Species and Community Profiles - San Francisco Estuary ...

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ased on a map from the Cargill Salt 1998-1999 Completion Report. Chapter 7 — Other Birds of the Baylands Ecosystem 393 Other Birds
Other Birds ing Program. This program encompases areas around the Bay south of the San Mateo Bridge, and includes all of the nesting herons and egrets (and a few white-faced ibises) and all of the gulls and terns. Yearly reports (e.g., Layne 1995) are made to the NWR as to the locations and numbers of nests or birds in each colony and for some years some data regarding success. Trends in total numbers and some colonies of herons and egrets for the first 15 years were analyzed by Ryan (1998) for all habitats, including the few in salt ponds. Use of Salt Ponds by Some Key Bird Species The following sections summarize information on the use of salt ponds by 16 of the 24 bird species that were selected by the “ Other Birds” Focus Team as representative of our group of species. The summaries are based on information from each of the above-mentioned reports, plus from my own memory based on over 30 years of experience with birds on salt ponds (mostly in the Hayward to Fremont area). The literature makes frequent reference to “ low,” “ medium,” and “ high-salinity” evaporators or salt ponds. Herein, I use the terms “ salt ponds” and “ evaporators” interchangeably, unless specific reference is made to crystallizers or pickle ponds, and I omit bittern ponds entirely because of their exceedingly low habitat value for any birds. My “ low salinity” pond category includes ponds with apparently higher fish populations than any west of Coyote Hills, and thus also encompasses high-fish ponds (intake ponds or the next few in long strings of evaporators), such as those sampled for fish by Lonzarich (1989). The “ high-salinity” category also is extended at least by several ponds from what was considered to be that category by Swarth et al. (1982); but my “ mediumsalinity” ponds encompass the same range as theirs and a bit more on each end. In the future, a thorough analysis of data over the whole range of salinities might justify recognizing as many as five salinity categories rather than three. Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) – Abundant on medium or medium-high saline evaporators from October through April, and present in lesser numbers in late August through September and in May. Anderson (1970) reported a maximum count of 6,330 in November on his “ ponds with high-salinity” . Swarth et al. (1982) reported their maximum of 5,565 in April 1980, but numbers the following spring were below 3,200. They had average counts of 500 and about 1,950 in November of the two successive years, and a very few were found through the summer. Correlation of eared grebe November-April numbers per 10 hectares in each of the 11 ponds in the same study was strongly correlated (at p
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S Baylands Ecosystem pecies and Com
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To order additional copies of this
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Editor Authors Report Production Cr
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Contents Credits ..................
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f. Inchworm Moth (Perizoma custodia
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7. Bayland Birds Other than Shorebi
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1. Plant Communities List of Tables
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1. Plant Communities List of Figure
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Figure 5.6 North American River Ott
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T Introduction he San Francisco Bay
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Plants of Shallow Subtidal Habitat
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Table 1.1 Acreage of Individual Eel
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Laura Hanson Zostera marina plants,
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Jones and Stokes Associates, Inc. 1
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Introduction Tidal Marsh Plants of
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Peter Baye Pickleweed (Salicornia v
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dom occur in the middle salt marsh
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dance (common to co-dominant) inclu
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Peter Baye Regionally rare smooth g
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Peter Baye The southern-most popula
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ally been designed for wildlife spe
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Table 1.3 Historic Changes in the D
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Table 1.3 (continued) Historic Chan
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Skinner, M.W. and B.M. Pavlick. 199
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dominated plains with fringes of co
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pulcher), purslane (Sesuvium verruc
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particularly where disturbance has
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jacent to the Bay at one site (Zent
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Plants of San Francisco Bay Salt Po
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trated solution of sodium chloride,
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extent of salt ponds in the souther
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Plant Communities Ecotonal to the B
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The geologic factor that most influ
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most of its characteristic species.
