LANDSCAPE OF THE EVERYDAY - Hochschule Anhalt
LANDSCAPE OF THE EVERYDAY - Hochschule Anhalt
LANDSCAPE OF THE EVERYDAY - Hochschule Anhalt
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
<strong>LANDSCAPE</strong> <strong>OF</strong> <strong>THE</strong> <strong>EVERYDAY</strong><br />
------Concept of City Herford 2020<br />
Xuefeng Zhang<br />
A thesis submission<br />
Master of Landscape Architecture Program (MLA)<br />
<strong>Hochschule</strong> <strong>Anhalt</strong> April 2005<br />
Tutors:<br />
Prof. Erich Buhmann<br />
Prof. Dr. Dieter Hassenpflug<br />
1
Acknowledgments<br />
The thesis behind this booklet was first formulated in the master course directed by<br />
Prof. Erich Buhmann and in the project in IFEU directed by Prof. Dr. Dieter<br />
Hassenpflug, for having instilled in me a calmness and self-confidence which,<br />
without them, I wouldn't have found. Thank also goes to Prof. Dr. Carl Steinitz and<br />
Prof. Dr. James Palmer, who helped me to resolve certain difficulties of the moment<br />
and to acquire a certain rigor. At last, I thank all the Professors and teachers who<br />
once taught me in my master course. They really gave me much powerful help.<br />
2
Declaration of Authorship<br />
I certify that the material in this Master Thesis is my own work and does not contain<br />
unacknowledged work of others<br />
1. Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly<br />
attributed.<br />
2. Where I have quoted the work of others, the source is always given. With the<br />
exception of such quotations, the work of this thesis is entirely my own.<br />
3. This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or<br />
diploma in any other institution.<br />
Xuefeng Zhang Matr. No: 2202200 Date: Signature:<br />
3
Index<br />
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................5<br />
2. <strong>LANDSCAPE</strong> <strong>OF</strong> <strong>THE</strong> <strong>EVERYDAY</strong>....................................................................7<br />
3. SPEEDSCAPE I.............................................................................................10<br />
3.1 Walking/Reading (Chinese garden)………………………………………….13<br />
3.2 Carriage/Seeing (Baroque garden)...........................................................15<br />
3.3 River/Picture (Landscape garden).............................................................17<br />
3.4 Auto/Image (Urban landscape)..................................................................19<br />
3.5 Train/Panorama (Park)..............................................................................20<br />
3.6 Plane/Identity (World Park)........................................................................22<br />
3.7 Spacecraft/Distinguishability (Mars)………................................................24<br />
4. SPEEDSCAPE II...............................................................................................25<br />
5. „INTERFACE“---HERFORD2020......................................................................26<br />
5.1 Historical Review.........................................................................................27<br />
5.2 Analysis.......................................................................................................33<br />
5.2.1 landuse & existing condition.............................................................33<br />
5.2.2 green system & open space.............................................................36<br />
5.2.3 transportation system…………………………………………………...39<br />
5.2.4 social service…………………………………………………………….46<br />
5.2.5 goals of town development……………………………………………..52<br />
5.3 <strong>THE</strong> INTERFACE---Herford 2020……………………………………………….58<br />
5.3.1 problem statement………………………………………………………58<br />
5.3.2 theoretical thinking………………………………………………………61<br />
5.3.3 strategy…………………………………………………………………...63<br />
5.3.4 conclusion………………………………………………………………..67<br />
6. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………...68<br />
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………69<br />
4
1<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
Landscape of the everyday is not the philosophical concept of anti-authority in 60’s.<br />
Therefore, it will not resist highly privileged or noble landscape garden. The thesis<br />
has no ambition to create a principle of landscape architecture; on the contrary, it<br />
comes up from phenomena and from analyzing it deeply with media of speed. The<br />
landscape comes through everyday life in different speeds; under the modernity<br />
condition, landscape and everyday life alienates each other.<br />
The first chapter of the thesis briefly describes how the everyday life of a modern<br />
individual is alienated in the high speed and high efficiency. In the second chapter,<br />
it illustrates: walking/reading (Chinese garden), carriage/seeing (Baroque garden),<br />
river/picture (Landscape garden), auto/image (urban landscape), train/panorama<br />
(Park), plane/identity (world park), and spacecraft/distinguishability (Mars). It<br />
includes different speeds, 7 space understanding modes, and 7 related cases. The<br />
purpose of the cases is not to explain how the works being constructed, but to<br />
make the phenomenon being understood more deeply. The third chapter is a short<br />
conclusion, not a theoretical conclusion but a summarization of phenomena. The<br />
study made me deeply understand the phenomena and I got lots of experience at<br />
the same time. The fourth chapter is a design achievement of the thesis: Concept<br />
of city Herford 2020. In this project, I used the material of the first 3 chapters as a<br />
theoretical background and practice it. The design tries to construct a connection<br />
between some spaces of different speeds and to solve the conflict and problems<br />
between them.<br />
5
Zeitgeist is a term from Hegel. Today, the zeitgeist is everyday life of today, which<br />
means high speed and high efficiency. And for this kind of everyday life, it is also<br />
necessary to have high-speed and high-efficiency landscape. Landscape design,<br />
once as the way to realize the worship or mimicry of nature, now under the zeitgeist,<br />
is transforming. This is the start point of think about this thesis.<br />
6
2<br />
<strong>LANDSCAPE</strong> <strong>OF</strong> <strong>THE</strong> <strong>EVERYDAY</strong><br />
A Japanese detective looks at a street guide and tries to figure out where he is in<br />
the city. He scratches his head, and looks around with a bemused expression. Is he<br />
lost? Is he looking at the wrong map? Or is it just that he doesn’t know where he is<br />
going?<br />
This scene is from London Film festival. It was called “the man without a map”. In<br />
an act of almost self conscious disavowal.<br />
Paul Virilio said, “Hand can be used to finger things, but can also be changed into a<br />
brutal and damaging instrument by way of speed and material”. Speed makes us<br />
improve the efficiency; however it makes us have to take use of machine<br />
equipments at the same time, which forces us to stay far away from natural<br />
environment. Technique, like a veil, stays always between human and nature;<br />
speed leads people to change the natural environment. People cut mountains to<br />
build railways and highways; overpasses crossing the city and huge airports<br />
distributing in suburbs become a new urban landscape. Theses large artificial<br />
landscapes transform the original topography and human’s living environment.<br />
When you go into a supermarket and buy a banana, unconsciously, you find that<br />
the banana comes from Brazil. The banana costs not much, but took a long way<br />
crossing half the global to appear in front of you, which would be unimaginable just<br />
a century before, might be thought as magic.<br />
Now, it is completely normal that some a manager of a multinational corporation<br />
7
has such a day. At 8:30 in the morning, he hurries out from his residence in Tokyo,<br />
then gets on a BMW car, and drives to his office in a high rise in the downtown;<br />
after he turns on the computer and has a video conference in internet with<br />
colleagues in other countries, he packs stuff quickly and hurries to the airport. In the<br />
two-hour-long flight to Shanghai, the manager sends messages and emails to the<br />
people all over the world. After arriving in Shanghai at 1:00 p.m, he has quickly a<br />
simple but nutritious business lunch; then he goes to inspect the branch company<br />
in Shanghai, in particular the several suitable sites for the factory extension,<br />
afterwards he has a video conference again at 5:00 p.m. Finishing all works of this<br />
day, the manager drives his TOYOTA car to look for a strange restaurant in the<br />
other side of Shanghai, since his son, who studies in the Bauhaus university<br />
(Shanghai), is waiting for him there; after a nice dinner and lots of talk with his son,<br />
he hurries again to fly back to Tokyo. Finally is he at home about 11:00 in evening,<br />
and he feels not comfortable with his stomach because of a whole day’s bustling<br />
and indisposition to the flight; “how nice if the transrapid train would be built from<br />
Tokyo, through Seoul, Beijing, and to Shanghai.” thinks he aloud in the bed.<br />
Like the banana from Brazil, people want to participate in the globalization, and<br />
share all kinds of products brought by globalization, which trains a new generation.<br />
They are eating bananas of Brazil, watching the same Hollywood film at the same<br />
time, using the IKEA furniture, and having the same exclamation to the several<br />
focus news in television: surprised, excited, angry, sad……<br />
Although human the colours, races, and languages of human are not much<br />
different from before, all the outside environment and the social conditions, that<br />
define their life, have been changing essentially so much. With same asphalt roads,<br />
same concrete buildings, and same-brand cars, the environment becomes difficult<br />
to recognize. Globalization creates also the landscape of globalization.<br />
