Living on the Margins. Minorities in South Asia - EURAC

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He has also gifted away whatever property he had left. There is little cause for conflict now. 1.Bangladesh 1971, Afsan Chowdhury. Published by Mowla Brothers, 2007, Page 80-100 2'Can we get along?' An account of communal relationship in Bangladesh.' By Mohd. Rafi. Panjeree Publications. December 2005. This is one of the most comprehensive academic books on the topic exploring both the incidental and the foundational issues of the minority situation in Bangladesh. 3Songkhaloghu Shomoshha Deshey Deshey (Minority Problems in Various Countries), Dr. R.M. Debnath, Shahittica, Dhaka, July 2003, page 45-50. The Author deals with the problem of minorities as a generic issue and then explores the situation in Bangladesh. Also interesting as its written from the perspective of a Hindu in Bangladesh. 4.Bangladesh 1971, Vol III, Afsan Chowdhury, Mowla Brothers, 2007. 5. Interview of K.S. Das, with the author. 6.Phantoms of Chittagong, Maj. Gen. Sujon Sing Oban. This particular Indian officer set up the Mujib Bahini, a para military force which was populated by young AL activists. The Indian government didn't consult the Mujibnagar/ Bangladesh exile government and many within the Indian establishment were also unhappy with the rise of this force as it appeared to be outside all kinds of chain of command. It even clashed with the Mukti Bahini. Oban He was later invited to set up the para-military Rakkhi Bahini which became known as a highly repressive, extra –judicial force during 1972-75. It initiated the practice of extrajudicial killings in Bangladesh. 7.Political Economy of the Vested Property Act in Rural Bangladesh, Abul Barkat & Others. Published by Association of Land Reforms and Development. ALRD.2004. This is a landmark publication which exposed through evidence the scale of Hindu property grabbing in Bangladesh and its impact on the political and economic mind of Bangladesh. 8. Bangladesh 1971, Vol I, Afsan Chowdhury, Mowla Brothers, 2007 9. Pinaki Das, Interview with the author. 10. Prof. Abul Barkat has dealt with issues of migration, Islamic fundamentalism and militancy in a series of books and articles. This article was presented at the meeting of the Bangladesh Economists Association, 2005. 11. 'Communalizing the Criminal or Criminalizing the Communal? Locating Minority Politics in Bangladesh" By Dina M. Siddiqi in the book ' Violence and Democracy in India,' Edited by Amrita Basu and Srirupa Roy. Page 224 12. "State and the Minority Identity: The Case of Hindus in Bangladesh", Afsan Chowdhury. From the book 'On the Margin: Refugees, Migrants and Minorities, Edited by Chowdhury R. Abrar, Published by RMMRU, 2000, page 145 13. Interview with the author 14. Interview with the author 15.Bangladesher Nirbachon 1970-2001 (Elections of Bangladesh 1970-2001), A.S.M. Shamsul Arefin, page 468. Published by Bangladesh Research and Publications. July 2003. 16. Ibid, 469 17. The Daily Star. March 2006-07 18. The Daily Star archives 200-7-8. Bangladeshi media extensively covered the topic during this period and continues to do so. Barring the Islamist and the then BNP government media, it had no media support. 19. ' Problems and Prospects of Minorities in Bangladesh', Prof. N.C. Bhowmik, page 4. Originally published in The Bangladesh Observer 2005. It has been later distributed as a pamphlet. ( communication with the author) 20. Undated leaflet of Hindu-Bouddho Christan Oikko Praishad 21. Pinaki Das. Conversation with the author 49
Religious Minorities in Pakistan: Mapping Sindh & Baluchistan Ishtiaq Hussain ⊕ Introduction Conservative estimates based on the 1998 official census indicated that religious minorities living in Pakistan make up nearly 4 percent of the population with Hindus and Christians forming the largest ‘non Muslim’ group followed by Ahmadis. However, more realistic and recent community based estimates suggest that the overall figure is likely to be twice that, representing more than 8 percent of the total population. The Pakistan state through discriminatory laws has made religious minorities second class citizens, especially through the enactment of Islamic laws and in particular the blasphemy laws. The founding father of Pakistan had termed religious minority groups as equal citizens of Pakistan but successive governments and the changing nature of the power structure in Pakistan has undermined that vision. Successive governments propped up by insecure and non representative ruling elite have sought legitimacy through the promulgation of Islamic penal codes, e.g. the Huddood laws, which have targeted vulnerable minorities and women. Religious minorities in Pakistan do not enjoy equitable participation in local, regional and national politics; suffer discrimination in government employment and the general job market; and they live in an overall environment of increasing intolerance and religious extremism. In schools and colleges, history books spread hatred towards religious minorities. Religious minority members are easy target for kidnappers as police rarely take their cases seriously; they face hardships in recovery of credits and property; and politicians and government officials neglect the development needs of areas where they are concentrated. Moreover, given the fact that the minorities in one country are majority in another, if there is violence against Muslims in India, Hindus in Pakistan become a target. More recently, the Christian community is facing violent backlash at the hands of hardliners after America’s attack on Afghanistan.. Christians face anger for political and economic reasons compounded by factors rooted in ‘land grabbing’ or racism. Ahmadis are well organized and affluent, but official and societal anger puts many restrictions on ⊕ This chapter is adapted from the Report “Religious Minorities in Pakistan” by the Centre for Peace and Development and South Asia Forum for Human Rights. It is part of a European Commission funded three year project on “Mainstreaming Minority Rights in Pakistan’s Sindh and Baluchistan”. I wish to acknowledge the contribution of Shahid Fiaz, Nasurullah Barech, Manfoosa Ali, Asim Zubair in the development of the study. Also, mention should be made of the enumerators who filled the questionnaires for the Survey and Focus Group discussions. And above a grateful thanks to those who participated in the Survey. 50
