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This is DRAFT MATERIAL for evaluation purposes only. 

The fi nal published edition will contain: 

• Chapter Self-Quizzes 

• Unit Reviews 

• Unit Self-Quizzes 

• Appendix A: 

Skills Handbook 

• Appendix B: 

What Is Science? 

• Selected Answers 

• Glossary with Pronunciation 

Guide 

• Index 

• Final Art & Photographs 

(In the pre-publication 

edition “FPO” and “T/K” 

means For Placement Only.) 

See Unit D: Climate Change on pages 310 to 453 

to preview all unit features.

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) Hazardous Household Product Symbols (HHPS) 

compressed 

gas 

flammable and 

combustible 

material 

oxidizing 

material 

corrosive 

material 

Practice Safe Science in the Classroom 

Be Science Ready CSH-F01-SHOS10SB.ai 

Safe Science in the Classroom Act Responsibly 

• Come prepared with your textbook, • Do not enter a laboratory CSH-F05-SHOS10SB.ai 

unless • Pay attention to your own safety and 

notebook, pencil, and anything else a teacher is present, or you have the safety of others. 

you need. 

permission to do so. 

• Know the location of MSDS (Material 

• Tell your teacher about any allergies • Listen to your teacher’s directions. Safety Data Sheet) information, 

or medical problems. 

Read written instructions. Follow exits, and all safety equipment, such 

• Keep yourself and your work area tidy 

and clean. Keep aisles clear. 

them carefully. 

• Ask your teacher for directions if you 

as the first aid kit, fire blanket, fire 

extinguisher, and eyewash station. 

are not sure what to do. 

• Alert your teacher immediately if you 

see a safety hazard, such as broken 

glass, a spill, or unsafe behaviour. 

• Keep your clothing and hair out of 

the way. Roll up your sleeves, tuck 

in loose clothing, and tie back loose 

hair. Remove any loose jewellery. 

• Wear closed shoes (not sandals). 

• Do not wear contact lenses while 

doing investigations. 

• Read all written instructions carefully 

before you start an activity or 

investigation. 

dangerously 

reactive material 

biohazardous 

infectious material 

poisonous and 


causing immediate 

and serious toxic 

effects 

• Wear eye protection or other safety 

equipment when instructed by your 

teacher. 

• Never change anything, or start an 

activity or investigation on your own, 

without your teacher’s approval. 

• Get your teacher’s approval before 

you start an investigation that you 

have designed yourself. 

Symbol Danger 

Explosive 

Corrosive 

Flammable 

poisonous and 


causing other 

toxic effects CSH-F02-SHOS10SB.ai 

Poisonous 

CSH-F03-SHOS10SB.ai 

CSH-F04-SHOS10SB.ai 

This container can explode if it is 

heated or punctured. 

This product will burn skin or eyes on 

contact, or throat and stomach 

if swallowed. 

This product, or its fumes, will catch 

fire easily if exposed to heat, flames, 

or sparks. 

Licking, eating, drinking, or 

sometimes smelling, this product is 

likely to cause illness or death. 

• Stand while handling equipment and 

materials. 

• Avoid sudden or rapid motion in the 

laboratory, especially near chemicals 

or sharp instruments. 

• Never eat, drink, or chew gum in the 

laboratory. 

• Do not taste, touch, or smell any 

substance in the laboratory unless 

your teacher asks you to do so. 

• Clean up and put away any equipment 

after you are finished. 

• Wash your hands with soap and 

water at the end of each activity 

or investigation.

Grade 10 Author Team 

Christine Adam-Carr 

Ottawa Catholic School Board 

Martin Gabber 

Formerly of Durham District 

School Board 

Christy Hayhoe 

Science Writer and Editor 

Douglas Hayhoe, Ph.D. 

Department of Education, 

Tyndale University College 

Katharine Hayhoe, B.Sc., M.S., 

Professor, Department of Geosciences, 

Texas Tech University 

Milan Sanader, B.Sc., B.Ed., M.Ed 

Department Head of Science, 

Holy Name of Mary Catholic 

Secondary School 

Senior Program Consultant 

Maurice DiGiuseppe, Ph.D. 

