La réhabilitation des mines et carrières à ciel ouvert - Bois et forêts ...

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18BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2002, N° 272 (2)DOSSIERRESTORATION / REHABILITATINGRéférences sur InternetRéférencesbibliographiquesANG LAI H., 1986. Some potential tree speciesfor reclamation of tin tailings.National PTS Seminar I, Forest ResearchInstitute, Selangor, Malaisie, 14 p.BARNHISEL R. I., HOWER J. M., 1997. Coalsurface mine reclamation in the easternUnited States : the revegetation of disturbedlands to hayland/pasture or cropland.Advances in Agronomy, 61 : 233-275.BAUMER M., DARNHOFER I., GUNDALINOS., 1990. Baobab farm LTD ou que faired’une carrière après exploitation ? Bois etForêts des Tropiques, 226 : 48-60.BROOKS R. R., CHIARUCCI A., JAFFRÉ T.,1998. Revegetation and stabilisation ofmine dumps and other degraded terrain.In : Plants that hyperaccumulate heavymetals. Brooks R. R. (éd.). Cab International,227-247.FRANCO A. A., CAMPELLO E. F., DIAS L. E.,DE FARIA S. M., 1994. 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BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2002, N° 272 (2)DOSSIERRÉHABILITATION / RESTAURATION19SynopsisREHABILITATINGOPEN-CAST MINESAND QUARRIESChristine LE ROUXMining legislation is caughtbetween economic interest andenvironmental protectionRehabilitating a former miningsite requires human intervention atseveral levels, from stabilising thesite through to the restoration ofindigenous vegetation. In France,rehabilitation is mandatory, but theterm “revegetation” is not explicitlyincluded in statutory documents.Internationally, while the UnitedStates and Australia have specific legislation,laws in many other countriesare most often inadequate, inappropriateor unenforced. Nevertheless,mining legislation has been changingrapidly in many respects, with recentmoves to integrate environmentalmatters at policy level. However, legislationcan also be influenced by themany countries seeking to attractinvestment, in which case populationsare likely to suffer the consequencesof mining impacts, as inPapua-New-Guinea where mining hascaused severe pollution and seriousconflicts with local populations.The overriding objective for miningcompanies is to increase their financialvalue. A policy for sound environmentalmanagement can help toachieve this, by giving companies acompetitive edge in their bids toprospect and mine a site. This is whymany companies carry out impactstudies, try to minimise miningimpacts and rehabilitate sites usingindigenous species as far as possible.As part of its mining project for theilmenite (titanium dioxide) depositsin Madagascar, Rio Tinto, the world’slargest mining company, has beencarrying out social and environmentalstudies for over ten years through itsCanadian subsidiary QIT (Quebec Iron& Titanium).The decision to begin mining will notbe made until studies are completed.If mining is to go ahead, QIT has proposedcreating fauna and flora conservationareas, and planting commercialtree species in areas wheremining has ceased in order to reducelogging pressures on the highlydegraded coastal forest area.In seeking to enhance their credibility,companies are looking to partnershipswith NGOs to implementprocesses certifying their environmentallysound management practices,and all of them claim to beworking towards sustainability.Keys to rehabilitationMining impacts over the long term,mainly on soils, are such that rehabilitationis essential and should, as faras possible, be part of the plan ofoperations. When rehabilitation iscarried out in stages, less earth-movingis required on the site and therefewer losses of biological soil material(seeds, rhizobacteria, etc.), whichmakes revegetation easier. Decompactingand ploughing up the miningsubstrate is often essential, as well asbringing in new soil if the mining substrateis highly toxic, although bothtend to encourage adventitious vegetation.An alternative to re-spreadingtopsoil is to improve spoil by addinglime, fertiliser, mulch, sewage sludgeor undemanding nitrogen-fixingspecies. Erosion can be reduced byearly revegetation. Soil cover is morerapidly established with mycorrhizabearingplants, since their nutrientrequirements are partly met by theassociation of mycorrhizal fungi andplant roots. Nitrogen-fixing speciesthat are selected to suit specific siteconditions will also grow more quicklyif inoculated.Nowadays, priority is given to indigenousspecies, as in Brazil, Australiaand New Caledonia, although exoticspecies can also be useful as they areoften selected among nitrogen-fixingand / or mycorrhiza-bearing speciesthat can encourage the developmentof local species. Each type of planthas a specific function in rehabilitationand in ecological succession,hence the importance of seed availabilityand high rates of germinationfor plant biodiversity on the site :numerous studies are being carried inAustralia on recalcitrant species. InRudall River Park, in the south west ofAustralia, aboriginal fire managementtechniques are being used to bringcertain seeds out of dormancy. It isadvisable to remove topsoil beforemining begins, at a time of year whenthe soil contains the maximum quantityof seeds, and to keep it in reservefor the shortest possible time beforere-spreading (when operationscease). Whenever this is not possible,direct planting or sowing is required(by hand, by hydraulic means or fromthe air). Sowing is usually cheaperbut not as effective as planting, andcan be improved by using mulch.Successful rehabilitation alsodepends on re-establishing microbialbiomass and fauna species, some ofwhich are already used as indicatorsof ecosystem health. In Kenya, diversifiedtree cover was successfullyestablished at the Bamburi quarry,(on the Indian Ocean coast nearMombasa) thanks to the introductionof myriapods, bacteria and earthworms,which speeded up the formationof humus beneath Casuarinaequisetifolia plantations. This is anexample of how secondary forest canstimulate regrowth of original coastalforests. Usually, however, the idea isto start with a plantation that isalready diversified to encourage succession,rather than with a singlespeciesplantations.
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