Highways, traffic guideposts, pedestrian island, traffic lights, large advertisement<br />
boards, parking lots……these compose the landscape in our daily life. These<br />
artificial landscapes even become the basic condition of social life. Comparing with<br />
traditional landscape, it has obvious function. It was luxury of nobles in 18 th .century,<br />
8
ut now it serves the public, even has some characteristic of forcing. The beautiful<br />
natural landscape are divided or enclosed by artificial landscape with numerous<br />
reasons, appearing fragmentary.<br />
9
3<br />
SPEEDSCAPE I<br />
“In the windswept stairways of the Eiffel Tower… one meets with the fundamental<br />
aesthetic experience of present-day architecture: through the thin net of iron that<br />
hangs suspended in the air, things stream – ships, ocean, houses, masts,<br />
landscape, harbor. They lose their distinctive shape, swirl into one another as we<br />
climb downward, merge simultaneously.” Walter Benjamin (ARC, P. 459)<br />
1876 invention of clock<br />
1883 time management of industrialization<br />
1898 there were not more than 30 cars in America; ten years later, there were<br />
more than 700 factories producing cars<br />
1909 a Italian futurist announced: “we have to say, a brand-new beauty-----the<br />
beauty of speed----- is making the world more exciting. Sports car with<br />
huge exhaust pipe flying like a shrapnel, it is much more beautiful than the<br />
victory goddess”<br />
1912 the captain of Titanic tried to create a new time record of crossing the<br />
Atlantic<br />
1937 the book “weakness of humanity” was published, telling people how to make<br />
friends with others in shortest time<br />
1971 It is found in New York that accelerating the transmittance of TV advertising<br />
pictures brought better impact. Just the next day, the time of every TV<br />
10
advertisements was changed from 1 minute into 30 seconds.<br />
1980’ s FedEX came into the world in UK; however, with the fax being used widely,<br />
FedEX was too slow to wait for.<br />
1990’s it was counted that the standard business lunch took 36 minutes in US. At<br />
the same time, email was already widely be used<br />
After the industrial revolution, numerous new interesting findings and invention,<br />
numerous new interesting findings and inventions have kept increasing quickly.<br />
Now the new invented things of one year can even overstep the total sum of one<br />
thousand years in ancient time, steam engine, train, car, plane, spacecraft,<br />
telegram, telephone, fax, computer, optical fiber communication, etc.<br />
In the excellent technologic revolution, human has been overstepping his own<br />
speed, the speed of horse, the speed of river and wind, the speed of steam engine,<br />
the speed of sound, even the speed of the global. In the coming future, human is<br />
going to keep overstepping a lot of other speeds, throwing nature, even human<br />
himself backwards far away. Goods, information, thought, even body of human are<br />
transmitted and disseminated with unprecedented speeds in the space time. In this<br />
process, the speeds breaks the limitation of human.<br />
Goethe noted in his diary about traveling in Switzerland that the train make all<br />
things disappeared------the perceptual impression of typical carriage travels in 18 th .<br />
century. You may never thought about how much the everyday life has been<br />
changed with the numerous speeds in a modern city. Everyday, people cross dark<br />
tunnels, go to the office or a shopping centre from the dusky underground parking,<br />
and cross the city through different districts. Only from long distance away, one can<br />
see the whole scene of the city, its token and symbolism. However, the symbolism<br />
has been partitioned from the real function of itself, or there two functions<br />
separated from each other. Since its practical function is on the communication<br />
tunnel in the dark, this point has the most fictitious possibility, even, it can be any<br />
coordinate point in the world. It’s to use all kinds of conveyances to cross space in<br />
people’s everyday life. They are launched, like “bullet”, crossing landscapes, what<br />
11
to see and hear disappearing immediately. The traveler in the “bullet” is no traveler<br />
any more, but like a transported package.<br />
As Paul Virilio noted, what new came with speed is the alienation process. Speed<br />
kills distance, at the same time kills the experience of human and the beauty of<br />
distance. Missing the relation between the inside and the outside environment<br />
means a kind of alienation that appears parallel to the Marx so called alienation<br />
coming from the working process. Concerning the dedication ceremony of the<br />
railway from Paris to Leon, Heine Heinrich wrote in 1943, “Space is killed through<br />
the railway, what left is only time. We can also creditably kill time if we have enough<br />
money.”<br />
12
3.1 Walking / Reading (Chinese Garden)<br />
Reading is a very meticulous action, one wandering on the secluded and quiet<br />
garden path, tasting carefully the context, and visiting every surprising peaceful<br />
recess. In this process, the relationship between legs and space corresponds to the<br />
relationship between eyes and text. Space, like text, spreads page by page.<br />
Walking is direction-free, without the only axes, Forwards or backwards, is a<br />
movement to any direction. The will or interest of the visitor decides the walking<br />
direction. If necessary, one can walk back to the original place to explore again the<br />
secret which is still not clear or so nice for him; or one can just stop and sit down for<br />
a while, as people always stop occasionally to think over some sentences when<br />
reading a text, and find something in the text has touched something in the<br />
memory.<br />
Reading of space depends on the textualization of the space, which means<br />
readability and characteristic of signs. Thus the walking process becomes a<br />
reading process and an operation process of signs. Like the game of riddle<br />
involving characters, walking becomes a game of space, within which the space, in<br />
the depth of text, is getting interesting, profound, and full of mysterious principles.<br />
At the same time, too much operation of signs makes however the recession of<br />
contents, so that there are lots of spaces created, flowery but devoid of content,<br />
with too much reading technique but too little content.<br />
Reading, a test of imagination.<br />
13
The inner side of Zhuozheng Yuan<br />
Zhuozheng Yuan that situated in the city proper of Suzhou, is a representative of<br />
the classical gardening in the south of the river, and it is one of the big famous<br />
gardens in China. Originally it was a residence of a poet in Tang age, Mr Lu<br />
Gui-Meng and after then, a Private garden was built by a top cultural minister in<br />
Ming dynasty, Wang Xian-Chen in some place. The garden after construction was<br />
constantly in expansion and in fall. However, it remained a kind of lingering charm,<br />
namely plain, distant, mountain and water. The style of the garden belongs to Ming<br />
age and it is classified to big garden. It is very proper to arrange the location of the<br />
hall and courtyard which one can see in motion or look sight in making a temporary<br />
stay. The garden is divided into three parts--the east, centre, and the west. To enter<br />
the round door is the east and most of the pavilions and attics are newly<br />
construction. All cream in the garden is located in the centre part where there is a<br />
main building--Yuan Xiang Lou, and beside there, it has three small gardens that<br />
are called garden of the garden. In the west part, the Chinese duck hall and the<br />
other court-yards are built in Many intellectual's trace and calligraphy were left in<br />
the garden, where is full of the natural and humane landscape. The architecture of<br />
the hall and court-yard in the garden is magnificent and full of a various of artistic<br />
styles. The garden's reputation is over the south of the river since Ming age up to<br />
date.<br />
(Source: material of Zhuozheng Yuan came from website of Zhuozheng Yuan)<br />
14
3.2 Carriage / Seeing (Baroque Garden)<br />
Carriage plus seeing means browsing. Seeing is always an eyes action of<br />
observing the surrounding world, but without participation of consciousness. Eyes,<br />
as a pure organ, receive stimulations from outside through visual action. However<br />
one always has no critiques on it at the same time. The action of seeing is related<br />
to target, visual angle and horizon.<br />
A carriage’s march is usually going forwards in some speed in a set direction,<br />
nevertheless the visual line of the people in the carriage is always moving in the<br />
direction parallel to the horizon, which makes the surrounding space become an<br />
expansive, grand scene, different kinds of landscape, spreading along a or several<br />
axes outwards to the faraway horizon. The even speed of the carriage demands<br />
neat space distribution, a little bit faster than jogging, nevertheless it is still in some<br />
limit so that people can see the details. It’s investigated that it must be not far than<br />
20m that human can see clearly the face of the coming somebody.<br />
However it’s said by an ancient Greek mathematician that the most emotionally<br />
moving geometric forms are triangle, circle, square and rectangle, which are the<br />
basic elements forming the universal harmony. Thus the forms and structures, that<br />
are composed of these basic forms, can always be caught by eyes at the most first.<br />
Although the space of seeing seems grand and harmonious, it can never exceed<br />
the limit of horizon.<br />
15
The axis in Versailles<br />
Versailles is the most famous garden in the world. Yet ‘garden’ is scarcely a fitting<br />
designation. The scale is monumental and there is little sense of enclosure.<br />
Versailles was designed as a palatial centre of government for an absolute<br />
monarch, Louis XIV. It is resplendent as the prime example of the French Baroque<br />