University of Ontario Institute 

of Technology (UOIT) 

Formerly of Toronto Catholic 

District School Board 

Program Consultants 

Doug Fraser 

District School Board 

Ontario North East 

Martin Gabber 

Formerly of Durham District 

School Board 

Douglas Hayhoe, Ph.D. 

Department of Education, 

Tyndale University College 

Jeff Major, M.Ed. 

Thames Valley District 

School Board

Senior Program Consultant 

Maurice DiGiuseppe 

Program Consultants 

Doug Fraser 

Martin Gabber 

Doug Hayhoe 

Jeff Major 

Vice President, Publishing 

Janice Schoening 

General Manager, Mathematics, 

Science, and Technology 

Lenore Brooks 

Publisher, Science 

John Yip-Chuck 

Associate Publisher, Science 

David Spiegel 

Managing Editor, Development 

Susan Ball 

National Director of Research 

and Teacher In-Service, 

Nelson Education Ltd. 

Jennette MacKenzie 

General Manager, Marketing, 

Math, Science, and Technology 

Paul Masson 

Product Manager 

Lorraine Lue 

Secondary Sales Specialist 

Rhonda Sharpe 

Program Manager 

Julia Lee 

Project Managers 

Christina D’Alimonte 

Sarah Tanzini 

CoPyRIGhT © 2010 by 


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Nelson Science Perspectives 10 

Evaluation Copy 

Authors 


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Katharine Hayhoe 

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REVIEWERS 

Accuracy Reviewers 

Andrew P. Dicks, Ph.D. 

Senior Lecturer, Department of 

Chemistry, University of Toronto 

Michelle French, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. 

Lecturer, Department of Cell and 

Systems Biology, University of 

Toronto 

William Gough, 

Professor of Environmental Science, 

University of Toronto 

Dr. Elizabeth L. Irving, O.D., Ph.D. 

Canada Research Chair in Animal 

Biology 

Associate Professor, School of 

Optometry, University of Waterloo 

Meredith White-McMahon, Ph.D. 

St. James-Assiniboia School Division 

Assessment Consultant 

Damian Cooper 

Nelson Education Author 

Catholicity Reviewer 

Ted Laxton 

Wellington Catholic DSB 

Environmental Education 

Consultant 

Allan Foster, Ed.D., Ph.D. 

Working Group on Environmental 

Education, Ontario 

Former Director of Education, 

Kortright Centre for Conservation 

ESL/Culture Consultant 

Vicki Lucier, B.A., B.Ed., Adv. Ed. 

ESL/Culture Consultant, Simcoe 

County DSB 

Literacy Consultants 

Jill Foster 

English/Literacy Facilitator, 

Durham DSB 

Jennette MacKenzie 

National Director of Research 

and Teacher In-Service, 


Michael Stubitsch 

Education Consultant 

Numeracy Consultant 

Justin DeWeerdt 

Curriculum Consultant, Trillium 

Lakelands DSB 

NEL 

Safety Consultant 

Jim Agban 

Past Chair, Science Teachers’ 

Association of Ontario (STAO) 

Safety Committee 

STSE Consultant 

Joanne Nazir 

Ontario Institute for Studies in 

Education (OISE), University of 

Toronto 

Technology/ICT Consultant 

Luciano Lista, BA. B.Ed., MA 

Academic Information Communication 

Technology Consultant 

Online Learning Principal, Toronto 

Catholic DSB 

Advisory Panel and Teacher 

Reviewers 

Aaron Barry, M.B.A., B.Sc., B.Ed. 

