moswavlis wigni istoria
moswavlis wigni istoria
moswavlis wigni istoria
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giorgi sanikiZe, levan gordeziani,<br />
lali fircxalava<br />
<strong>istoria</strong><br />
<strong>moswavlis</strong> <strong>wigni</strong><br />
7
I<br />
II<br />
III<br />
IV<br />
sarCevi<br />
ra aris <strong>istoria</strong><br />
1. rogor gavigoT Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb.<br />
dro da sivrce<br />
8<br />
2. adamianis warmoSoba, pirvelyofili samyaro 11<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
– saxelmwifoebriobis dasawyisi<br />
3. nilosis auzi – Zveli egvipte<br />
15<br />
4. SuamdinareTi<br />
19<br />
5. xuanxes auzi – Zveli CineTi<br />
24<br />
6. indis auzi – Zveli indoeTi<br />
28<br />
7. xeTebis samefo<br />
32<br />
8. finikia. iudea da israeli<br />
35<br />
9. midia da sparseTi<br />
39<br />
10. kreta-mikeni (argonavtebis laSqroba, troas omi) 43<br />
berZnuli da romauli civilizaciebi<br />
11. sparta - ugalavno polisi.<br />
aTeni - demokratiis samSoblo<br />
47<br />
12. aleqsandre makedoneli<br />
51<br />
13. etruskebi, romi mefeebisa da respublikis xanaSi 54<br />
14. romis imperia: oqtavianes reformebi da<br />
romauli kulturis `oqros xana~ traiane, markus<br />
avreliusi; diokletianes reformebi<br />
58<br />
Sua saukuneebi<br />
15. konstantine didis reformebi romis imperiis<br />
gadasarCenad<br />
61<br />
16. xalxTa didi gadasaxleba<br />
64<br />
17. romis imperiis dacema da barbarosuli samefoebi<br />
evropis teritoriaze<br />
67<br />
18. sasanianTa irani<br />
70<br />
19. `bizantiis imperiis oqros xana~ - romis<br />
erTianobis aRdgenis mcdeloba, aRmSenebloba,<br />
prokopi kesarielis ori <strong>istoria</strong><br />
74<br />
8<br />
24<br />
54<br />
70<br />
74<br />
11<br />
29<br />
58<br />
68
89<br />
106<br />
117<br />
143<br />
165<br />
115<br />
131<br />
154<br />
184<br />
20. merovingebis frankTa samefo, `salikuri<br />
samarTali~, karlos marteli da misi reformebi 78<br />
21. karolingebis frankTaA samefo<br />
81<br />
22. `karolinguri renesansi~<br />
84<br />
23. muhamadi da islami<br />
88<br />
24. omaianTa da abasianTa saxalifoebi<br />
92<br />
25. normanebi da skandinaviuri eposi. normanebi<br />
dasavleT evropasa da atlantis okeaneSi<br />
96<br />
26. anglo-saqsebis mier britaneTis dapyroba 100<br />
27. danielebi (normanebi) inglisSi<br />
103<br />
28. slavebi<br />
106<br />
29. variagebi da kievis ruseTi.<br />
variagebi da saqarTvelo.<br />
110<br />
30. saRvTo romis imperia<br />
113<br />
31. `il de fransi~, kapetingebi safrangeTSi<br />
117<br />
32. arabuli espaneTi<br />
121<br />
33. uiliam dampyrobeli inglisSi,<br />
saSineli samsjavros <strong>wigni</strong><br />
125<br />
34. Ggermania Staufenebis dinastiis mmarTvelobisas 128<br />
35. bizantia da selCukebi<br />
131<br />
36. jvarosnuli laSqrobebi (I periodi)<br />
134<br />
37. jvarosnuli laSqrobebi (II periodi)<br />
139<br />
38. monRolebi<br />
143<br />
39. osmalebi axlo aRmosavleTSi<br />
147<br />
40. bizantiis restavraciidan konstantinopolis<br />
dacemamde (paleologosebis xanis kultura) 152<br />
41. kolumbamdeli amerikis civilizaciebi:<br />
maia, actekebi da inkebi<br />
154<br />
evropa Sua saukuneebis miwurulsa da<br />
axali drois dasawyisSi<br />
42. italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebi XII-XV ss.<br />
(kavSiri saqarTvelosTan)<br />
158<br />
43. Ggermania XIII-XV saukuneebSi<br />
162<br />
44. germanul qalaqTa savaWro kavSirebi<br />
165<br />
45. ruseTi XII-XV saukuneebSi<br />
168<br />
46. husituri moZraoba<br />
172<br />
47. kaTolikuri eklesia da eretikosebi<br />
176<br />
48. ebraelebi Sua saukuneebis evropaSi<br />
180<br />
49. aswliani omi<br />
184<br />
50. vardebis omi<br />
188<br />
IV<br />
V
VI 58.<br />
51. `kaTolike mefeebi~ - isabel kastilieli<br />
da ferdinand aragoneli<br />
192<br />
52. saRvTo romis imperia karl V-is dros<br />
196<br />
53. tiudorebi<br />
201<br />
54. stiuartebi<br />
205<br />
55. kardinal riSelies mmarTveloba safrangeTSi 209<br />
56. lui XIV<br />
212<br />
57. petre I-is ruseTi. ruseTi da kavkasia<br />
215<br />
axlo da Soreuli aRmosavleTi<br />
osmaleTis imperiis Zlierebis xana da<br />
dakninebis dasawyisi<br />
220<br />
59. sefianTa iranis saxelmwifo<br />
224<br />
60. indoeTi Sua saukuneebSi<br />
228<br />
61. CineTi Sua saukuneebSi<br />
232<br />
62. iaponia Sua saukuneebSi<br />
236<br />
saxelmwifo aparati da<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi<br />
VII 63. samefo kari, etiketi da qcevis normebi<br />
240<br />
64. wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi<br />
244<br />
VIII<br />
adamiani da sazogadoeba<br />
65. kasturi sistema indoeTSi<br />
248<br />
66. aTeneli moqalaqeebi da monebi<br />
251<br />
67. monoba da kolonati romSi<br />
253<br />
68. feodaluri sazogadoeba<br />
255<br />
69. aindTa sasuliero ordenebi<br />
259<br />
70. Gglexoba Sua saukuneebSi<br />
263<br />
71. turnirebi da trubadurebi<br />
267<br />
72. qalaqebi da moqalaqeebi<br />
271<br />
73. gildiebi da amqrebi<br />
275<br />
74. feodalizmi saqarTveloSi<br />
279<br />
75. mmarTvelobebi da TviTmmarTvelobebi<br />
282<br />
76. bavSvTa uflebebi da socialuri statusebi 286<br />
77. bavSvTa uflebebis dacva saqarTveloSi<br />
289<br />
78. saswavleblebi da saswavleblebSi<br />
damkvidrebuli wesebi<br />
292<br />
193<br />
216<br />
236<br />
250<br />
276<br />
209<br />
228<br />
243<br />
258
312<br />
299<br />
314<br />
kultura da religia<br />
79. gilgameSis eposi (miTi warRvnis Sesaxeb)<br />
295<br />
80. homerosi da troa (Slimani)<br />
297<br />
81. msoflios Svidi saocreba<br />
300<br />
82. Sua saukuneebis eposi – sagebi da Tqmulebebi 304<br />
83. poliTeizmidan monoTeizmamde:<br />
religiebi da konfesiebi<br />
308<br />
84. sataZro qalaqebi da sakulto nagebobebi<br />
312<br />
85. kaTolikuri evropis<br />
Sua saukuneebis arqiteqtura<br />
318<br />
86. ganaTleba Sua saukuneebSi<br />
321<br />
87. aRorZineba<br />
324<br />
88. aRorZinebis droindeli italiuri xelovneba 327<br />
89. aRorZinebis xanis literatura<br />
330<br />
90. ganmanaTlebloba<br />
333<br />
IX
Tavi pirveli<br />
8<br />
I ra aris <strong>istoria</strong><br />
1. rogor gavigoT Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb.<br />
dro da sivrce<br />
<strong>istoria</strong> aris mecniereba, romelic warsuls<br />
swavlobs. misi mTavari kiTxvebia:<br />
ra moxda? sad da rodis moxda esa Tu is<br />
movlena?<br />
rogorc nebismieri sxva mecniereba, <strong>istoria</strong>c<br />
interesdeba movlenaTa mizezebiT,<br />
maTi urTierTkavSiriT da cdilobs,<br />
daadginos istoriuli procesis kanonzomierebebi.<br />
nebismier movlenasa Tu sagans SeiZleba<br />
hqondes sakuTari warsuli, sakuTari<br />
<strong>istoria</strong>. rodesac ar vakonkre tebT, ris<br />
warsulzea saubari da mxolod sityvas<br />
`<strong>istoria</strong>~ vambobT, igulisxmeba kacobriobis<br />
<strong>istoria</strong>.<br />
adamianis gaCenidan dRemde didi droa<br />
gasuli. drois es monakveTi ar aris CvenTvis<br />
erTnairad kargad cnobili. uZvelesi<br />
adamianisgan Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod<br />
ramdenime Zvalma, iaraRma, samosaxloTa<br />
nangrevebma. gacilebiT metia Cveni codna<br />
warsulis Sesaxeb im momentidan, rodesac<br />
adamiani weras iwyebs. Zveli nawerebidan<br />
vigebT Cveni winaprebis saxelebs, maT<br />
konkretul saqmeebs, gancdebs, warmodgenebs.<br />
aqedan moyolebuli, SesaZlebeli<br />
xdeba kacobriobis met-naklebad gabmuli,<br />
srulfasovani istoriis dadgena. Sesabamisad,<br />
xangrZliv periods adamianis<br />
gaCenidan damwerlobis Seqmnamde `winareistoriuli,<br />
preistoriuli~ SeiZleba<br />
vuwodoT, xolo periods damwerlobis<br />
Seqmnidan dRemde – `istoriuli~.<br />
Tavad `istoriuli~ dro tradiciulad<br />
iyofa Zvel, Sua, axal da uaxles periodebad.<br />
es dayofa sakmaod pirobiTia da<br />
emyareba umniSvnelovanes gardatexebs<br />
kacobriobis <strong>istoria</strong>Si.<br />
drois dinebis SegrZneba, drois<br />
garkveuli monakveTebis gamoyofa adamianisaTvis<br />
Soreul warsulSive iyo damaxa-<br />
astronomiuli saaTi praRaSi<br />
istoriis mamad miCneuli Zveli berZeni,<br />
herodote
siaTebeli. dRe-Ramisa da wlis droTa monacvleoba Tavad karnaxobda adamians<br />
drois am ori erTeulis arsebobas. mTvareze dakvirveba SesaZlebels xdida<br />
kvirisa da Tvis gamoyofas. maTematikuri da astronomiuli codnis gaRrmavebis<br />
Sedegad TandaTanobiT dazustda weliwadis xangrZlivoba, gamoiyo drois<br />
sxva erTeulebi.<br />
magram mainc sxvadasxva civilizacias drois aRricxvis, movlenaTa daTari-<br />
Rebis sxvadasxva sistema hqonda. dRes planetis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili<br />
iyenebs welTaRricxvis im sistemas, romelic qristes Sobas emyareba. es movlena<br />
msoflio <strong>istoria</strong>s orad hyofs: qristes Sobamde (SemoklebiT q.S.-mde)<br />
anu Zveli welTaRricxviT (SemoklebiT Zv.w.) da qristes Sobidan (SemoklebiT<br />
qr.S-dan) anu axali welTaRricxviT (SemoklebiT ax.w.) momxdar ambebad. wel-<br />
TaRricxvis es sistema hgavs ricxviT wrfes, sadac qristes Soba Seesabameba<br />
0 wertils, Zveli welTaRricxvis wlebi da saukuneebi misken iklebs, xolo<br />
axali welTaRricxvisa – misgan matulobs. Sesabamisad, Zveli welTaRricxvis<br />
V saukune uswrebs IV-es, xolo axali welTaRrixvis V ki, piriqiT, mosdevs IV-es.<br />
<strong>istoria</strong>Si drois aRricxvisaTvis ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Semdegi erTeulebi:<br />
weli, saukune (=100 weliwads), aTaswleuli (=1000 weliwads anu 10 saukunes).<br />
radgan qristes Soba aris nulovani wertili da ar Sedis arc erT welTaRricxvaSi,<br />
TiToeuli welTaRricxvisaTvis sastarto weli aris `pirveli~, anu drois<br />
monakveTi 0-idan im momentamde, rodesac erTi weli Sesruldeba. Sesabamisad,<br />
pirveli saukune moicavs wlebs 1-idan (pirvelidan) 100-mde (measemde), pirveli<br />
aTaswleuli ki wlebs 1-idan 1000-mde da saukuneebs pirvelidan meaTemde.<br />
es sainteresoa<br />
Zvelad movlenaTa daTariRebisaTvis yvela xalxi sakuTar sistemas iyenebda.<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo movlenis daTariReba mefis mmarTvelobis wlebiT. ase<br />
magaliTad, egviptelebis gadmocemiT, qadeSis brZola ramses II-is mefobis meeqvse<br />
wels moxda.<br />
asureTis dedaqalaq asurSi, agreTve aTenSi, sadac yovelwliurad icvleboda<br />
qalaqis Tavi, weliwads mis saxels arqmevdnen.<br />
berZnebi zogjer movlenas olimpiadebiT aTariRebdnen. pirveli olimpiada Zv.w.<br />
776 wels Catarda da Semdeg yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel tardeboda. soloni<br />
aTenis mmarTveli Zv.w. 594 wels gaxda. berZens es TariRi SeiZleba amgvarad<br />
gamoeTqva: ormocdamexuTe olimpiadis meore weli (45X4+2).<br />
9<br />
ra aris <strong>istoria</strong>
Tavi Tavi pirveli pirveli. islami<br />
10<br />
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. romeli saukunea:<br />
700 w.<br />
710 w.<br />
2. romeli aTaswleulia:<br />
1200 w.<br />
2012 w.<br />
X s.<br />
XII s.<br />
3. ramdeni weli iarseba saxelmwifom, romlis daarsebisa da dacemis wlebia:<br />
a) Zv.w. 460 – ax.w. 1640<br />
b) ax.w. 460 – 1640<br />
4. ramdeni xnis win ucxovria mefes, romlis mmarTvelobis wlebia:<br />
a)1850-1876<br />
b) 250-215<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
1. aRwereT mokled welTaRricxvis Tanamedrove sistema. principulad<br />
riT gansxvavdeba igi rubrikaSi `es sainteresoa~ motanili sxva<br />
sistemebisagan?<br />
welTaRricxva<br />
800 600 400 200 0 200 400 600 800<br />
Zv.w. 500 w. ax.w. 500 w.
