Background 

• Have running shoes ever been proven to 

reduce the risk of injury? 

• Answer 

– No… There has never been a peer review article 

published which showed a statistically significant 

reduction in injury rate for those individuals 

wearing shoes. (Richards et al., 2008)

Background 

• Are running related injuries a serious problem 

in the medical community? 

• Answer: 

– Yes… every year 65-80% of all runners suffer an 

injury. (McDougall, 2009; Warran et al. 1987)

GRF at initial 

contact 

(IC-GRF) 

Terms Defined 

Passive Peak 

(Impact Transient) 

Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) 

Active Peak

Heel Strike (HS) 

or 

“Rear Foot 

Strike” (RFS) 

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JadSUXnX75Q/S3aD2iNRnsI/AAAAAAAAAT8/sl 

8pbmfVQ70/s320/heelstrike.jpg 

Terms Defined 

Non-Heel Strike 

(NHS) 

Mid-foot/ 

Forefoot Strike 

(FFS)

Gap in the Literature 

• There has never been a systematic review or 

meta-analysis addressing the relationship of 

IC-GRF to both shod/BF and location of first 

contact. 

http://www.superstock.com/stockphotos-images/1598R-38363

• Primary: 

QUESTIONS 

– While running, what are the differences in IC-GRF 

between BF and shod conditions? 

• Secondary: 

– While running, what are the differences in IC-GRF 

between HS vs NHS running patterns? 

Both are background questions

Hypothesis & Null Hypothesis 

H 0: H A: 

There is NO statistically 

significant difference in 

IC-GRF between: 

There IS a statistically 

significant difference in 

IC-GRF between: 

1) BF and Shod running conditions 

2) HS and NHS running patterns

Search Procedures 

• Databases (number of results) 

– PubMed (43) 

– CINAHL (17) 

• Search Terms: 

– “barefoot running” 

– “running barefoot” 

– “run barefoot” 

– “jog barefoot” 

– “barefoot runner(s)” 

• Dates included in search: 1980 – 2011 

– Last search performed: April 30 th , 2011

All articles were reviewed against the following criteria 

Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria 

1. Must measure GRF with a 

force plate or 3D force 

transducer treadmill** 

2. Must compare BF running 

to Shod running 

3. Subjects were “normals” or 

“athletes” with no 

pathology present 

4. IC-GRF data must be 

available 

**(Low et al., 2010; Mainwald et al., 2008; Belli et al. 2001) 

1. Articles written in 

languages other than 

English 

2. Only abstract was 

available 

3. Subjects were less than 

16 years old 

4. GRF data was not able to 

be correlated with body 

weight of subjects

Secondary reviewer 

confirmed that the 7 

studies met the inclusion 

criteria

All studies: level of 

evidence 2b 

Summary of Included Studies

Effect Size 

Calculated 

Statistics 

BF vs. Shod running IC-GRF 

Primary Question 

High 

Q-Statistic 

Random 

Effects Model 

Recalculated

Barefoot vs. Shod 

Results 

Random Effects Model 

Effect Size: -1.72 

Large Effect Size 

CI (-3.41, -0.04) 

Significant 

Q-Statistic 

121.92

Statistics 

HS vs. NHS running patterns IC-GRF 

Evaluate for 

difference between 

HS and NHS means 

Secondary Question 

z-test

Study 

Hammill 

et al. 

Lieberman 

et al. 

Squadrone 

et al. 

Divert 

et al. 

Baur 

et al. 

De Wit 

et al. 

Dickinson 

et al. 

# of 

Subjects 

HS 

Mean 

Results 

z-test comparing HS and NHS 

Heel Strike Non-Heel Strike 

HS 

SD 

10 1.59 0.31 

26 1.74 0.45 

8 1.72 0.4 

35 1.70 0.03 

14 1.62 0.15 

9 1.9 0.3 

6 1.39 0.67 

Study 

Hammill 

et al. 