Sudbury Catholic DSB 

Christopher Bonner 

Ottawa Catholic DSB 

Charles J. Cohen 

Community Hebrew Academy of 

Toronto 

Jeff Crowell 

Halton Catholic DSB 

Tim Currie 

Bruce Grey Catholic DSB 

Lucille Davies 

Limestone DSB 

Greg Dick 

Waterloo Region DSB 

Matthew Di Fiore 

Dufferin-Peel Catholic DSB 

Ed Donato 

Simcoe Muskoka Catholic DSB 

Dave Doucette 

York Region DSB 

Chantal D’Silva 

Toronto Catholic DSB 

Naomi Epstein 

Community Hebrew Academy of 

Toronto 

Xavier Fazio 

Faculty of Education, Brock University 

Daniel Gajewski 

Ottawa Catholic DSB 

Stephen Haberer 

Limestone DSB 

Kingston Collegiate and Vocational 

Institute, Faculty of Education, 

Queen’s University 

Shawna Hopkins 

Niagara DSB 

Chris Howes 

Durham DSB 

Janet Johns 

Upper Canada DSB 

Michelle Kane 

York Region DSB 

Dennis Karasek 

Thames Valley DSB 

Roche Kelly 

Durham DSB 

Mark Kinoshita 

Toronto DSB 

Emma Kitchen 

Near North DSB 

Stephanie Lobsinger-Rayson 

Greater Essex DSB 

Alistair MacLeod 

Limestone DSB 

Doug McCallion 

Halton Catholic DSB 

Nadine Morrison 

Hamilton-Wentworth DSB 

Dermot O’Hara 

Toronto Catholic DSB 

Mike Pigeon 

Toronto DSB 

William J.F. Prest 

Rainbow DSB 

Mike Sipos, B.Ph.Ed., B.Ed. 

Sudbury Catholic DSB 

Charles Stewart 

Peel DSB 

Richard Towler 

Peel DSB 

Carl Twiddy 

Formerly of York Region DSB 

Ron Ricci 

Greater Essex DSB 

Charles Stewart 

Peel DSB 

Jim Young 

Limestone DSB 

Reviewers iii

Contents 

Discover Your Textbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii 

unIt a: IntroduCtIon to sCIEntIfIC 

InvEstIgatIon skIlls and CarEEr 

ExploratIon ...................2 

Focus on STSE: Science and Your Life . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Chapter 1 

Living and Working with Science . . . . . . . . 4 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Engage in Science: A Breath of Fresh Air! . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

Focus on Reading: How to Read Non-Fiction Texts . . . . . .7 

1.1 Skills of Scientific Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 

Try This: Identifying Variables and 

Making Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

Try This: Analyze Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 

Try This: Getting Your Message Across . . . . .15 

1.2 Scientific Literacy for Living and 

Working in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

Key Concepts Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

unIt B: tIssuEs, organs, and 

systEms of lIvIng thIngs . . . . . . 20 

Focus on STSE: Medical Technology . . . . . . . . . . 21 

Unit B Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 

Unit Task Preview: Family Health Supporter . . . 22 

What Do You Already Know? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 

Chapter 2 

Cells, Cell Division, and Cell 

Specialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

Engage in Science: You Can Make a Difference . . . . . . .26 

What Do You Think? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 

Focus on Reading: Making Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 

2.1 Plant and Animal Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 

Tech Connect: Seeing Inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 

2.2 pErform an aCtIvIty: 

Observing Plant and Animal Cells . . . . . . . . . 34 

2.3 The Importance of Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . .36 

2.4 ConduCt an InvEstIgatIon: 

What Limits Cell Size? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 

2.5 The Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 

Try This: Identify the Phases 

of Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 

Awesome Science: Aging: It Is in Our Cells . . . . . . . . . . 45 


Observing Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 

2.7 Cell Division Going Wrong: Cancer . . . . . . . .48 

Research This: Cancer Screening and 

Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 

Citizen Action: Cancer Education 

and Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 


Comparing the Rate of Cell Division in 

Cancerous and Normal Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 

2.9 Specialized Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 


Observing Specialized Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 

Key Concepts Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 

What Do You Think Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 

Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 

Chapter 2 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 

iv Contents NEL

Chapter 3 

Animal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 

Engage in Science: Trachea Transplant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 