2. adamianis warmoSoba,<br />
pirvelyofili samyaro<br />
adamianis msgavsi arsebebi – hominidebi<br />
– afrikaSi ramdenime milioni wlis win<br />
gaCndnen.<br />
2,5 milioni wlisaa homo habilisi (homo<br />
habilis) – `marjve adamiani~, adamianTa<br />
(homo) gvaris CvenTvis cnobilTagan yvelaze<br />
adreuli warmomadgeneli, romelic<br />
adamianis uSualo winaprad SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos. mas adamianis magvari sxva<br />
arsebebisgan, pirvel rigSi, tvinis zoma<br />
gamoarCevda. igi ara marto sxvadasxva sagnebs<br />
iaraRad iyenebda, rasac zogi cxovelic<br />
axerxebs, aramed TviTon amzadebda<br />
qvis primitiul iaraRs. amitomac ewoda<br />
`marjve~.<br />
misi savaraudo STamomavali, homo ereqtusi<br />
(homo erectus) – `gamarTulad mosiarule<br />
adamiani~ daaxl. 2-1,8 milioni wlis<br />
win iwyebs evraziis aTvisebas. misi uZvelesi<br />
sadgomebi afrikis farglebs gareT<br />
aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi, dmanisSi (daaxl.<br />
1,8 milioni wlis win), agreTve espaneTSi,<br />
indoeTSi, CineTSi, indoneziaSi. homo ereqtusma<br />
daxvewa qvis iaraRi, pirvelma gamoiyena<br />
cecxli.<br />
mogvianebiT, kvlav afrikidan gavrcelda<br />
adamianis sxva, ufro maRalganvi-<br />
Tarebuli saxeobebi – `haidelbergeli<br />
adamiani~, neandertaleli da Tanamedrove<br />
adamiani – homo sapiens (homo sapiens), `gonieri<br />
an moazrovne adamiani~. homo sapiensi<br />
daaxl. 200-150 aTasi wlis win gaCnda da daaxl.<br />
50 aTasi wlis win man sabolood Camoyalibebuli<br />
saxe miiRo. dRes homo sapiensi<br />
adamianis erTaderTi saxeobaa, sxvebma ver<br />
gauZles masTan konkurencias, ver moaxerxes<br />
klimatur cvlilebebTan Tu bunebis<br />
sxva gamowvevebTan adaptacia da gadaSendnen,<br />
gonierma adamianma ki TiTqmis mTeli<br />
planeta aiTvisa.<br />
uZvelesi adamiani moixmarda imas, rasac<br />
homo habilisi<br />
homo ereqtusi<br />
homo sapiensi<br />
11<br />
ra aris <strong>istoria</strong>
Tavi pirveli<br />
12<br />
mas buneba sTavazobda – agrovebda sakvebad vargis mcenareebsa Tu mis nayofs,<br />
nadirobda, Tevzaobda. igi sxvadasxva masalisgan – qvisgan, Zvlisgan, xisgan,<br />
amzadebda iaraRs, romelsac iyenebda, pirvel rigSi, sakvebis mosapoveblad.<br />
cxovelis tyavisa da mcenareuli masalisgan igi amzadebda agreTve tansacmels,<br />
romelic mas sicivigan, mcxunvare mzisgan an cxovelis nakbenisgan icavda.<br />
Tavdapirvelad adamianTa mcire jgufebi – jogebi uvlidnen mozrdil teritorias<br />
sakvebis mopovebisa da usafrTxo droebiTi sadgomis moZebnis mizniT.<br />
saukeTeso sanadiro da sacxovrebeli adgilebis Ziebam adamiani miiyvana<br />
Cveni planetis yvela kuTxeSi, sadac cxovrebisaTvis met-naklebad Sesaferisi<br />
pirobebi iyo. gaazrebuli koleqtiuri qmedebebi da damatebiT saSualebaTa<br />
gamoyeneba garemo pirobebTan adaptaciisas zrdida adamianis warmatebis SesaZleblobas<br />
sruliad gansxvavebul bunebriv pirobebSi. swored garemosTan<br />
adaptaciis Sedegia is rasobrivi gansxvavebebi, rac dRes sxvadasxva kontinentis<br />
mkvidr mosaxleobas Soris SeimCneva.<br />
daaxl. 70 aTasi wlis win, savaraudod, kunZul sumatraze tobas uZlieresi<br />
vulkanuri amofrqvevis Semdeg daiwyo `didi gamyinvarebis~ procesi, romelmac<br />
planetis mosaxleobis didi nawili Seiwira, magram gadarCenilebi gamoawrTo<br />
da Semdgomi warmatebebisTvis Seamzada.<br />
yinulis ukandaxevis Semdeg, daaxl. 12 aTasi wlis win Seiqmna xelSemwyobi<br />
pirobebi demografiuli zrdisa da axali miwebis aTvisebisaTvis.<br />
daaxl. 10 aTasi wlis win daiwyo umniSvnelovanesi procesi, romelic `neoliTuri<br />
revoluciis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. am dros adamiani nadirobasa da Semgroveblobas<br />
sakuTari sakvebis warmoebiTa (miwaTmoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba) da<br />
binadari cxovrebiT anacvlebs. sxvadasxva mcenarisa da cxovelis moSinaurebis<br />
kvali mecnierebs msoflios mraval kuTxeSi aRmouCeniaT. axlo aRmosavleTSi<br />
Zroxis mowvela. Zvelegvipturi freska
mdebareobda miwaTmoqmedebis yvelaze Zveli da mniSvnelovani kera, romelsac<br />
`nayofieri naxevarmTvare~ ewodeba.<br />
miuxedavad saxelisa `revolucia~, rac Cven cnobierebaSi swraf da radikalur<br />
cvlilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, es procesi sakmaod xangrZlivi iyo<br />
da aTaswleulebs moicavda.<br />
sakvebis mopovebis wesis Secvlas mniSvnelovani Zvrebi mohyva sazogadoeba-<br />
Si. Tanasworuflebian adamianTa mcire da mobiluri jgufebi binadar cxovrebaze<br />
gadadian, iwyeben soflebisa da qalaqebis Senebas. maT garSemo icvleba<br />
bunebrivi garemoc. miwaTmoqmedeba da masTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva saqmianoba,<br />
mag., irigacia (sarwyavi sistemebis mowyoba) iZleoda zedmeti produqtis<br />
Seqmnis saSualebas. aman, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo mosaxleobis zrdas, Sromis<br />
danawilebas, xelosnobisa da vaWrobis gaCenas. viTardeboda xelovneba, arqiteqtura,<br />
sazogadoebrivi Tu politikuri struqturebi, gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba<br />
da damwerloba. am yovelives vxvdebiT samxreT SuamdinareTis (mdinareebis,<br />
evfratisa da tigrosis auzebSi, dRevandeli erayis teritoria) qalaqebSi ukve<br />
5-6 aTasi wlis win. swored aq mTavrdeba preistoriuli (winareistoriuli) xana<br />
da iwyeba istoriuli dro.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriazec neoliTis xanaSi xdeba gadasvla mwarmoeblur<br />
meurneobaze. dasavleT saqarTveloSi adreul neoliTSi viTardeba mesaqonleoba,<br />
arqeologiur masalaSi Cndeba marcvleuli kulturebis – fetvis, xorblis,<br />
qeris warmoebis niSnebi. neoliTis xanas ganekuTvneba vazis moSinaurebac.<br />
Sinauri yurZnis dReisaTvis cnobili uZvelesi naSTebi samxreT saqarTveloSia<br />
aRmoCenili.<br />
adamianis uZvelesi winapris gavrcelebis ruka<br />
leqsikoni<br />
r adaptacia – Segueba, Sewyoba<br />
r demografia – statistikis dargi, romelic ikvlevs<br />
mosaxleobis Semadgenlobas da moZraobas.<br />
13<br />
ra aris <strong>istoria</strong>
Tavi pirveli<br />
14<br />
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. rodis da sad gaCnda pirveli adamiani?<br />
2. riTi gansxvavdeboda igi cxovelisagan?<br />
3. rodis gamoCnda pirveli adamiani saqarTveloSi?<br />
4. ra warmoadgenda adamianis ZiriTad saqmianobas aTaswleulebis manZilze?<br />
5. raSi mdgomareobs `neoliTuri revoluciis~ arsi?<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
1. dawereT mokle Txzuleba adamianis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
2. moiZieT masalebi saqarTveloSi pirvelyofili adamianis Sesaxeb.<br />
amisaTvis SegiZliaT ewvioT saqarTvelos erovnul muzeums an mis<br />
internet-saits. moZiebuli masalis safuZvelze moamzadeT prezentacia<br />
`pirvelyofili adamianis samosaxlo saqarTvelos teritoriaze~.<br />
ZiriTadi TariRebi<br />
2,5 mln w. – gaCnda<br />
pirveli adamiani,<br />
homo habilisi<br />
2 mln w. – gaCnda<br />
homo ereqtusi<br />
3 mln 2 mln 1 mln 0<br />
1,8 mln w. – homo<br />
ereqtusi dmanisSi<br />
200-150 aTasi wlis win –<br />
afrikaSi gaCnda homo sapiensi<br />
– Tanamedrove adamiani<br />
10 aTasi wlis win – iwyeba<br />
`neoliTuri revolucia~,<br />
adamiani Semgroveblobasa<br />
da monadireobas miwismoqmedebiTa<br />
da mecxoveleobiT<br />
anacvlebs
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
- saxelmwifoebriobis dasawyisi<br />
3. nilosis auzi - Zveli egvipte<br />
uZvelesi civilizaciebi didi mdinareebis<br />
napirebze aRmocenda: egvipte<br />
– nilosis, Sumeri, babiloni, asureTi –<br />
evfratisa da tigrosis, indoeTi – indisa<br />
da gangis, CineTi – xuanxesa da ianZis.<br />
es arcaa SemTxveviTi. mdinaris roli<br />
am civilizaciebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani<br />
iyo. mdinare uzrunvelyofda<br />
mimdebare teritoriis nayofierebas,<br />
amavdroulad adamians organizebul<br />
Sromas aCvevda. es jer kidev `istoriis<br />
mamam~ – herodotem SeniSna da egviptes<br />
`nilosis nobaTi~ uwoda.<br />
nilosis napirebze ganlagebuli dasaxlebebi<br />
Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi gaer-<br />
Tianda jer or samefod (nilosis deltaSi<br />