Page 1 and 2: Prepared in the frame of EURASIAN
Page 3 and 4: I - Introduction Rita Manchanda II
Page 5 and 6: ‘powerlessness’. The history of
Page 7 and 8: theory of the ‘clash of civilizat
Page 9 and 10: unitary ideology, centralized struc
Page 11 and 12: Pakistan: Constitution based discri
Page 13 and 14: their construction process, since t
Page 15 and 16: Chowdhury explores the dilemma of a
Page 17 and 18: such a collusion and has systematic
Page 19 and 20: viii The rights of ‘people’ and
Page 21 and 22: these make for an egalitarian socie
Page 23 and 24: Muslims. There are three kinds of w
Page 25 and 26: Nonetheless, this alignment with se
Page 27 and 28: the oppressed even while we recogni
Page 29 and 30: The result was the impoverishment o
Page 31 and 32: negligence or failure has its roots
Page 33 and 34: Muslims, in other words have joined
Page 35 and 36: xviii Indicators of development her
Page 37 and 38: social identity of the ruling class
Page 39 and 40: Since Bengalis in general were in c
Page 41 and 42: As long as separate electorate exis
Page 43 and 44: their significance as a group and h
Page 45 and 46: it would seem that Bangladeshi Hind
Page 47 and 48: However, the image of Hindus as vot
Page 49: Trends Production of communalism or
Page 53 and 54: In the 1981 census, out of a total
Page 55 and 56: the 1998 Census, caste Hindus const
Page 57 and 58: elationship with Sikhs in Afghanist
Page 59 and 60: Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Excerpts of In
Page 61 and 62: many regimes would use the Islamic
Page 63 and 64: The 1956 Constitution largely refle
Page 65 and 66: Christian & Hindu Votes Impact 50 N
Page 67 and 68: across the country. Now, Pakistan
Page 69 and 70: that takes Pakistan’s plural trad
Page 71 and 72: minorities and women. This was evin
Page 73 and 74: Wolpert, S., Zulfi Bhutto of Pakist
Page 75 and 76: ensures that it is fully absorbed a
Page 77 and 78: aggressiveness and Hindus are aggre
Page 79 and 80: community, is subject to the most i
Page 81 and 82: frenzy”. The major absence in thi
Page 83 and 84: After the death of emperor Aurangze
Page 85 and 86: speech is used to create silences,
Page 87 and 88: Muslims in Sri Lanka: Political Cho
Page 89 and 90: They rarely highlighted their ‘Mu
Page 91 and 92: generation of the Muslim intelligen
Page 93 and 94: Athaullah, Rishard Bathiuddeen, and
Page 95 and 96: forces hoped that the Rajapaksa reg
Page 97 and 98: won 15 seats while the UPFA won 18.
Page 99 and 100: xvii After the general elections of
Page 101 and 102:
an equal opportunity law in 1996-19
Page 103 and 104:
administration headed by the Eelam
Page 105 and 106:
nationalism was that the nationhood
Page 107 and 108:
Rights Claims in Muslim Politics Mu
Page 109 and 110:
councils for the two provinces. Bot
Page 111 and 112:
A subsequent agreement signed betwe
Page 113 and 114:
areas where the local majority popu
Page 115 and 116:
a scheme for an interim administrat
Page 117 and 118:
months later. The de-merger occurre
Page 119 and 120:
Meanwhile, the strategies of minori
Page 121 and 122:
xvii Cited in Loganathan, 1996, p.
Page 123 and 124:
I will just briefly summarize it he
Page 125 and 126:
Table 1: Parliament Seats under FPT
Page 127 and 128:
under the district governments, the
Page 129 and 130:
However, there are other groups whi
Page 131 and 132:
The threshold for PR election shoul
Page 133 and 134:
controlled by local elite (Harper a
Page 135 and 136:
Likewise, the parliament could deci
Page 137 and 138:
Binswanger, Hans P., and Miranda El
Page 139 and 140:
Stash, Sharon, and Emily Hannum. 20
Page 141 and 142:
The in-migration of labor force fro
Page 143 and 144:
India was divided into two sovereig
Page 145 and 146:
culturally. In the last five thousa
Page 147 and 148:
Meanwhile, the non-Muslim minoritie
Page 149 and 150:
The Current Nationalist Movement in
Page 151 and 152:
leave Karachi. Outward migration re
Page 153 and 154:
are for and against lobbies in Isla
Page 155 and 156:
It is questionable whether the nati
Page 157 and 158:
17 Aitizaz Ahsan, The Indus Saga, A
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wars between the tribes and the Bri
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and ethnocide of indigenous populat
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governments did not allow their NG0
Page 165 and 166:
But even these additional criteria
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the ‘outsiders’ who have strang
Page 169 and 170:
date. In India, despite the protect
Page 171 and 172:
Tribal Land Alienation in Maharasht
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Bhamragad 18 14.76 35.26 13.94 13.1
Page 175 and 176:
name of projects using the colonial
Page 177 and 178:
hands of landlords. (25) The fourth
Page 179 and 180:
means that those who have been depr
Page 181 and 182:
Examination of the case records sho
Page 183 and 184:
While the table appears to be recen
Page 185 and 186:
5. Tribal Research and Training Ins
Page 187 and 188:
Legality and Pragmatism Usha Ramana
Page 189 and 190:
to resolve this problem that, other
Page 191 and 192:
means of livelihood”. 15 The “o
Page 193 and 194:
leasehold rights but only a licence
Page 195 and 196:
public lands was being addressed in
Page 197 and 198:
was in the eighties and the early n
Page 199 and 200:
obligations have devolved upon them
Page 201 and 202:
There is a direct relationship betw
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