Justice and Law Legal Journal

marTlmsajuleba da kanoni 

marTlmsajuleba 

N1 

'11 

da 

kanoni 

Justice and Law 

N1 

Justice and Law Legal Journal 

#1(28)'11

N 


1(28) 

'11 

da 

kanoni 


#1(28)'11 

Legal Journal


N1 

da 

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saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis iuridiuli Jurnali 

LEGAL JOURNAL OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA AND OF THE JUDGES’ ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA 

redaqtori 

nino ZiZiguri 

redaqtoris TanaSemwe 

irma beqauri 

nomerze muSaobdnen: 

inga alaviZe 

leila koSkaZe 

marine vasaZe 

dizaini: 

besik danelia 

fotouzrunvelyofa: 

daviT xizaniSvili 

saredaqcio sabWo: 

diana berekaSvili 

Tamar zambaxiZe 

inga kvaWantiraZe 

konstantine kublaSvili 

zaza meiSvili 

valeri cercvaZe 

Editorial Board: 

DIANA BEREKASHVILI 

TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE 

INGA KVACHANTIRADZE 

KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI 

ZAZA MEISHVILI 

VALERI TSERTSVADZE 

saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa 

asociacia 

JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA 

akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis 

gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba 

komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos 

mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos 

uzenaesi sasamarTlos werilobiTi 

nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe. 

Editor: 

NINO DZIDZIGURI 

Assistant to Editor: 

IRMA BEKAURI 

The issue was prepared by: 

INGA ALAVIDZE 

LEILA KOSHKADZE 

MARINE VASADZE 

Designed by 

BESIK DANELIA 

Photo support by 

DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI 

English version of articles has been provided by Candidates 

of Law faculty of Tbilisi State University 

uak (UDC) 340.11+340.130.5 

m-306 

ISSN 1512-259X 

2

sarCevi/CONTENTS 

5 

malxaz guruli: `sasamarTlos mimarT mosaxleobis ndoba 

gazrdilia~ 

MALKHAZ GURULI: "PUBLIC TRUST TOWARD COURTS IS INCREASED" 

13 

joni xecuriani 

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena 

STATE LANGUAGE OF GEORGIA 

JOHN KHETSURIANI 

31 

irma peraniZe 

damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe mesame piri 

samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi 

THE THIRD PARTY IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS WITHOUT SEPARATE CLAIM 

IRMA PERANIDZE 

41 

simon CxaiZe 

movaleTa da kreditorTa simravle valdebulebaSi 

MULTITUDE OF DEBTORS AND CREDITORS IN LIABILITY 

SIMON CHKHAIDZE 

56 

zurab Wyonia 

samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebisa da aRsrulebis sakiTxebi 

sabWoTa saqarTveloSi 

ISSUES OF CIVIL PROCEEDINGS AND EXECUTION IN THE SOVIET GEORGIA 

ZURAB CHKONIA 

72 

laura miqava 

vindikaciuri sarCeli, rogorc sanivTo uflebis dacvis 

samarTlebrivi saSualeba 

VINDICTIVE APPEAL AS LEGAL MEANS OF PROTECTING 

THE PROPERTY RIGHT 

LAURA MIKAVA 

89 

daviT mesxiSvili 

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis konvencia 

transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg 

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL 

ORGANIZED CRIME 

DAVID MESKHISHVILI 

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101 

giorgi dgebuaZe 

kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis - JOINT CRIMINAL 

ENTERPRISE doqtrinis Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis aucilebloba 

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi 

NEED FOR CREATION AND USAGE OF THE JOINT CRIMINAL 

ENTERPRISE DOCTRINE IN THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 

GEORGE DGEBUADZE 

111 

adam maxaraZe 

sasjelis daniSvnis sakiTxisaTvis TanamonawileobiT 

Cadenil danaSaulSi 

THE PUNISHMENT INDIVIDUALIZATION MATTER IN COMMITTING CRIME 

WITH ACCEESSARY 

ADAM MAKHARADZE 

123 

nino osaZe 

fulis gaTeTreba ofSoruli zonebis gamoyenebis gziT 

MONEY LAUNDERING THROUGH OFFSHORE ZONES 

NINO OSADZE 

131 

axali wignebi 

4

`sasamarTlos mimarT 

mosaxleobis ndoba 

gazrdilia~ 

saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze didi sasamarTlos _ 

quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare 

malxaz guruli acxadebs, rom statistikuri 

monacemebis mixedviT, quTaisis saapelacio 

sasamarTlom 2010 wels sakmaod produqtiulad 

imuSava da wina welTan SedarebiT gacilebiT meti 

saqme ganixila. 

quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos saqmianobis, 

mimdinare reformisa da mosalodneli siaxleebis 

Sesaxeb gTavazobT intervius quTaisis saapelacio 

sasamarTlos TavmjdomaresTan, malxaz gurulTan. 

batono malxaz, gasuli wlis 1 oqtombridan amoqmedda 

sisxlis samarTlis axali saproceso kodeqsi 

da, Sesabamisad, amoqmedda sruliad axali tipis 

marTlmsajuleba. ukve oTxi Tve gavida da sainteresoa, 

rogor `moergo~ quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlo 

axal process? 

_ sisxlis samarTlis axali saproceso kodeqsis amoqmedebiT 

sruliad Seicvala sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba. es 

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aris procesi, romelic dafuZnebulia mxareTa 

Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis 

principze, rac niSnavs, rom mxareebis kvalifikaciazea 

damokidebuli, Tu rogor 

gadawyvetilebas miiRebs mosamarTle, romelic 

procesze mxolod arbitris rolSia 

da mxareebis mier wardgenil mtkicebulebebs 

afasebs. 

sasamarTloSi moewyo videokonferenciis 

da saprezentacio darbazebi, romlis meSveobiTac, 

sasamarTlo procesze aRar iqneba 

saWiro regionebidan mowmeebis Camoyvana. 

isini daikiTxebian sasamarTloSi 

TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, 

rac xels Seuwyobs swrafi da efeqtiani 

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas. 

rac Seexeba quTaisis saapelacio sasamar- 

Tlos, Cven iseve, rogorc mTlianad sasamarTlo 

sistema, momzadebuli SevxvdiT am 

cvlilebebs. mosamarTleebi ori wlis ganmavlobaSi 

intensiur treningebs gadiodnen, 

rogorc qarTvel, ise ucxoel eqspertebTan. 

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sisxlis 

samarTlis axali saproceso kodeqsis 

implementacia warmatebiT mimdinareobs. 

quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlo 

erT-erTi yvelaze msxvili sasamar- 

Tloa, emsaxurebiT dasavleT saqar- 

Tvelos, amitomac, sainteresoa, 

Tqveni analizi, rogor SeafasebdiT 

quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 

muSaobas 2010 wels? 

_ statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, qu- 

Taisis saapelacio sasamarTlom 2010 wels 

sakmaod produqtiulad imuSava da wina 

welTan SedarebiT ufro meti saqme daasrula. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom 2010 wels SemoRebuli 

iqna sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis axali 

formebi samoqalaqo da administraciul 

saqmeebze, romlis meSveobiTac, sasamarTlos 

mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi 

ufro daixvewa da moqalaqeebisaTvis advilad 

aRsaqmeli gaxda. 

administraciuli marTlmsajuleba 

saqarTveloSi 10 welia rac moqmedebs, 

SeiZleba Tqma, rom is mainc 

axali rgolia marTlmsajulebisaTvis 

rogor SeafasebdiT Tqveni sasamarTlos 

administraciuli kolegiis 

saqmianobas? miT umetes, rom 

administraciuli davisas, erTmane- 

Tis pirispir dgas moqalaqe da saxelmwifo, 

sajaro samsaxuris saxiT. 

rogori maCvenebeli aqvs quTaisis 

saapelacio sasamarTlos _ gadawyvetilebebis 

ramdeni procentia moqalaqeebis 

sasargeblod gamotanili? 