Seiqmna qvemo anu CrdiloeTi samefo,<br />
nilosis pirveli Woromidan deltamde<br />
ki – zemo anu samxreTi samefo), Semdeg<br />
ki erT saxelmwifod, romlis mefec<br />
– faraoni – orive samefos mflobelis<br />
titulebsa da gvirgvinebs atarebda egviptis<br />
arsebobis mravalaTaswlovani<br />
arsebobis manZilze. egviptelebi faraons<br />
RmerTad miiCnevdnen, xolo mTel<br />
mosaxleobas – mis msaxurebad. RmerTebisa<br />
da faraonis winaSe yvela Tanaswori<br />
iyo da adamianis warmateba da<br />
samsaxurebrivi winsvla, pirvel<br />
rigSi, mis pirad Rirsebebsa<br />
da miRebul ganaTlebaze<br />
iyo damokidebuli.<br />
ramses II saomar etlze<br />
qadeSis samSvidobo xelSekruleba.<br />
qvaze amokveTili warwera<br />
egvipturi piramidebi<br />
II<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
15
Tavi meore<br />
16<br />
egviptelebi bevrs fiqrobdnen imqveyniur cxovrebaze<br />
da amqveynad yofnas mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
saiqiosaTvis mzadebad aRiqvamdnen. SemuSavda<br />
garkveuli zneobrivi (eTikuri) normebi, romelTa<br />
dacvac savaldebulo iyo rogorc am, aseve imqveynad<br />
Rirseuli adgilis dasakaveblad.<br />
egviptelebi saiqio cxovrebis materialur mxarezec<br />
zrunavdnen. gardacvlilis sxeuls specialuri<br />
xerxiT amuSavebdnen, raTa ar gaxrwniliyo<br />
da patrons SemdgomSic gamosdgomoda. amgvarad<br />
Senaxul cxedars mumia ewodeboda. droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
mumiis damzadebis (mumifikaciis) xelovneba<br />
Zalian daixvewa. arsebobda sxvadasxva kategoriisa<br />
da fasis momsaxureba. maRali kategoriis mumiebma tutanxamonis oqros niRabi<br />
aTaswleulebs gauZles da Cvenamde sakmaod karg<br />
mdgomareobaSi moaRwies. dRes mecnierebi maT sxvadasxva analizs utareben,<br />
rac egviptelTa cxovrebis mraval detals hfens Suqs. micvalebuls SeZlebisdagvarad<br />
oqro-vercxlsa da pirveli moxmarebis nivTebsac atandnen da iseT<br />
samarxs ugebdnen, romelic mis amqveyniur saxls ar Camouvardeboda.<br />
samarxebis Zarcva Zvel droSive daiwyo. dRemde sul ramdenimem moaRwia<br />
xeluxlebeli saxiT. faraonTa samarxebSi Catanebuli saganZuris Sesaxeb warmodgenas<br />
gviqmnis siWabukeSi gardacvlili faraonis, tutanxamonis (Zv.w. 1341-<br />
1323) samarxi. Tavad samarxTagan ki gamoirCeva piramidebi, romlebic adamianma<br />
odiTganve msoflios saocrebaTa ricxvs miakuTvna.<br />
mkacr bunebriv sazRvrebSi (aRmosavleTiTa da dasavleTiT udabno, samxre-<br />
TiT nilosis Woromebi da CrdiloeTiT xmelTaSua zRva) Caketili egvipte<br />
aTaswleulebis manZilze garesamyarosgan TiTqmis izolirebulad viTardeboda.<br />
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis SuaxanebSi egvipte daipyres aziidan mosulma hiqsosebma.<br />
mtris gandevnis Semdeg egviptelebma Tavad wamoiwyes warmatebuli Soreuli<br />
dapyrobiTi laSqrobebi. Zv.w. XV-XIII saukuneebi egviptis Zlierebis xanaa. is<br />
imorCilebs mcire samefoebs siria-palestinaSi da uSualod umezobldeba wina<br />
aziis did saxelmwifoebs – miTans, xeTebs, babilons. yvelaze Sors egviptis<br />
Zalaufleba Totmes (Tutmos) III-m ganavrco Zv.w. XV s. pirvel naxevarSi, xolo<br />
ramses II-is mier qadeSis maxloblad Zv.w. 1274 wels gadaxdili brZola xeTebTan<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili brZolaa Zvel samyaroSi. orive mxare mas sakuTar<br />
warmatebad miiCnevda, Sedegad ki daido sazavo xelSekruleba egviptesa da<br />
xeTebs Soris. am xelSekrulebis asli dRes gaeros Stabbinas amSvenebs. igi<br />
uZvelesi nimuSia Tanaswori da urTierTsasargeblo xelSekrulebisa.<br />
Semdgom xanaSi egvipte SedarebiT dasustda da, miuxedavad imisa, rom kidev<br />
didxans darCa mniSvnelovan moTamaSed, rogorc kulturis, aseve politikisa<br />
Tu ekonomikis sferoSi, Tanmimdevrulad moeqca aRmavlobis gzaze mdgomi<br />
msoflio imperiebis gavlenis sferoSi. egvipte jer asureTma daimorCila,<br />
Semdeg sparseTma, makedoniam, romma.<br />
Zvelma egviptem, rogorc kulturulma da politikurma fenomenma, sabolood<br />
Sewyvita arseboba ax.w. VII saukuneSi, arabebis mier misi dapyrobis Semdeg.
wya ro 1<br />
ptaxotepis darigeba (nawyvetebi):<br />
`nu iamayeb Seni codniT, giyvardes, dausva kiTxva, rogorc brZens, ise mas, vinc ar<br />
migaCnia brZenad.<br />
daxelovnebas ar aqvs sazRvari, aravis miuRwevia srulyofilebisTvis.<br />
Tu Sen gekamaTeba, vinc Seni Tanasworia, SesZeli, Seni Tavmoyvareoba gaaCumo...,<br />
Tu Sen gekamaTeba sabralo, romelsac Senze naklebi codna aqvs, nu gaujavrdebi.<br />
daisjeba, vinc sjis Tavisze umcross.<br />
arasodes gaimeoro sxvisi ciliswameba. sjobia, arc ki moismino igi.<br />
Tu daeWvdi megobarSi, nu daiwyeb gamoZiebas, midi masTan, mowmis gareSe<br />
daelaparake. gaxsovdes, vinc dagexmara, Tu gsurs keTildReoba, arasodes Caidino<br />
usamarTloba megobris mimarT, megobari igivea, rac morwyuli yanebi da metia,<br />
vidre simdidre.~<br />
wya ro 2<br />
micvalebulTa <strong>wigni</strong> (nawyveti):<br />
`me ar Camidenia boroteba, me ar Camidenia codva wminda adgilas, me ar miyvarda<br />
mkrexeloba, me ar damiCagravs susti, me ar gamaCnia codva RmerTebis winaSe, me ar<br />
damiCagravs mona batonis TandaswrebiT, me ar vyofilvar aravis avadmyofobis<br />
mizezi, me ar momiklavs, me ar mibrZanebia aravis mokvla, me aravisTvis mimiyenebia<br />
tanjva, me ar vazianebdi sataZro beRlebs, me ar mimiTvisebia micvalebulTa<br />
qoneba, me ar Camidenia mruSoba, me ar mqonda bilwi ena, me arasodes momityuebia<br />
wonaSi, me arasodes Camiqria samsxverplo cecxli, me arasodes gamomitovebia<br />
msxverplSewirva,<br />
me sufTa var, me sufTa var, me sufTa var...~<br />
leqsikoni<br />
r delta – nilosis (da saer-<br />
Tod, mdinareebis) gantotvili<br />
SesarTavi, romelic berZnul<br />
aso deltas (Δ) waagavda<br />
da aqedan miiRo saxeli<br />
r ptaxotepi – veziri, pirveli<br />
ministri Zv.w. XXV saukunis<br />
erT-erTi faraonis karze<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
17
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18<br />
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. vin iyo faraoni egviptelTaTvis?<br />
2. rogor warmoedginaT Zvel egviptelebs imqveyniuri cxovreba?<br />
3. ra mniSvneloba aqvs mumiebs Tanamedrove mecnierebisaTvis?<br />
4. ra daniSnuleba hqonda egviptelTa piramidebs?<br />
5. TanmimdevrobiT CamoTvaleT msoflio imperiebi, romlebic gabatondnen<br />
egvipteSi saxelmwifoebriobis moSlis Semdeg.<br />
6. moawyveT diskusia Temaze: `Tanamedrove TvaliT danaxuli egvipturi<br />
samarTali~.<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
1. teqstisa da wyaroebis mixedviT dawereT mokle Txzuleba egviptelTa<br />
warmodgenebis Sesaxeb codnaze, samarTlianobaze da saiqio cxovrebaze.<br />
ZiriTadi TariRebi<br />
Zv.w. IV<br />
aTaswleulis<br />
miwuruli<br />
– egviptis<br />
erTiani samefos<br />
Camoyalibeba<br />
Zv.w. XVI s. – hiqsosebi egvipteSi<br />
Zv.w. 1341-1323<br />
– tutanxamonis<br />
mefoba<br />
Zv.w. XIII s. pirveli naxevari<br />
– ramses II-is mefoba<br />
Zv.w. XV s. pirveli naxevari<br />
– Totmes III-is mefoba da<br />
dapyrobiTi laSqrobebi<br />
Zv.w. 1274 –<br />
qadeSis brZola<br />
XXXX s. XV s. X s. V s. 0 V s. X s. XV s.<br />
ax.w. VII s. –<br />
egviptis dapyroba<br />
arabebis mier
4. SuamdinareTi<br />
Sumeri/babiloni<br />
mdinareebs, evfratsa da tigross Soris,<br />
dRevandeli erayis teritoriaze qalaquri<br />
tipis dasaxlebebi da saxelmwifoebrioba<br />
jer kidev neoliTSi Cnde ba. samxreT<br />
SuamdinareTSi (mesopotamiaSi) Zv.w. IV-III<br />
aTaswleulebSi yvavis civilizacia, romelsac<br />
Sumeruls vuwodebT. es ucnobi<br />
warmoSobis xalxi enacvleba aq ufro<br />
adreul binadarT da did simaRleebs aRwevs<br />
sulieri da materialuri kulturis<br />
sferoSi. maTi kulturuli miRwevebi, pirvel<br />
rigSi, lursmuli damwerloba, daedo<br />
safuZvlad SuamdinareTisa da saerTod,<br />
wina aziis mraval civilizacias.<br />
Sumerebi damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi<br />
cxovrobdnen. erT-erTi aseTi<br />
qalaqis, uruqis mefe – gilgameSi Sumerul<br />
TqmulebaTa gmirad iqca. periodulad, romelime<br />
qalaqis mefe axerxebda sxvebis damorCilebasa<br />
da qveynis gaerTianebas.<br />
pirveli didi gaerTianeba, romelic<br />
