PhD Reza Erfanzadeh 2009 - Ghent Ecology - Universiteit Gent

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areas which are re-colonized. They are thus very suitable habitats to study processes of vegetation change (Packham & Willis 1997). Previous studies showed that the kind of pioneer species, the way of succession and the speed of species turnover are different in different salt- marshes. For instance, Wolters et al. (2008) showed that annual species were the new colonizers in salt-marshes in the north of the Netherlands and perennial species only started to colonize or increase notably in abundance after a relative long time after restoration. In contrast, Odland & del Moral (2002) demonstrated that in wetland conditions perennial herbs soon invaded and came to dominance, although annuals together with acrocarpous mosses were the first colonizers in this case also. Sometimes vegetation changed and replaced quickly and in other cases vegetation was stable for several years. Therefore, plant succession will be unique in each (salt-marsh) habitat, indicating again the necessity to study plant succession in each salt-marsh separately. 1.5 Material and methods 1.5.1 The recently history of the study area The study area is part of the Flemish Nature Reserve the IJzermonding and is located along the right hand bank of the IJzermonding in the city of Nieuwpoort (Prov. West-Flanders), Belgium (Fig. 1.3). It consists of two parts: an old, more or less untouched salt-marsh and a recently created intertidal area, where a new salt-marsh came to development (Fig. 1.4). The IJzermonding salt-marshes are one of the only four daily-inundated salt-marsh areas in Belgium. The other three are the Baai van Heist, the Zwin with true salt-marshes and the Scheldt estuary with brackish salt-marshes. The history of the old salt-marsh area during the last century is one of constant deterioration and regression, caused by many kinds of destruction. 18
● ○ Fig. 1.3. The position of the study area (the asterisk). The study area is located in the city of Nieuwpoort, Belgium. Two other study areas are used in this <strong>PhD</strong> to study seed bank characteristics (chapter 6): the Zwin area is located at the filled circle, the Verdronken Land van Saeftinghe is located at the open circle 19
Page 1: Ghent University Faculty of Science
Page 5: Spatio-temporal aspects of early ve
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements The accomplishment
Page 11: List of Abbreviations ADF Acid Dete
Page 14 and 15: XII 3.5 DISCUSSION ................
Page 16 and 17: 1.1 What is succession? 2 Successio
Page 18 and 19: completely destroy the existing veg
Page 20 and 21: also occur in salt-marsh habitat, a
Page 22 and 23: seed production (Willson 1983; Pric
Page 24 and 25: 1.3.2 Inundation, vegetation and su
Page 26 and 27: affected plant species richness in
Page 28 and 29: 14 In chapter 4, the effects of she
Page 30 and 31: elationship between soil characteri
Page 34 and 35: Fig. 1.4. The position of the newly
Page 36 and 37: 22 There are some photos available
Page 38 and 39: were collected systematically along
Page 40 and 41: Table 1.1. Materials and methods us
Page 42 and 43: with one or more reference sites (T
Page 44 and 45: pilot study performed in the area i
Page 46 and 47: Fig. 1.7. The conceptual framework
Page 48 and 49: 2.1 Abstract Restoration of salt-ma
Page 50 and 51: 2.2 Introduction The successful res
Page 52 and 53: physiological process depending on
Page 54 and 55: separated from it by a dike (with a
Page 56 and 57: scale (Londo 1976). According to th
Page 58 and 59: 2.4.2 Seed bank at the restoration
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.3. Average (± SE) species
Page 62 and 63: particular those species coming fro
Page 64 and 65: germinate, the seeds should have ap
Page 66 and 67: the restoration site along a strong
Page 68 and 69: 3.1 Abstract 54 The effect of inund
Page 70 and 71: 3.2 Introduction 56 Tidal marshes a
Page 72 and 73: more stable. Consequently, species
Page 74 and 75: 3.3.2.2 Inundation frequency 60 The
Page 76 and 77: and 2007) for those variables that
Page 78 and 79: maritima) increased over time (Fig.
Page 80 and 81: perennial species between years, wi
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68 Perennial richness 1.4 1.2 1 0.8
Page 84 and 85:
70 Species turnover 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0
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Reznicek 1986). They therefore play
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Suaeda maritima. Spartina is well k
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4.1 Abstract 76 In this paper, the
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4.2 Introduction 78 Salt-marshes ar
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available on the influence of sheep
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consecutive months, sampling effort
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factor was applied. In case of sign
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Table 4.1. The result of repeated m
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88 Cover(%) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 C a b
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90 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 a b a b Grazed
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succession leading to rapid vegetat
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(van Wijnen et al. 1997). In additi
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5.1 Abstract 96 It is generally acc
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5.2 Introduction 98 One of the main
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area started in 2002, when part of
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high and highly significant (see Ta
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104 Although the percentage of spec
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5.5 Discussion 106 Not surprisingly
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europaea zone as long as the elevat
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110
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6.1 Abstract 112 Seed bank density
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6.2 Introduction 114 The persistenc
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116 Our study area consists of thre
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were also placed randomly on the sh
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Seed density(m²) Seed density(m²)
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122 Plant species in the above-grou
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6.4.2 Seed bank properties and sali
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Seed density(m²) Seed density(m²)
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conclude that Suaeda seeds are most
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130 Both the similarity between sta
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marsh were found not to be fundamen
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134 Permanent plots in this study g
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(soil and elevation), and between v
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138 In literature it is generally a
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ecome extinct, some palatable and s
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production, but their massive produ
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144 Grazing in the entire year migh
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146
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Bakker, E.S. & Olff, H. 2003. The i
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Bertness, M.D., Wise C. & Ellison A
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Burrows, C.J. 1990. Processes of ve
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de Leeuw, J. 1992. Dynamics of salt
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Egler, F.E. 1954. Vegetation scienc
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Garbutt, A. & Wolters, M. 2008. The
Page 174 and 175:
Harper, J.L. 1961. Approaches to th
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Hoffmann, M. 2006a. 5. De natuurher
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Janssen, J.A.M. & Schaminée, J.H.J
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Klotzli, F. & Grootjans, A.P. 2001.
Page 182 and 183:
Levine, J.M., Brewer, J.S. & Bertne
Page 184 and 185:
Myster, R.W. & Pickett, S.T.A. 1990
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Packham, J.R. & Willis, A.J. 1997.
Page 188 and 189:
Poschlod, P., Tackenberg, O. & Bonn
Page 190 and 191:
Rozema, J. & Blom B. 1977. Effects
Page 192 and 193:
Smith, T.B., Kark, S., Schneider, C
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Thompson, K., Bakker, J.P. & Bekker
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van Leeuwen, C.G. 1966. A relation
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Wijnen, H.J.V. & Bakker, J.P. 1999.
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186
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of a continuous water bridge betwee
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190
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Appendix F - Continued Samolus vala
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Appendix G - Continued Rubus caesio
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PhD Reza Erfanzadeh 2009 - Ghent Ecology - Universiteit Gent

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