style, but it is not a friendly place. ‘Overbearing’ is a common description and<br />
English critics have often been disenchanted with the place. Walpole saw Versailles<br />
as ‘the gardens of a great child’ (H&T). Avenues project from Louis XIV’s palace<br />
towards distant horizons, enfolding town, palace, garden and forest. There are<br />
imaculate parterres, great basins, an orangery, a vast collection of outdoor<br />
sculpture and some of the grandest fountains which have ever been made. The<br />
park and garden were designed by Andre Le Nôtre between 1661 and 1700. There<br />
are magnificent features: huge parterres, an orangery, famous fountains (which<br />
operate....), rich bosquets (ornamental groves), a 1.8 km cruciform canal. The<br />
Grand Trianon, another formal garden, was built on the site of a former village.<br />
Versailles also has later additions. The Petit Trianon was given to Marie-Antoinette<br />
in 1774. She favoured the irregular style, with hills, rocks and streams. The<br />
Hameau was designed in 1785, as a stage village, for Marie-Antoinette to play with<br />
her friends in the idle years before the French Revolution.<br />
(Source: material of Versailles came from website of Versailles)<br />
16
3.3 River / Picture (Landscape Garden)<br />
The river flowing windingly through numerous expansive landscapes slowly or<br />
quickly, the natural island, expansive meadow, and suddenly dense woods<br />
compose different kinds of pictures.<br />
Landscape painting, as a painting way of expressing three-dimensional substance<br />
in two-dimensional plane, tries its best to express the objectivity, i.e. to reflect the<br />
real condition of nature. The painting is usually composed of some close shot,<br />
medium shot, and long shot. It’s a imitation of nature, which is essentially a kind of<br />
technical action; in this process, only those chosen landscapes will be absorbed<br />
into the painting. A common landscape might be described however very beautiful,<br />
and yet those grand landscape, by which people are always moved deeply, usually<br />
cannot be expressed by way of painting.<br />
Vision is always about flat plane, and any deeper feeling is caused by the<br />
participation of consciousness. In the painting, a visual hallucination is created<br />
intentionally – to create a kind of three-dimensional sense of depth, with close shot<br />
and long shot. When you, sitting on a boat, go forward slowly along the river, the<br />
landscape of two side changes slowly, a crowd of grass on the bank in the close<br />
shot, a forest in the medium shot, and the wheat field and the slowing sloping<br />
horizon in the long shot; the air congeals here when you press the camera shutter<br />
quickly. A beautiful picture appears, with perfect composition and the real depth<br />
sense; but what is it exactly behind this depth sense?<br />
17
The painting of Stourhead<br />
Stourhead is the best example of a garden inspired by the great landscape painters<br />
of the seventeenth century. Ernst Gombrich suggests it should bear the signature of<br />
an Italianized French painter: Claude Lorrain (1600-82). The Stourhead garden was<br />
made by a wealthy English banker who had been buying works of art in Italy at the<br />
time he inherited the Stourhead estate. Henry Hoare II’s ‘Claudian’ garden was<br />
made in an unusually well-proportioned valley behind the house. The Temple of<br />
Flora at Stourhead was made in 1745 and the grotto in 1748. But the key date was<br />
1754, when the lake and the Pantheon were made. It is based on the Pantheon in<br />
Rome and the planned walk through the estate is based on the journey of Rome's<br />
legendry founder, Aeneas. The five-arched bridge was made in 1762 and the<br />
Temple of Apollo in 1765. Gothic features were added later in the century: Alfred’s<br />
Tower, a Rustic Cottage and a Hermitage. The Stourhead woods were<br />
underplanted with Rhododendron ponticum after 1791 and with more exotic<br />
species in the twentieth century.<br />
(Source: material of Stourhead came from website of Stourhead)<br />
18
3.4 Auto / Image (urban landscape)<br />
When you, sitting in a car, go forward fast along a road, and you keep your eyes on<br />
the car window, the outside scenery go fast backward in frond of your eyes, the<br />
images, one by one, suddenly appearing but immediately disappearing between<br />
your retina and the window. Although every image is real, it brings you a quite<br />
illusory sense; like watching a film, the acceleration or deceleration of the car is just<br />
same as the fast motion or slow motion. Although every action and the entire acting<br />
process is continuous, the images that describe different occasional events have<br />
nothing to do with each other.<br />
Speed oversteps time sometimes, bringing occasional events from different places<br />
together; speed even oversteps the content of the events, only displays the<br />
occasional forms of the events. People may be curious about them but have no<br />
time to search out their cause and effect. Space simplifies into images, not a<br />
panorama but numerous images which appearing in matrix; even the images are<br />
more important than the real event itself. At first, the image and event are produced<br />
and reproduced in their own way; then, some images combining with events, there<br />
appear the event of producing images, and the image of producing events; thus,<br />
space is occupied by images, and begins to produce events. Although the space is<br />
abstracted into flat images, it has its own organization rules. The image sparkles,<br />
keeping on producing numerous phantasm. Since the image is not lighted up by<br />
other illuminants but shines by itself, it stimulates people’s visual nerve. However, it<br />
becomes sometimes completely composed of light, making people not able to see<br />
the real aspect.<br />
19
3.5 Train / Panorama (central park)<br />
Travelling by train, for modern people, is somehow a little bit nostalgic or romantic.<br />
When sitting in the train which is going through the pastoral country landscape, you<br />
can see the extensive prairie, wheat field, blue sky…….a panorama; what you<br />
cannot see clearly are the trees and houses just beside the railway. Thus there is<br />
no close shot in the grand scene of panorama which seems always to keep some<br />
distance with and always obscure. The whole travelling process in the train from<br />
the beginning to the end constitutes a great panorama that composes a micro world,<br />
including all elements.<br />
In the panorama, all virtues of nature and the harmony between nature and human<br />
are expressed incisively and vividly. No matter what direction you are looking from,<br />
you cannot find how the train, the railway and yourself occupy the natural<br />
landscape space. Not revealing anything, not announcing anything, the panorama<br />
is a perfect replacement, like a Swiss snowing glass ball. The panorama has no<br />
real scope and depth, but bonding ability; it bonds different elements together,<br />
bonds audiences to pictures perfectly. The panorama does not follow the railway,<br />
on the contrary, the railway follows the panorama. Anyway, the only way to avoid<br />
indulging in it is to bow your head, not looking at the outside.<br />
20
The winter of Central Park<br />
Central Park was the first landscaped public park in the United States.<br />
Advocates of creating the park--primarily wealthy merchants and<br />
landowners--admired the public grounds of London and Paris and urged that<br />
New York needed a comparable facility to establish its international<br />
reputation. A public park, they argued, would offer their own families an<br />
attractive setting for carriage rides and provide working-class New Yorkers<br />
with a healthy alternative to the saloon. After three years of debate over the<br />
park site and cost, in 1853 the state legislature authorized the City of New<br />
York to use the power of eminent domain to acquire more than 700 acres of<br />
land in the centre of Manhattan.<br />
(Source: material of Central Park is wrote by Elizabeth Blackmar and Roy Rosenzweig)<br />
21
3.6 Plane / Identity (world park)<br />
The people who always come in and go out international airports must have the<br />
same experience that airports all around the world seem similar; they are all<br />
gigantic and complicated; one can hear, from the loudspeakers in every corner of<br />
the airport, the voices in English and other languages; there are full of tax-free<br />
stores, cafes, and bookstores, etc. selling fashionable clothes, magazines, makeup,<br />
wine……. The airport is like a gigantic machine, swallowing and spitting crowds;<br />
people are hurrying from here to there, and often get lost.<br />
Contrary to the colourful airport, it is always rather narrow, limited, and monotonous<br />
inside the plane. In the flight, because of the high speed, the connection between<br />
passengers has to be stopped. Despite a row of small windows in the plane, there<br />
is nothing interesting to see; thus the travelling experience is almost compressed<br />
into the extreme of motonousness, so that the passengers are as sent to the<br />
destination as packages. Wherever flying to, people just need to choose the airline,<br />
and the plane itself is always similar to others.<br />
It seems that all expression about identity and nation is concentrating in the<br />
cost-free tourism guiding book in every seat, where one can see the Eiffel Tower in<br />
Paris, the Empire State Building in New York, the Reichstag in Berlin, and the Great<br />
Wall in Beijing. etc. Thus a city, a region or a country has a distinct identity; and all<br />
the countries in the guiding book are abstracted into different airports here or there,<br />
and planes are the extension of these spaces, like an elevator, joining them<br />
together into a world country. Here, you can go through the games of identity with<br />
one or more ID cards or passports. The space of identity itself seems similar, with<br />
always the same temperature, about 20c although they disseminate the information<br />