gascda samxreT SuamdinareTis farglebs,<br />
aqadis mefis, sargon didis (Zv.w. XXIV s.)<br />
saxels ukavSirdeba.<br />
xamurabis kanonebis stela<br />
babilonis nangrevebi<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
19
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20<br />
aqadelebi semituri warmoSobis xalxi iyo, romelic Sumerebis gverdiT saxlobda.<br />
mesame aTaswleulis miwuruls semituri tomebi intensiurad Semodian<br />
mesopotamiaSi da Sumerebis TandaTanobiT asimilacias axdenen. Sumeruli rCeba<br />
mwerlobisa da mecnierebis enad, mis gverdiT dgeba aqaduri, romlis calkeul<br />
dialeqtebze laparakobdnen babilonelebi, asurelebi da SuamdinareTis sxva<br />
xalxebi. Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi aqaduri saerTaSoriso enis<br />
statuss iZens da did samefoebs Soris mimowera swored am enaze warmoebda.<br />
II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi SuamdinareTSi ori saxelmwifo iwyebs aRmasvlas<br />
– babiloni da asureTi.<br />
qalaqi babiloni vaWrobisTvis Zalze mosaxerxebel da strategiulad<br />
mniSvnelovan adgilas mdebareobs, sadac evfrati da tigrosi yvelaze metad<br />
uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs. babilonis aRzeveba mefe xamurabis (Zv.w. XVIII s.) saxels<br />
ukavSirdeba. xamurabim moqnili diplomatiiTa da samxedro warmatebebiT<br />
moaxerxa, patara qalaq-saxelmwifo mTeli mesopotamiis batonad eqcia. da<br />
mainc, xamurabi, pirvel rigSi, Tavisi kanonebiTaa cnobili. Savi qvis, dioritis<br />
stelaze dawerili teqsti Cvenamde srulad moRweulTagan yvelaze Zveli<br />
kanonTa krebulia. es krebuli umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa babilonis saxelmwifo<br />
mowyobisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sesaswavlad.<br />
babiloni, mTeli aTaswleulis manZilze msoflios udidesi qalaqi, 8 kvadratul<br />
kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli. amitom, imis miuxedavad, mesopotamiis<br />
did nawils akontrolebda (rogorc xamurabis an nabuqodonosoris (Zv.w. 605-<br />
562) dros), Tu qalaq-saxelmwifos pirvelad sazRvrebs ubrundeboda, is did<br />
samefod da angariSgasawev Zalad rCeboda, sanam sabolood ar dakarga damoukidebloba<br />
Zv.w. 539 wels sparselebis mier dapyrobis Sedegad. SemdgomSi qalaqi<br />
mcire xniT aleqsandre makedonelis msoflio imperiis dedaqalaqic iyo.<br />
asureTi<br />
SuamdinareTis CrdiloeT nawilSi asureTi batonobda. qveynis saxelwodeba<br />
misi dedaqalaqisa da mfarveli RvTaebis – asuris saxelidan modis. mogvianebiT<br />
ki qalaqi ninevia ikavebs qveynis mniSvnelovani centris pozicias.<br />
asureTs ramdenjerme daudga aRmavlobis xana. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi<br />
asureTi mTel Crdilo SuamdinareTs akontrolebda, xolo asuruli savaWro koloniebi<br />
mTel wina aziaSi iyo modebuli. asureli vaWrebi akontrolebdnen mTel<br />
saerTaSoriso vaWrobas ZiriTadi strategiuli saqonliT, agreTve sakuTari<br />
samefos agenturis funqciasac iTavsebdnen. bevr qalaqSi maT sakuTari TviTmmarTveli<br />
ubnebi hqondaT. maTgan yvelaze cnobili da kargad Seswavlili qanesia<br />
(dRevandeli qiul-Tefe TurqeTSi, qalaq kaiseris maxloblad). Zv. w. XIX-XVIII ss.<br />
mijnaze asureTSi mefobda SamSiadadi, romelmac mTeli CrdiloeT mesopotamiis<br />
damorCileba SeZlo. mis saxelmwifos bolo mouRo xamurabim. qalaqi asuri jer<br />
babilonis gavlenis sferoSi moeqca, Semdeg ki is miTanis samefom daimorCila.<br />
Zv.w. XIV saukunidan asureTis saxelmwifo kvlav gamodis saerTaSoriso asparezze,<br />
xolo momdevno saukuneebSi asurelTa eqspansiis axali talRebi<br />
vrceldeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. gansakuTrebul warmatebebs aRweven<br />
TuqulTininurta I (1244-1208) da tiglaTfalasar I (1115-1077), romelmac asurelTagan<br />
erTaderTma miaRwia Sav zRvas.
asurelTa Zlierebis mwvervali Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebze modis, rodesac isini<br />
TiTqmis mTel axlo aRmosavleTze batonobdnen: isini imorCileben babilonsa<br />
da samxreT SuamdinareTs sparseTis yuremde, israels xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi,<br />
aviwroeben urartus samefos vanisa da urmiis tbebis midamoebSi da garkveuli<br />
droiT egviptesac ki ipyroben. magram mxolod samxedro Zalaze damyarebuli<br />
saxelmwifo Sinaganad mainc susti da aramdgradi iyo. maTma mezoblebmac<br />
gauTavebel omebSi daxvewes samxedro xelovneba da moaxerxes winaaRmdegobis<br />
organizeba. Zv.w. 615 wels babilonis mefem, nabuqodonosorma da midiis mefem,<br />
kiaqsarma sxvadasxva mxridan Seuties asureTs. brZola aT wels gagrZelda da<br />
babilonis mefis gamarjvebis Semdeg qarxemiSTan brZolaSi (605 w.) asureTma<br />
arseboba Sewyvita.<br />
leqsikoni<br />
r analebi – matiane, istoriuli Janris<br />
nawarmoebi<br />
r dialeqti – ama Tu im enis lokaluri<br />
nairsaxeoba. erTi enis dialeqtebi<br />
erTmaneTisagan naklebad<br />
gansxvavdebian, vidre ragind axlo<br />
monaTesave enebi.<br />
r kolonia – ama Tu im qalaqis an qveynis<br />
(metropolis) mier Seqmnili<br />
met-naklebad damoukidebeli dasaxleba,<br />
romelsac Tavis damfuZnebelTan<br />
garkveulwilad mWidro<br />
politikuri, ekonomikuri da kul-<br />
asureTis imperia<br />
berZnuli<br />
qalaqsaxelmwifoebi<br />
lidiis<br />
aTeni<br />
samefo<br />
frigiis<br />
samefo<br />
egviptis<br />
samefo<br />
kimerielebi<br />
ierusalemi<br />
iuda<br />
turuli kavSirebi hqonda.<br />
r semitebi – semituri enobrivi<br />
ojaxis warmomadgeneli xalxebi.<br />
dRes am jgufis yvelaze cnobili<br />
warmomadgenlebi arabebi da ebraelebi<br />
arian.<br />
r statusi – garkveul sazogadoeba-<br />
Si met-naklebad aRiarebuli, dadgenili<br />
mdgomareoba, wodeba (rodesac<br />
adamianis mimarT ixmareba)<br />
r stela – didi qva warweriT an gamosaxulebiT,<br />
romelic TvalsaCino<br />
adgilas idgmeboda.<br />
urartus samefo<br />
(Zv.w. 712 w-mde)<br />
ninevia<br />
aSuri<br />
babiloni<br />
asureTis imperia Zv.w. 824<br />
asureTis imperia Zv.w. 671<br />
ekbatana<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
21
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22<br />
wya ro 1<br />
sargon aqadelis warweridan:<br />
`Saruqini, samyaros mefe, 54 brZolis gamarjvebiT gadamxdeli, zRvaTa<br />
sanapiroebamde galavnebis damangreveli... Saruqini, mefe, romelsac RvTaeba<br />
enlilma toli metoqe ar gauCina: 5400 kaci yoveldRe mis winaSe Wams purs. vinc es<br />
warwera gadaSalos misi saxelis waSlis mizniT, dae, enlilma misi saxsenebeli<br />
amoagdos.~<br />
wya ro 2<br />
xamurabis kanonebidan:<br />
1. ukeTu kacma kaci daasmina, mkvleloba daabrala da ver daumtkica, misi damsmeneli<br />
sikvdiliT unda daisajos.<br />
2. ukeTu kacma kacs jadoqroba daabrala da ver daumtkica, is, visac jadoqroba<br />
dabralda, mdinaresTan unda mivides, mdinareSi unda Sevides da Tu igi mdinarem<br />
daiWira, misi damsmeneli mis saxls waiRebs. Tu es kaci mdinarem gawminda da igi<br />
gadarCa, vinc mas jadoqroba daabrala, sikvdiliT unda daisajos. vinc mdinareSi<br />
Sevida, Tavisi damsmenelis saxls waiRebs.<br />
3. ukeTu kaci sasamarTloSi danaSaulis mowmed gamovida da Tavisi naTqvami ver<br />
daamtkica, Tuki es sicocxlis saqmea, es kaci sikvdiliT unda daiosajos.<br />
wya ro 3<br />
tiglaTfalasar I-is analebidan<br />
Cemi mefobis dasawyisSi 20000 muSqi da maTi 5 mefe, romlebmac ukve 50 welia<br />
miitaces (qveynebi) alzi da furulumzi, adre (RvTaeba) aSurs, Cems batons, rom<br />
uxdidnen xarks, romlebic verc erTma mefem ver daamarcxa brZolaSi da romlebic<br />
sakuTar Zalas endobodnen, daeSvnen (mTebidan) da daipyres qaTmuxis qveyana.<br />
aSuris, Cemi batonis imediT Sevkribe Cemi etlebi da laSqari, sxvebs aRar davelode<br />
(da) qaSiaris mTebi, Znelad savali, gadavlaxe. maT 20000 mebrZolsa da 5 mefes<br />
qaTmuxis qveyanaSi Severkine, vZlie maT, meomarTa gvamebi brZolisas ise movaquCe,<br />
rogorc niaRvarma, maTi sisxli maRali mTebidan xevebSi moedineboda, Tavebi<br />
davaWeri da dasaxlebebis maxloblad marcvleuliviT movagrove, maTi nadavli,<br />
qoneba, simdidre uricxvi wamoviRe. 6000 kaci, maTi laSqris narCenebi, vinc Cems<br />
iaraRs gaeqca, fexebze momexvivnen, me Seviwyale isini da Cemi qveynis xalxs SevuerTe.