_ postsabWoTa qveynebs Soris, administraciuli 

samarTalwarmoebis mxriv, saqar- 

Tvelo lideria da es naTlad dadasturda 

cota xnis winaT kievSi gamarTul saerTa- 

Soriso konferenciaze, sadac sxvadasxva 

qveynebis warmomadgenlebi TavianT moxsenebebSi 

xazgasmiT saubrobdnen im warmatebebis 

Sesaxeb, romelsac saqarTvelom 

administraciuli marTlmsajulebis mxriv 

am 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi miaRwia. 

rac Seexeba moqalaqeTa sasargeblod gamotanil 

gadawyvetilebebs, arsebuli monacemebiT, 

gadawyvetilebebis 60 procenti 

maT sasargeblod gamodis. 

6

sasamarTlos saqmianobis maCvenebeli 

mosamarTleebis mier gamotanili 

gadawyvetilebebis xarisxia. 

rogor fiqrobT, quTaisis saapelacio 

sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis 

profesionalizmi da kvalifikacia 

akmayofilebs Tanamedrove sasamar- 

Tlos standartebs? 

_ geTanxmebiT, rom sasamarTlos saqmianobis 

maCvenebeli mosamarTleebis mier gamotanili 

gadawyvetilebebis xarisxzea damokidebuli. 

gadawyvetilebebis xarisxs ki 

gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad xSirad xdeba 

maTi Secvla zemdgomi instanciis mier. Cveni 

sasamarTlos statistikis mixedviT, sakasacio 

wesiT gasaCivrebuli saqmeebis 

umetesoba ZalaSi rCeba, rac quTaisis saapelacio 

sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis ma- 

Ral profesionalizmze metyvelebs. 

Tumca, mTavari Semfasebeli mainc 

sazogadoebaa, rogor fiqrobT, gaizarda 

Tu ara sazogadoebis ndoba 

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mimarT? 

_ Cveni saqmianobis yvelaze obieqturi Semfasebelni 

arian is moqalaqeebi, romelTac 

uSualo Sexeba hqondaT sasamarTlosTan. 

2010 wels, sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis 

mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis 

mixedviT, sasamarTlos mimarT mosaxleobis 

ndoba aSkarad gazrdilia da igi saSualod, 

daaxloebiT, 60 procents Seadgens. 

sainteresoa, Tqveni azri kodeqsiT 

gaTvaliswinebul mniSvnelovan siaxlesTan 

_ nafic msajulTa sasamarTlosTan 

dakavSirebiT. am insmalxaz 

guruli _ 1996 wels, Tbilisis ivane 

javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis 

iuridiuli fakultetis dam- 

Tavrebis Semdeg, zestafonis Sinagan saqme- 

Ta raiganyofilebis ekologiis policiis 

qveganyofilebaSi ufros momkvlev inspeqtorad 

muSaobda. 

1998 wels, iusticiis saswavlo centrSi warmatebiT 

gaiara samTviani sasawavlo kursi 

mosamarTlis TanaSemwis Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad. 

1999-2004 wlebSi muSaobda Tbilisis saolqo 

sasamarTloSi mosamarTlis TanaSemwed 

_ samoqalaqo saqmeTa saapelacio palataSi 

da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa saapelacio 

palataSi. 

2003 wels, warmatebiT Caabara prokuraturis 

muSakTa sakvalifikacio gamocda. 2004 

wels, aseve warmatebiT Caabara advokatTa 

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sakvalifikacio gamocda. 2004-2005 wlebSi 

muSaobda Sida qarTlis saolqo prokuraturaSi, 

prokurorad. 

2005 wels, Caabara mosamarTlis sakvalifikacio 

gamocda sisxlis samarTlis specializaciiT. 

imave wels, saqarTvelos prezidentis 

brZanebulebiT dainiSna foTis saqalaqo 

sasamarTlos mosamarTled. Semdeg, 

saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT, 

daekisra quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 

Tavmjdomaris uflebamosileba. 

2006 wels, saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa konferenciis 

administraciuli komitetis 

dadgenilebiT airCies saqarTvelos iusticiis 

umaRlesi sabWos wevrad. 