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gen content from low to relatively
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sites for valley oak reproduction b
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tive Eichornia crassipes is importa
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Table 1.4 Rare Plant Species* Found
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Table 1.4 (continued) Rare Plant Sp
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References Abbott, P. L. 1984. The
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231-241. Wieslander, A. E. and H. A
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2 Estuarine Fish and Associated Inv
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cisco Estuary. San Francisco Estuar
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Figure 2.1 Seasonal Distribution of
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flounder, English sole, Pacific tom
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of estuaries prior to spawning to a
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Rock crabs appear to be influenced
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General Information Leopard Shark T
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cific herring eggs adhere to the su
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een shown to be best for egg develo
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Sacramento Splittail General Inform
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Figure 2.4 Trends in Age-0 Splittai
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maxima ranged from 22-33° C. As fu
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to 14,000 eggs are laid per female,
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Trophic Levels Chinook salmon are p
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is 1.3-10.2 cm (0.5-10.2 in) in dia
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no. 25, Westwater Research Centre,
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General Information Steelhead Oncor
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Proximal Species Egg Predators: Fre
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or rocks, and submerged vegetation.
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populations by reducing its food su
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General Information Longfin Smelt S
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per Suisun Bay). The location of X2
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Wang, J.C.S. 1986. Fishes of the Sa
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Emmett, R.L., S.L. Stone, S.A. Hint
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Prey: Diatoms (major); diatoms, chi
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Anadromous forms typically spawn ea
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General Information Brown Rockfish
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A guide to the early life histories
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Population Status and Influencing F
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found more in upper elevations. Nei
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General Information Striped Bass Mo
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oped, but by the sixth day the yolk
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Distribution The shiner perch occur
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and dam construction, and reduced f
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fat innkeeper worm (Urechis caupo),
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General Information Bay Goby Lepido
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Commensal Hosts: Blue mud shrimp, i
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eported from Elkhorn Slough, where
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1971, Haaker 1975). California hali
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Barnett, A.M., A.E. Jahn, P.D. Sert
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(Radtke 1966, Moyle 1976); however,
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Franciscan Brine Shrimp General Inf
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California Vernal Pool Tadpole Shri
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Biology General Sample Location Fig
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dicate that this beetle was also fo
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Actual Size 2.5 mm Wes Maffei Figur
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States (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae).
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Inchworm Moth Perizoma custodiata W
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Pygmy Blue Butterfly Brephidium exi
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Summer Salt Marsh Mosquito Aedes do
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Winter Salt Marsh Mosquito Aedes sq
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eas away from their breeding sites,
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Biology Larvae usually hatch during
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Autogeny, or the development of egg
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Harwood, R.F. and N. Takata. 1965.
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Rees, D.M. and K. Onishi. 1951. Mor
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five days. The larva immediately be
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Jamieson’s Compsocryptus Wasp Com
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easily overlooked group of organism
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Figure 3.26 A Partial Web of the Or
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Figure 3.29 A Partial Web of the Or
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Table 3.10 Known Terrestrial or Sem
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California Tiger Salamander General
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overdraft (Jennings and Hayes 1994)
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Dermaptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, C
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The choruses may continue into dayl
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______. 1985. A field guide to west
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catesbeiana) and crayfish (specific
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smaller sizes and ages than females
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petology. Southwestern Herpetologis
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Current Status and Factors Influenc
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Growth and Development Unknown. If
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tral colorations in habitats occupi
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eceived and published by the Intern
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Transactions of the Western Section
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Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse Life Histo
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Conservation and Management There a
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Appendix 5.1 (continued) Important
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Life History California Vole Microt
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______. 1973. Regulation of numbers
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Many changes have taken place since
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(Grindelia humulis), California bul
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slightly differentiated populations
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1980s the California Department of
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Life History Southern Sea Otter Enh
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Life History Harbor Seal Phoca vitu
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east to Treasure Island, northwest
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south to the Gulf of California, Ba
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Life History Non-Native Predators:
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Non-Native Predator: Red Fox Vulpes
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Tule Greater White-Fronted Goose In
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trend data for selected years betwe
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Disturbance - Most Pacific Flyway t
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Introduction Mallard Anas platyrhyn
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plants, as well as agricultural was
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Introduction Northern Pintail Anas
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Figure 6.4 Maximum Counts of Northe
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most beneficial to dabbling ducks.
