Species and Community Profiles - San Francisco Estuary ...

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7. Bayland Birds Other than Shorebirds and Waterfowl a. Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) by Howard L. Cogswell .................................................................................... 317 b. Western and Clark’s Grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis and A. clarkii) by David G. Ainley ........................................................................................... 320 c. American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus) by David G. Ainley ........................................................................................... 321 d. Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) by David G. Ainley ........................................................................................... 322 e. Double-Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) by David G. Ainley ........................................................................................... 323 f. Snowy Egret (Egretta thula) by William G. Bousman ................................................................................... 325 g. Black-Crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) by William G. Bousman ................................................................................... 328 h. California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) by Joy D. Albertson and Jules G. Evens ............................................................ 332 i. California Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus) by Lynne A. Trulio and Jules G. Evens ............................................................. 341 j. Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) by William G. Bousman ................................................................................... 346 k. California Gull (Larus californicus) by Thomas P. Ryan ........................................................................................... 349 l. Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri) by Thomas P. Ryan ........................................................................................... 351 m. Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia) by Thomas P. Ryan ........................................................................................... 355 n. California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum browni) by Leora Feeney ................................................................................................ 359 o. Western Burrowing Owl (Athene (Speotyto) cunicularia hypugaea) by Lynne A. Trulio ............................................................................................ 362 p. Salt Marsh Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas sinuosa) by Scott Terrill .................................................................................................. 366 q. Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) by Howard L. Cogswell .................................................................................... 369 r. Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia samuelis, M. m. pusillula, and M. m. maxillaris) by Howard L. Cogswell .................................................................................... 374 s. Response of Birds to Managed Water Levels at Charleston Slough – A Case Study by William G. Bousman ................................................................................... 386 t. The Use of Salt Ponds by Some Selected Birds Other than Shorebirds and Waterfowl by Howard L. Cogswell .................................................................................... 390 Appendix A: Author Contact Information ..................................................... 403 Contents vii
viii Baylands Ecosystem Species and Community Profiles
Page 1 and 2: S Baylands Ecosystem pecies and Com
Page 3 and 4: To order additional copies of this
Page 6 and 7: Editor Authors Report Production Cr
Page 8 and 9: Contents Credits ..................
Page 10 and 11: f. Inchworm Moth (Perizoma custodia
Page 14 and 15: 1. Plant Communities List of Tables
Page 16 and 17: 1. Plant Communities List of Figure
Page 18 and 19: Figure 5.6 North American River Ott
Page 20 and 21: T Introduction he San Francisco Bay
Page 22 and 23: Plants of Shallow Subtidal Habitat
Page 24 and 25: Table 1.1 Acreage of Individual Eel
Page 26 and 27: Laura Hanson Zostera marina plants,
Page 28 and 29: Jones and Stokes Associates, Inc. 1
Page 30 and 31: Introduction Tidal Marsh Plants of
Page 32 and 33: Peter Baye Pickleweed (Salicornia v
Page 34 and 35: dom occur in the middle salt marsh
Page 36 and 37: dance (common to co-dominant) inclu
Page 38 and 39: Peter Baye Regionally rare smooth g
Page 40 and 41: Peter Baye The southern-most popula
Page 42 and 43: ally been designed for wildlife spe
Page 44 and 45: Table 1.3 Historic Changes in the D
Page 46 and 47: Table 1.3 (continued) Historic Chan
Page 54 and 55: Skinner, M.W. and B.M. Pavlick. 199
Page 56 and 57: dominated plains with fringes of co
Page 58 and 59: pulcher), purslane (Sesuvium verruc
Page 60 and 61: particularly where disturbance has
Page 62 and 63:
jacent to the Bay at one site (Zent
Page 64 and 65:
Plants of San Francisco Bay Salt Po
Page 66 and 67:
trated solution of sodium chloride,
Page 68 and 69:
extent of salt ponds in the souther
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Plant Communities Ecotonal to the B
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The geologic factor that most influ
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most of its characteristic species.
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gen content from low to relatively
Page 78 and 79:
sites for valley oak reproduction b
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tive Eichornia crassipes is importa
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Table 1.4 Rare Plant Species* Found
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Table 1.4 (continued) Rare Plant Sp
Page 86 and 87:
References Abbott, P. L. 1984. The
Page 88 and 89:
231-241. Wieslander, A. E. and H. A
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2 Estuarine Fish and Associated Inv
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cisco Estuary. San Francisco Estuar
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Figure 2.1 Seasonal Distribution of
Page 96 and 97:
flounder, English sole, Pacific tom
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of estuaries prior to spawning to a
Page 100 and 101:
Rock crabs appear to be influenced
Page 102 and 103:
General Information Leopard Shark T
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cific herring eggs adhere to the su
Page 106 and 107:
een shown to be best for egg develo
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Sacramento Splittail General Inform
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Figure 2.4 Trends in Age-0 Splittai
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maxima ranged from 22-33° C. As fu
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to 14,000 eggs are laid per female,
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Trophic Levels Chinook salmon are p
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is 1.3-10.2 cm (0.5-10.2 in) in dia
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no. 25, Westwater Research Centre,
Page 122 and 123:
General Information Steelhead Oncor
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Proximal Species Egg Predators: Fre
Page 126 and 127:
or rocks, and submerged vegetation.