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. riT aris mniSvnelovani Sumeruli civilizacia?<br />
2. ra enebi iyo gavrcelebuli SuamdinareTSi?<br />
3. ram Seuwyo xeli babilonis aRzevebas?<br />
4. ganixileT klasSi xamurabis kanonebi (wyaro 2). romeli kanoni<br />
geCvenebaT azrsmoklebulad?<br />
5. imsjeleT, raze iyo damyarebuli asureTis samefo da ram ganapiroba<br />
misi dacema. gamoiyeneT wyaroebi 1 da 3.<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
1. dawereT Tema SuamdinareTSi arsebuli saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb. mokled<br />
daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani.<br />
ZiriTadi TariRebi<br />
XXXX s. XXXV s. XXX s. XXV s. XX s. XV s. X s. V s. 0<br />
Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis<br />
meore naxevari –<br />
Sumerul qalaqsaxelmwifoTa<br />
gaCena<br />
Zv.w. XXIV s.<br />
– sargon<br />
aqadeli<br />
mefoba<br />
Zv.w. XVIII s.<br />
– xamurabis<br />
mefoba<br />
babilonSi<br />
Zv.w. II<br />
aTaswleulis<br />
dasawyisi<br />
– asuruli<br />
savaWro<br />
koloniebi<br />
mcire aziaSi<br />
Zv.w. 1115-1077 –<br />
tiglaTfalasar<br />
I-is mefoba<br />
asureTSi<br />
Zv.w. IX-VII<br />
saukuneebi<br />
– asureTis<br />
Zlierebis xana<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
Zv.w. 539 –<br />
babilonis aReba<br />
sparselebis mier<br />
Zv.w. 605 –<br />
asureTis dacema<br />
Zv.w. 605-562 –<br />
nabuqodonosor<br />
II-is mefoba<br />
babilonSi<br />
Zv.w. 1244-1208 –<br />
TuqulTininurta<br />
I-is mefoba<br />
23<br />
asureTSi
Tavi meore<br />
24<br />
5. xuanxes auzi - Zveli CineTi<br />
pirveli Cinuri civilizaciebi warmoiqmna<br />
sami didi mdinaris – xuanxes (yvi-<br />
Teli mdinaris), ianZisa da qsi Zianis auzeb-<br />
Si. mdinareebi miwaTmoqmedebs uzunvelyofda<br />
naTesebisaTvis aucilebeli sarwyavi<br />
wyliT. daaxl. Zv.w. 2200 wlidan CineTis<br />
sxvadasxva nawilebSi saxelmwifoebi Seiqmna.<br />
pirveli dinastia ki, romlis mmarTvelobac<br />
istoriulad dadasturebulia, iyo<br />
Sanis (inis) dinastia, romelic daaxl. Zv.w.<br />
1700 wlidan 1046 wlamde batonobda. am dinastiis<br />
mmarTvelobis periodSi (Zv.w. XV<br />
s.) Seiqmna Cinuri damwerlobis pirveli<br />
saxeoba, romelic warmoadgenda sxvadasxva<br />
sagnebisa da movlenebis simbolur gamosaxulebas.<br />
arsebobda aTasobiT simboloniSani,<br />
maTi mcodne ki bevri ar iyo. am mizeziT<br />
simboloebis raodenoba SemdgomSi<br />
Semcirda, simboloebic ufro daixvewa da<br />
SedarebiT advili gasagebi gaxda. warwerebs<br />
(romlebic, ZiriTadad, momavlis Sesaxeb<br />
marCieloba iyo), Tavdapirvelad cxovelebis<br />
Zvlebze kveTdnen. amave xanebSi daiwyo<br />
brinjaosa da Tixis WurWlis, aseve abreSumis<br />
warmoeba.<br />
Sanis dinastias Caenacvla CJous dinastia,<br />
romlis gamgeblobac Zv.w. 221 wlamde<br />
gagrZelda. am periodSi ganviTarda Cine-<br />
Tis ekonomika, vaWroba – daiwyo Cinuri<br />
abreSumis, Zvirfasi qvebis,<br />
faifuris nawarmis eqsporti.<br />
CJous dinastiis mmarTvelobis<br />
periodSi moRvaweobda<br />
filosofosi konfuci (Zv.w.<br />
551-479) – konfucianelobis<br />
religiur-eTikuri sistemis<br />
Semqneli. legendis Tanaxmad,<br />
Zv.w. VI saukuneSi cxovrobda<br />
lao Zi. man safuZveli Cauyara<br />
daoizms, romelmac Camoyalibebuli<br />
religiis saxe Zv.w. II<br />
saukuneSi miiRo. lao Zis mo-<br />
konfuci<br />
imperatori Si huangdi<br />
Si huangdis terakotis armia
ZRvrebis Tanaxmad, adamianma unda icxovros sakuTari nebis mixedviT da xelisufleba<br />
Tavisi kanonebiT rac SeiZleba naklebad unda Caerios mis cxovrebaSi.<br />
adamiani unda dakmayofildes mcirediT da ar isurvos fufunebiT cxovreba.<br />
CineTi CJous dinastiis mmarTvelobis dros erTiani centralizebuli<br />
saxelmwifo ar iyo. sxvadasxva regionebis mmarTvelebi gauTavebel omebs<br />
awarmoebdnen erTmaneTSi. am omebis periodSi TandaTanobiT gaZlierda Cinis<br />
(cinis) dinastia qveynis Crd.-aRm.-Si, romelmac Zv.w. 221 wlisaTvis gaaerTiana<br />
qveyana da swored misi damsaxurebiT ewoda mas CineTi. gaerTianebuli CineTis<br />
pirvelma imperatorma Si huangdim Seqmna saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis axali<br />
sistema; SemoiRo erTiani fuladi (yvela monetas mrgvali forma hqonda SuaSi<br />
naxvretiT) da zoma-wonis erTeulebis sistema. gaiyvanes axali gzebi da arxebi.<br />
swored am dros daiwyo CineTis didi kedlis mSenebloba, romelic Crdiloe-<br />
Tidan momTabareebis Semosevebisagan icavda qveyanas. Si huangdi gamWriaxi,<br />
magram amave dros sastiki mmarTveli iyo. is wvavda wignebs da sikvdiliT sjida<br />
im swavlulebs (pirvel rigSi, konfucis mimdevrebs), romelTa Sexedulebebic<br />
ar emTxveoda misas. is Zv.w. 210 wels gardaicvala da uzarmazar miwisqveSa akldamaSi<br />
dakrZales. mas Caatanes yovelive is, rac SeiZleboda saiqio cxovrebaSi<br />
gamosdgomoda. mis neSts Tixisgan gamoZerwili naturaluri zomis meomrebis<br />
10 aTas kaciani armia icavda. Si huangdis sikvdilidan sul male, Zv.w. 206 wels<br />
Cinis dinastiis arseboba dasrulda.<br />
es sainteresoa<br />
konfucianeloba<br />
konfucis SexedulebiT, saxelmwifo unda marTon keTilSobilma adamianebma,<br />
romelTa saTaveSic xelmwife (imperatori) – `cis Svili~ dgas. is unda iyos<br />
zneobrivad srulyofili da misi qceva emyarebodes moralis principebis mkacr<br />
dacvas. mSoblebma unda izrunon Svilebze; ojaxSi axalgazrdebma pativiscema unda<br />
gamoamJRavnon ufrosebisadmi; urTierTpativscemas unda daemyaros im adamianebis<br />
urTierTobac, romlebic erTmaneTis naTesavebi ar arian. es principebi unda iyos<br />
saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis safuZvelic. `marTva niSnavs samarTlianad qcevas~ –<br />
es evaleboda mmarTvels. Tavis mxriv, misi qveSevdromebi pativs unda scemdnen mas da<br />
usityvod emorCilebodnen.<br />
konfuci kanonebze damyarebuli mmarTvelobis sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo: `xalxis<br />
kanonebiT marTvisa da sadamsjelo RonisZiebebiT wesrigis SenarCunebis mcdelobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, xalxi Seecdeba Tavi aaridos sasjels da ar eqneba danaSaulis grZnoba;<br />
da Tu xalxis marTva ganxorcieldeba siqvelisa da tradiciebis safuZvelze, xalxs<br />
ecodineba, Tu ra aris sircxvili da gamoswordeba.~<br />
konfucianelobis religiur-eTikuri sistema did zegavlenas axdenda aramarto<br />
CineTis, aramed zogadad aRmosavleT aziis xalxebis msoflmxedvelobasa da<br />
sazogadoebriv urTierTobebze XX saukunis dasawyisamde.<br />
evropam konfucis Semoqmedeba CineTSi moRvawe qristiani misionerebis –<br />
iezuitebis saSualebiT gaicno. jer kidev 1687 wels gamoica laTinurad <strong>wigni</strong><br />
konfucis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
25
Tavi meore<br />
26<br />
is Secvala hanis dinastiam (Zv.w. 202-ax.w.<br />
200), romlis drosac CineTis imperia gadaWimuli<br />
iyo CineTis zRvidan centraluri aziamde<br />
da koreidan indoCineTis naxevarkunZulamde.<br />
am periodSi safuZveli Caeyara abreSumis<br />
gzas, romelic CineTs evropasTan akavSirebda.<br />
ax.w. I saukuneSi Cinuri abreSumi da saneleblebi<br />
ukve Semodioda romSi. Cinuri wyaroebis<br />
mixedviT, ax.w. 166 wliT TariRdeba romis pirveli<br />
elCoba CineTis imperatoris karze.<br />
am periodSi CineTSi Seiqmna sajaro<br />
samsaxuris sistema, romlis safuZvelze<br />
xdeboda saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze dasaniSni<br />
pirebis SerCeva. konfucianeloba iqca<br />
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis ideologiur<br />
leqsikoni<br />
r morali – im wesebis,<br />
normebis erToblioba,<br />
romlebic gansazRvravs<br />
adamianTa yofaqcevas ama Tu<br />
im sazogadoebaSi; zneoba.<br />
moraluri – zneobrivi<br />
r eTika – filosofiuri<br />
moZRvreba moralis, zneobis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
eTikuri – eTikis<br />
TvalsazrisiT misaRebi.<br />
safuZvlad. arqeologiuri masalebis safuZvelze dasturdeba, rom Zv.w. II<br />
saukunidan CineTSi iwarmoeboda qaRaldi. qaRaldma mraval sferoSi Secvala<br />
masze bevrad Zviri abreSumi da Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli gaxda ufro didi<br />
raodenobiT abreSumis eqsporti. es ki qveyanas did Semosavals aZlevda.<br />
wya ro 1<br />
premier-ministr li sis rCevebi imperator Si huangdisadmi:<br />
`...am swavlulebs codna mxolod Zvels da ara axals emyareba... isini iyeneben<br />
TavianT codnas Cveni mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg... Zvel droSi, rodesac samyaro<br />
qaosiT da areulobiT iyo moculi da ver erTiandeboda... isini iyenebdnen warsuls<br />
awmyos dasagmobad da TavianT moZRvrebas upirispirebdnen xelisuflebis mier<br />
Seqmnil wesrigs. axla Tqvenma udidebulesobam daipyro mTeli samyaro, ganasxvava<br />
TeTri da Savi, SemoiRo erTiani standartebi. magram dRemde es jiuti swavlulebi<br />
erToblivad gmoben kanonebs da afaseben TiToeul axal brZanebas sakuTari<br />
moZRvrebis mixedviT. gulSi farulad upirispirdebian [am brZanebebs] da quCebSi<br />
xmamaRla bWoben maT Sesaxeb; xels uwyoben Worebis gavrcelebas. Tu es ar aikrZala,<br />
suverenis prestiJs ziani miadgeba da misi qveSevrdomebi daiyofian.<br />
me gTavazobT, rom yvela istoriuli Canaweri garda Cinis (epoqisa), daiwvas.<br />
isini, vinc bedavs saubarSi daimowmos Zveli... Canawerebi, sajarod unda<br />
daisajon sikvdiliT. isini, vinc iyeneben Zvel tradiciebs axal wesrigTan<br />
dasapirispireblad, ojaxTan erTad unda ganadgurdnen. moxeleebi ki, vinc icis<br />
maTi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, magram umoqmedobas iCens, amgvaradve unda daisajon.<br />
am brZanebis gamocemidan ocdaaTi dRis manZilze Tu aseTi wignebis mflobelebma ar<br />
gaanadgures isini, maSin maT saxeze SanTiT unda amoewvaT damRa da gaigzavnon didi<br />
kedlis mSeneblobis mZime samuSaoebze. ar unda ganadgurdes mxolod is wignebi,<br />
romlebic exeba medicinas, marCielobas da soflis meurneobas.~<br />
sima qiani, `didi istorikosis Canawerebi~ (Zv.w. 213).