2007 wels, saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebiT 

dainiSna quTaisis saapelacio 

sasamarTlos mosamarTled da saqarTvelos 

iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebiT 

daekisra quTaisis saapelacio sasamar- 

Tlos Tavmjdomaris uflebamosileba. 

saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa konferenciis 

administraciuli komitetis 2007 wlis 31 

ivlisis #6 dadgenilebiT, airCies saqarTvelos 

iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos wevrad. 

tituts garda momxreebisa, mowinaaRmdegeebic 

mravlad hyavs, romel- 

Ta mtkicebiT, es instituti saqarTveloSi 

ver imuSavebs. 

_ nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos amoqmedebiT 

moqalaqeebs miecaT Sansi pirdapir CaerTon 

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi 

da gadawyviton pirovnebis damnaSaveobis 

Tu udanaSaulobis sakiTxi, Tavis Tavze gamocadon, 

Tu rogori rTulia mosamarTleoba, 

rac gamoiwvevs maTi marTlSegnebis 

amaRlebas da xels Seuwyobs sasamarTlos 

imijis kidev ufro gazrdas. 

am institutis mowinaaRmdegeebis argumentebi 

ZiriTadad, is aris, rom nafic msajulTa 

sasamarTlo ver iqneba Cvens qveyanaSi 

warmatebuli, radgan patara qveyanaa 

da naTesauri kavSirebi Zalze gavrcelebulia. 

es aris absurduli mosazreba, radgan 

gasaTvaliswinebelia im qveynebis gamocdileba, 

romlebic saqarTvelos hgavs. 

am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia Sotlandia, romelic 

aseve, patara qveyanaa da sazogadoebac axlo 

kavSirebze aris dafuZnebuli. amis miuxedavad, 

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo 

SotlandiaSi mainc warmatebiT muSaobas. 

2007 wlis 15 oqtombers, saqarTvelos iusticiis 

umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, 

dainiSna quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 

sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatis Tavmjdomared. 

2007 wlis 15 oqtombers, saqarTvelos iusticiis 

umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, 

dainiSna quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 

Tavmjdomared. 

ra azris xarT kidev erT siaxleze 

_ sakonstitucio cvlilebaze, romlis 

mixedviTac, mosamarTleebi uvadod 

unda dainiSnon? 

_ es aris Zalian mniSvnelovani sakonstitucio 

cvlileba da sasamarTlo reformis 

erT-erTi yvelaze pozitiuri nabiji. uvadod 

daniSnul mosamarTles stabilurobis 

da damoukideblobis ufro meti gancda 

aqvs. 

8

sasamarTlo reformis ramdenimewliani 

gegma arsebobs, sainteresoa, 

reforma quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTloSi 

rogor mimdinareobs, reformis 

romel etapze xarT axla da 

2011 wlisTvis ra siaxleebs gegmavT? 

_ saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reforma warmatebulad 

mimdinareobs. amis Tqmis saSualebas 

maZlevs sxvadasxva avtoritetuli 

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier Catarebuli 

kvlevis Sedegebi, romlis mixedviT, 

sasamarTlos momxmarebelTa ndobis 

maCvenebeli sakmaod maRalia. 

rac Seexeba siaxleebs, 2011 wlisTvis vgegmavT 

saqmis warmoebis eleqtronuli programis 

amaoqmedebas, rac nebismier moqalaqes 

sasamarTloSi warmoebuli misi saqmis 

Sesaxeb detaluri informaciis miRebis sa- 

Sualebas miscems. 

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PUBLIC TRUST TOWARD 

COURTS IS INCREASED 

Chairman of the Kutaisi Appellate Court _ one of the biggest courts 

in Georgia, Malkhaz Guruli states that according to the statistics, 

year 2010 was quite productive for this court and has deliberated 

much more cases compared to the previous year. 

To review activities, reforms and anticipated novelties, we offer 

interview with the Chairman of Kutaisi Appellate Court, Mr. Malkhaz 

Guruli. 

Mr. Malkhaz, starting October 1, last year, new Criminal Procedure 

Code entered the legal force and accordingly, entirely new 

model of administration of justice in enforced. 4 months passed 

and it is interesting, how Kutaisi Appellate Court adjusted to 

the novelties? 

