Species and Community Profiles - San Francisco Estuary ...

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f. Inchworm Moth (Perizoma custodiata) by Wesley A. Maffei .......................................................................................... 163 g. Pygmy Blue Butterfly (Brephidium exilis Boisduval) by Wesley A. Maffei .......................................................................................... 165 h. Summer Salt Marsh Mosquito (Aedes dorsalis (Meigen)) by Wesley A. Maffei .......................................................................................... 167 i. Winter Salt Marsh Mosquito (Aedes squamiger (Coquillett)) by Wesley A. Maffei .......................................................................................... 169 j. Washino’s Mosquito (Aedes washinoi Lansaro and Eldridge) by Wesley A. Maffei .......................................................................................... 172 k. Western Encephalitis Mosquito (Culex tarsalis Coquillett) by Wesley A. Maffei .......................................................................................... 173 l. Winter Marsh Mosquito (Culiseta inornata (Williston)) by Wesley A. Maffei .......................................................................................... 177 m. Brine Flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) by Wesley A. Maffei .......................................................................................... 179 n. Jamieson’s Compsocryptus Wasp (Compsocryptus jamiesoni Nolfo) by Wesley A. Maffei .......................................................................................... 183 o. A Note on Invertebrate Populations of the San Francisco Estuary by Wesley A. Maffei .......................................................................................... 184 4. Amphibians and Reptiles 5. Mammals a. California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) by Mark R. Jennings ......................................................................................... 193 b. California Toad (Bufo boreas halophilus) by Mark R. Jennings ......................................................................................... 196 c. Pacific Treefrog (Hyla regilla) by Mark R. Jennings ......................................................................................... 198 d. California Red-Legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) by Mark R. Jennings ......................................................................................... 201 e. Western Pond Turtle (Clemmys marmorata) by Mark R. Jennings ......................................................................................... 204 f. California Alligator Lizard (Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata) by Mark R. Jennings ......................................................................................... 208 g. Central Coast Garter Snake (Thamnophis atratus atratus) by Kevin MacKay and Mark R. Jennings .......................................................... 210 h. Coast Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans terrestris) by Kevin MacKay and Mark R. Jennings .......................................................... 212 i. San Francisco Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia) by Mark R. Jennings ......................................................................................... 214 a. Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris) by Howard S. Shellhammer .............................................................................. 219 b. California Vole (Microtus californicus) by William Z. Lidicker, Jr. ................................................................................ 229 c. Salt Marsh Wandering Shrew (Sorex vagrans haliocoetes) by Howard S. Shellhammer .............................................................................. 231 Contents v
d. Suisun Shrew (Sorex ornatus sinuosis) by Kevin MacKay ............................................................................................. 233 e. Ornate Shrew (Sorex ornatus californicus) by Elaine K. Harding ........................................................................................ 236 f. North American River Otter (Lutra canadensis) by Michael L. Johnson ...................................................................................... 238 g. Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) by David G. Ainley and Robert E. Jones .......................................................... 241 h. Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) by William Z. Lidicker, Jr. and David G. Ainley .............................................. 243 i. California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) by David G. Ainley and Robert E. Jones .......................................................... 246 j. Non-Native Predators: Norway Rat and Roof Rat (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) by Andrée M. Breaux ........................................................................................ 249 k. Non-Native Predator: Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes regalis) by Elaine K. Harding ........................................................................................ 251 6. 6. 6. Water ater aterfo ater fo fowl fowl wl and and S SShor S Shor hor horebir horebir ebir ebirds ebirds ds a. Tule Greater White-Fronted Goose (Anser albifrons gambelli) by Dennis R. Becker ......................................................................................... 253 b. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) by Steven C. Chappell and David C. Van Baren............................................... 259 c. Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) by Michael L. Casazza and Michael R. Miller .................................................. 263 d. Canvasback (Aythya valisineria) by John Y. Takekawa and Carolyn M. Marn ..................................................... 268 e. Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) by A. Keith Miles.............................................................................................. 273 f. Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis) by A. Keith Miles.............................................................................................. 277 g. Western Snowy Plover (Chardrius alexandrinus) by Gary W. Page, Catherine M. Hickey, and Lynne E. Stenzel ......................... 281 h. Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) by Gary W. Page, Catherine M. Hickey, and Lynne E. Stenzel ......................... 284 i. Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala) by Stephen L. Granholm .................................................................................. 289 j. Red Knot (Calidris canutus) by Catherine M. Hickey, Gary W. Page, and Lynne E. Stenzel ......................... 292 k. Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri) by Nils Warnock and Sarah E. Warnock ........................................................... 296 l. Long-Billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus scolopaceus) by John Y. Takekawa and Sarah E. Warnock ..................................................... 301 m. Wilson’s Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) by Janet T. Hanson ........................................................................................... 306 n. Waterfowl and Shorebirds of the San Francisco Estuary by John Y. Takekawa, Gary W. Page, Janice M. Alexander, and Dennis R. Becker ....................................................................................... 309 vi Baylands Ecosystem Species and Community Profiles
Page 1 and 2: S Baylands Ecosystem pecies and Com
Page 3 and 4: To order additional copies of this
Page 6 and 7: Editor Authors Report Production Cr
Page 8 and 9: Contents Credits ..................