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. teqstis mixedviT gansazRvreT, Tu ras gulisxmobs premier-ministri li<br />
si (wyaro 1) gamoTqmaSi `erTiani standartebi~.<br />
2. isaubreT qaRaldis gamogonebis mniSvnelobaze.<br />
3. Tqveni azriT, ratom Tvlida premier-ministri saWirod im wignebis<br />
SenarCunebas, romlebic exeba medicinas, marCielobas da soflis<br />
meurneobas?<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
1. wyaro 1-isa da rubrikis `es sainteresoa~ mixedviT, SeadareT konfucis<br />
ideebi li sis rCevebs imperatorisadmi. gansazRvreT, Tu ratom iyo<br />
miuRebeli konfucis ideebi imperator Si huangisaTvis.<br />
2. internetiT moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi CineTis didi kedlis Sesaxeb.<br />
moamzadeT prezentacia klasisTvis.<br />
ZiriTadi TariRebi<br />
Zv.w 551-479<br />
– konfuci<br />
CineTis didi kedeli<br />
Zv.w. 221-210 –<br />
Si huangdis<br />
mmarTveloba.<br />
600 400 200 0 200<br />
Zv.w. VI s. – lao Zi Zv.w. 202-ax.w.200 –<br />
hanis dinastia<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
27
Tavi meore<br />
28<br />
6. indis auzi - Zveli indoeTi<br />
mdinare indis auzSi pirveli civilizaciebi<br />
Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan iRebs sa-<br />
Taves. Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi Crd. indoeTis<br />
qalaqebSi, mohenjo-darosa da harapaSi,<br />
arqeologebis mier aRmoCenili masalebi<br />
adasturebs, rom aq arsebuli civilizacia<br />
ar CamorCeboda imdroindel egviptesa<br />
da mesopotamias. mosaxleoba liTonebidan<br />
ZiriTadad iyenebda brinjaosa<br />
da spilenZs. saxlebs gamomwvari aguriT<br />
agebdnen. aq aRmoCenili wylis arxebis<br />
sistema maRali donis sainJinro codnaze<br />
miuTiTebs. magram am civilizaciis arseboba<br />
daaxl. Zv.w. 1500 wlisaTvis dasrulda.<br />
erTi mosazrebiT, civilizaciis daknineba<br />
gamoiwvia masStaburma wyaldidobam,<br />
romlis Sedegadac md. indma kalapoti<br />
Seicvala da nayofieri miwebi xriokad<br />
iqca. meore mosazrebiT ki, adamianebma<br />
miwis resursebi amowures.<br />
daaxl. Zv.w. 1500 wlidan 500 wlamde<br />
periods moicavs e.w. `vedebis epoqa~. am<br />
drois Sesaxeb cnobebs viRebT religiuri<br />
Txzulebebidan – `vedebidan~. `vedebiT~<br />
safuZveli Caeyara indur religias – induizms.<br />
Tavdapirvelad vedebs ar iwerdnen –<br />
isini zepirad gadaicemoda. maTi Cawera<br />
moxda gvian, `vedebis epoqis~ dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg Zveli indoeTis literaturul<br />
enaze – sanskritze. am periodis miwuruls<br />
(Zv.w. VI saukuneSi) moRvaweobda kidev<br />
erTi induri warmomavlobis religiis –<br />
budizmis fuZemdebeli buda.<br />
am epoqaSi indoarielebma (indoevropeli<br />
xalxebis erT-erTi ganStoeba) TandaTanobiT<br />
Seaviwroes da daimorCiles<br />
indoeTSi mosaxle sxva xalxebi – upirvelesad<br />
dravidebi, romlebic kanis muqi<br />
feriT gamoirCeodnen da maT indoarielebi<br />
ufro dabal safexurze mdgomebad<br />
miiCnevdnen.<br />
buda<br />
Zvelinduri qandakeba
Camoyalibda kastebis sistema, romelic<br />
vedebSia asaxuli. Tavdapirvelad arsebobda<br />
oTxi kasta. kastebis sistemis mixedviT,<br />
adamians dabadebisTanave gansazRvruli<br />
hqonda Tavisi adgili sazogadoebaSi. indoarielebma<br />
Seqmnes mcire saxelmwifoebi,<br />
romelTac rajebi marTavdnen.<br />
Zv.w. V s-dan indoeTis dasavleTi nawili<br />
sparseTis aqemenianTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
Sedioda. Semdgom, xanmokle periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, indoeTis am nawilSi aq<br />
Tavisi xelisufleba aleqsandre makedonelma<br />
daamyara. misi sikvdilis Semdeg ki<br />
indoelebma berZnebi gaaZeves.<br />
Zv.w. 331 wels Candragupta mauriam Seqmna<br />
Zlieri induri saxelmwifo. misi SviliSvilis,<br />
aSokas dros (Zv.w. 273-232) TiTqmis<br />
mTeli indoeTi gaerTianebuli iyo. Zv.w.<br />
260 wels aSokas armiam mZime brZolaSi daamarcxa<br />
aRmosavleTi indoeTis saxelmwifos<br />
– kalingas jarebi. sastiki sisxlisRvriT<br />
SeZrwunebulma aSokam Sewyvita omebi<br />
da gadawyvita, yovelgvar Zaladobaze<br />
uari eTqva. is budizmze moeqca. brZenma,<br />
guluxvma da tolerantma mmarTvelma budizmi<br />
gaavrcela indoeTSi, ceilonze, tibetSi,<br />
siamsa da birmaSi. sartanSi, sadac<br />
budam pirvelad iqadaga, aSokas brZEanebiT<br />
aigo uzamarzari sveti, romelsac amSvenebda<br />
budizmis simbolo – oTxi borBbliT<br />
Semkul kvarcxlbekze mdgari oTxi lomis<br />
qandakeba. dRes es qandakeba warmoAadgens<br />
indoeTis erovnul gerbs.<br />
aSokas sikvdilis Semdeg misi imperia<br />
erTmaneTTan moqiSpe saxelmwifoebad daiyo.<br />
Sina areuloba ramdenime saukune gagr-<br />
Zelda. sabolood guptas dinastiam moaxerxa<br />
Crd. indoeTis gaerTianeba. am dinastiis<br />
mmarTvelobis periodi (ax.w.320-467) erTerTi<br />
yvelaze gamorCeulia indoeTis <strong>istoria</strong>Si,<br />
xolo Candragupta II-is mefoba (ax.w.<br />
380-413) indoeTis `oqros xanad~ iTvleba.<br />
guptas dinastiis dros indoeTis mTavar<br />
religiad iqca induizmi, Tumca dinastia<br />
mxars uWerda budizmis gavrcelebasac.<br />
sami lomi – budizmis simbolo da<br />
Tanamedrove indoeTis gerbi<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
29
Tavi meore<br />
30<br />
guptas dinastiis periodi induri<br />
kulturis ayvavebis xana iyo. ax.w.<br />
daaxl. II saukuneSi Seiqmna epikuri<br />
poemebi `mahabharata~ da `ramaiana~.<br />
pirvelSi moTxrobilia ori samefo<br />
gvaris mtrobis ambavi, xolo meore<br />
eZRvneba gmirebis brZolas boroti<br />
Zalebis winaaRmdeg. ax.w. IV saukuneSi<br />
moRvaweobda cnobili poeti da dramaturgi<br />
kalidasa, romelsac zogjer<br />
uiliam Seqspirs adareben. indoelebma<br />
gamoigones cifri nuli, niSani<br />
minusi da cifrebi (indoeTSi gamogonebul<br />
cifrebs evropaSi arabuli<br />
ewoda, radganac evropelebisaTvis<br />
isini arabebisgan gaxda cnobili).<br />
indoelebi daxelovnebulebi iyvnen<br />
qsovilebis SeRebvaSi, tyavis damuSavebaSi,<br />
sapnisa da SuSis damzadebaSi.<br />
leqsikoni<br />
r toleranti – momTmeni,<br />
Semwynarebeli.<br />
r tolerantoba – sxvisi<br />
azrebis, rwmenis<br />
Semwynarebloba.<br />
wya ro 1<br />
`vaWrobis zedamxedvelma unda gaigos<br />
sxvadasxva saqonelze dabali da<br />
maRali fasebis zRvari, unda icodes<br />
maTze moTxovnilebis arsebobis<br />
an ararsebobis Sesaxeb. aseve unda<br />
icodes Sesyidvisa da gayidvis<br />
xelsayreli dro.<br />
adgilobrivi nawarmisa da mefis<br />
saqonlis gasayidad unda dadgindes<br />
erTi adgili, xolo ucxo qveynebis<br />
saqoneli sxvadasxva adgilebSi<br />
gaiyidos.<br />
mefis xazinaSi Sesatani Tanxa unda<br />
dadgindes saqonlis moculobis an<br />
sigrZis gazomviT...<br />
vaWrobis zedamxedvelma gulisxmieri<br />
damokidebulebiT xeli unda Seuwyos<br />
vaWrebs, raTa maT Semoitanon<br />
ucxouri saqoneli. mezRvaurebi da<br />
vaWrebis qaravnebi gaaTavisuflos<br />
sabaJo gadasaxadisagan, Tu es Sedis<br />
mefis interesebSi...<br />
rac Seexeba vaWrobas ucxo qveynebSi,<br />
imis codnasTan erTad, Tu ra fasi<br />
aqvs saqonels, ucxo qveyanaSi SesaZlo<br />
mogebis gaTvlisas, zedamxedvelma<br />
unda gaiTvaliswinos sabaJo<br />
gadasaxadebi, saqonlis gadatanis<br />
safasuri mdinaresa da xmeleTze,<br />
samxedro saguSagoebze gadasaxdeli<br />
Tanxa, vaWris danaxarjebi gzaSi,<br />
sadgomis daqiraveba, gzaSi<br />
msxverplTSewirva... ~<br />
`artxaSastra~ (mefis praqtikuli<br />
moRvaweobis saxelmZRvanelo)<br />
(miewereba Candragupta maurias<br />
mTavar mrCevels, kautilias)<br />
(Zv.w. IV s-is dasasruli)
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. ra mosazrebebi arsebobs pirveli induri civilizaciebis aRsasrulis<br />
mizezebis Sesaxeb?<br />
2. Tqveni azriT, risTvis sWirdebodaT Zvel indoelebs wylis arxebis<br />
sistema?<br />
3. daaxasiaTeT mefe aSokas mmarTveloba.<br />
4. CamoTvaleT induri kulturisa da mecnierebis miRwevebi. moawyveT<br />
diskusia am miRwevebis TanamedroveobisaTvis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
1. wyaro1-ze dayrdnobiT moamzadeT mcire Txzuleba indoeTis vaWrobis<br />
Sesaxeb. Tqveni azriT, indoeTis geografiuli mdebareobidan<br />
gamomdinare, romel qveynebTan unda hqonoda indoeTs savaWro<br />
urTierTobebi da romel qveynebs Soris SeiZleboda is yofiliyo savaWro<br />
Suamavali?<br />
ZiriTadi TariRebi<br />
Zv.w. 1500-500 –<br />
`vedebis epoqa~<br />
Zv.w. 273-232 –<br />
aSoka<br />
ax.w. 380-413 –<br />
Candragupta II<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
ax.w. 320-467 –<br />
guptas dinastia<br />
600 400 200 0 200 400<br />
31
Tavi meore<br />
32<br />
7. xeTebis samefo<br />
mcire azia – dRevandeli TurqeTis<br />
teritoria – uZvelesi civilizaciebis<br />
kera iyo. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi aq<br />
mravali sxvadasxva xalxi da qalaq-saxelmwifo<br />
iyo, saerTaSoriso vaWrobas ki asurel<br />
vaWarTa dasaxlebebi awarmoebdnen.<br />
indoevropuli warmoSobis xalxma, xeTebma,<br />
qalaq qanesis mefe aniTas meTaurobiT<br />
moaxerxes mcire aziis didi nawilis erT<br />
samefoSi moqceva. aniTam daipyro xaTebis<br />
qveyana da miwasTan gaaswora maTi sataxto<br />
qalaqi xaTusa. mogvianebiT xeTebma es qalaqi<br />
aRadgines da is Tavis dedaqalaqad<br />
aqcies. xeTebis samefo marbiel laSqrobebs<br />
awyobda siriasa da SuamdinareTSi.<br />
erTma aseTma laSqrobam mefe mursilis<br />
sardlobiT Zv.w. 1531 w. babilonsac ki<br />
miaRwia da xamurabis dinastias mouRo<br />
bolo. Tavis mxriv, xeTebs Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan<br />
gauTaveblad esxmodnen Tavs<br />
qasqebis momTabare tomebi.<br />
dapyrobiTi da marbieli laSqrobebis<br />