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populations by reducing its food su
Page 130 and 131:
General Information Longfin Smelt S
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per Suisun Bay). The location of X2
Page 134 and 135:
Wang, J.C.S. 1986. Fishes of the Sa
Page 136 and 137:
Emmett, R.L., S.L. Stone, S.A. Hint
Page 138 and 139:
Prey: Diatoms (major); diatoms, chi
Page 140 and 141:
Anadromous forms typically spawn ea
Page 142 and 143:
General Information Brown Rockfish
Page 144 and 145:
A guide to the early life histories
Page 146 and 147:
Population Status and Influencing F
Page 148 and 149:
found more in upper elevations. Nei
Page 150 and 151:
General Information Striped Bass Mo
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oped, but by the sixth day the yolk
Page 154 and 155:
Distribution The shiner perch occur
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and dam construction, and reduced f
Page 158 and 159:
fat innkeeper worm (Urechis caupo),
Page 160 and 161:
General Information Bay Goby Lepido
Page 162 and 163:
Commensal Hosts: Blue mud shrimp, i
Page 164 and 165:
eported from Elkhorn Slough, where
Page 166 and 167:
1971, Haaker 1975). California hali
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Barnett, A.M., A.E. Jahn, P.D. Sert
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(Radtke 1966, Moyle 1976); however,
Page 172 and 173:
Franciscan Brine Shrimp General Inf
Page 174 and 175:
California Vernal Pool Tadpole Shri
Page 176 and 177:
Biology General Sample Location Fig
Page 178 and 179:
dicate that this beetle was also fo
Page 180 and 181:
Actual Size 2.5 mm Wes Maffei Figur
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States (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae).
Page 184 and 185:
Inchworm Moth Perizoma custodiata W
Page 186 and 187:
Pygmy Blue Butterfly Brephidium exi
Page 188 and 189:
Summer Salt Marsh Mosquito Aedes do
Page 190 and 191:
Winter Salt Marsh Mosquito Aedes sq
Page 192 and 193:
eas away from their breeding sites,
Page 194 and 195:
Biology Larvae usually hatch during
Page 196 and 197:
Autogeny, or the development of egg
Page 198 and 199:
Harwood, R.F. and N. Takata. 1965.
Page 200 and 201:
Rees, D.M. and K. Onishi. 1951. Mor
Page 202 and 203:
five days. The larva immediately be
Page 204 and 205:
Jamieson’s Compsocryptus Wasp Com
Page 206 and 207:
easily overlooked group of organism
Page 208 and 209:
Figure 3.26 A Partial Web of the Or
Page 210 and 211:
Figure 3.29 A Partial Web of the Or
Page 212 and 213:
Table 3.10 Known Terrestrial or Sem
Page 214 and 215:
California Tiger Salamander General
Page 216 and 217:
overdraft (Jennings and Hayes 1994)
Page 218 and 219:
Dermaptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, C
Page 220 and 221:
The choruses may continue into dayl
Page 222 and 223:
______. 1985. A field guide to west
Page 224 and 225:
catesbeiana) and crayfish (specific
Page 226 and 227:
smaller sizes and ages than females
Page 228 and 229:
petology. Southwestern Herpetologis
Page 230 and 231:
Current Status and Factors Influenc
Page 232 and 233:
Growth and Development Unknown. If
Page 234 and 235:
tral colorations in habitats occupi
Page 236 and 237:
eceived and published by the Intern
Page 238 and 239:
Transactions of the Western Section
Page 240 and 241:
Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse Life Histo
Page 242 and 243:
Conservation and Management There a
Page 244 and 245:
Appendix 5.1 (continued) Important
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Life History California Vole Microt
Page 252 and 253:
______. 1973. Regulation of numbers
Page 254 and 255:
Many changes have taken place since
Page 256 and 257:
(Grindelia humulis), California bul
Page 258 and 259:
slightly differentiated populations
Page 260 and 261:
1980s the California Department of
Page 262 and 263:
Life History Southern Sea Otter Enh
Page 264 and 265:
Life History Harbor Seal Phoca vitu
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east to Treasure Island, northwest
Page 268 and 269:
south to the Gulf of California, Ba
Page 270 and 271:
Life History Non-Native Predators:
Page 272 and 273:
Non-Native Predator: Red Fox Vulpes
Page 274 and 275:
Tule Greater White-Fronted Goose In
Page 276 and 277:
trend data for selected years betwe
Page 278 and 279:
Disturbance - Most Pacific Flyway t
Page 280 and 281:
Introduction Mallard Anas platyrhyn
Page 282 and 283:
plants, as well as agricultural was
Page 284 and 285:
Introduction Northern Pintail Anas
Page 286 and 287:
Figure 6.4 Maximum Counts of Northe
Page 288 and 289:
most beneficial to dabbling ducks.
