Breakthroughs Breakthroughs - ETH - Ultrafast Laser Physics

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IEEE Photonics Journal Compact Plasma-Based Soft X-Ray Lasers microscope was used for actinic imaging of extreme ultraviolet lithography masks that will be used in the fabrication of the generation of the future generation of computer processors [17]. The average power of these plasma-based SXR lasers is in part limited by the maximum repetition rate of the lasers drivers used to heat the plasmas. High-energy Ti:Sapphire lasers, which are the most common types of laser drivers used to pump these short wavelength lasers, are limited to repetition rates of typically 10 Hz, while often-used Nd:glass pump lasers operate at an even lower repetition rate. Advances in diode-pumped solid-state lasers open the opportunity to develop optical laser drivers that will allow plasma-based SXR lasers to greatly increase their repetition rate and, therefore, their average power. Different groups are developing diode-pumped solid-state lasers for this purpose [18], [19]. In 2009, the first all-diode-pumped SXR laser was reported. Lasing was achieved at ¼ 18:9 nm in a molybdenum plasma heated by a diode-pumped chirped pulse amplification laser based on cryo-cooled Yb:YAG amplifiers [16]. This new type of SXR laser has the potential to operate at an order of magnitude larger repetition rate (e.g., 100 Hz). With the complementary goals of driving shorter wavelength lasers and increasing the SXR laser pulse energy, higher energy pump laser facilities that operate at a lower repetition rate (0.1 Hz) have also been recently developed [20], [21]. Rapid progress has also been achieved in improving the beam characteristics of plasma-based SXR lasers. Injection-seeding of SXR laser amplifiers with high harmonic (HH) pulses have been shown to generate intense fully phase coherent SXR pulses with lower divergence, shorter pulsewidth, and defined polarization. In 2004, injection seeding of the ¼ 32:8 nm Ni-like Kr in a gas cell ionized by optical field ionization with the 25th harmonic of a Ti:Sapphire laser generated a saturated beam with excellent wavefront qualities [22]. Our group demonstrated the saturated amplification of HH seed pulses in significantly denser plasma amplifiers created by heating solid targets, which can readily reach shorter wavelengths and have an increased bandwidth that can support the amplification of femtosecond pulses [23]–[25]. Using this technique, fully phase-coherent laser beams at wavelengths as low as ¼ 13:2 nm were generated [24], [25]. During the past year, several papers reported results of the characterization [26], [27] and modeling [28]–[30] of these new injection-seeded SXR lasers. There is also significant interest in reducing the pulse duration of tabletop SXR lasers to extend their application to a wide range of ultrafast dynamic studies. Transient inversions created by rapid heating of plasmas with intense picosecond optical laser pulses have generated SXR laser pulses with duration between 2–10 ps [29], [31], [32]. High-repetition-rate transient inversion lasers produced by grazing incidence pumping have been measured to generate pulse durations of about 5 ps [33]. In all these selfseeded SXR lasers, the pulse duration was determined by the duration of the gain. The recent demonstration of injection-seeded with HHs [22], [24], [25], [33] creates a fundamentally new regime for the generation of short SXR laser pulses in which the pulsewidth is governed by the amplifier bandwidth and is independent of the gain duration. As mentioned above, of particular interest are the SXR plasma amplifiers created by laser irradiation of solid targets [23]–[25] in which the high density of the laser gain media results in broader laser line bandwidths that can support the generation of SXR pulsewidths in the 0.1–1-ps range. In 2009, the first measurement of the pulsewidth of an injection-seeded SXR laser was reported to yield (1.13 0.47) ps, which is the shortest reported to date for a plasma amplifier [33]. The experiment was preformed, seeding the 32.6-nm line of Ne-like Ti with the 25th harmonic of a Ti: Sapphire laser. The results were found to be in agreement with model simulations that predict that intense femtosecond SXR laser pulses will result from injection seeding denser plasma amplifiers. References [1] K. A. Nugent, W. Barletta, and S. V. Milton, BX-ray free electron lasers,[ IEEE