dros xeTebs oqro-vercxlTan da saqonelTan<br />
erTad mohyavdaT tyveebi – adamianebi<br />
da RmerTebi. ucxo RmerTebis<br />
qandakebebs isini TavianT taZrebSi aTavsebdnen<br />
da sakuTari RmerTebis Tanaswor<br />
pativs miagebdnen, radgan swamdaT, rom<br />
amiT axal mfarvelsa da Semwes moipovebdnen,<br />
tyve xalxs ki Tavis samefos Soreul<br />
raionebSi asaxlebdnen meurneobaSi mu-<br />
Saxelis raodenobis gazrdisa da Tavdacvisunarianobis<br />
amaRlebis mizniT.<br />
Zv.w. XIV-XIII saukuneebSi xeTebis samefo<br />
Zlierebis mwvervals aRwevs da imdroindeli<br />
msoflios udides saxelmwifoTa<br />
rigSi eqceva. mefe sufiluliuma I warmatebas<br />
aRwevs miTanis Zlier samefos-<br />
Tan brZolaSi da mis taxtze sasurvel<br />
kandidats svams. amis Semdeg is egviptes<br />
ecileba Crdilo siriaze batonobaSi. egviptesTan<br />
Widili didxans gagrZelda da<br />
qadeSis brZola<br />
xeTebis qalRmerTi CviliT
dasrulda Zv.w. 1274 wels qadeSis brZoliTa da sazavo xelSekrulebiT.<br />
qadeSis brZolis gmiri, mefe muvaTali, brZolaSi daiWra da male gardaicvala.<br />
qiSpoba mis vaJsa da Zmas, xaTusili III-s Soris am ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT<br />
damTavrda. xaTusilim daimorCila qveyana da vasalebi, moagvara urTierTobebi<br />
mezoblebTan da egviptis faraons, ramses II-s qaliSvili miaTxova colad. amis<br />
Semdeg xeTebis samefo male daqveiTda. aRmosavleTidan is Seaviwrova xelaxali<br />
aRmavlobis gzaze damdgarma asureTma. XIII saukunis miwuruls taxtis maZiebel-<br />
Ta Soris dapirispirebas emateba `zRvis xalxebisa~ da qasqebis Semosevebi, ris<br />
Sedegadac xeTebis imperia ecema da ramdenime patara samefod iSleba.<br />
wya ro 1<br />
sufiluliumas xelSekrulebidan xukana xaiaselTan<br />
ase (ambobs) «mze» sufiluiluma, xaTis qveynis mefe: xedav, Sen, xukana, ubralo<br />
meomari agiyvane da warCinebuli gagxade! me Sen xaTusaSi da xaiasas mcxovrebTa<br />
(teqstSi: «kacTa») Soris keTilad warmogaCine, xolo Sen Cemi da colad mogeci.<br />
da Sens (Sesaxeb) mTelma xaTis qveyanam, xaiasas qveyanam da yvela (sxva) qveyanam,<br />
mezobelma Tu adgilobrivma, ismina. Sen, xukana, mxolod «mzis» batonoba unda cno!<br />
agreTve Cemi Ze, romelzedac me «mze», vityvi: «dae, es yvelam cnos!» da (romelsac)<br />
me (sxvebs) Soris warmovaCen, Sen, xukana, swored igi unda cno! SemdgomSi ki vinc<br />
Cemi Svilebia, xolo misi (e.i. gamorCeuli ufliswulis) Zmebia, agreTve vinc [Cemi]<br />
Zmebia, isini Sen keTilad, viTarca Zmani da megobarni, (ise) unda cno. SemdgomSi<br />
sxva vinme batoni, rogori [kacic] ar unda iyos igi, «mzis» zurgs ukan ar unda cno.<br />
mxolod «mze» unda cno da daicva igi, «mze».<br />
wya ro 2<br />
xaTusili III-is avtobiografiidan:<br />
moxda ise, rom mteri fisxurudan SemoiWra. qaraxna da marisTa mtris garemocvaSi<br />
aRmoCndnen. mas erTi mxridan TagasTa esazRvreboda, meore mxridan ki Talmalia iyo<br />
misi sazRvari. cxenebis rvaasi Sebma hyavdaT, qveiTebis ki Tvla ar hqondaT. xolo<br />
me Cemma Zmam, muvaTalim gamgzavna da as oci Sebma cxenebisa momca, qveiTebidan ki<br />
arc erTi kacic ar maxlda. maSinac iSTari, Cemi qalbatoni, gamiZRva win da maSin me<br />
mters sakuTari ZalebiT gavumklavdi. da, rodesac yvela, vinc ki mtris mokavSire<br />
iyo, davamarcxe, mteri gaiqca, xolo qalaqebi, romlebic mowyvetilni iyvnen<br />
xaTis qveyanas, Tavdasxmebs awyobdnen da mterTan brZola daiwyes. visTavandaSi<br />
ki me (RvTaebis) stela aRvmarTe. da maSinac me iSTaris, Cemi qalbatonis, wyaloba<br />
mqonda. xolo iaraRi, romelsac maSin vatarebdi, movavaraye da qalRmerTis, Cemi<br />
qalbatonis winaSe movaTavse.<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
33
Tavi meore<br />
34<br />
ZiriTadi TariRebi<br />
Zv.w. XVIII s. –<br />
aniTas mefoba<br />
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. romel saxelmwifoebs ebrZodnen xeTebi da ra SedegebiT dasrulda es<br />
brZolebi?<br />
2. ram ganapiroba xeTebis imperiis dacema?<br />
3. wyaro 2-is mixedviT, vis miawers sakuTar gamarjvebas xaTusili III?<br />
4. yuradRebiT gaecaniT wyaro 1-s. rogor fiqrobT, es xelSekruleba<br />
Tanaswor mxareebs Soris ideba Tu ara?<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
1. dawereT mokle Txzuleba `xeTebis dapyrobebi~.<br />
Zv.w. 1531 w. –<br />
babilonis aReba<br />
mursilis mier<br />
Zv.w. XIV s.<br />
meore naxevari –<br />
sufiluliumas mefoba<br />
Zv.w. XIII s.<br />
miwuruli – xeTebis<br />
samefos dacema<br />
XVIII s. XVII s. XVI s. XV s. XIV s. XIII s.<br />
Zv.w. 1274 –<br />
qadeSis brZola
8. finikia. iudea da israeli<br />
finikia xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT<br />
sanapiroze, dRevandeli libanis teritoriaze<br />
mdebareobda. qveyana mdidari iyo xiliT,<br />
RviniT, zeTisxiliT, xe-tyiT. libanis<br />
kedari uZvelesi droidan Zvirfas samSeneblo<br />
masalad iTvleboda, xolo xilis erT<br />
saxeobas qveyanam Tavisi saxeli misca – finiki.<br />
zRvasa da mTebs Soris viwro zolSi<br />
finikielTa mravali qalaq-saxelmwifo iyo<br />
gaSenebuli. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi<br />
adgili ekava tviross, bibloss, ugaritsa<br />
da sidons. am qalaqebis ZiriTad saqmianobas<br />
vaWroba da zRvaosnoba warmoadgenda.<br />
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan moyolebuli,<br />
axlo aRmosavleTis didi saxelmwifoebi<br />
cdilobdnen am qalaqebze saku-<br />
Tari gavlenis gavrcelebas. gansakuTrebiT<br />
warmatebuli egvipte iyo, romelmac<br />
finikiis didi nawili daimorCila, xolo<br />
xeTebma CrdiloeTiT mdebare ugaritis<br />
samefo aqcies sakuTar vasalad. Zv. w. XII<br />
saukunis miwuruls finikia tiglaTfalasar<br />
I-ma dalaSqra.<br />
Zv. w X saukunidan finikia damoukidebeli<br />
iyo. qalaqebs Soris pirvelobas tvirosi<br />
aRwevs. finikieli vaWrebi ara marto<br />
dacuravdnen mTel xmelTaSua zRvaSi,<br />
aramed misi sanapiroebis kolonizaciasac<br />
axdendnen. finikielTa axalSenebi gaCnda<br />
siciliaze, iberiis (pirineis) naxevarkun-<br />
Zulze, afrikaSi. 825 wels dRevandeli tunisis<br />
teritoriaze daarsda qalaqi karTageni,<br />
romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi Zlieri<br />
saxelmwifo Seqmna da dasavleT xmel-<br />
TaSuazRvispireTis didi nawili moicva.<br />
Zv.w. III-II saukuneebSi sami sisxlismRvreli<br />
omis Sedegad romma daamarcxa karTageni<br />
da male xmelTaSua zRvis patroni gaxda.<br />
II aTaswleulis II naxevridan moyolebuli,<br />
finikielTa partniorebi da metoqeebi<br />
zRvaze berZnebi iyvnen. TviTon saxeli finikiac<br />
berZnulia da Zv.w. XIV saukunidan<br />
gvxvdeba.<br />
finikiuri xomaldi<br />
solomonis taZris maketi<br />
finikiuri moneta<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
35
Tavi meore<br />
36<br />
finikielebi ara marto kargi vaWrebi, aramed kargi meomrebic iyvnen. maTi<br />
samxedro floti saimedod akontrolebda zRvas SesaniSnavi did qveynebs<br />
araerTxel miumarTavT maTTvis dasaxmareblad.<br />
finikielebis saxels ukavSirdeba agreTve kacobriobis mniSvnelovani<br />
aRmoCena – anbani.<br />
iudea da israeli<br />
xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT napirze, finikiis samxreTiT, dRevandeli<br />
israel-palestinis teritoriaze ebrauli tomebi II aTaswleulis II naxevridan<br />
Cndebian, bibliis Tanaxmad, brundebian `egvipturi tyveobidan~. isini pirvelobisaTvis<br />
ebrZvian qanaanelebs, filistimelebsa da sxva mezobel tomebs.<br />
12 ebrauli tomis gaerTianebiT Seiqmna israelis samefo. misi pirveli mefe<br />
sauli (1050-1030) iyo. sauli da misi sami vaJi erT-erT brZolaSi daiRupnen.<br />
iudas tomis mxardaWeriT samefo taxti saulis siZes, daviTs (1030-990) ergo.<br />
daviTma ganagrZo warmatebuli laSqrobebi mezoblebis winaaRmdeg, mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaafarTova qveynis sazRvrebi da israeli Tavisi drois erT-erT<br />
uZlieres saxelmwifod aqcia. mis dedaqalaqad, politikur da religiur<br />
centrad ierusalimi iqca. daviTis Semdeg taxtze avida misi Ze, solomoni<br />
(990-950), romlis mefobac israelis samefos ayvavebis xanad iTvleba. solomonis<br />
saxels ukavSirdeba saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis gonivruli reforma,<br />
ekonomikuri aRmavloba, aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianoba.<br />
solomonis memkvidreebma ver SeinarCunes qveynis erToba da mis adgilze<br />
ori samefo gaCnda – israeli da iudea. israelis samefos asurelebma mouRes<br />
bolo Zv.w. VIII saukunis miwuruls. iudea ki cdilobda, Tavi daecva didi mezoblebisagan<br />
– asureTisgan, egviptisgan, babilonisgan, romlebic rigrigobiT<br />
esxmodnen mas Tavs da morCilebas Txovdnen. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo<br />
babilonis mefis, nabuqodonosoris (605-562) laSqrobaTa Sedegebi. man aiRo<br />
ierusalimi, daangria taZari da mosaxleobis didi nawili tyved waiyvana.<br />
ebraelTa `babilonuri tyveoba~ aqemenianTa iranis mefis, kirosis mier babilonis<br />
dapyrobiT dasrulda. man ebraelebs Sin dabrunebisa da taZris aRdgenis<br />
ufleba misca (538). ierusalimSi dabrunebuli iudevelebi garkveuli<br />
avtonomiiT sargeblobdnen sparseTis imperiis farglebSi, Tumca religiur<br />
Tems sparsuli administracia eWvis TvaliT uyurebda. Temis Camoyalibeba,<br />
qalaqisa da taZris mSenebloba Zalian gaWianurda. avtonomias inarCunebda<br />
ebrauli Temi aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebis Sedegad Seqmnili elinisturi<br />
samefoebisa da Semdgom romis saxelmwifos farglebSic. romaelTa<br />
winaaRmdeg ebraelebis sami didi ajanyebis Semdeg imperatorma adrianem ax.w.<br />
135 wels gadawyvita, moespo iudevelTa saxsenebeli, amitom qveyanasac da<br />
ierusalimsac saxelebi Seucvala.