of identity to every corner. The space of identity makes identity become more and<br />
more important, but what on earth is identity?<br />
22
The night of The Window of World<br />
Just near China Folk Culture Villages, the park of The Window of World is<br />
contains examples of famous attractions from all over the world. With an area of<br />
480,000 square meters, the park contains different sections covering Asia, the<br />
Pacific, Europe, Africa, and America, as well as three others with exhibitions of<br />
modern technology, classic sculptures, and famous avenues.<br />
Marvelous sights and sites of historical interest in the world, ancient and modern,<br />
natural landscapes and cultural sites as well as dwelling houses, sculptures,<br />
drawings and even folklore and theatrical performances are here! Each is<br />
presented as wonderful miniature replicas, made on a scale of 1:1, 1:5 and 1:1.5<br />
respectively.Among the 118 scenic spots, you can find the pyramids of Egypt, the<br />
Amon Temple of Karnak, the Angkor Wat of Cambodia, the Grand Canyon of<br />
America, L'Arc de Triomphe of Paris, St. Peter's Cathedral of the Vatican City, the<br />
Taj Mahal of India, the Sydney Opera House of Australia, and the Leaning Tower of<br />
Pisa.Some large-sized spectacular attractions are also available, like the<br />
108-meter-tall replica of the Eiffel Tower.<br />
(Source: material of The Window of the World came from website of Window of the World)<br />
23
3.7 Spacecraft / Distinguishability (Mars)<br />
Interstellar travel as a great experiment, as auto and plane were invented, is going<br />
on blazingly. One drives a spacecraft, navigating his way into the deep space, like<br />
the exploration in the Columbus time. However, is it practical? The navigators on<br />
sea bathe in sunshine and sea wind; although the weather is sometimes terrible,<br />
they can adjust their navigating direction according to ocean current and wind<br />
direction. But interstellar travelers huddle in the narrow spacecraft, like in a big can;<br />
they are just going forward and forward in the unlimited dark without direction; It<br />
seems like a shell launched fiercely from the earth. Due to different speed and<br />
scale, blindness is intolerable for interstellar travel, nevertheless the traveler, not<br />
like the sea navigator, is not able to make decision according to the experience of<br />
the environment.<br />
In fact, it is suspectable to relate distinguishability to the conception of<br />
unlimitedness. In a totally unknown environment, there is always something that<br />
looks similar to something in your memory, and you recognize it quickly and have a<br />
first judgment. The distinguishment and t the judgment will merge same kind of<br />
things according to the self-recognizing system, make something equal to another<br />
thing, and infer something being another thing. At last, by inference and deduction,<br />
it creates a extensible framework, in the surface of which there is an extensible<br />
open system. But essentially, once you try to distinguish one of the other from<br />
multiplicity, this “the other” will immediately be assimilated by the system which is<br />
thus a shrinking system. All distinguishment makes the other shrink into self.<br />
Mars-sky<br />
24
4<br />
SPEEDSCAPE II<br />
The different spaces related to different speeds together constitute speedscape; or<br />
it can also be described that numerous speeds cross a relative entire space, tear it<br />
into fragments, and compose speedscape. In this space, the fragmentary space<br />
expresses the characteristic of each speed; sometimes it represents this speed,<br />
and sometimes that; furthermore, the fragmentary space becomes too complicated<br />
to cross. And this is the very space where modern people work and live, numerous<br />
speeds interweave and go fast. Speed itself cannot be seen; what can e seen are<br />
the trail and reference of speed: reading, seeing, picture, image, panorama, identity,<br />
distinguishability……<br />
Speedscape constitutes the main landscape of contemporary society, and defines<br />
the way of our everyday life. The spatial form of speedscape is decided by speed<br />
which is related to intensity, strength, and action. On its broad sense, it is not only<br />
the speed of communication, but also the speed of communication, but also the<br />
speed of reproduction and the speed of forgetting, the speed of all. For speedscape,<br />
there is no difference between slow and fast. Speedscape is a phenomenon of<br />
contemporary space form. It keeps changing under the impact of numerous speed<br />
and complicated strength, and forming new morphs. Speedscape is not some<br />
specific landscape, but kinds of signs or derivates coming from the crossing of the<br />
speed through the space. It appear in any time, but always now; at the same time, it<br />
can appear in any place without any regional difference.<br />
25
5<br />
„INTERFACE“---HERFORD 2020<br />
26
5.1 Historical Review<br />
Approximately on the half distance between the mountain "Porta Westfalica" and<br />
mountain “Stuchenberg” in the east, the mountain “Homberg” in the north through<br />
the hills “Wiehengebirge“ in the northeast, and through the forest “Teutoburger<br />
Wald” in the southeast, flowing the river Were and the river Aa out in the valley.<br />
between the closely wooded, about 200-meter-high mountain “Stuchenberg” in the<br />
east, the mountain “Homberg” in the north and the forest Teutoburger Wald, is the<br />
city located on a height of only 70 m above sea level.<br />
Prehistoric finds at the natural fords, shortly before the confluence of Werre and Aa,<br />
confirm that here lived humans already for primeval times. There was also traces<br />
witness of the fact that the Saxonian duke Wittekind moved back into this region,<br />
before he conquered Franconia under the King Karl in 785 A.D. In 789 A.D. the<br />
Saxonian Edeling Waltger founded the Stift Herford, the probably oldest Saxonian<br />
woman monastery for the high aristocracy; for the historians that is the birth of<br />
Herford. Few years later after its establishment, the king yard “Koenigshof” was<br />
built on a reasonable defensive hill in the river mouth of Werre and Aa, which<br />
functioned as the defence device of the ford against the King Karl. After the<br />
adoption of this monastery by the emperor Ludwig in 823, its ascent began and it<br />
became into the later so important imperial-lay prince abbey.<br />
The awarding of the justice of market, coin and customs happened already a few<br />
years later. With this market privilege confirmed by the King Otto in 973, Herford<br />
belongs to the oldest markets in Germany.<br />
In the Wik, the former resting and commercial square beside the fortified<br />
Koenigshof, the today's quarter Radwig, the first businessmen settled down, whose<br />
successful economy in connection with the mental-religious-cultural development<br />
of the convent in the following centuries brought the city great meaning.<br />
Once there was here the abbey, from which the abbesses exerted its important<br />
influence in the entire medieval realm. In the small chapel “Wolderuskapelle”<br />
should the founder of the convent, the holy Waltger, be buried.<br />
27
In the years of 1220-1250 the cathedral church “Muensterkirche” was established<br />
directly beside the abbey, as the first large building of a resounding church in<br />
Germany. Since 1914/17, the city hall “Rathaus” with market hall “Markthalle“, the<br />
chapel and the church built together a delightful ensemble. The great medieval<br />
history becomes here alive, confirmed by the finds in the old foundations.<br />
In 1011 the abbess Godesdiu created a convent in front of the gates of the city on<br />
the mountains, as training centre for the daughters of the aristocracy. The king<br />
Konrad III. confirmed Herford as the national convent in1147. In 1170 a citizen<br />
municipality and the municipal law were founded. In 1220 a council constitution was<br />
already introduced into Herford, as the second city in Westphalia, and, another part<br />
of the city centre “Neustadt” was built beside the Altstadt and the Wik, the today's<br />
Radwig. In the central 13.Century, the city took over the military protection and thus<br />
developed afterwards directly the realm liberty of the city. the Herforder law book<br />
appeared 1375.<br />
The city is member of the powerful federation of the Hanse, it is wealthy and<br />
influential, its businessmen covered the world.<br />
Already in 1523 the reformation of Martin Luther began to become generally<br />
accepted in Herford, and like 100 years later, in the middle of the 30jaehrigen war,<br />
the realm Court of Appeal confirmed the city as realm city. This war and its<br />
"Westfaelicher peace" of 1648 brought however nevertheless devastating<br />
consequences to the city. It lost its independence, fell in the hand of Brandenburg<br />
Prussia, and thus into the poverty of a cultivation city. That was why it did not begin<br />
with the rapid beginning of the industrialization untill 19.Century.<br />
In 1808, the last abbess of Herford, princess Friederike of Prussia died. The abbey<br />
became a machine-equipped spinning mill after English model, with all technical<br />
refinement of that time, including water turbine drive and gas lighting.<br />
Herford became a regional town within the Prussian province Westphalia in1816,<br />
and in 1847 there appeared the first connection to the Koeln Mindener railway with<br />
its own station. The entire city centre “Innenstadt” was enclosed by city walls,<br />
interrupted only by the in and outward prominent roads, the former gates.<br />
28
What protected the city from enemies centuries ago, what served security of the<br />
city, where the tension was largest in crisis periods, today offers peace and<br />
relaxation all around, and the advantages of Innenstadt.<br />
Approximately 66,000 inhabitants are living in the city (79 km2) now, after the<br />
regional reorganization took place in1969. The city boundary has an overall length<br />