_ New Criminal Procedure Law completely changed criminal proceedings. 

This process is based on the adversarial principle between the parties. This 

means that the decision of a judge completely depends on the competence 

of the parties. Judge has the role of arbiter and evaluates the evidences presented 

by the parties. 

As for the Kutaisi Appellate Court, we as well as the entire judiciary, were 

ready for these changes. Judges had been trained during two years with Georgian 

as well as international experts. We can easily say that the implementation 

of the new Criminal Procedure Code is successful. 

10

Kutaisi Appellate Court is one of the biggest 

courts, you cover west Georgia, thus it is interesting 

to know your analysis, how would 

you evaluate the work of Kutaisi Appellate 

Court in 2010? 

_ According to the statistics, Kutaisi Appellate Court 

worked very productively in 2010 and finished more 

cases than last year. 

It has to be mentioned that the new templates were introduced 

for civil and administrative cases in 2010. This 

facilitated improvement of the decisions and making 

them easier to understand for the citizens. 

Indicator of the court’s work is the quality of 

the court decisions. Do you think the competence 

and qualification of the Kutaisi Appellate 

Court judges comply with modern standards 

in the courts? 

_ I agree – indicator of the court work depend on the 

quality of the court decisions. Quality of the decisions is 

verified when and how often they are appealed and 

changed in the upper instances. According to the statistics 

of our court, the majority of the decisions that are 

appealed in the cassation, are maintained – this confirms 

the competence and high qualification oft he Kutaisi 

Appellate Court judges. 

Video Conference and presentation rooms have been 

arranged in the court. Through that there will be no 

need to bring witnesses from the regions and they will 

be questioned in the court according to their residence 

– this will facilitate ensuring speedy and effective administration 

of justice. 

Administrative case proceeding is enforced in 

Georgia for 10 years, it being relatively new, how 

would you evaluate the work of administrative 

collegium? It is especially interesting as during 

this proceeding we have a citizen and the 

state, through the public service, as opposing 

parties. What is the statistics of the Kutaisi 

Appellate Court – what is the percentage of 

the decisions made in favor of the citizens? 

_ Among the post soviet countries, Georgia is leader in 

administrative case processing and this was proved at the 

recent international Conference held in Kiev. Representatives 

of different countries spoke about the success that 

Georgia achieved in this field during the last 10 years. 

However, the main appraiser is public; do 

you think the public confidence towards judiciary 

has increased? 

– The most objective assessors of our activities, are those 

citizens that had to deal with the courts. According to 

the surveys conducted by different international research 

organizations, the public confidence towards courts has 

clearly increased and composes 60-65 %. 

It is interesting to know your opinion regarding 

the most important novelty of the Code 

– Jury Trail. This institute had many supporters 

as well as many opponents, who argue 

that this institute will not work in Georgia. 

– Through introducing the jury trail court, citizens got 

opportunity to directly participate in the administration 

of justice and decide the guilt and innocence of a person; 

to judge themselves how difficult it is to be a judge. This 

is result in raising their legal awareness and will facilitate 

improvement of the court image. 

As for the percentage of court decisions made in favor of 

citizens, 60 % of the decisions are made in favor of them. 

The opponents of this institute mainly refer to the fact 

that the country is small and connections are too strong 

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– thus this institute will not work. This is absurd because 

we have to see the experience of the countries 

similar to Georgia. For example Scotland that is also a 

small country and society is based on the strong connection. 

Regardless this, jury trail is very successfully 

implemented in Scotland. 

What do you think about one more novelty – 

constitutional amendment according to which 

judges will be appointed for the lifetime? 

– This is a significant constitutional amendment and one 

of the most positive steps in the judicial reform. Judge 

appointed for life will have higher sense of stability and 

independence. 

There is the plan of the judicial reform for the 

years to come. It is interesting to know how is 

the reform going on in Kutaisi Appellate Court. 

At which stage are you currently and what kind 

of novelties do you plan for 2011? 

– Judicial reform is successfully implemented. The surveys 

conducted by different international organizations 

allow me to say this – confidence of court consumers 

towards the judiciary is quite high. 