Page 290 and 291:
December. Nearly 90% of canvasbacks
Page 292 and 293:
wild celery, sago, bulrush seeds, a
Page 294 and 295:
eproductive performance of canvasba
Page 296 and 297:
Roosting - Surf scoters roost almos
Page 298 and 299:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USF
Page 300 and 301:
Central Bay - Observations of ruddy
Page 302 and 303:
Introduction Western Snowy Plover C
Page 304 and 305:
Disturbance - Snowy plovers are dis
Page 306 and 307:
Breeding Biology - Although small n
Page 308 and 309:
Conservation and Management Contami
Page 310 and 311:
Recher, H.F. 1966. Some aspects of
Page 312 and 313:
Black turnstones pick food from the
Page 314 and 315:
guna Ojo de Liebre, Baja California
Page 316 and 317:
salt evaporator ponds in the Haywar
Page 318 and 319:
ange were found between sexes (Warn
Page 320 and 321:
were most preferred, and salt marsh
Page 322 and 323:
Introduction Long-Billed Dowitcher
Page 324 and 325:
Population Trends In Florida, there
Page 326 and 327:
References Avise, J.C. and R.M. Zin
Page 328 and 329:
South Bay - PRBO spring count: 213.
Page 330 and 331:
Hayward area sewage treatment ponds
Page 332 and 333:
salt ponds in the baylands. The win
Page 334 and 335:
estimate the amount of salt pond ha
Page 336 and 337:
Figure 6.23 Waterfowl Use of Salt P
Page 338 and 339:
Introduction 7 Other Birds of the B
Page 340 and 341:
more thorough, two-year study of th
Page 342 and 343:
Conservation and Management The pre
Page 344 and 345:
fish are not available, brown pelic
Page 346 and 347:
Carter, H.R., A.L. Sowls and M.S. R
Page 348 and 349:
Bay breeding birds in 1971 (Gill 19
Page 350 and 351:
Flood Control Basin. At the same ti
Page 352 and 353:
Table 7.2 Estimated Breeding Pairs
Page 354 and 355:
Much predation takes place during h
Page 356 and 357:
ported on the importance of cordgra
Page 358 and 359:
ats took 24% of eggs in 50 nests, a
Page 360 and 361:
Bay. M.S. Thesis, Stanford Univ., P
Page 362 and 363:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
Page 364 and 365:
Figure 7.4 Distribution and Relativ
Page 366 and 367:
Other pressures that threaten to al
Page 368 and 369:
list, suggesting that he failed to
Page 370 and 371:
Introduction California Gull Larus
Page 372 and 373:
should be maintained as nesting hab
Page 374 and 375:
Colony Site Status Colony Site Stat
Page 376 and 377:
cury in eggs of coastal terns and h
Page 378 and 379:
In addition to the colonies at Broo
Page 380 and 381:
Peterson, R.T. 1990. A field guide
Page 382 and 383:
Habitat Use and Behavior California
Page 384 and 385:
Description The burrowing owl is a
Page 386 and 387:
owls in central California in 1991.
Page 388 and 389:
Predators - There is little direct
Page 390 and 391:
lowthroat, and salt marsh yellowthr
Page 392 and 393:
the older and higher parts of marsh
Page 394 and 395:
Conservation and Management The loc
Page 396 and 397:
mately seven inches spread) and lon
Page 398 and 399:
color-band 33, plus 13 juveniles; m
Page 400 and 401:
Table 7.8 Key Habitats Usage by Thr
Page 402 and 403:
sinuous natural channels with their
Page 404 and 405:
2. Expand any of the areas listed u
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value, and might even be found to e
Page 408 and 409:
Species October-November 1980 (n=7)
Page 410 and 411:
different five species comprised 81
Page 412 and 413:
instead of “ N” as prefix for t
Page 414 and 415:
ased on a map from the Cargill Salt
Page 416 and 417:
have been observed flying on nearly
Page 418 and 419:
Island hill, which is surrounded by
Page 420 and 421:
Large numbers of this species have
Page 422 and 423:
are thus presumably alaudinus) thro
Page 424 and 425:
Appendix A Author Contact Informati
Page 426 and 427:
David G. Ainley H.T. Harvey and Ass
Page 428 and 429:
Michael F. McGowan San Francisco St
Page 430 and 431:
NOTES
Page 432 and 433:
NOTES
Page 434 and 435:
This report is printed with soybean
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