of 56 km. It encloses 12,500 residential buildings with 30.000 dwellings, 3.800 work<br />
places with 32.000 employed persons; 11 Grudschule, hauptschule, school for<br />
learn-obstructed, Gesamyschule,3 Realschulen, 3 Gymnasien, 3 High Schools, 3<br />
professional training schools, the university for church music, school of music,<br />
study center of the correspondence university Hagen, the high landbauschule.<br />
the city plan in 900 the city plan in 1200 the city plan in 13th. C.<br />
Urban Developing Process<br />
In 900, because of the orientation of the settlement at trade routes, Radwig was<br />
developed as far trade settlement “Fernhaendleransiedlung” (Wik) by the<br />
monastery of Herford<br />
the city plan in 17 th . C the city plan in 18 th . C<br />
29
the city plan in 1825<br />
Until 1200 it was the end of building Radwig and Altstadt around the markets<br />
(Gaensemarkt und Alter Markt) and main streets with merchants' houses around<br />
(today part of the pedestrian street), first city fortification with ditches, whereby with<br />
the foundation of the Neustadt in 13th. Century. The fortification with repeated<br />
ditches was finished being built until around 1250.<br />
Development until 1650: The city fortification was built further with acute-angular<br />
bastions and ditches in 16 th . Century due to the development of firearm. In the large<br />
city fire in 1638 among, the church “Johanneskirche” and large parts of the quarter<br />
Radwig were destroyed.<br />
In 1825 parts of the southern city ditch was filled up, whereby parts of the city<br />
fortification had been broken step by step since end of the 18.Jh. Herford fell into a<br />
farming citizen city in this time. 1), the little meaning of the boundary regions (large<br />
parts of the today's city centre “Innenstadt” were used as gardens and areas of<br />
arable land). 2), the situation that dense, closed buildings was existent essentially<br />
only along the main streets and in addition the fact that the bulding ranges<br />
30
extended still exclusively within the medieval city boundaries at that time (no<br />
growing of the city). Here public buildings and churches are marked in red.<br />
Up to the end 19. Century, a bulk style of the industrial sites of Herford resided from<br />
its historical development in the area of Innenstadt (specially colouring shop,<br />
spinning mills or soap factory), which was particularly strengthening the pollution in<br />
the proximity of the new station to within the area of Goebenstrasse at that time ,<br />
which represents a parallel to the today's development of this quarter in connection<br />
with MARTa.<br />
The extension of the station and the condensed new development in the quarter<br />
Radwig represented substantial construction measure till 1910. At this time the<br />
separating effect of the railway facilities was to be already observed on the town<br />
development: in the west, there are thus only few new buildings behind the railway<br />
embankment, but concentration of new buildings (in particular commercial and<br />
industrial) in northeast proximity of the station.<br />
In the two large air raids in November 1944 and March 1945, lots of building and<br />
roads in areas of the southeast to the old market (Alter Markt) and the northeast to<br />
the railway embankment, within the industrial areas, were particularly destroyed. At<br />
the end of the war, 20% of the dwelling are lost, however these war-coused<br />
destruction in its extent was smaller, than the loss of historical built volumes during<br />
the urban redevelopment into a city centre which meeting the need of automobil<br />
users.<br />
The widening and/or expansion of the road of Berliner Strasse for better motor<br />
traffic took place in four phases, what was connected with large losses of historical<br />
built volumes in each case. The first "free impact" took place in the section in the<br />
north to the new market; after this in the second step, the widening of the Berliner<br />
Strasse was done in eastern direction up to the crossing with the Johannesstrasse:<br />
31
Here thus an important, new motor traffic junction within the quarter of Altstadt was<br />
developed. In the third and fourth step, further spreading of the Berliner Strasse up<br />
to the station was then realized in eastern direction, where a further traffic junction<br />
at the station free area was developed.<br />
the city plan in 19 th . C the city plan after 2 nd . World war<br />
32
5.2 Analysis<br />
Landuse & Existing Condition<br />
Services in the Innenstadt of Herford<br />
Most services are essentially outside of the central shopping streets. Thus banks,<br />
savings banks, law offices and insurance enterprises are concentrating along the<br />
road Berliner Strasse. Also along the road Rennstrasse, there appears a strong<br />
service orientated quarter, which shows however a mixture. Also in the Radewiger<br />
Strasse, Seinstrasse und am Gaensemarkt, just like within the area of the<br />
Tribenstrasse there are lots of catering trade enterprises.<br />
In the central shopping streets Baeckerstrasse, Gehrenberg and Hoecherstrasse<br />
there are few services enterprises , but lots of retail trades.<br />
Retail trade<br />
Public constitution<br />
Private Services<br />
Emptying<br />
Catering trade<br />
the plan of landuse<br />
33
Dwelling in the Innenstadt of Herford<br />
living duration in Herford renting & owning rate<br />
Over20 Year 47%<br />
No indication 6% 1 year 5%<br />
2-5 year 15%<br />
6-10 year 9%<br />
11-20 year 18% Renting 78%<br />
source: GMA Innenstadtbefragung, in % of the asked ones (n=273), 2000<br />
Between the new and old market already formed a relatively developed retail trade<br />
center, which plays a big role of commerce in the Innenstadt. In the Innenstadt,<br />
there are altogether 256 retail trades and stores, the emptying ratio is about 14%<br />
Retail trade<br />
Owning<br />
22%<br />
the plan of retail trade distribution<br />
34
The average emptying ratio in West German towns is about 5% at present.<br />
The number of the empty<br />
conditions rises continuously from 2000 to 2004.<br />
Most empty houses concentrate beside the Gaensemarkt in Radwig.<br />
Although the number of empty houses between the new and old market increased,<br />
many shop, which were still empty 6 months ago, are already opened again.<br />
In this<br />
area, the empty conditions shows normal conversion.<br />
Reasons:<br />
1.<br />
Purchasing power of the city center Innenstadt sinks<br />
2. traffic problem<br />
3. commercial structure is not rational.<br />
4. There is no advantage<br />
in the goose market “Gaensemarkt“, in order to attract<br />
the customers.<br />
Empty standing shop unit<br />
less use<br />
the plan of emptying distribution<br />
35
Green System & Open Space<br />
The city wall area is the historical<br />
indication of the old city wall and forms the most<br />
important<br />
public green area around the whole city centre. The rivers increase the<br />
recreation quality of the green ring. The citizens walk, jog and the pupils run<br />
constantly along it and the walls remain alive. The continuity of the green ring is<br />
however disturbed in different places of Berliner Strasse and Johannistrasse .<br />
Outside the green ring there are two parks, which follow the green ring and support<br />
the green system of the city centre. These parks have different characters. Near<br />
the park in the north there are a High School and sport fields, i.e. it is rather<br />
movement-oriented. In the opposite, there is the park in the south with recreation<br />
functions.<br />
In the town centre ”Innenstadt”, the pedestrian street and the surfaces around the<br />
churches represent<br />
the important open spaces in the city. They are important<br />
recreation places and social meeting places in the city centre and form the touristic<br />
routes for city guidance.<br />
plan of green system in Herford<br />
36
MARTa lies outside the town centre “Innenstadt” and has a direct connection to the<br />
green belt of the Innenstadt. The street “Augustastrasse” in the west of Marta,<br />
forms an obstacle for a possible relationship between Marta and the park. The river<br />
could not be in this sense a potential, however it is available because of ownership<br />
structures. Shortest attaching of MARTa to the city wall area is the street<br />
“Schillerstrasse”.<br />
Plan of green system analysis<br />
views of the green belt around Innenstadt<br />
37
If we compare the environment of the city Herford to other cities, we could firmly tell<br />
that Herford is rather a green city. We get to know already from national datas that,<br />
the portion of green area per head with about 60 m2. That is relatively high.<br />
The green system in Herford represent an exciting sample. The green areas<br />
connect with each other like a ring or a corridor. There are two green rings, one<br />
outside Herford and the other within Herford. The ring, which is outside Herford,<br />
does not have strong continuity, but the ring around the city centre “Innenstadt” is<br />
relatively continuous in the opposite.<br />
The city is connected with the next cities by the green corridors and these green<br />
corridors offer lots of important recreation places for the citizens. For example there<br />
is a continuous green area between Herford and Bad Salzuflen, where different<br />
free air sport activities take place.<br />
plan of green system in the region of Herford plan of regional green system analysis<br />
38
Transportation system<br />
Transportation Network around Herford<br />
Two motorway connections, connect with the Vlothoer road in the north and with<br />
the Bundesstrasse(B)239 in the south.<br />
The B239 connects to the business district in the west and in the south.<br />
The building of B239 is going to be finished in 2005 (B239 topographically<br />
problematic)<br />
The building of the B239 creates in addition functional connections (avoidance of<br />
the transit traffic)<br />
Transportation Network around<br />
Herford<br />
39
Transportation Network in Herford<br />
Outward<br />
development system<br />