Photon. J., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 221–224, Apr. 2010. [2] FLASH, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron. [Online]. Available: http://flash.desy.de/ [3] SLAC, Linac Coherent Light Source. [Online]. Available: http://lcls.slac.stanford.edu/ [4] B. J. Macgowan, L. B. Dasilva, D. J. Fields, C. J. Keane, J. A. Koch, R. A. London, D. L. Matthews, S. Maxon, S. Mrowka, A. L. Osterheld, J. H. Scofield, G. Shimkaveg, J. E. Trebes, and R. S. Walling, BShort wavelength X-ray laser research at the Lawrence-Livermore-National-Laboratory,[ Phys. Fluids B: Plasma Phys., vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 2326–2337, Jul. 1992. Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2010 Page 218 Authorized licensed use limited to: ETH BIBLIOTHEK ZURICH. Downloaded on May 11,2010 at 11:24:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE Photonics Journal Compact Plasma-Based Soft X-Ray Lasers [5] P. V. Nickles, V. N. Shlyaptsev, M. Kalachnikov, M. Schnürer, I. Will, and W. Sandner, BShort pulse X-ray laser at 32.6 nm based on transient gain in Ne-like titanium,[ Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 78, no. 14, pp. 2748–2751, Apr. 1997. [6] R. Keenan, J. Dunn, P. K. Patel, D. F. Price, R. F. Smith, and V. N. Shlyaptsev, BHigh-repetition-rate grazing-incidence pumped X-ray laser operating at 18.9 nm,[ Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 94, no. 10, p. 103901, Mar. 2005. [7] B. M. Luther, Y. Wang, M. A. Larotonda, D. Alessi, M. Berrill, M. C. Marconi, J. J. Rocca, and V. N. Shlyaptsev, BSaturated high-repetition-rate 18.9-nm tabletop laser in nickellike molybdenum,[ Opt. Lett., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 165–167, Jan. 2005. [8] Y. Wang, M. A. Larotonda, B. M. Luther, D. Alessi, M. Berrill, V. N. Shlyaptsev, and J. J. Rocca, BDemonstration of highrepetition-rate tabletop soft-X-ray lasers with saturated output at wavelengths down to 13.9 nm and gain down to 10.9 nm,[ Phys. Rev. A, Gen. Phys., vol. 72, no. 5, p. 053807, Nov. 2005. [9] J. J. Rocca, Y. Wang, M. A. Larotonda, B. M. Luther, M. Berrill, and D. Alessi, BSaturated 13.2 nm high-repetition-rate laser in nickellike cadmium,[ Opt. Lett., vol. 31, no. 1, p. 129, Jan. 2006. [10] S. Sebban, T. Mocek, D. Ros, L. Upcraft, P. Balcou, R. Haroutunian, G. Grillon, B. Rus, A. Klisnick, A. Carillon, G. Jamelot, C. Valentin, A. Rousse, J. P. Rousseau, L. Notebaert, M. Pittman, and D. Hulin, BDemonstration of a Ni-like Kr opticalfield-ionization collisional soft X-ray laser at 32.8 nm,[ Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 89, no. 25, p. 253 901, Dec. 2002. [11] M. C. Chou, P. H. Lin, C. A. Lin, J. Y. Lin, J. Wang, and S. Y. Chen, BDramatic enhancement of optical-field-ionization collisional-excitation X-ray lasing by an optically preformed plasma waveguide,[ Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 99, no. 6, p. 063904, Aug. 2007. [12] H. T. Kim, I. W. Choi, N. Hafz, J. H. Sung, T. J. Yu, K. H. Hong, T. M. Jeong, Y. C. Noh, D. K. Ko, K. A. Janulewicz, J. Tummler, P. V. Nickles, W. Sandner, and J. Lee, BDemonstration of a saturated Ni-like Ag X-ray laser pumped by a single profiled laser pulse from a 10-Hz Ti:Sapphire laser system,[ Phys. Rev. A, Gen. Phys., vol. 77, no. 2, p. 023807, Feb. 2008. [13] F. Lindau, O. Lundh, A. Persson, K. Cassou, S. Kazamias, D. Ros, F. Ple, G. Jamelot, A. Klisnick, S. de Rossi, D. Joyeux, B. Zielbauer, D. Ursescu, T. Kuhl, and C. G. Wahlstrom, BQuantitative study of 10 Hz operation of a soft X-ray laser-energy stability and target considerations,[ Opt. Express, vol. 15, no. 15, pp. 9486–9493, Jul. 2007. [14] D. Zimmer, B. Zielbauer, M. Pittman, O. Guilbaud, J. Habib, S. Kazamias, D. Ros, V. Bagnoud, and T. Kuehl, BOptimization of a tabletop high-repetition-rate soft X-ray laser pumped in double-pulse single-beam grazing incidence,[ Opt. Lett., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 450–452, Feb. 2010. [15] S. Heinbuch, M. Grisham, D. Martz, and J. J. Rocca, BDemonstration of a desk-top size high repetition rate soft X-ray laser,[ Opt. Express, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 4050–4055, May 2005. [16] D. Alessi, D. H. Martz, Y. Wang, M. Berrill, B. M. Luther, and J. J. Rocca, BGain-saturated 10.9 nm tabletop laser operating at 1 Hz repetition rate,[ Opt. Lett., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 414–416, Feb. 