PhD Reza Erfanzadeh 2009 - Ghent Ecology - Universiteit Gent

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VIII This work could not have been completed without the scientific, technical and logistic support of the Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) in Brussels. My special thanks go to the INBO employees Edward Vercruysse for his help with vegetation sampling and plant species identification, and Tanja Milotic for her help with vegetation sampling for forage quality measurements. I also thank the VLIZ (the Flanders Marine Institute) and the department for Maritime and Coastal Service (MDK) of the Flemish Community for the use of their greenhouse infrastructure. I particularly wish to thank Frank Broucke of MDK and his son who provided daily technical support in the greenhouse experiment. I would never have been able to complete my study and stay in Belgium without the support of my friends. Acknowledgement and special thanks to my colleagues Dr. Rahmat Zarkami, Nele Somers, Bram D'hondt, Bram Vanthournout, Sam Provoost, Soheil Iegderi, Dr. Ataollah Ebrahimi and Dr. Pejman Tahmasebi for their help and support, I learned a lot from them. The secretarial support was capably provided by Angelica Alcantara, Viki Vandomme and Hans Matheve who are appreciated. I pursued this study under an awarded scholarship of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology of Islamic Republic of Iran, which is highly appreciated. Finally, I would like to dedicate my special thanks to my family. I am especially thankful to my wife for her accompanying me to Belgium. Fatemeh, I heartily thank you for your patience and the peaceful environment that you created for me and our sons during my study abroad.
List of Abbreviations ADF Acid Detergent Fibre AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists CANOCO CANOnical Community Ordination CCA Canonical Correspondence Analysis CP Crude Protein DCA Detrended Correspondence Analysis DE Digestible Energy GDHW Gemiddeld Doodtij HoogWater (mean neap tide high water) GHW Gemiddeld HoogWater (mean high water) GLM General Linear Modelling GSHW Gemiddeld Springtij HoogWater (mean spring tide high water) INBO Instituut voor Natuur en BOsonderzoek LEDA Life-history traits of the northwest European flora DAtabase LIFE L'Instrument Financier pour l'Environnement (the financial instrument for environment) LSD Least Significant Difference MHW Mean High Water NDF Neutral Detergent Fibre NGI National Geographical Institute NIRS Near-Infrared Spectroscopy procedure PCA Principal Component Analysis psu practical salinity units SD Standard Deviation SE Standard Error SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences TAW Tweede Algemene Waterpassing (second general levelling) TWINSPAN Two Way Indicator Species ANalysis VLIZ VLaams Instituut voor de Zee (The Flanders Marine Institute ) IX
Page 1: Ghent University Faculty of Science
Page 5: Spatio-temporal aspects of early ve
Page 9: Acknowledgements The accomplishment
Page 14 and 15: XII 3.5 DISCUSSION ................
Page 16 and 17: 1.1 What is succession? 2 Successio
Page 18 and 19: completely destroy the existing veg
Page 20 and 21: also occur in salt-marsh habitat, a
Page 22 and 23: seed production (Willson 1983; Pric
Page 24 and 25: 1.3.2 Inundation, vegetation and su
Page 26 and 27: affected plant species richness in
Page 28 and 29: 14 In chapter 4, the effects of she
Page 30 and 31: elationship between soil characteri
Page 32 and 33: areas which are re-colonized. They
Page 34 and 35: Fig. 1.4. The position of the newly
Page 36 and 37: 22 There are some photos available
Page 38 and 39: were collected systematically along
Page 40 and 41: Table 1.1. Materials and methods us
Page 42 and 43: with one or more reference sites (T
Page 44 and 45: pilot study performed in the area i
Page 46 and 47: Fig. 1.7. The conceptual framework
Page 48 and 49: 2.1 Abstract Restoration of salt-ma
Page 50 and 51: 2.2 Introduction The successful res
Page 52 and 53: physiological process depending on
Page 54 and 55: separated from it by a dike (with a
Page 56 and 57: scale (Londo 1976). According to th
Page 58 and 59: 2.4.2 Seed bank at the restoration
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Table 2.3. Average (± SE) species
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particular those species coming fro
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germinate, the seeds should have ap
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the restoration site along a strong
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3.1 Abstract 54 The effect of inund
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3.2 Introduction 56 Tidal marshes a
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more stable. Consequently, species
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3.3.2.2 Inundation frequency 60 The
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and 2007) for those variables that
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maritima) increased over time (Fig.
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perennial species between years, wi
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68 Perennial richness 1.4 1.2 1 0.8
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70 Species turnover 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0
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Reznicek 1986). They therefore play
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Suaeda maritima. Spartina is well k
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4.1 Abstract 76 In this paper, the
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4.2 Introduction 78 Salt-marshes ar
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available on the influence of sheep
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consecutive months, sampling effort
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factor was applied. In case of sign
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Table 4.1. The result of repeated m
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88 Cover(%) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 C a b
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90 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 a b a b Grazed
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succession leading to rapid vegetat
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(van Wijnen et al. 1997). In additi
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5.1 Abstract 96 It is generally acc
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5.2 Introduction 98 One of the main
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area started in 2002, when part of
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high and highly significant (see Ta
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104 Although the percentage of spec
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5.5 Discussion 106 Not surprisingly
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europaea zone as long as the elevat
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110
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6.1 Abstract 112 Seed bank density
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6.2 Introduction 114 The persistenc
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116 Our study area consists of thre
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were also placed randomly on the sh
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Seed density(m²) Seed density(m²)
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122 Plant species in the above-grou
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6.4.2 Seed bank properties and sali
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Seed density(m²) Seed density(m²)
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conclude that Suaeda seeds are most
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130 Both the similarity between sta
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marsh were found not to be fundamen
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134 Permanent plots in this study g
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(soil and elevation), and between v
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138 In literature it is generally a
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ecome extinct, some palatable and s
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production, but their massive produ
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144 Grazing in the entire year migh
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146
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Bakker, E.S. & Olff, H. 2003. The i
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Bertness, M.D., Wise C. & Ellison A
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Burrows, C.J. 1990. Processes of ve
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de Leeuw, J. 1992. Dynamics of salt
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Egler, F.E. 1954. Vegetation scienc
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Garbutt, A. & Wolters, M. 2008. The
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Harper, J.L. 1961. Approaches to th
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Hoffmann, M. 2006a. 5. De natuurher
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Janssen, J.A.M. & Schaminée, J.H.J
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Klotzli, F. & Grootjans, A.P. 2001.
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Levine, J.M., Brewer, J.S. & Bertne
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Myster, R.W. & Pickett, S.T.A. 1990
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Packham, J.R. & Willis, A.J. 1997.
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Poschlod, P., Tackenberg, O. & Bonn
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Rozema, J. & Blom B. 1977. Effects
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Smith, T.B., Kark, S., Schneider, C
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Thompson, K., Bakker, J.P. & Bekker
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van Leeuwen, C.G. 1966. A relation
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Wijnen, H.J.V. & Bakker, J.P. 1999.
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186
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of a continuous water bridge betwee
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190
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Appendix F - Continued Samolus vala
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Appendix G - Continued Rubus caesio
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PhD Reza Erfanzadeh 2009 - Ghent Ecology - Universiteit Gent

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