Herford’s<br />
road net is arranged with an outward-developed system.<br />
Characteristic<br />
of this system is traffic ring at external end, from which the individual<br />
collecting<br />
and close jointing streets branch inward. A development with outer ring<br />
usually makes a crossing-free, unimpaired pedestrian intertwining within the<br />
residential area. Here however the city centre “Innenstadt” is divided by the roads<br />
of Auf der Freiheit and Berliner Strasse and the pedestrian intertwining in both<br />
sides is disturbed.<br />
Residential area<br />
Shopping area<br />
Traffic Street<br />
Collecting Street<br />
Residential Street<br />
--------Transportation Network in Herford<br />
40
Traffic Stress<br />
There<br />
is heavy shuttle traffic between the residential areas in the west and the<br />
business<br />
areas in the east<br />
---while<br />
there is large traffic stress in the streets of Hermanstrasse and<br />
Hansastrasse,<br />
the widths of the two streets are insufficient. An extension of them is<br />
almost<br />
impossible, since there is no land available for building the bridge of the<br />
Hansastrasse because of the historical buildings beside. The Hansastrasse is also<br />
difficult to be built.<br />
---Although there is large traffic stress under the station, the road is only with three<br />
tracks. Coming from the city centre (Innenstadt), the road changes from two tracks<br />
into a single track. Therefore there is sometimes jam.<br />
Stress motor vehicle/Tag (day)<br />
Width f th d<br />
------plan of Traffic stress analysis<br />
The bridge in the street of Hansastrasse; view in Hermanstrasse; historical houses by the crossing in Geobenstrasse<br />
41
Parking Possibilities<br />
Potentials:<br />
---Parking bays: 2.750 in the town centre, 1471 of them in the three multi-storey car<br />
parks.<br />
--- multi-storey car parks (Radwig, Altstadt and Neustadt) together with car parking<br />
guiding system reduce parking search traffic<br />
---Parking bays are easy to reach from the main traffic routes<br />
Problems:<br />
---The enormous multi-storey<br />
car parks destroy a little bit the townscape<br />
---The potential of the multi-storey car park as a gate to the Innenstadt was not<br />
realized; the surroundings are more practical as inviting for the visitors.<br />
Parking lots<br />
Access Roads<br />
Multi-storey car parks:<br />
Capacity<br />
parking guiding system; Multi-storey car parks<br />
------Distribution of parking places<br />
42
Traffic Analysis – Public Transportation<br />
Potential (city bus lines):<br />
---bus station connected with station well<br />
---best connection with the city centre (Alter market)<br />
---bus linear network in radial form<br />
---taxi-bus lines<br />
extend the traffic offer<br />
Problems:<br />
only 2 regional<br />
lines pass by MARTa, no city line<br />
Use of the public transportation is very small<br />
Traffic Analysis - Pedestrian Precinct<br />
Potential:<br />
Public Transportation<br />
300meter Periphery<br />
600meter Periphery<br />
------plan of public transportation system<br />
---those ways as recreation spaces go in a circle around the centre and offer various<br />
possibilities, walking, jogging, etc..<br />
---the traffic-reduced roads know could bring local people lots of traffic-reduced surfaces.<br />
43
Prolems:<br />
---numerous underpasses under the major roads are clearly described with traffic<br />
signs. However some areas are not unproblematic. Mobilized traffic is here<br />
preferential.<br />
---the city centre is divided by some roads and the ways of the pedestrian is limited.<br />
The pedestrial crossing is missed on the crossong of Auf der Freiheit in front of the<br />
station.<br />
Pedestrian Precinct (shopping)<br />
Recreation Spaces<br />
Road System<br />
Traffic-reduced Area<br />
Physical and Psychological Border<br />
Traffic Analysis - Bicycle Traffic<br />
Potentials<br />
------plan of pedestrian system<br />
---75% of the population live in the periphery<br />
of 3 km to the city centre<br />
---relatively flat<br />
areas in the city centre ease exemplary the cycle driving.<br />
Guide for the cycle driving: beside cycle tracks of the district, there are 4 urban free<br />
routes<br />
and different regional hiking routes.<br />
Stress-free driving: many places are cycle tracks separated from traffic routes<br />
44
(partly also bicycle routes available)<br />
Popular and safety: in the last 10 years, bicycle traffic accidents increased nearly<br />
20% when the number of the traffic accidents sank<br />
Problems<br />
---despite positive development, the absolute number of cyclist is not much.<br />
---it is doubtful whether the large investments (approx. 13mio euro) can lead to a<br />
stronger use.<br />
Approach<br />
---all conditions is created for an effective and safe bicycle using, now it depends<br />
on the citizens to take use of these possibilities.<br />
Route with Sign Posts<br />
Hiking Trials in the Country<br />
Restrictions by Pedestrian Precinct<br />
Disturbance by Major Roads<br />
Bicycle parking & Sign posts<br />
------plan of bicycle traffic route<br />
45
Social Service<br />
Public Institution -----Administration,<br />
citizen service, finances, security, order, health<br />
The city administration, accommodated in the two city halls (old city hall and<br />
technical city hall), is in the centre of the city. The old city hall, which serves also<br />
particularly for representative purposes, should be particularly considered in the<br />
course of development questions and/or questions of urban operational readiness<br />
level. In the west of the planning area, a chain of official offices extends along the<br />
street Wittekindstrasse. Only the labour office lies in the north in the street<br />
Hansastrasse. Likewise there are the police as well as the youth penal institution by<br />
the Hansastrasse. Employment office and district court are located in the centre<br />
near the city halls.<br />
Remarkably in Herford, there is a high number of old people’s homes and social<br />
institution for seniors close to church community centres (E.G. „Unter den Linden“).<br />
All of them including the senior home behind that technical city hall, are in the south<br />
of the city. Perhaps the social structures of Herford are to be found parallels to them.<br />
There are 2 hospitals in Herford. The traditional Mathilden-Hospital<br />
is a general<br />
ath. Hospital and exists since the end of 19 th. K<br />
Century. In addition it runs a nursing<br />
school.<br />
The general medical clinic of Herford is outside in the northeast of the city.<br />
Distribution of public institution in the planning area Distribution of public institution in Herford<br />
46
Training -----Kindergarten, schools, vocational school, university<br />
There is a well distributed net of kindergartens in Herford, however there is no day<br />
nursery in the planning area. About half of the kindergartens are related to the<br />
church municipalities<br />
(usually Luth.), the remainder are municipal or private cribs.In<br />
the allocation<br />
of the basic school districts, one can see it is not necessary that<br />
every child visits the most convenient school. Also, here a comparison with the<br />
population structure of the city should be informative.<br />
With<br />
3 High Schools, 3 six-form high schools (Realschulen), one comprehensive<br />
school and 2 hauptschule with altogether 6000 pupils, a good supply is also here<br />
given for the citizen. The only university in Herford is the university for church music<br />
with about 30 students. By the deficiency of other resuming schools, young people<br />
leave the city after their graduation and do not return to the city, which one can see<br />
from its effect in the population structure.<br />
The vocation school centre plays a large role for the city and in particular for our<br />
planning area, that offers, beside the nursing school of the Mathilden-hospital and<br />
the agricultural economics school, a building and wood-technical professional<br />
training and trainings in the commercial und social branch, as well as training in the<br />
field of nutrition, space equipment and landscape market garden. There are about<br />
4500 pupils, many from outside. It is located by the cross on the way to station and<br />
bus station in the planning area.<br />
distribution of schools in the planning area<br />
47
tribution of kindergarten in Herford<br />
Distribution of kindergarten & churches in Herford<br />
dis<br />
48
Distribution of primary school and special school in Herford<br />
Distribution of different schools in Herford<br />
49
Culture and Recreation -----Sport; Recovery; Video home system; School of music; Museum;<br />
Public library<br />
it is clear, when one looks at the plan of the town, that there is a ring of sports fields<br />
at the peripheral areas, usually used by associations. In addition, there are 2 large<br />
sport and recreation centres, the "H2O" in the south and the "sport centre in small<br />
ones the field"("Sportzentrum im Kleine Felde") in the west of the city. Both have a<br />
large attraction also on places in the region around Herford owing to fun bath<br />
and/or ice-skating hall. There is a further ring of gymnasia halls near the city centre,<br />
always related to a school, but also serving people outside the school.<br />
It is interesting that the further recreation facilities like cultural facilities are all in the<br />
planning area, or near it. In Radwig and the Goebenstrasse, there are the only 2<br />
museums of Herford (Poeppelmannhaus with the municipal. Art Association;<br />
MARTa), the people's high school lies at the cathedral church square<br />
(Münsterkirchplatz) in the Innenstadt; the school of music locates near MARTa with<br />
1500 pupils; there is a public library, with a youth centre inside; and the only cinema<br />
of the city is easy to be found at the corner of Radewiger- Elisabethstraße.<br />
Distribution of cultural & recreation facilities Distribution of C. & R> facilities in the planning area<br />
50
Distribution of sport field & facilities<br />
