Protecting Workers from Ultraviolet Radiation - icnirp

Protecting Workers from Ultraviolet Radiation
5.3.8 Research laboratories......................................................................................................37
5.3.9 Ultraviolet photography..................................................................................................37
5.3.10 Printing industry and electronic industry........................................................................37
5.3.11 Insect traps......................................................................................................................38
5.3.12 Sunlamps and sunbeds....................................................................................................38
5.3.13 Floodlighting in studios and on stage .............................................................................38
5.3.14 General lighting ..............................................................................................................38
6. Health Risk Assessment from Human Studies ...........................................................................39
6.1 Skin Cancer Studies................................................................................................................39
6.2 Ocular Disease Studies ...........................................................................................................40
7. Occupational exposure limits and safety standards ....................................................................40
7.1 Application of the ICNIRP Limit for the Skin........................................................................42
7.2 Application of the ICNIRP Limit for the Eye.........................................................................42
7.3 Geometrical Aspects of the Exposure Guidelines...................................................................42
7.4 CIE Risk Groups for Lamps ...................................................................................................43
8. Exposure Assessment .................................................................................................................44
8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................44
8.2 Measurement Aims.................................................................................................................44
8.2.1 Measurement of indoor workers´ exposure ....................................................................44
8.2.2 Measurement for consultations concerning an accident or a disease..............................45
8.2.3 Other measurement aims ................................................................................................45
8.3 Measurement Devices.............................................................................................................45
8.3.1 Geometrical characteristics.............................................................................................45
8.3.2 Spectroradiometers .........................................................................................................46
8.3.3 Broad-band UV radiometers...........................................................................................46
8.3.4 Personal dosimeters ........................................................................................................47
8.4 Procedure of Detailed Indoor Exposure Assessment..............................................................48
8.4.1 Work task analysis..........................................................................................................48
8.4.2 Orientation of the detector ..............................................................................................49
8.4.3 Output varying with time................................................................................................49
8.4.4 Motion of the worker ......................................................................................................49
8.4.5 Moving Source................................................................................................................50
8.4.6 Non-visible source radiation and reflections ..................................................................50
8.4.7 Choice of instrumentation...............................................................................................50
8.5 Relevant properties of measurement systems .........................................................................50
8.5.1 Irradiance averaging .......................................................................................................50
8.5.2 Field of view (acceptance angle) ....................................................................................50
8.5.3 Cosine dependence .........................................................................................................51
8.5.4 Spectral responsivity.......................................................................................................51
8.5.5 Minimum sensitivity.......................................................................................................51
8.5.6 Dynamic range................................................................................................................51
8.5.7 Temporal response..........................................................................................................52
8.5.8 Uncertainty .....................................................................................................................52
8.5.9 Environmental conditions...............................................................................................52
8.6 Ocular Exposure from Indoor Sources ...................................................................................52
8.7 Hazard Evaluation and Risk Assessment for Outdoor Workers .............................................52
8.8 Comparison of Measured Solar Exposure and the ICNIRP Guidelines..................................55
8.9 Outdoor Exposure Guidelines.................................................................................................56
9. Protective measures for outdoor workers ...................................................................................56
9.1 Engineering Controls and Shade.............................................................................................57
9.2 Administrative Controls..........................................................................................................57
9.2.1 Educational Programs: Training and Awareness ...........................................................57
9.2.2 Recognizing Individual Susceptibilities..........................................................................58
9.2.3 Simple Tips for Sun Avoidance......................................................................................58
9.2.4 Work Hours ....................................................................................................................59
9.3 Personal Protective Measures for Outdoor Workers...............................................................59
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