2010. [17] F. Brizuela, Y. Wang, C. A. Brewer, F. Pedaci, W. Chao, E. H. Anderson, Y. Liu, K. A. Goldberg, P. Naulleau, P. Wachulak, M. C. Marconi, D. T. Attwood, J. J. Rocca, and C. S. Menoni, BMicroscopy of extreme ultraviolet lithography masks with 13.2 nm tabletop laser illumination,[ Opt. Lett., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 271–273, Feb. 2009. [18] F. J. Furch, B. A. Reagan, B. M. Luther, A. H. Curtis, S. P. Meehan, and J. J. Rocca, BDemonstration of an all-diodepumped soft X-ray laser,[ Opt. Lett., vol. 34, no. 21, pp. 3352–3354, Nov. 2009. [19] J. Tummler, R. Jung, H. Stiel, P. V. Nickles, and W. Sandner, BHigh-repetition-rate chirped-pulse-amplification thin-disk laser system with joule-level pulse energy,[ Opt. Lett., vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1378–1380, May 2009. [20] D. Ros, O. Guilbaud, S. Kazamias, M. Pittman, J.-C. Lagron, B. Zielbauer, J. Habib, J.-P. Chambaret, G. Mourou, K. Cassou, B. Cros, G. Maynard, P. Zeitoun, S. Sebban, J. Gautier, A. Klisnick, S. de Rossi, S. Jacquemot, P. Audebert, B. Rus, D. Zimmer, and T. Kühl, BPerspectives of XUV sources development on LASERIX facility, ILE, and ELI,[ in Proc. SPIEVSoft X-Ray Lasers and Applications VIII, J. Dunn and G. J. Tallents, Eds., 2009, vol. 7451, p. 74510A. [21] T. Kawachi, M. Kishimoto, M. Kado, Y. Ochi, N. Hasegawa, M. Tanaka, M. Nishikino, M. Ishino, T. Imazono, T. Ohba, T. Kaihori, M. Koike, K. Namikawa, T. Suemoto, K. Terakawa, T. Tomita, N. Sarukura, H. Nishimura, A. Y. Faenov, S. Bulanov, and H. Daido, BSource development and novel applications of X-ray lasers for probing materials,[ in Proc. SPIEVSoft X-Ray Lasers and Applications VIII, J. Dunn and G. J. Tallents, Eds., 2009, vol. 7451, p. 745 107. [22] P. Zeitoun, G. Faivre, S. Sebban, T. Mocek, A. Hallou, M. Fajardo, D. Aubert, P. Balcou, F. Burgy, D. Douillet, S. Kazamias, G. de Lacheze-Murel, T. Lefrou, S. le Pape, P. Mercere, H. Merdji, A. S. Morlens, J. P. Rousseau, and C. Valentin, BA highintensity highly coherent soft X-ray femtosecond laser seeded by a high harmonic beam,[ Nature, vol. 431, no. 7007, pp. 426–429, Sep. 2004. [23] Y. Wang, E. Granados, M. A. Larotonda, M. Berrill, B. M. Luther, D. Patel, C. S. Menoni, and J. J. Rocca, BHighbrightness injection-seeded soft-X-ray-laser amplifier using a solid target,[ Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 97, no. 12, p. 123 901, Sep. 2006. [24] Y. Wang, E. Granados, F. Pedaci, D. Alessi, B. M. Luther, M. Berrill, and J. J. Rocca, BPhase-coherent, injectionseeded, table-top soft-X-ray lasers at 18.9 nm and 13.9 nm,[ Nat. Photon., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 94–98, Feb. 2008. [25] F. Pedaci, Y. Wang, M. Berrill, B. Luther, E. Granados, and J. J. Rocca, BHighly coherent injection-seeded 13.2 nm tabletop soft X-ray laser,[ Opt. Lett., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 491–493, Mar. 2008. [26] J. J. Rocca, F. J. Furch, B. A. Reagan, Y. Wang, D. Alessi, D. H. Martz, B. M. Luther, M. Berrill, S. Domingue, C. D. Kemp, F. Pedaci, V. N. Shlyaptsev, M. C. Marconi, and C. S. Menoni, BProgress in the development of compact high-repetition rate soft X-ray lasers: Gain saturation at 10.9 nm and first demonstration of an all-diode-pumped soft X-ray laser,[ in Proc. SPIEVSoft X-Ray Lasers and Applications VIII, J. Dunn and G. J. Tallents, Eds., 2009, vol. 7451, p. 745106-1. [27] J. P. Goddet, S. Sebban, J. Gautier, P. Zeitoun, C. Valentin, F. Tissandier, T. Marchenko, G. Lambert, M. Ribières, D. Douillet, T. Lefrou, G. Iaquaniello, F. Burgy, G. Maynard, B. Cros, B. Robillard, T. Mocek, J. Nejdl, M. Kozlova, and K. Jakubczak, BAberration-free laser beam in the soft X-ray range,[ Opt. Lett., vol. 34, no. 16, pp. 2438–2440, Aug. 2009. [28] K. A. Janulewicz, C. M. Kim, H. T. Kim, H. C. Kang, K. T. Kim, and J. Lee, BX-ray laser research and applications at c-FAST,[ in Proc. SPIEVSoft X-Ray Lasers and Applications VIII, J. Dunn and G. J. Tallents, Eds., 2009, vol. 7451, p. 74510P. [29] A. Klisnick, O. Larroche, F. de Dortan, J. Habib, and O. Guilbaud, BSimulations of ASE and seeded transient X-ray lasers using the COLAX code,[ in Proc. SPIEVSoft X-Ray Lasers and Applications VIII, J. Dunn and G. J. Tallents, Eds., 2009, vol. 7451, p. 74510U. Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2010 Page 219 Authorized licensed use limited to: ETH BIBLIOTHEK ZURICH. Downloaded on May 11,2010 at 11:24:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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