What Do You Think? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

Focus on Writing: Writing to Describe 

and Explain Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 

3.1 The Hierarchy of Structure in Animals . . . . . 73 

3.2 Stem Cells and Cellular Differentiation . . . . . 77 

Research This: Stem Cell Research 

in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 

3.3 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 

3.4 The Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 

Try This: Examining Blood Vessels . . . . . . . . 85 

Research This: Problems in the 

Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 


Studying the Organ Systems of a Frog . . . . . . 88 

Science Works: West Nile Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 

3.6 The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 

Research This: Canadians in Science . . . . . . .95 

3.7 Organ Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 

Research This: The Ethics of 

Xenotransplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 

3.8 The Musculoskeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 


Investigating Structure and Function 

of Tissues in a Chicken Wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 

3.10 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 

Try This: Mapping Sensory Receptors . . . . .105 

Research This: DNA Screening . . . . . . . . . . .107 

3.11 The Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 

Research This: Sports Drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 

3.12 The Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 

Research This: Cloning Animals . . . . . . . . . 111 

Tech Connect: Monitoring the Health 

of an Unborn Baby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 

3.13 ExplorE an IssuE CrItICally: 

To Immunize or Not to Immunize? . . . . . . .113 

Key Concepts Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 

NEL 

What Do You Think Now? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 

Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 

Chapter 3 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 

Chapter 4 

Plant Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 

Engage in Science: Plant Tissues: 

Something to Chew On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 

What Do You Think? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 

Focus on Reading: Asking Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 

4.1 Systems in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 

4.2 Plant Tissue Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 

Research This: When Plants 

Get Sick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 


Transgenic Plant Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 

4.4 Tissues Working Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 

Try This: Your Own Guard Cells . . . . . . . . . 138 


Plant Cells and Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 

Science Works: For the Love of Plants: 

The Royal Botanical Gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 

4.6 Plant Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 





Unit B Looking Back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 

Make a Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 

Career Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 

Unit B Task: Family Health Supporter . . . . .156 

Unit B Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 

Unit B Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 

Contents v

unIt C: ChEmICal rEaCtIons . . . . 166 

Focus on STSE: Aspirin and Heroin . . . . . . . . . . 167 

Unit C Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 

Unit Task Preview: Acid Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 

What Do You Already Know? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 

Chapter 5 

Chemicals and Their Properties . . . . . . . 170 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 

Engage in Science: Space Elevator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 


Focus on Writing: Writing a Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 

5.1 Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 

Citizen Action: Cadmium Cleanout . . . . . .176 

Research This: Chemicals for Your Hair . . .177 

Science Works: Processing Hazardous Waste . . . . . . .179 


Identifying Physical and Chemical 

Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 

5.3 Hazardous Products and Workplace 

Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 

Research This: Which Bleach Is Best? . . . . . 183 

5.4 Patterns and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . 184 

5.5 Atoms and Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 

Try This: Halt the Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 

5.6 Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 

Try This: Testing for Electrolytes . . . . . . . . .194 

5.7 Names and Formulas of Ionic 

Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 

Try This: Two Shades of Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 


Chlorine Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 

5.9 Polyatomic Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 

5.10 Molecules and Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . 206 

Try This: Molecular Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 

Research This: Slicks from Ships . . . . . . . . .211 


Properties of Ionic and Molecular 

Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 





vi Contents NEL

Chapter 6 

Chemicals and Their Reactions . . . . . . . . 220 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 

Engage in Science: The Mint–Cola Fountain . . . . . . . . 222 


Focus on Reading: Making Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 

6.1 Describing Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . .225 


Is Mass Gained or Lost During a 

Chemical Reaction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 

6.3 Conserving Mass in Chemical 

Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 

Try This: Modelling Balanced Chemical 

Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 

6.4 Information in Chemical Equations . . . . . . .233 

Research This: Gas Furnace Technician . . .236 

6.5 Types of Chemical Reactions: 

Synthesis and Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . .237 

Research This: Proposal to Ban 

Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 

6.6 Types of Chemical Reactions: Single 

and Double Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 

Research This: When Gold Loses Its 

Glitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 


Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions . . . 244 


Displacement Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 

6.9 Types of Chemical Reactions: 

Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 

Citizen Action: Carbon Monoxide 

Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 

Research This: Firefighting with an 

MSDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 

6.10 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 

Awesome Science: Poisonous Jewellery . . . . . . . . . . .255 





NEL 

Chapter 7 

Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 

Engage in Science: The Greening of Sudbury . . . . . . . .264 


Focus on Writing: Writing a Science Report . . . . . . . . . 266 


Classifying Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 

7.2 Properties, Names, and Formulas . . . . . . . . .268 

7.3 The pH Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 

Try This: Visualize the pH Scale . . . . . . . . . .273 


The pH of Household Substances . . . . . . . . . 276 

7.5 Neutralization Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 

Try This: Neutralize It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 


Analyzing an Acid Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 


Minimizing Risk for a Community . . . . . . . 283 

Awesome Science: Painting Out Pollution . . . . . . . . . .284 

7.8 Acid Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 

Tech Connect: Scrubbers: Antacids for 

Smokestacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 





Unit C Looking Back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 

Make a Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 

Career Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 

Unit C Task: Acid Shock: 