es sainteresoa<br />
berZnuli Tqmulebebis Tanaxmad, finikiidan gadmosaxlda saberZneTSi kadmosi,<br />
Tebes damaarsebeli.<br />
finikieli mefis asuli, evrope Seuyvarda zevss, berZenTa uzenaes RmerTs. igi qals<br />
xaris saxiT gamoecxada, zurgze Seisva da kretaze gaitaca. aq maT eyolaT vaJi<br />
minosi, kretis legendaruli mefe. finikielma asulma Tavisi saxeli misca mTel<br />
kontinents, evropas.<br />
finikielebs ukavSirdeba evropasa da azias Soris SuRlis gaCena. herodotes<br />
Tanaxmad, jer finikielebma gaitaces mefis asuli io da egvipteSi waiyvanes. amis<br />
pasuxad berZnebma gaitaces kolxeTidan medea, Semdeg kvlav azielma, troelma<br />
ufliswulma moitaca spartis dedofali elene, rasac troas omi mohyva.<br />
leqsikoni<br />
r kolonizacia – koloniebis,<br />
dasaxlebebis dafuZneba. es<br />
dasaxlebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
ar emorCilebodnen damfuZnebels,<br />
magram inarCunebnen<br />
metropoliasTan mWidro<br />
politikur, ekonomikur<br />
da kulturul kavSirebs.<br />
Zvel samyaroSi cnobilia<br />
asuruli, finikiuri, berZnuli<br />
kolonizacia.<br />
xmelTaSua<br />
zRva<br />
aSdodi<br />
aSkeloni<br />
Raza<br />
filistimelTa<br />
samTavroebi<br />
biblosi<br />
beiruTi<br />
sidoni<br />
tirosi<br />
iafa<br />
akra<br />
israelis<br />
samefo<br />
edomis<br />
samefo<br />
israelisa da iudeis samefoebi<br />
samaria<br />
ierusalimi<br />
hebroni<br />
iudas<br />
samefo<br />
petra<br />
ieriqoni<br />
aram-damaskos<br />
samefo<br />
diboni<br />
damasko<br />
moabis<br />
samefo<br />
asureTis imperia<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
37
Tavi meore<br />
38<br />
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. ra ganapirobebda axlo aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebis interess finikiis<br />
qala qebisadmi?<br />
2. sad daarses finikielebma axalSenebi?<br />
3. ra mniSvnelovani aRmoCena ukavSirdeba finikielTa saxels?<br />
4. ra aris `babilonuri tyveoba~? rodis daiwyo da dasrulda is?<br />
5. romeli mefeebis dros aRwevs Zlierebis mwvervals israeli? ra<br />
gaakeTes am mefeebma?<br />
6. ratom gadawyvita imperatorma adrianem iudevelTa saxsenebelis<br />
mospoba da ra gaakeTa amisaTvis?<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
1. moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi TemisaTvis `israelisa da iudeis samefoebi~.<br />
moawyveT klasSi Temis prezentacia.<br />
ZiriTadi TariRebi<br />
Zv.w. II aTaswleulis<br />
meore naxevari –<br />
finikiuri qalaqebi<br />
didi samefoebis<br />
gavlenis qveS<br />
Zv.w. 1030-990 –<br />
daviTis mefoba<br />
Zv.w. X s. meore<br />
naxevari – israelis<br />
daSla or samefod<br />
XX s. XV s. X s. V s. 0 V s.<br />
Zv.w. 825 –<br />
karTagenis<br />
daarseba<br />
Zv.w. 990-950 –<br />
solomonis mefoba<br />
Zv.w. 1050-1030 –<br />
israelis pirveli<br />
mefe sauli<br />
ax.w. 135 – iudeis Temis<br />
gauqmeba romis imperator<br />
adrianes mier<br />
Zv.w. VI s. – ebraelTa<br />
`babilonuri tyveoba~
9. midia da sparseTi<br />
midielebi da sparselebi, sxva monaTesave<br />
iranel xalxebTan erTad, Tanamedrove<br />
iranisa da centraluri aziis teritoriaze<br />
daaxl. Zv. w. 1000 wlisaTvis dasaxldnen.<br />
Tavdapirvelad, jer kidev susti midielebi<br />
da sparselebi xarks uxdidnen asureTs.<br />
daaxl. Zv. w. 700 wlisTvis ki midielebma<br />
Zlieri samefo Seqmnes, gaxdnen babilonis<br />
mokavSireebi da Zv.w. 612 wels aiRes asure-<br />
Tis dedaqalaqi ninevia. midielebma bolo<br />
mouRes maTi samflobeloebis dasavleTiT<br />
mdebare urartus samefosac.<br />
im xalxebs Soris, vinc midielebs emor-<br />
Cileboda, iyvnen maTi monaTesave, iranis<br />
samxreTSi mcxovrebi sparselebi. Zv.w. 559<br />
wels maT damoukidebeli samefo Seqmnes,<br />
romelsac aqemenianTa sagvareulo edga<br />
saTaveSi. Zv.w. 549 wels aqemeniani kiros II<br />
(Zv.w. 559-530) daeufla midielebis sataxto<br />
qalaq ekbatanas (Tanamedrove hamadani) da<br />
taxtidan Camoagdo midielTa ukanaskneli<br />
mefe, astiagi. midia aqemenianTa mier Seqmnili<br />
imperiis provincia gaxda. Tumca midielebma<br />
gansakuTrebuli adgili Seinar-<br />
Cunes axladSeqmnil imperiaSi. berZnebi am<br />
imperias zogjer `midielTa da sparselTa<br />
samefod~ moixseniebdnen, sparseTTan omebs<br />
ki `midiis omebs~ uwodebdnen.<br />
aqemenianebma Zveli msoflios udidesi<br />
imperia Seqmnes. sparselebma jer kidev<br />
kirosis dros gaanadgures babilonis samefo.<br />
kirosma ufro dasavleTiTac gailaSqra<br />
da SemoierTa lidiis samefo (Tanamedrove<br />
TurqeTis teritoriaze). misma<br />
memkvidrem, kambizma (Zv. w. 529-522) ki daipyro<br />
egvipte da Tavi egviptis faraonad<br />
gamoacxada.<br />
aqemenianTa imperiam Tavisi Zlierebis<br />
mwvervals miaRwia darios I-is (Zv.w.<br />
521-486) dros. man aago aqemenianTa axali,<br />
brwyinvale sataxto qalaqi, persepolisi.<br />
dariosma imperia oc provinciad – satra-<br />
kirosis cilindri<br />
sparsi meomrebi<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
39
Tavi meore<br />
40<br />
piad dahyo, romlebic satrapebis mier imarTeboda (erT-erT satrapiaSi Sedioda<br />
kolxeTis nawili). mefe miCneuli iyo imperiis uzenaes mmarTvelad, magram<br />
satrapebsac didi uflebebi hqondaT miniWebuli. imisaTvis, rom satrapebs<br />
damoukideblobisaken swrafva ar gamoeCinaT, mefes yvela provinciaSi hyavda<br />
jaSuSebi, romlebic mis `Tvalebsa da yurebs~ warmoadgendnen. satrapebs ar<br />
hqondaT sakuTari jaris Seqmnis ufleba, maT mxolo mcirericxovani Seiara-<br />
Rebuli razmebi emsaxurebodaT. TiToeul satrapias evaleboda, centraluri<br />
xelisuflebisaTvis gadaeca Semosavlebis gansazRvruli nawili. satrapiebis<br />
yvelaze daSorebul regionebSi adgilobrivi tomebi inarCunebdnen tradiciuli<br />
mmarTvelobis sistemas, magram maT xarkis gadaxda da mefisaTvis ZRvenis<br />
mirTmeva evalebodaT. am daSorebul raionebSi aqemenianebi sazRvrebis<br />
dasacavad cixesimagreebs agebdnen da jarebs ayenebdnen.<br />
aqemenianebi Semwynareblur damokidebulebas iCendnen dapyrobili xalxebis<br />
mimarT; pativs scemdnen maT religias da tradiciebs. kirosma babilonis<br />
tyveobidan gaaTavisufla ebraelebi da samSobloSi daabruna. garda amisa, man<br />
saxsrebi gaiRo ierusalimSi solomonis taZris aRsadgenad.<br />
aqemenianTa religia zoroastrizmi iyo, romlis legendarul Seqmnelad<br />
iTvleba zoroastri (zaraTuSTra). zoroastruli rwmenis mixedviT, samyaro<br />
da cocxali arsebebi Seqmna `sinaTlis~, `sikeTis~ RmerTma, ahuramazdam, romelsac<br />
mudmivi brZola uwevs `wyvdiadisa da borotebis~ RmerTTan, ahriman-<br />
Tan. zoroastrizmma didi gavlena moaxdina axlo aRmosavleTisa da kavkasiis<br />
xalxebis religiebze.<br />
aqemenianTa imperia 200 wlis manZilze uZlieresi da udidesi imperia iyo.<br />
sparselebi evropaSic SeiWrnen. dariosis dros maT berZnebis damorCileba<br />
scades. berZnul-sparsuli omebi gagrZelda misi memkvidris, qserqses drosac<br />
(Zv.w. 486-465), magram sabolood sparselebis marcxiT dasrulda.<br />
amis Semdeg aqemenianTa imperia TandaTanobiT dasustda da sabolood is<br />
aleqsandre makedonelma gaanadgura Zv.w. 331 wels.<br />
wya ro 1<br />
Zv.w. V s.-is berZeni istorikosi herodote aRtacebiT saubrobs aqemenianTa dros<br />
arsebul gzebis sistemaze, romelTa gayvanac daiwyo kirosis, xolo srulyofili<br />
saxe miiRo dariosis dros. mTavari gza sataxto qalaq susadan lidiis centralur<br />
qalaq sardamde miemarTeboda da sigrZiT 1500 km-s aWarbebda. am gzaze moZraobdnen<br />
imperiis jarebi, romlebic yovelTvis mzad iyvnen, CaexSoT ajanyebebi provinciebSi.<br />
mefis Sikrikebs gadahqondaT mniSvnelovani werilebi da amanaTebi. maT SeeZloT<br />
es manZili erT kviraSi daefaraT, radgan gzaze specialur safosto sadgurebSi<br />
icvlidnen cxenebs. vaWrebs ki saqoneli gadahqondaT am gziT.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo msoflio <strong>istoria</strong>Si pirveli gzatkecili.
platea<br />
salamisi<br />
libia<br />
wya ro 2<br />
lursmuli warwera babilonis gaTxrebis dros napovn e.w. `kirosis cilindrze~:<br />
`rodesac me Sevedi babilonSi, rogorc megobari da davamyare... samarTlianoba da<br />
keTildReoba, marduqma, didma RmerTma, mouwoda babilonis mkvidrT, Seveyvarebine<br />
me da yoveldRe locvas aRvuvlendi mas. Cemi uricxvi jarebi mSvidobianad<br />
moZraobdnen babilonis garSemo. me aravis miveci ufleba, gaenadgurebina arc erTi<br />
adgili Sumeris da aqadis qveynebSi. me viRvwodi mSvidobisaTvis babilonsa da yvela<br />
mis wminda qalaqSi.<br />
....me [yvelgan] davabrune da [aRvadgine] Zveli taZrebi da davabrune iq mosaxleoba.<br />
marduqis, didi RmerTis nebiT, Tavis adgilze davabrune Sumeris da aqadis yvela<br />
RmerTi... romlebic nabidonusma (babilonis mmarTveli) babilonSi gadmoitana<br />
didi RmerTis nebis sawinaaRmdegod da mivuCine adgili maT Zvel taZrebSi.~<br />
aqemenianTa imperia<br />
maraToni<br />
xmelTaSua zRva<br />
olbia<br />
Savi zRva<br />
memfisi<br />
egvipte<br />
kapadokia<br />
asureTi<br />
ierusalimi<br />
arabeTi<br />
kolxeTi<br />
iberia<br />
somxeTi<br />
aqemenianTa imperiis maqsimaluri sazRvrebi<br />
aqemenianTa Zalauflebis centrebi<br />
samefo gza<br />
brZolebi<br />
ekbatana<br />
kaspiis<br />
zRva<br />
babilonia elami<br />
susa<br />
midia<br />
sparseTi<br />
parTia<br />
persepolisi<br />
aria<br />
drangiana<br />
sogdania<br />
baqtriana<br />
Zveli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi<br />
41
Tavi meore mesame<br />
42<br />
klasSi samuSao<br />
1. teqstsa da wyaro 2-ze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT aqemenianTa religiur<br />
politikaze.<br />
2. SeadareT erTmaneTs asureTisa da sparseTis imperiebis politika<br />
dapyrobili xalxebis mimarT.<br />
3. ra xerxebiT cdilobdnen aqemenianebi satrapebis Zalauflebis<br />
SezRudvas?<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
1. dawereT mokle Txzuleba aqemenianTa imperiis mmarTvelobis<br />
struqturis Sesaxeb. CamoTvaleT is RonisZiebebi, romliTac aqemenianebi<br />
cdilobdnen imperiis erTianobis SenarCunebas.<br />
2. internetiT moiZieT masalebi aqemenianTa dedaqalaqis – persepolisis<br />
Sesaxeb da moamzadeT prezentacia mis <strong>istoria</strong>sa da Tanamedrove<br />
mdgomareobaze.<br />
ZiriTadi TariRebi<br />
Zv.w. 612 – midielebis<br />
mier<br />
nineviis aReba.<br />
Zv.w. 521-486 – darios I<br />
700 600 500 400 300 200<br />
Zv.w. 559-530 -<br />
kiros II<br />
Zv.w. 331 –<br />
aqemenianTa<br />
imperiis<br />
aRsasruli
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