PhD Reza Erfanzadeh 2009 - Ghent Ecology - Universiteit Gent

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2.1 Abstract Restoration of salt-marshes on newly created substrates provides an excellent opportunity to study plant colonization and its constraints. We evaluated the process of salt-marsh colonization in early successional stages and investigated how the sequence of species establishment is related to the abundance of species in neighbouring, long-existing salt- marshes, site suitability, seed production and dispersal traits of the involved plant species. Species distribution and colonization data were collected, using vegetation relevés, that were collected in the restoration site during three consecutive periods in 175 permanent 2m × 2m plots. The plots were located along eight randomly chosen transects which were established perpendicular to the shoreline. To describe the only local diaspore source for new salt-marsh plant species, vegetation data were also collected in the adjacent salt-marsh in 66 permanent plots in the same time sequence. We used seed length, width and mass as dispersal traits, and Ellenberg moisture, salinity and nutrient indices as indicators of site suitability. To describe the importance of seed availability on initial colonization, seed production in the reference site and seed bank in the restoration site were also investigated. The results showed that the establishment of salt-marsh species in the restoration site was good and fast, the cover of new colonizers in the restoration site was unrelated to their cover in the adjacent salt-marsh. Seed availability appeared to be a more important factor in explaining the sequence of species establishment than salt and nutrient-limitation tolerance. The first colonizers are known as massive seed producers, shorter seed length and lower seed mass, which probably increased buoyancy. Among dispersal and site traits, seed length and mass, and in a less extent salinity and nutrients, indicated a relationship with new colonizers. Despite few species have not appeared in vegetation and seed bank in the restoration site yet, the existence of an old salt-marsh adjacent to the restoration site is shown to be vital for fast colonization of newly created intertidal areas. 34
Key words: Site suitability, Seed dispersal traits, Seed availability, New colonizers. Nomenclature: Lambinon et al. (1998). 35
Page 1: Ghent University Faculty of Science
Page 5: Spatio-temporal aspects of early ve
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements The accomplishment
Page 11: List of Abbreviations ADF Acid Dete
Page 14 and 15: XII 3.5 DISCUSSION ................
Page 16 and 17: 1.1 What is succession? 2 Successio
Page 18 and 19: completely destroy the existing veg
Page 20 and 21: also occur in salt-marsh habitat, a
Page 22 and 23: seed production (Willson 1983; Pric
Page 24 and 25: 1.3.2 Inundation, vegetation and su
Page 26 and 27: affected plant species richness in
Page 28 and 29: 14 In chapter 4, the effects of she
Page 30 and 31: elationship between soil characteri
Page 32 and 33: areas which are re-colonized. They
Page 34 and 35: Fig. 1.4. The position of the newly
Page 36 and 37: 22 There are some photos available
Page 38 and 39: were collected systematically along
Page 40 and 41: Table 1.1. Materials and methods us
Page 42 and 43: with one or more reference sites (T
Page 44 and 45: pilot study performed in the area i
Page 46 and 47: Fig. 1.7. The conceptual framework
Page 50 and 51: 2.2 Introduction The successful res
Page 52 and 53: physiological process depending on
Page 54 and 55: separated from it by a dike (with a
Page 56 and 57: scale (Londo 1976). According to th
Page 58 and 59: 2.4.2 Seed bank at the restoration
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.3. Average (± SE) species
Page 62 and 63: particular those species coming fro
Page 64 and 65: germinate, the seeds should have ap
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Page 68 and 69: 3.1 Abstract 54 The effect of inund
Page 70 and 71: 3.2 Introduction 56 Tidal marshes a
Page 72 and 73: more stable. Consequently, species
Page 74 and 75: 3.3.2.2 Inundation frequency 60 The
Page 76 and 77: and 2007) for those variables that
Page 78 and 79: maritima) increased over time (Fig.
Page 80 and 81: perennial species between years, wi
Page 82 and 83: 68 Perennial richness 1.4 1.2 1 0.8
Page 84 and 85: 70 Species turnover 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0
Page 86 and 87: Reznicek 1986). They therefore play
Page 88 and 89: Suaeda maritima. Spartina is well k
Page 90 and 91: 4.1 Abstract 76 In this paper, the
Page 92 and 93: 4.2 Introduction 78 Salt-marshes ar
Page 94 and 95: available on the influence of sheep
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factor was applied. In case of sign
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Table 4.1. The result of repeated m
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88 Cover(%) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 C a b
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90 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 a b a b Grazed
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succession leading to rapid vegetat
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(van Wijnen et al. 1997). In additi
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5.1 Abstract 96 It is generally acc
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5.2 Introduction 98 One of the main
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area started in 2002, when part of
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high and highly significant (see Ta
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104 Although the percentage of spec
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5.5 Discussion 106 Not surprisingly
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europaea zone as long as the elevat
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110
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6.1 Abstract 112 Seed bank density
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6.2 Introduction 114 The persistenc
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116 Our study area consists of thre
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were also placed randomly on the sh
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Seed density(m²) Seed density(m²)
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122 Plant species in the above-grou
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6.4.2 Seed bank properties and sali
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Seed density(m²) Seed density(m²)
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conclude that Suaeda seeds are most
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130 Both the similarity between sta
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marsh were found not to be fundamen
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134 Permanent plots in this study g
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(soil and elevation), and between v
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138 In literature it is generally a
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ecome extinct, some palatable and s
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production, but their massive produ
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144 Grazing in the entire year migh
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146
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Bakker, E.S. & Olff, H. 2003. The i
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Bertness, M.D., Wise C. & Ellison A
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Burrows, C.J. 1990. Processes of ve
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de Leeuw, J. 1992. Dynamics of salt
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Egler, F.E. 1954. Vegetation scienc
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Garbutt, A. & Wolters, M. 2008. The
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Harper, J.L. 1961. Approaches to th
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Hoffmann, M. 2006a. 5. De natuurher
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Janssen, J.A.M. & Schaminée, J.H.J
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Klotzli, F. & Grootjans, A.P. 2001.
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Levine, J.M., Brewer, J.S. & Bertne
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Myster, R.W. & Pickett, S.T.A. 1990
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Packham, J.R. & Willis, A.J. 1997.
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Poschlod, P., Tackenberg, O. & Bonn
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Rozema, J. & Blom B. 1977. Effects
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Smith, T.B., Kark, S., Schneider, C
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Thompson, K., Bakker, J.P. & Bekker
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van Leeuwen, C.G. 1966. A relation
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Wijnen, H.J.V. & Bakker, J.P. 1999.
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of a continuous water bridge betwee
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Appendix F - Continued Samolus vala
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Appendix G - Continued Rubus caesio
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PhD Reza Erfanzadeh 2009 - Ghent Ecology - Universiteit Gent

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