A Silent Killer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 

Unit C Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 

Unit C Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 

Contents vii

unIt d: ClImatE ChangE . . . . . . . 310 

Focus on STSE: Who Is to Blame? . . . . . . . . . . . 311 

Unit D Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 

Unit Task Preview: Global Climate Change . . .312 


Chapter 8 

Earth’s Climate System and Natural 

Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 

Engage in Science: Evidence of a Different 

Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 


Focus on Reading: Finding the Main Idea . . . . . . . . . . .318 

8.1 Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 

8.2 Classifying Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 

Research This: Classify Your Climate . . . . . 324 

8.3 The Sun Powers Earth’s Climate 

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 

Try This: Testing A Model of 

The Earth−Sun Energy System . . . . . . . . . . . 327 

8.4 Components of Earth’s Climate System . . . . 330 

Research This: Smog Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 


Comparing Canadian Climates . . . . . . . . . . .336 

8.6 The Greenhouse Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 

Try This: How Tiny Concentrations 

Can Make a Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 


Modelling the Greenhouse Effect . . . . . . . . .343 

8.8 Energy Transfer within the Climate 

System: Air and Ocean Circulation . . . . . . . .344 

Try This: Examine Air and 

Water Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 

8.9 Long-Term and Short-Term Changes 

in Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 

Research This: El Niño . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352 

Try This: Exploring the Sun’s Energy 

Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353 

Science Works: Lake Agassiz: Studying 

Past Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354 

8.10 Feedback Loops and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . .355 

Try This: Testing the Albedo Effect . . . . . . . 356 

8.11 Studying Clues to Past Climates . . . . . . . . . .358 

Try This: Ancient Climates in Arctic 

Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 





viii Contents NEL

Chapter 9 

Earth’s Climate: Out of Balance . . . . . . . 368 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 

Engage in Science: Changing Our Lives . . . . . . . . . . . .370 


Focus on Reading: Summarizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 

9.1 Evidence of a Changing Climate . . . . . . . . . 373 

Try This: Calculate Sea Level Rise . . . . . . . . 375 

Research This: Is Climate Change 

Always Bad? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 

Tech Connect: Using Satellites to Monitor Earth . . . . . . 379 


Analyzing Sea Ice Extent for Evidence 

of Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380 


Thermal Expansion and Sea Level . . . . . . . . .382 

9.4 Greenhouse Gases: Changing the 

Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 

Try This: Comparing Carbon 

Dioxide Concentrations with 

Global Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 

9.5 Canadian Emissions of Greenhouse 

Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390 

9.6 Computer Modelling: Evidence that 

Human Activity Is Causing Current 

Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 





Chapter 10 

Assessing and Responding to Climate 

Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 

Engage in Science: Green Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . 404 


Focus on Reading: Synthesizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406 

10.1 Climate Models and Clean Energy . . . . . . . . 407 

Try This: Estimate Ontario’s Future 

Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 

NEL 

10.2 Global Impacts of Climate Change . . . . . . . 412 

Research This: Controversy about 

Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 

Research This: Competition for the 

Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416 

Citizen Action: How Can We Protect 

the Arctic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 

Awesome Science: Geoengineering to 

Combat Climate Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 

10.3 Impacts of Climate Change on 

Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419 

10.4 Taking Action to Limit Climate 

Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 

Research This: Greenhouse Gas 

Emissions in Your Community . . . . . . . . . . . 426 

10.5 What Can Individuals Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 

Research This: Buying ENERGY STAR 

Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429 

Research This: Eating Local . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430 