Page 12 and 13: 7. Bayland Birds Other than Shorebi
Page 14 and 15: 1. Plant Communities List of Tables
Page 16 and 17: 1. Plant Communities List of Figure
Page 18 and 19: Figure 5.6 North American River Ott
Page 20 and 21: T Introduction he San Francisco Bay
Page 22 and 23: Plants of Shallow Subtidal Habitat
Page 24 and 25: Table 1.1 Acreage of Individual Eel
Page 26 and 27: Laura Hanson Zostera marina plants,
Page 28 and 29: Jones and Stokes Associates, Inc. 1
Page 30 and 31: Introduction Tidal Marsh Plants of
Page 32 and 33: Peter Baye Pickleweed (Salicornia v
Page 34 and 35: dom occur in the middle salt marsh
Page 36 and 37: dance (common to co-dominant) inclu
Page 38 and 39: Peter Baye Regionally rare smooth g
Page 40 and 41: Peter Baye The southern-most popula
Page 42 and 43: ally been designed for wildlife spe
Page 44 and 45: Table 1.3 Historic Changes in the D
Page 46 and 47: Table 1.3 (continued) Historic Chan
Page 54 and 55: Skinner, M.W. and B.M. Pavlick. 199
Page 56 and 57: dominated plains with fringes of co
Page 58 and 59: pulcher), purslane (Sesuvium verruc
Page 60 and 61:
particularly where disturbance has
Page 62 and 63:
jacent to the Bay at one site (Zent
Page 64 and 65:
Plants of San Francisco Bay Salt Po
Page 66 and 67:
trated solution of sodium chloride,
Page 68 and 69:
extent of salt ponds in the souther
Page 70 and 71:
Plant Communities Ecotonal to the B
Page 72 and 73:
The geologic factor that most influ
Page 74 and 75:
most of its characteristic species.
Page 76 and 77:
gen content from low to relatively
Page 78 and 79:
sites for valley oak reproduction b
Page 80 and 81:
tive Eichornia crassipes is importa
Page 82 and 83:
Table 1.4 Rare Plant Species* Found
Page 84 and 85:
Table 1.4 (continued) Rare Plant Sp
Page 86 and 87:
References Abbott, P. L. 1984. The
Page 88 and 89:
231-241. Wieslander, A. E. and H. A
Page 90 and 91:
2 Estuarine Fish and Associated Inv
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cisco Estuary. San Francisco Estuar
Page 94 and 95:
Figure 2.1 Seasonal Distribution of
Page 96 and 97:
flounder, English sole, Pacific tom
Page 98 and 99:
of estuaries prior to spawning to a
Page 100 and 101:
Rock crabs appear to be influenced
Page 102 and 103:
General Information Leopard Shark T
Page 104 and 105:
cific herring eggs adhere to the su
Page 106 and 107:
een shown to be best for egg develo
Page 108 and 109:
Sacramento Splittail General Inform
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 2.4 Trends in Age-0 Splittai
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maxima ranged from 22-33° C. As fu
Page 114 and 115:
to 14,000 eggs are laid per female,
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Trophic Levels Chinook salmon are p
Page 118 and 119:
is 1.3-10.2 cm (0.5-10.2 in) in dia
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no. 25, Westwater Research Centre,
Page 122 and 123:
General Information Steelhead Oncor
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Proximal Species Egg Predators: Fre
Page 126 and 127:
or rocks, and submerged vegetation.