Lieberman 

et al. 

Squadrone 

et al. 

# of 

Subjects 

NHS 

Mean 

NHS 

SD 

10 1.40 0.31 

26 0.58 0.21 

8 1.62 0.4 

BW IC-GRF 

Mean HS: 1.67 

Mean NHS: 1.20

Results 

z-test comparing HS and NHS 

HS NHS 

1.67 1.20 

Z-test: (95% CI) 

Upper CI: 0.85 

Lower CI: 0.08 

Statistically 

Significant 

Difference

Results: 

H 0: 

1) There is NO statistically significant difference 

in IC-GRF between BF and Shod running 

conditions 

2) There is NO statistically significant difference 

in IC-GRF between HS and NHS running 

patterns

Discussion 

1. Significant heterogeneity of data 

2. Possible causes for reduced IC-GRF 

3. Implications of reduced IC-GRF 

http://www.runningnut.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/barefoot-runner.jpg

This image cannot currently be displayed. 

Discussion 

BF/Shod Comparison 

- Number Sample of Size Strides Difference Measured

Discussion BF/Shod Comparison 

Possible Explanations for Heterogeneity of Data 

Distance run during data analysis 

• 6.5 meters vs. 1.2 kilometers 

http://100daysofmadness.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/11/Son-Running-Barefoot.jpg 

Experience of Barefoot Runners 

• Adaptations to BF running 

could take several weeks 

(Robbins et al. 1987, 1989 and 1993) 

http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4012/4311804925_32cebc0631_o.png



– Experience of Barefoot Runners 

• De Wit et al. utilized only habitual shod runners in both BF 

and Shod conditions 

– Smaller ES (-0.33) 

http://communities.canada.com/calgaryherald/blogs/calgaryrunner/archive/2010/07/07/rac 

e-preview-canadian-mountain-running-championships.aspx




• Squadrone et al. utilized experienced BF runners in both shod 

and barefoot conditions 

– Smaller ES (-0.25) 

http://www.barefootrunning.fas.harvard.edu/3RunningBeforeTheModernShoe.html




• Lieberman et al. utilized habitually shod vs. habitually BF 

runners 

– Larger ES (-3.44) 

http://www.healthynomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/barefoot-running1.jpg

Discussion 

The BF condition & FFS running pattern 

http://barefootted.com/uploaded_images/Sportsllustrated 

Barefoot01-719926.jpg 

decrease IC-GRF 

Causes? 

http://gearjunkie.com/images/1825.jpg

Discussion 

Causes of Decreased IC-GRF 

• Superior neurosensory feedback preparing musculature 

for next stride (Kurz and Stergiou, 2004) 

http://www.ransacker.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/A-barefoot-runner-in-Hyde-001.jpg

Discussion 


BF condition tends to equal NHS running pattern 

(Lieberman et al. 2010; Squadrone et al. 2009; Divert et al. 2005) 

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JadSUXnX75Q/S3aD2iNRnsI/ 

AAAAAAAAAT8/sl8pbmfVQ70/s320/heelstrike.jpg

Stretching of arch 

Discussion 


• first half of FFS 

• second half of RFS 

No energy return and 

no dampening of forces 

(Lieberman et al. 

2010) 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6YhVN_YIUk

Change in stride length 

(Lieberman et al. 2010; Squadrone et al, 

2009; 

Divert et al, 2005; De Wit, 2000; 

Edwards et al. 2009, etc.) 