Citizen Action: Everyone Can Make a 

Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 


Taking Action on Climate Change 

Now or Later? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 



Chapter 10 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 

Chapter 10 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440 

Unit D Looking Back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 

Make a Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 

Career Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 

Unit D Task: Global Climate Change . . . . . .444 

Unit D Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 

Unit D Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452 

Contents ix

unIt E: lIght and gEomEtrIC 

optICs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 

Focus on STSE: Window on the World . . . . . . . 455 

Unit E Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456 

Unit Task Preview: Building an Optical 

Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456 


Chapter 11 

The Production and Reflection 

of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 

Engage in Science: The LASER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 


Focus on Writing: Writing Persuasive Text . . . . . . . . . . .462 

11.1 What Is Light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463 

Research This: Protecting Yourself 

from the Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465 

Try This: Viewing the Visible Spectrum . . . 467 

11.2 How Is Light Produced? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 

Citizen Action: Thinking for the Future . . . 473 

Try This: Glowing with Light . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 

Try This: Eating Candy for the Sake 

of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475 

11.3 The Laser—A Special Type of Light . . . . . . . 477 

Research This: Lasers for Different Uses . . .478 

11.4 The Ray Model of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 

Try This: Seeing the Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 


Reflecting Light Off a Plane Mirror . . . . . . . 482 

11.6 The Laws of Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 

Try This: Reflecting Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484 

Try This: Retro-Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 

Tech Connect: Cleaning with Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 

11.7 Images in Plane Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488 

Try This: Writing Reflectively . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 

Try This: Producing Images, and More 

Images, and More Images … . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 


Locating Images in a Plane Mirror . . . . . . . . 494 

11.9 Images in Curved Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 


Locating Images in Curved Mirrors . . . . . . . 502 





Chapter 12 

The Refraction of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 

Engage in Science: From Earth to the 

Moon and Back! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 


Focus on Reading: Evaluating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514 

12.1 What Is Refraction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 

Try This: Explore with Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 

Try This: Examine Light in a Window . . . . .518 


The Path of Light—From Air into 

Acrylic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .520 


The Refraction of Light through 

Different Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 

12.4 The Index of Refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 

12.5 Total Internal Reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526 


Measuring the Critical Angle for 

Various Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 

Science Works: Hiding in Plain Sight— 

The Invisibility Cloak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534 

12.7 Phenomena Related to Refraction . . . . . . . . .535 

Research This: Other Atmospheric 

Optical Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 





x Contents NEL

Chapter 13 

Lenses and Optical Devices . . . . . . . . . . . 546 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 

Engage in Science: Checking the Facts in Fiction . . . . 548 


Focus on Writing: Writing a Critical Analysis . . . . . . . . .550 

13.1 Lenses and the Formation of Images . . . . . . 551 


Locating Images in Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 

13.3 Images in Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 

Try This: Investigate the Rectangular 

Prism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 

13.4 The Lens Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 

13.5 Lens Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567 

Awesome Science: The Einstein Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 

13.6 The Human Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 

Try This: Discover Your Blind Spot . . . . . . . 573 

Research This: Other Vision Problems . . . . 577 


Laser Eye Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578 


NEL 




Unit E Looking Back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 

Make a Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587 

Career Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587 

Unit E Task: Building an Optical 

Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588 

Unit E Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590 

Unit E Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596 

Appendix A: Skills Handbook . . . . . . . . . 598 

Appendix B: What Is Science? 

Answers 

Glossary 

Index 

Credits 

Contents xi

Discover Your Textbook 

This textbook will be your guide to the exciting world of science. On the following 

pages is a tour of important features that you will find inside. GET READY includes 

all of the features of the introductory material that come before you begin each unit 

and chapter. GET INTO IT shows you all the features within each chapter. Finally, 

WRAP IT UP shows you the features at the end of each chapter and unit. 

Get Ready 

Unit Opener 

Each of the five units has a 

letter and a title. Use the photo 

to help you predict what you 

might be learning in the unit. 

Overall Expectations 

The Overall Expectations 

describe what you should be 

able to do after completing 

the unit. 

Big Ideas 

The Big Ideas summarize 

the concepts you need to 

remember after you complete 

the unit. 

Unit Task Preview 

Find out about the Unit Task 

that you will complete at the 

end of each unit. 