Distribution of gymnasia hall<br />
gymnasia hall<br />
51
Goals of the Town Development<br />
Herford<br />
is the centre in the governmental district of east Westphalia lip;<br />
has 65,344 inhabitants (2002), lies in close range of Bielefeld;<br />
has a medieval town centre and a tri-polar urban structure with pedestrian street<br />
(approximately 1,000 m long);<br />
has a new attractive city centre of the Goebenstrasse quarter, with the developing<br />
of this area;<br />
economy: 4,076 work places with 36.341 employing; commuter balance:<br />
+9,000;<br />
guidance industries: furniture and furniture supporting industry, the clothing industry,<br />
mechanical engineering, packing -, disposal and environmental technology, food<br />
industry.<br />
The retail trade-relevant area includes RD. 130,000 adults; 37% of the customers in<br />
the city centre are foreign (BBE 2003), the purchasing power flows off to Bielefeld<br />
and into the ECE Werrepark Bad Oeynhausen.<br />
Goal:<br />
Economic Location<br />
Herford<br />
is to be developed as strong economic location with its considerable,<br />
efficient enterprises and a differentiated job supply.<br />
The quality and infrastructure of the economic location Herford must be therefore<br />
adapted to the constant structural changes as well as be marketed professionally.<br />
The culture and authority centre MARta will become the image carrier for the<br />
"furniture city Herford". It stands exemplarily for new co-operation with the economy,<br />
which promote Herford as progressive living and economic location.<br />
Goal: Housing location<br />
Herford must become again an attractive and payable housing location for young<br />
families.<br />
Herford<br />
must offer all citizen a high quality of life<br />
52
Development of the housing location also means to let the people who work in<br />
Herford feel home in the city.<br />
Herford’s high potential of open space with riverbank landscape, forest areas and<br />
local recreation infrastructure must be maintained and used.<br />
Increase of the property in particular of young families through the promotion of<br />
new building in the one-/two-family house sector (Herford development land<br />
politics).<br />
Development of stable and attractive residential districts in existence through<br />
renewal and reconstruction of city quarter with function change and integration.<br />
Development of differentiated education and care offers for children and young<br />
people with the emphasis of "location school".<br />
Device of open spaces for local recreation and leisure use by the maintenance and<br />
change of play and sport areas in the residential environment.<br />
Goal: Culture & Recreation Location<br />
Herford will interlace its meaningful city-historical, cultural and leisure-oriented<br />
potentials as important contribution for the urban development and will use them<br />
intensively.<br />
MARTa, the historical buildings, the city-historical museum, the northwest German<br />
Symphony Orchestra, leisure facilities like the H2O and others are to promote not<br />
only touristic activities, but at the same time lead to an identification of the Herford<br />
citizen with their city .<br />
To develop the local culture in order to attract visitors.<br />
Stabilization of the swimming pool H2O in a high quality level and advancement of<br />
the leisure facility, art ice-skating, free bath, etc.<br />
Recreation offers for families, in order to strengthen Herford as attractive leisure<br />
location in the region.<br />
The existing public culture and leisure locations and facilities should be maintained<br />
and be developed further with other facilities entirely.<br />
Revaluation of the historical city shape by investment into architectural monument s<br />
53
and historical outdoor installations, in particular the historical city wall, working the<br />
characteristics<br />
out, in order to make history in the townscape experienced.<br />
Goal: City Centre (Innestadt)<br />
Development of one entire city centre with its parts according to their own qualities.<br />
Stabilization of a main retail trade area with connected stores and shops along the<br />
pedestrian road between the Neuer<br />
Markt and the Radwig bridge by support of<br />
up-to-date concepts<br />
Redefinition of<br />
the "head areas" of Radwig and Luebberstrasse/Neuer market e.g.<br />
by combination of target group-referred retail trade, service, catering service and<br />
housing.<br />
Work on a development concept of the city centre with its parts, in which each part<br />
are thought<br />
about according to its qualities and in its characteristic and which<br />
defines the main retail trade area.<br />
Acquisition and promotion of economy development for the retail trade and<br />
enterprise in the town centre. Parallel: total urban<br />
controlling of the retail trade<br />
development<br />
for the stabilization of the city centre.<br />
High-quality development<br />
of the urban design in the city centre and adjustment of<br />
the infrastructure to new needs.<br />
Stimulation of the city centre by bundling all events, actions and festivals in a total<br />
concept, in order to increase the experience value of the city centre.<br />
Old part of town (Altstadt)<br />
To build the city centre at the old market "Alter Markt’ (central bus stop)<br />
Retail trade centre close to the cathedral church (Muensterkirche, the<br />
market hall<br />
( Markthalle) & city hall (Rathaus)<br />
Heterogeneous urban structure, confusing entrance situation (Rennstrasse)<br />
The city wall area as tree promenade with citizen centre<br />
The main points<br />
of management: the old market (Alter Mark), the cathedral church<br />
square (Muensterkirchplatz), and the market hall (Markthalle)<br />
54
Real estates is aligned to commerce, empty conditions in the flat floors.<br />
By loss of large shopping malls at the end of the 90's (Kaufhof, Koehler, Kox)<br />
declining frequency, but almost no empty situations.<br />
Business structure of Altstadt:<br />
high portion of retail trade<br />
middle portion<br />
of DL and HW<br />
low portion of emptying<br />
Around the old market (Alter Markt)<br />
16%<br />
21%<br />
8%<br />
56%<br />
New part of town (Neustadt)<br />
Between Luebbertor<br />
and "Alter Markt"<br />
Retail Trade<br />
Service & Handicraft<br />
Restaurant, snack bar<br />
Emptying<br />
The new market (Neuer Markt) with high urban design quality, Johannis church<br />
(Johannis Kirche) and ST. Johannes Baptist as well as many architectural<br />
monuments revalue this area.<br />
The road Berliner Strasse<br />
cut the bank & residential districts in the north, bad<br />
accessibility.<br />
The city wall area (Mindener Strasse), commerce declining, many service & small<br />
handicraft.<br />
Transition to the Altstadt<br />
High-quality residence in the north, promoted flat construction in the east.<br />
Business structure of the Neustadt:<br />
higher portion of DL and HW than in the Altstadt<br />
55
smaller portion of EZH<br />
Neuer Markt/ Lueberstrasse<br />
20%<br />
Radwig<br />
10%<br />
38%<br />
33%<br />
High urban quality, but cut by city center ring (backyards<br />
become fronts).<br />
neglected fallow lands and real estate.<br />
Is good housing location<br />
in the city.<br />
Retail Trade<br />
Service & Handicraft<br />
Restaurant, snack bar<br />
Emptying<br />
lies between station and "Alter Markt" and has a part of the pedestrian road.<br />
Oldest part of the city with Jakobikirche and (gaense-)Markt.<br />
The city wall areas function as green belt beside the water.<br />
by loss of the magnet enterprise (C&A) 1998, no frequency in the retail trade,<br />
problem of emptying.<br />
Business structure of Radwig:<br />
same portion of ETZ and DL HW<br />
high emptying<br />
56
Radwig<br />
20%<br />
17%<br />
Since 1874 it has been an important<br />
location of the Westphalia laundry industry,<br />
Wasserkrat. The station area has favoured industrialization, Goebenstrasse as vein<br />
In the middle of the 90's fallow-lying intermixed fields partly have emptying<br />
Expo reference project "MARTa"<br />
is the master project of the revitalization of this<br />
New secondary centre must be tied<br />
up over distance to the city centre "Innenstadt".<br />
Linkage to the city centre through old connections: schillerstrasse and Arndtstrasse<br />
or prominent connection: Station & Radwig<br />
conclusion<br />
29%<br />
34%<br />
Station & Goebenstrsasse<br />
of the development.<br />
problem.<br />
area, further public & private investments followed.<br />
Station & station square were renewed at end of 90's.<br />
Profile<br />
building of the four city parts (retail trade, serving achievement, work,<br />
experience, culture) in a city centre “Innenstadt”.<br />
Magnet: Trade: Klingenthal, H+M, Saturm,<br />
Elsbach<br />
Culture: MARTa, school of music, Poeppelmann house<br />
Gastro: Rubens, Rio, Elsbach<br />
Potentials: Kaufhof, C+A & fallow<br />
lands, development surface, Elsbach, goods<br />
assumption<br />
station<br />
Good binding to Goebenstrasse<br />
Better entrance<br />
situation of the parts<br />
Retail Trade<br />
Service & Handicraft<br />
Restaurant, snack bar<br />
Emptying<br />
57
5.3 <strong>THE</strong> INTERFACE – Herford 2020<br />
Problem<br />
Statement<br />
Since appearing at the beginning,<br />
city Herford has experienced different<br />
developing times, dimensionally the city changing<br />
from small to big, the urban<br />
structure and morph changing<br />
a lot. The today’s Herford is the overlapping result of<br />
different<br />
urban structures of different times, with the traces of time and speed.<br />
1.<br />
Fragments of instrumental rationality<br />
Increased rationalization brought increased fragment, as Henri Lefebvre argued,<br />
in two decades following world war II, technocratic and bureaucratic<br />
organization had permeated nearly every sphere of existenc e, resulting in ever<br />
increasing functional specialization, social separation, and culture activity<br />
escaped systematization. For Lefebvre, one of the<br />