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December. Nearly 90% of canvasbacks
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wild celery, sago, bulrush seeds, a
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eproductive performance of canvasba
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Roosting - Surf scoters roost almos
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USF
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Central Bay - Observations of ruddy
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Introduction Western Snowy Plover C
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Disturbance - Snowy plovers are dis
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Breeding Biology - Although small n
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Conservation and Management Contami
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Recher, H.F. 1966. Some aspects of
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Black turnstones pick food from the
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guna Ojo de Liebre, Baja California
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salt evaporator ponds in the Haywar
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ange were found between sexes (Warn
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were most preferred, and salt marsh
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Introduction Long-Billed Dowitcher
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Population Trends In Florida, there
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References Avise, J.C. and R.M. Zin
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South Bay - PRBO spring count: 213.
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Hayward area sewage treatment ponds
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salt ponds in the baylands. The win
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estimate the amount of salt pond ha
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Figure 6.23 Waterfowl Use of Salt P
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Introduction 7 Other Birds of the B
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more thorough, two-year study of th
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Conservation and Management The pre
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fish are not available, brown pelic
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Carter, H.R., A.L. Sowls and M.S. R
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Bay breeding birds in 1971 (Gill 19
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Flood Control Basin. At the same ti
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Table 7.2 Estimated Breeding Pairs
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Much predation takes place during h
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ported on the importance of cordgra
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ats took 24% of eggs in 50 nests, a
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Bay. M.S. Thesis, Stanford Univ., P
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
Page 364 and 365: Figure 7.4 Distribution and Relativ
Page 366 and 367: Other pressures that threaten to al
Page 368 and 369: list, suggesting that he failed to
Page 370 and 371: Introduction California Gull Larus
Page 372 and 373: should be maintained as nesting hab
Page 374 and 375: Colony Site Status Colony Site Stat
Page 376 and 377: cury in eggs of coastal terns and h
Page 378 and 379: In addition to the colonies at Broo
Page 380 and 381: Peterson, R.T. 1990. A field guide
Page 382 and 383: Habitat Use and Behavior California
Page 384 and 385: Description The burrowing owl is a
Page 386 and 387: owls in central California in 1991.
Page 388 and 389: Predators - There is little direct
Page 390 and 391: lowthroat, and salt marsh yellowthr
Page 392 and 393: the older and higher parts of marsh
Page 394 and 395: Conservation and Management The loc
Page 396 and 397: mately seven inches spread) and lon
Page 398 and 399: color-band 33, plus 13 juveniles; m
Page 400 and 401: Table 7.8 Key Habitats Usage by Thr
Page 402 and 403: sinuous natural channels with their
Page 404 and 405: 2. Expand any of the areas listed u
Page 406 and 407: value, and might even be found to e
Page 408 and 409: Species October-November 1980 (n=7)
Page 410 and 411: different five species comprised 81
Page 412 and 413: instead of “ N” as prefix for t
Page 416 and 417: have been observed flying on nearly
Page 418 and 419: Island hill, which is surrounded by
Page 420 and 421: Large numbers of this species have
Page 422 and 423: are thus presumably alaudinus) thro
Page 424 and 425: Appendix A Author Contact Informati
Page 426 and 427: David G. Ainley H.T. Harvey and Ass
Page 428 and 429: Michael F. McGowan San Francisco St
Page 430 and 431: NOTES
Page 432 and 433: NOTES
Page 434 and 435: This report is printed with soybean
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