Unit Task Bookmark 

When you see the Unit Task 

Bookmark, think about how the 

section relates to the Unit Task. 

Assessment Box 

The Assessment Box tells you 

how you will demonstrate what 

you have learned by the end of 

the unit. 

Concept Map 

The Concept Map is a description of the 

topics, connected to picture clues, to help you 

predict what you will be learning in the unit. 

Focus on STSE 

These articles introduce 

real-world connections to the 

science topics you will be 

learning in the unit. 

What Do You 

Already Know? 

This section gives you a list of concepts and 

skills you developed in previous grades that 

you will need to be successful as you work 

through the unit. Use the questions to see what 

you already know before you start the unit. 

xii Discover Your Textbook NEL

Chapter Opener 

Each Chapter has a number, 

title, and a Key Question which 

you should be able to answer 

by the end of the chapter. 

Engage in 

Science 

These articles 

connect the topics 

you will learn in 

the chapter to 

interesting real-world 

developments in 

science. 

NEL 

Focus on Reading/ 

Focus on Writing 

These reading and writing 

strategies help you learn 

science concepts and develop 

literacy skills in preparation for 

the OSSLT. 

Reading/Writing Tip 

Reading Tips suggest reading 

comprehension strategies 

to help you understand the 

science concepts presented in 

the text. Writing Tips provide 

suggestions to help you 

improve your writing skills. 

Key Concepts 

The Key Concepts 

feature outlines the 

main ideas and skills 

you will learn in the 

chapter. 

What Do You Think? 

Using what you already know, 

form an opinion by agreeing or 

disagreeing with statements 

that connect to ideas that will 

be introduced in the chapter. 

Discover Your Textbook xiii

Get Into It 

Vocabulary 

You will learn many new terms as you work 

through the chapter. These key terms are in 

bold print. Their definitions can be found in the 

margins and in the Glossary at the back of the 

book. 

Sample Problems and 

Communication Examples 

This feature shows you how to solve numerical 

problems using the GRASS method. Make sure 

to check your learning by completing Practice 

problems. Communication Examples are an 

opportunity to follow the steps of the Sample 

Problem to make sure you understand the 

process. 

Learning Tip 

Learning Tips are useful 

strategies to help you learn new 

ideas and make sense of what 

you are reading. 

Career Link 

The Career icon lets you know 

that you can visit the Nelson 

Science website to learn about 

science-related careers. 

Try This 

These are quick, fun activities 

designed to help you 

understand concepts and 

improve your science skills. 

Safety Precautions 

Look for these warnings about 

potential safety hazards in 

investigations and activities. 

They will be in red print with a 

safety icon. 

xiv Discover Your Textbook NEL

Did You Know? 

Read interesting facts 

about real-world 

events that relate to 

the topics you are 

learning. 

NEL 

Research This 

These research-based activities 

will help you relate science and 

technology to the world around you 

and improve your critical thinking 

and decision-making skills. 

Magazine Features 

Look for these special feature 

sections in each unit to learn 

about exciting developments in 

science, cool new technology, 

career links, or how science 

relates to your everyday life. 

Citizen Action 

These activities encourage 

you to be a good citizen and 

a steward of the environment 

by taking action in the world 

around you. 

Unit Task Bookmark 

This icon lets you know that 

the concepts you learned in 

the section will help you to 

complete the Unit Task. 

In Summary 

At the end of each content 

section, this quick summary 

of the main ideas will help you 

review what you learned. 

Check Your Learning 

Complete these questions at the end of each 

content section to make sure you understand 

the concepts you have just learned. 

OSSLT Icon 

This icon lets you know that the 

material will help you develop 

literacy skills in preparation for 

the OSSLT. 

Discover Your Textbook xv

Perform an Activity 

These are hands-on activities 

that allow you to observe the 

science that you are learning. 

Skills Menu 

The Skills Menu in each activity 

lists the skills that you will use 

to solve the problem or reach a 

conclusion. 

Explore an Issue 

Critically 

These activities allow you 

to examine social and 

environmental issues related to 

the unit and encourage you to 

make a difference in your own 

community by taking action. 