Page 128 and 129:
populations by reducing its food su
Page 130 and 131:
General Information Longfin Smelt S
Page 132 and 133:
per Suisun Bay). The location of X2
Page 134 and 135:
Wang, J.C.S. 1986. Fishes of the Sa
Page 136 and 137:
Emmett, R.L., S.L. Stone, S.A. Hint
Page 138 and 139:
Prey: Diatoms (major); diatoms, chi
Page 140 and 141:
Anadromous forms typically spawn ea
Page 142 and 143:
General Information Brown Rockfish
Page 144 and 145:
A guide to the early life histories
Page 146 and 147:
Population Status and Influencing F
Page 148 and 149:
found more in upper elevations. Nei
Page 150 and 151:
General Information Striped Bass Mo
Page 152 and 153:
oped, but by the sixth day the yolk
Page 154 and 155:
Distribution The shiner perch occur
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and dam construction, and reduced f
Page 158 and 159:
fat innkeeper worm (Urechis caupo),
Page 160 and 161:
General Information Bay Goby Lepido
Page 162 and 163:
Commensal Hosts: Blue mud shrimp, i
Page 164 and 165:
eported from Elkhorn Slough, where
Page 166 and 167:
1971, Haaker 1975). California hali
Page 168 and 169:
Barnett, A.M., A.E. Jahn, P.D. Sert
Page 170 and 171:
(Radtke 1966, Moyle 1976); however,
Page 172 and 173:
Franciscan Brine Shrimp General Inf
Page 174 and 175:
California Vernal Pool Tadpole Shri
Page 176 and 177:
Biology General Sample Location Fig
Page 178 and 179:
dicate that this beetle was also fo
Page 180 and 181:
Actual Size 2.5 mm Wes Maffei Figur
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States (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae).
Page 184 and 185:
Inchworm Moth Perizoma custodiata W
Page 186 and 187:
Pygmy Blue Butterfly Brephidium exi
Page 188 and 189:
Summer Salt Marsh Mosquito Aedes do
Page 190 and 191:
Winter Salt Marsh Mosquito Aedes sq
Page 192 and 193:
eas away from their breeding sites,
Page 194 and 195:
Biology Larvae usually hatch during
Page 196 and 197:
Autogeny, or the development of egg
Page 198 and 199:
Harwood, R.F. and N. Takata. 1965.
Page 200 and 201:
Rees, D.M. and K. Onishi. 1951. Mor
Page 202 and 203:
five days. The larva immediately be
Page 204 and 205:
Jamieson’s Compsocryptus Wasp Com
Page 206 and 207:
easily overlooked group of organism
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 3.26 A Partial Web of the Or
Page 210 and 211:
Figure 3.29 A Partial Web of the Or
Page 212 and 213:
Table 3.10 Known Terrestrial or Sem
Page 214 and 215:
California Tiger Salamander General
Page 216 and 217:
overdraft (Jennings and Hayes 1994)
Page 218 and 219:
Dermaptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, C
Page 220 and 221:
The choruses may continue into dayl
Page 222 and 223:
______. 1985. A field guide to west
Page 224 and 225:
catesbeiana) and crayfish (specific
Page 226 and 227:
smaller sizes and ages than females
Page 228 and 229:
petology. Southwestern Herpetologis
Page 230 and 231:
Current Status and Factors Influenc
Page 232 and 233:
Growth and Development Unknown. If
Page 234 and 235:
tral colorations in habitats occupi
Page 236 and 237:
eceived and published by the Intern
Page 238 and 239:
Transactions of the Western Section
Page 240 and 241:
Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse Life Histo
Page 242 and 243:
Conservation and Management There a
Page 244 and 245:
Appendix 5.1 (continued) Important
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Life History California Vole Microt
Page 252 and 253:
______. 1973. Regulation of numbers
Page 254 and 255:
Many changes have taken place since
Page 256 and 257:
(Grindelia humulis), California bul
Page 258 and 259:
slightly differentiated populations
Page 260 and 261:
1980s the California Department of
Page 262 and 263:
Life History Southern Sea Otter Enh
Page 264 and 265:
Life History Harbor Seal Phoca vitu
Page 266 and 267:
east to Treasure Island, northwest
Page 268 and 269:
south to the Gulf of California, Ba
Page 270 and 271:
Life History Non-Native Predators:
Page 272 and 273:
Non-Native Predator: Red Fox Vulpes
Page 274 and 275:
Tule Greater White-Fronted Goose In
Page 276 and 277:
trend data for selected years betwe
Page 278 and 279:
Disturbance - Most Pacific Flyway t
Page 280 and 281:
Introduction Mallard Anas platyrhyn
Page 282 and 283:
plants, as well as agricultural was
Page 284 and 285:
Introduction Northern Pintail Anas
Page 286 and 287:
Figure 6.4 Maximum Counts of Northe
Page 288 and 289:
most beneficial to dabbling ducks.