typical embodiments of this<br />
relentless “rationalization” was the contemporary city, which one could know<br />
from his decrying of Lacq-Mourenx, a new town in southwestern France. The<br />
city is cut into pieces, which is the result of instrumental rationality of different<br />
times. The new developed traffic system cut the original organic urban structure<br />
of the<br />
historical core “Innenstadt”. For instance, because of more vehicles being<br />
used and rational road systematization, two wide roads were built, Auf<br />
Freiheit in the north and Johannisstrasse in the south of the historical Innenstadt<br />
in 1960s. But at the same time, these two roads cut the Innenstadt into<br />
three<br />
parts and cause each of them more isolated from each<br />
other, and also<br />
destroyed the dimension of the original<br />
historical roads as well as the historical<br />
urban space.<br />
der<br />
58
plan in 1825 plan in 2004<br />
As a part of the historical Innenstadt, Radwig, the island surrounded by rivers<br />
Aa and Werre, is a representative part in the town, the worst part comparing<br />
with other two parts in the Innenstadt. It was completely<br />
a perfect historical<br />
quarter, with very nice natural conditions: water around, lots of old trees,<br />
meadows…….beautiful landscape.<br />
There is a church Jakobikirche and a<br />
market square Gaensemarkt in the centre of Radwig, surrounded by stores,<br />
restaurant, cafes and old residences. Besides there is a museum<br />
“Popelmannsmuseum” in the south of Radwg by the river where there was a<br />
historical protection fort.<br />
However, today Radwig is cut into two parts by one of<br />
the two busy wide roads, Auf der Freiheit so that the organic urban structure<br />
and atmosphere are totally lost. More seriously in this small island of the<br />
historical core, economic<br />
situation is getting down, empty stores and flats are<br />
getting more and more. In a word, although the natural condition in Radwig is<br />
excellent,<br />
it is becoming desolate, even some places look very wild now.<br />
Additionally just in the north to Radwig, by the river the newly built museum<br />
Marta must bring more stress to the adjacent Radwig.<br />
Urban blocks are getting more and more isolated, the quality of public space<br />
and social life are losing, which is a problem not only<br />
in Herford, but in lots of<br />
modern city. The well-known city is becoming stranger and stranger, and people<br />
always drive cars though it so fast that they even<br />
do not notice any<br />
transformation.<br />
In so-called modern city, there appears the malaises of<br />
59
modernity which is described by Charles Taylor as “impending break down”.<br />
However the contradiction between instrumental rationality and urban form is<br />
unsolvable with traditional architectural method which<br />
based on the traditional<br />
dialectics.<br />
2. Speed, event and morphology<br />
The city appears in different forms because of different speeds. For instance,<br />
the blocks along the road Auf der Freiheit, the river and the pedestrian are in<br />
different sizes.<br />
Along the railway where trains going with a speed about<br />
150km/h, there are no really blocks,<br />
but some big factory or ware houses; along<br />
Auf der Freiheit on which the speed is about 60 km/h, the blocks and buildings<br />
are very big, people just going through<br />
very fast; along the river with a peed<br />
about 25 km/h, there are homogeneous distributions of villa houses with nice<br />
environment; and<br />
along the pedestrian street with a speed about 10km/h on it,<br />
there are lots of stores restaurants and other functional buildings with different<br />
façades from different historical times, where people can linger here and enjoy<br />
themselves.<br />
150km/h,<br />
along the railway 25km/h, along the river<br />
60
60km/h, along the road of Auf der Freiheit<br />
10km/h,<br />
along the road of pedestrian street<br />
Theoretical<br />
Thinking<br />
Bernard<br />
Tschumi once noted, for the relation between society and formulation of<br />
architecture,<br />
the architecture can not have no connection with what happed inside<br />
the<br />
However, there are some kind of confusion where the different speeds crossing<br />
with one another, that can be found distinctly in particular in Radwig, where<br />
these main four different speeds all have strong influences and cross here.<br />
Thus the problem of speed in Radwig is most serious in the city.<br />
However, we are not looking at the typology of the architecture, but looking<br />
them as different events and stories.<br />
space. The formulation of architecture could be thought as one part of social<br />
events.<br />
Therefore, when the architecture presented the events which happened in<br />
the time, this architecture itself became also event.<br />
61
Strategy<br />
Based on the analysis, the idea is to create a folding interface structure around<br />
Radwig which is called the folding interface Ring of Herford.<br />
It here has two meanings, it is not only the protection of Radwig but also the bridge<br />
of it.<br />
As the interface structure around Radwig, it is closed and protects the safety and<br />
centrality of Radwig. It is a “Verfremdung (alienation)” of Radwig, creating the<br />
historic of the past through recovering the past of new things. The interface<br />
structure will change the outside or absent of Radwig into the inside and present, and it will become the symbol of Radwig, loading the love and hate of the people<br />
here.<br />
As a landscape platform of Radwig and even Herford, it is open and full of<br />
enthusiastic and free dimension. It is a performance stage of daily life of the city.<br />
In addition, as a bridge, the interface structure will connect Radwig and the<br />
surrounding, making a cyclic<br />
system from Marta to the Bahnhof, Radwig, Altstadt,<br />
and to the park in the south, solving<br />
the problems brought by different speeds.<br />
Another important concept of the interface is the idea of ecological architecture. As<br />
the combination of architecture and landscape, the interface will connect not only<br />
the different urban spaces of different times and scales, but also architecture and<br />
landscape and nature. What it will bring to the city is not to emphasize the interface<br />
structure itself, but to intergrade into the environment and to integrate the green<br />
fragments of Ladwig into a system. And in this system, it will be proposed how to<br />
save energy, water.etc.<br />
63
Master Plan<br />
3d perspective<br />
64
typology of interface<br />
information analysis system<br />
65
elationship analysis<br />
detail_1_shopping, open space (near the station)<br />
detail_2_exhibition space, open space (near Poeppelmannsmuseum)<br />
66
Conclusion<br />
detail_3_ Café (near the park)<br />
As a typical example in modern city, Radwig has been devided into fragments<br />
because of the speed of rationlity, which makes people not want to stop, cosume<br />
here. Thus, it’s difficult to attract people or tourits from Marta or Altstadt . So I use<br />
the folding interface as a strategy to solve the problems from the different speeds,<br />
furthermore to make<br />
it reintergrade into Herford and to make Radwig attractive and<br />
living again. Thus, Altstadt, Marta and Radwig, as organic parts of city Herford, will<br />
play<br />
different roles, function together for the beautiful future of Herfod-Herfod 2020.<br />
67
6<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
Zeitgeist is a term from Hegel. Today, the zeitgeist is everyday life of today, which<br />
means high speed and high efficiency. And for this kind of everyday life, it is also<br />
necessary to have high-speed and high-efficiency landscape. Landscape design,<br />
once as the way to realize the worship or mimicry of nature, now under the zeitgeist,<br />
is transforming. This is the start point of think about this thesis.<br />
68
Biblioography<br />
Dan Kiley, Dan Kiley in His Own Work<br />
Garrett Eckbo, Landscape for living (1950)<br />
Ian D. Whyte, Landscape and History since 1500, (2002)<br />
Leon Krier, Houses, Palaces, Cities, editor: Andreas Papadakis (New York: A.D.<br />
1984).<br />
Leonardo Benevolo, Die Stadt in der europaeischen Geschichte, trans. Peter<br />
Schiller<br />
(Muenchen: Verlag C.H.Beck 1993), pp.184-217.<br />
Manfredo Tafuri, Architecture and Utopia, trans. Barbara Luigia La Penta<br />
(Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: MIT<br />
press,1999).<br />
Michael Hays, Architecture Theory since 1968, (London: MIT Press,<br />
2000).<br />
Michael Spens, The Recovery of the Modern, (Bath: The Bath Press,<br />
1996).<br />
Neil Leach, The anaesthetics of architecture, (Cambridge, Massachusetts, London:<br />
the MIT press, 1999).<br />
Peter Katz, The New Urbanism, ( New York: McGraw-Hill,<br />
1994).<br />
Paul Virilio, The Speed of liberation, (Jiangshu: translated by Lu Yongyuan,<br />
2003).<br />
Steven Harris and Deborah Berke, Architecture of the everyday, (Yale Publications<br />
on Architecture: Princeton architectural press, 1997).<br />
Simon Bell, Landscape –pattern perception process,<br />
(1999).<br />
Simon Swaffield, Theory of Landscape Archiecture<br />
Walter Benjamin, The Work of Art in the Age of ,Mechanical Reproduction, (New<br />
York: Schocken Books, 1969).<br />
City of Herford, Stadtentwicklung & Stadtplanung Einfuehrung, ( Herford, 2004)<br />
City of Herford, Stadt- und Innenstadtentwicklung aus Sicht der Wirtschaftsfoederung,<br />
( Herford, 2004)<br />
69
VITA<br />
Xuefeng Zhang<br />
born in Jiang Xi, China in 11. 1976<br />
Education<br />
College:<br />
South China Tropical Agriculture University (1994-1998) Bachelor of Landscape<br />
Architecture<br />
Peking University (2001) MBA<br />
Graduate School: <strong>Hochschule</strong> <strong>Anhalt</strong> (2002-2005) Master of Landscape<br />
Architecture<br />
Employment<br />
She Junnan Architectural office (1998-2000) Landscape Architect<br />
Guang Dong Xingyi Decoration Company (2000-2001)<br />
Interior Architect<br />
70