Discussion 


Greater vertical compliance, 

leading to lower rate of loading 

(Lieberman et al. 2010)

Discussion 

Reduced IC-GRF 

Implications? 

http://signaturestyleblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/girl_running_on_beach.jpg

Harm and Cost Effects 

• Not examined in any primary 

article 

– BF running reduces IC-GRF, 

theoretically there could be a 

reduction in stress-induced 

injuries 

– If stress induced injuries are 

reduced, theoretically health care 

costs could be reduced 

http://ravenessences.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/barefo 

ot_tefe_dancing.jpg?w=218&h=247

Possible Precautions/Contraindications 

• Osteoporosis/Osteopenia 

• Peripheral Neuropathy 

• Peripheral Arterial Disease 

• Rigid midfoot 

• Cold/Hot Temperatures 

• Obstacles on ground 

– Broken glass 

– Nails 

– Needles 

(Squadrone et al. 2009; Jenkins and Ross, 2011) 

http://shodless.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/michael_sadler_barefoot_winter.jpg

Shoes for forefoot strike? 

• Vibram Fivefingers 

• Tarra Plana Evo 

• Merrell Trail Glove 

• New Balance Minimus 

• Kigo Edge 

• Nike Free 

http://kayakshed.blogspot.com/2010/07/ 

kigo-improves-its-minimalist-shoes.html 

http://www.vibr 

amget.com/ima 

ges/729013%5B 

1%5D.jpg 

http://www.treeh 

ugger.com/Terraplana-evobarefoot-runningshoe-photo.jpg 

http://www.sho 

pnewbalance.co 

m/products/MT 

10GY_lg.jpg 

http://runningti 

mes.com/rt/ima 

ges/201012/Trail 

Shoe_Merrell- 

Trail-Glove-.jpg 

http://www.nike 

freerunshop.co 

m/images/nike_ 

free_run_men_b 

lack_red.jpg

Implications for Practice 

http://www.voxy.co.nz/userfiles/running%20barefoot%20shoes.jpg 

• Educate patients on 

evidence available at this 

point 

• Decreased IC-GRF with BF 

running 

– Effect size -1.72 = 41% BW 

• NHS also reduces IC-GRF 

• PT interventions?

Limitations 

• Heterogeneous studies 

– Heterogeneous subjects 

– Inconsistent distance run in experiment 

– Small sample sizes 

• Developing area of research 

– HS vs NHS required 

• Only included articles in English 

• Not enough data to determine interaction 

effect between BF and NHS

Directions for Further Research 

• Define normative values for specific sub-groups 

of runners 

• Further examine differences between habitually 

shod and barefoot runners 

• Investigate whether minimalist shoes mimic the 

positive aspects of BF running 

• Investigate BF vs Shod running patterns at longer 

distances

Directions for Further Research 

• Investigate injury rates in both BF and shod 

running populations 

• Investigate which body types and structures 

are most successful for both shod and 

barefoot running 

• Role of BF/NHS running in injury prevention

Conclusions 

• Statistically Significant 

difference in IC-GRF between 

BF/Shod and HS/NHS 

• Further research needs to be 

completed before making 

large clinical decisions 

• This literature review is just 

one step towards 

understanding the vast 

differences between running 

barefoot and running shod 

http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/cm/goodhousekeeping/i 

mages/qZ/ghk-canyon-spotting-lg.jpg

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• American Podiatric Medical Association Website: http://www.apma.org/MainMenu/News/MediaRoom/PositionStatements/APMA-Position- 

Statement-on-Barefoot-Running.aspx 

• Yessis M. Explosive Running: Using the Science of Kinesiology to Improve Your Performance. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000.

Thank You 

• Diane Allen, PT, PhD 

• Arlene McCarthy, PT, DPT, MS, NCS 

• Ali Legakis, MS, DPT(c) 

• Emily Hellmuth, MS, DPT(c) 

• Pete Rumford, MS, DPT(c), CSCS 

• Sara Tanza, MS, DPT(c) 

• Naomi Hosking, MS, DPT(c) 

• Janeen Gray, MS, DPT(c) 

• UCSF/SFSU, DPT Class of 2011

Videos if Time Allows 

• Barefoot Kenyan runner 

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgkWhca 

pWLU

Barefoot vs. Shod Running - Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation ...

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