Page 290 and 291:
December. Nearly 90% of canvasbacks
Page 292 and 293:
wild celery, sago, bulrush seeds, a
Page 294 and 295:
eproductive performance of canvasba
Page 296 and 297:
Roosting - Surf scoters roost almos
Page 298 and 299:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USF
Page 300 and 301:
Central Bay - Observations of ruddy
Page 302 and 303:
Introduction Western Snowy Plover C
Page 304 and 305:
Disturbance - Snowy plovers are dis
Page 306 and 307:
Breeding Biology - Although small n
Page 308 and 309:
Conservation and Management Contami
Page 310 and 311:
Recher, H.F. 1966. Some aspects of
Page 312 and 313:
Black turnstones pick food from the
Page 314 and 315:
guna Ojo de Liebre, Baja California
Page 316 and 317:
salt evaporator ponds in the Haywar
Page 318 and 319:
ange were found between sexes (Warn
Page 320 and 321:
were most preferred, and salt marsh
Page 322 and 323:
Introduction Long-Billed Dowitcher
Page 324 and 325:
Population Trends In Florida, there
Page 326 and 327:
References Avise, J.C. and R.M. Zin
Page 328 and 329:
South Bay - PRBO spring count: 213.
Page 330 and 331:
Hayward area sewage treatment ponds
Page 332 and 333:
salt ponds in the baylands. The win
Page 334 and 335:
estimate the amount of salt pond ha
Page 336 and 337:
Figure 6.23 Waterfowl Use of Salt P
Page 338 and 339:
Introduction 7 Other Birds of the B
Page 340 and 341:
more thorough, two-year study of th
Page 342 and 343:
Conservation and Management The pre
Page 344 and 345:
fish are not available, brown pelic
Page 346 and 347:
Carter, H.R., A.L. Sowls and M.S. R
Page 348 and 349:
Bay breeding birds in 1971 (Gill 19
Page 350 and 351:
Flood Control Basin. At the same ti
Page 352 and 353:
Table 7.2 Estimated Breeding Pairs
Page 354 and 355:
Much predation takes place during h
Page 356 and 357:
ported on the importance of cordgra
Page 358 and 359:
ats took 24% of eggs in 50 nests, a
Page 360 and 361:
Bay. M.S. Thesis, Stanford Univ., P
Page 362 and 363:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
Page 364 and 365:
Figure 7.4 Distribution and Relativ
Page 366 and 367:
Other pressures that threaten to al
Page 368 and 369:
list, suggesting that he failed to
Page 370 and 371:
Introduction California Gull Larus
Page 372 and 373:
should be maintained as nesting hab
Page 374 and 375:
Colony Site Status Colony Site Stat
Page 376 and 377:
cury in eggs of coastal terns and h
Page 378 and 379:
In addition to the colonies at Broo
Page 380 and 381:
Peterson, R.T. 1990. A field guide
Page 382 and 383:
Habitat Use and Behavior California
Page 384 and 385:
Description The burrowing owl is a
Page 386 and 387:
owls in central California in 1991.
Page 388 and 389:
Predators - There is little direct
Page 390 and 391:
lowthroat, and salt marsh yellowthr
Page 392 and 393:
the older and higher parts of marsh
Page 394 and 395:
Conservation and Management The loc
Page 396 and 397:
mately seven inches spread) and lon
Page 398 and 399:
color-band 33, plus 13 juveniles; m
Page 400 and 401:
Table 7.8 Key Habitats Usage by Thr
Page 402 and 403:
sinuous natural channels with their
Page 404 and 405:
2. Expand any of the areas listed u
Page 406 and 407:
value, and might even be found to e
Page 408 and 409:
Species October-November 1980 (n=7)
Page 410 and 411:
different five species comprised 81
Page 412 and 413:
instead of “ N” as prefix for t
Page 414 and 415:
ased on a map from the Cargill Salt
Page 416 and 417:
have been observed flying on nearly
Page 418 and 419:
Island hill, which is surrounded by
Page 420 and 421:
Large numbers of this species have
Page 422 and 423:
are thus presumably alaudinus) thro
Page 424 and 425:
Appendix A Author Contact Informati
Page 426 and 427:
David G. Ainley H.T. Harvey and Ass
Page 428 and 429:
Michael F. McGowan San Francisco St
Page 430 and 431:
NOTES
Page 432 and 433:
NOTES
Page 434 and 435:
This report is printed with soybean
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