Conduct an 

Investigation 

These experimental 

investigations are an 

opportunity for you to develop 

science process skills. 

Skills Handbook Icon 

This icon directs you to 

the section of the Skills 

Handbook that contains helpful 

information and tips. 

Weblink 

When you see this weblink 

icon, you can visit the Nelson 

Science website to learn more 

about the topic, watch a video, 

do an online activity, or take 

a quiz. 

xvi Discover Your Textbook NEL

Wrap It Up 

Key Concepts 

Summary 

The Key Concepts 

Summary feature 

outlines the main 

ideas and skills you 

learned in the chapter. 

Chapter Review 

Complete these 

questions to check 

your learning and 

apply your new 

knowledge from the 

chapter. 

Achievement 

Chart Icons 

All questions are 

tagged with icons 

that identify the types 

of knowledge and 

skills you must use to 

answer the question. 

Chapter Self- 

Quiz 

The Chapter Self-Quiz 

is a helpful tool for 

you to make sure you 

understand all the 

concepts you learned 

in the chapter. 

NEL 

What Do You Think 

Now? 

Think about what you learned 

in the chapter and consider 

whether you have changed 

your opinion by agreeing 

or disagreeing with the 

statements. 

Vocabulary 

This feature lists all the key 

terms you have learned and the 

page number where the term 

is defined. 

Big Ideas 

The checkmark indicates which 

Big Ideas were developed in the 

chapter. 

Online 

Quiz Icon 

There is an online 

study tool for each 

chapter on the Nelson 

Science website. 

Discover Your Textbook xvii

Master 

Concept Map 

This feature brings 

together the Key 

Concepts from each 

chapter to summarize 

all the main ideas in 

the unit. 

Unit Task 

Demonstrate the skills and 

knowledge you developed in 

the unit by completing the 

challenge described in the 

Unit Task. 

Skills Menu 

The Skills Menu identifies the 

skills you will use to complete 

the Unit Task. 

Unit Review 

Complete the Unit 

Review questions to 

check your learning of 

all the concepts and 

skills in the unit. 

Make a Summary 

Summarize what you 

have learned in the unit 

by completing the Make a 

Summary activity. 

Career Links 

Make connections between 

what you learned in the 

unit and future careers by 

completing the Careers Links 

activity. 

Assessment 

Checklist 

This checklist lists 

the criteria that your 

teacher will use to 

evaluate your work 

on the Unit Task. 

Read this list carefully 

before completing the 

task. 

xviii Discover Your Textbook NEL

Unit Self-Quiz 

The Unit Self-Quiz is an 

opportunity for you to make 

sure that you understand all the 

main ideas from the unit. 

Skills Handbook 

The Skills Handbook is your 

resource for useful science 

skills and information. It is 

divided into numbered sections. 

Whenever you see a Skills 

Handbook Icon, it will direct you 

to the relevant section of the 

Skills Handbook. 

NEL 

Glossary 

This is a list of all 

the key terms in 

the textbook in 

alphabetical order. Use 

the Glossary to check 

your understanding 

of any key terms you 

may need to review. 

Discover Your Textbook xix

COMPONENTS ISBN 

Student Text 978-0-17-635528-9 

Student eBook 978-0-17-635529-6 

Teacher’s Resource 978-0-17-635530-2 

ExamView ® Test Bank 978-0-17-635533-3 

Interactive Toolkit DVD 978-0-17-635532-6 

GRADE 10 AUTHOR TEAM 


Martin Gabber 


Doug Hayhoe 

Katharine Hayhoe 

Milan Sanader 

SENIOR PROGRAM CONSULTANT 

Maurice DiGiuseppe 

PROGRAM CONSULTANTS 

Doug Fraser 

Martin Gabber 

Doug Hayhoe 

Jeff Major 

Digital sample material for Science Perspectives 10 is available online. 

For more information about the program visit: 

www.nelson.com/scienceperspectives 

www.nelson.com 

To order the � nal 

Student Text, please use: 

ISBN 978-0-17-635528-9 

9 

ISBN-13 : 978-0-17-611660-6 

ISBN-10 : 0-17-611660-5 

780176 116606

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