REPORTE MUNDIAL DE DROGAS - LIBRO NRO 3: SUMINISTRO DE DROGAS

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WORLD DRUG REPORT 2020DRUG SUPPLYFig. 13 Global quantity of cocaine seized, breakdown by region and subregion, 2018Caribbean1%Central America9%North America21%Western andCentral Europe14%Other Europe0.2%Africa0.4%SouthAmerica55%SouthAmerica55%Asia0.3%Oceania0.2%Source: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.Note: Based on a total amount seized of 1,311 tons, including cocaine hydrochloride, coca paste and base, and “crack” cocaine.After the Americas, the region with next largestquantity of cocaine seized in 2018 was, once again,Europe (14 per cent of the global total), with seizuresbeing mostly in Western Europe, in particularin Belgium (4 per cent of the global total), followedby Spain (3.7 percent), the Netherlands (3.1 percent) and France (1.2 per cent). Total quantities ofcocaine seized in Europe increased by 25 per centto 179 tons in 2018, including an increase of 26 percent in Western and Central Europe and of 16 percent in South-Eastern Europe but with a decline of89 per cent in Eastern Europe as the stimulantmarket there shifted to synthetic cathinones in 2018.TonsFig. 14 Global quantity of cocaine seized, breakdown by region and subregion, 1998–20181,400,000 1,400,0001,300,000 1,400,000 1,300,0001,200,000 1,300,000 1,200,0001,100,000 1,200,000 1,100,0001,000,000 1,100,000 1,000,000900,000 1,000,000 900,000800,000 900,000 800,000700,000 800,000 700,000600,000 700,000 600,000500,000 600,000 500,000400,000500,000400,000300,000400,000300,000300,000200,000 200,000200,000100,000 100,000100,000000TonsTons199819992000199819982001199919992002200020002001 200320012002 20042003200220052004 200320062005 200420072006 200520082007 200620092008 20072010200920082011201020092012201120102012201320112013 201420122014 20152015201320162016 201420172017 201520182018 2016South AmericaSouthSouthAmericaAmerica Central AmericaCentralCentralAmericaAmerica CaribbeanCaribbeanCaribbeanNorth AmericaNorthNorthAmericaAmerica Western andWesternWestern CentralandEurope andCentralCentral OtherEuropeEurope EuropeOtherOtherEuropeEuropeOceaniaOceaniaOceania AsiaAsiaAsia AfricaAfricaAfricaSource: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.Note: Includes seizures of cocaine hydrochloride, coca paste and base and “crack” cocaine.2017201828
Cocaine3The quantity of cocaine seized in the rest of theworld in 2018 remained comparatively limited, withthe seizure of 5.6 tons in Africa (most notably inNorth Africa), 3.4 tons in Asia (most notably inChina, including Hong Kong, China, followed byIraq and Pakistan), and 2.1 tons in Oceania, withcocaine seizures there being reported mainly by Australia.Seizures in Australia dropped considerablybetween 2017 and 2018 (53 per cent). At the sametime, seizures in New Zealand nearly doubled (96per cent) in the same period.The global quantity of cocaine seized in 2018increased slightly, by 2.7 per cent, from the previousyear, reflecting increases in quantities seized in theprevious year in Africa (66 per cent), Western andCentral Europe (26 per cent) and North America(15 per cent). Seizures in Asia remained basicallystable (1.8 per cent). By contrast, from 2017 to 2018there were sharp declines in the quantity of cocaineseized in the Caribbean (-62 per cent) and Oceania(-50 per cent). The largest declines in terms of actualamounts were those reported in South America.Cocaine traffickingCocaine trafficking to North AmericaIn the Americas, the primary cocaine traffickingflow is from Colombia to the United States. Theanalysis of cocaine seizure samples in the UnitedStates mainland suggests that 90 per cent of thatcocaine originated in Colombia and 6 per cent originatedin Peru, while the origin of the rest wasunknown. 40Cocaine seizures in North America tripled over theperiod 2014–2018, from 91 tons in 2014 to 272tons in 2018. The main destination country forcocaine shipments continues to be the United States.Overall, cocaine seizures reported by the UnitedStates increased by 14 per cent to 254 tons. 41 However,most of those seizures took place outside theUnited States mainland, where they increased. Bycontrast, cocaine seizures reported by United StatesCustoms and Border Protection fell from 34 tonsin 2017 to 27 tons in 2018, including the reporteddecreases in seizures along the south-western border,40 United States Department of Justice, DEA, 2019 NationalDrug Threat Assessment (December 2019).41 UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.and “drug removals” reported by the DEA, coveringseizures made within the territory of the UnitedStates, which dropped from 114 tons in 2017 to 93tons in 2018. This decrease in seizures may havebeen the result of significant seizures being effectedby the United States authorities prior to the cocaine’sarrival in the United States, as well as a combinationof changes in trafficking and supply patterns andan overall law enforcement focus on opioids. 42 Thelargest DEA “cocaine removals” at the state level in2018 were, however, still those reported by statesand territories, notably California, Texas, Florida,Georgia and Puerto Rico, all of which are in southernparts of the United States or have a southernborder, in addition to the State of New York, in thenortheast. 43 At the same time, the availability ofcocaine was perceived to have declined slightlyamong the general population in the United Statesin 2018 as compared to a year earlier. 44 This suggeststhat declines in seizures within the UnitedStates in 2018 may indeed have been primarily areflection of a decrease in cocaine trafficking takingplace within the country.The main trafficking flow of cocaine still goes fromthe drug’s major production centres in Colombia,either by sea, in particular via the Pacific Ocean, toCentral America or to Mexico, or through Ecuador(mainly for cocaine manufactured in southernColombia) or by land to Central America (mainlyfor cocaine manufactured in northern Colombia)and onwards to Mexico 45 from where it enters theUnited States across the south-western border, whichis the section of the border where most seizures ofcocaine by the United States authorities are made.The Pacific route and, to a lesser extent, the Atlanticroute remain the two main trafficking routes fromColombia to North America, while trafficking byair and mail continues to be comparatively limited.42 Ibid.43 Ibid.44 United States, Substance Abuse and Mental Health ServicesAdministration, Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicatorsin the United States: Results from the 2018 National Surveyon Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables (Rockville, Maryland,Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2019).45 United States, Immigration and Customs Enforcement,Homeland Security Investigations, “Executive informationstatistical report”, quoted in UNODC, response to theannual report questionnaire.29
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REPORTE MUNDIAL DE DROGAS - LIBRO NRO 3: SUMINISTRO DE DROGAS

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