As for the novelties, in 2011 we plan to start implementation 

of the new electronic case management program 

that will allow all the citizens to receive detailed information 

on his / her case in the proceeding. 

12

saqarTvelos 

saxelmwifo ena 

joni xecuriani 

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTle, 

iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, 

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis 

wevr-korespondenti 

qarTuli ena uZvelesi enaa, romelsac unikaluri damwerloba 

aqvs qarTuli anbanis saxiT. msoflioSi 14 anbania, 

maT Soris, erT-erTi qarTulia. marTalia, qarTuli 

werilobiTi Zeglebi dReisaTvis mxolod V saukunidan 

mogvepoveba, magram qarTuli damwerlobis SemoRebas XI saukunis 

qarTveli istorikosi leonti mroveli farnavaz 

mefis (Zv.w. I I I s.) damsaxurebad miiCnevs, romelmac `ganavrco 

ena qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa 

Sina Tvinier qarTulisa, da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qar- 

Tuli.~ 1 

qarTuli ena ara mxolod saero enaa. IV saukunidan, rodesac 

saqarTveloSi qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda, 

qarTuli ena saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli 

eklesiis, RvTismsaxurebis enac gaxda. 

qarTulma marTlmadidebelma eklesiam didi roli Seasrula 

qveyanaSi wera-kiTxvisa da ganaTlebis gavrcelebaSi. 

eklesia-monastrebTan iyo skolebi da akademiebi (gelaTSi, 

iyalToSi), sadac eklesiis mecnieri msaxurni eweodnen 

mwignobrul moRvaweobas. maT Seqmnes erovnuli hagiografiuli 

literaturis, filosofiuri da saistorio 

mwerlobis mniSvnelovani Zeglebi. 

qarTuli ena aZlierebda erovnuli erTianobis Segnebas. 

kulturasTan, religiasTan da istoriasTan erTad qarTu- 

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li ena erovnulobis, nacionaluri identobis umTavresi niSani iyo. igi yovelTvis 

erovnuli mTlianobisa da konsolidaciis mZlavr saSualebas warmoadgenda da qarTvelTa 

kulturul da eTnikur erTobas uzrunvelyofda. samefoebad da samTavroebad 

saqarTvelos daSlisa da daqucmacebis drosac ki, qarTuli ena sruliad saqarTvelos 

mwignobrobisa da eklesiis enad rCeboda. swored amitom ambobda giorgi merCule (X s.), 

rom `qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami 

Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis.~ 2 

qarTulma enam da damwerlobam mraval istoriul qartexils gauZlo da miuxedavad 

qarTuli saxelmwifos ara Tu daSlisa da danawevrebis, aramed misi sruli gauqmebis 

drosac ki, ganagrZobda arsebobasa da ganviTarebas. qarTveli eris istoriis am monakveTSi, 

qarTuli ena saxelmwifoebriobawarTmeul qarTvelTa erovnuli cnobierebisa 

da TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis, qarTvelTa gadagvarebisagan gadarCenis umTavres 

Zalas warmoadgenda. 

XIX saukunis damdegs, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsias Sedegad mohyva qarTuli 

saxelmwifoebriobisa da qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba. 

saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis nawili gaxda. qarTul enas saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba 

da funqcia daekarga, radgan aRar arsebobda qarTuli saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo. 

mravalsaukunovani qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis Semdeg, caristuli ruseTi 

yovelgvari saSualebiT cdilobda qarTuli erovnuli erTobis moSlas, raTa qar- 

Tvel xalxs aRarasodes gasCenoda sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis survili. 

am miznis misaRwevad mTeli ZaliT amoqmedda antiqarTuli, gamarusebeli politika, 

romlis mTavari samizne swored qarTvelTa erovnuli erTobis erT-erTi safuZveli _ 

qarTuli ena gaxda. sajaro da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi rusuli enis damkvidrebasTan 

erTad daiwyo skolebidan da eklesiidan qarTuli enis gamodevna, romlis 

adgils rusuli ena ikavebda. amasTanave, samegrelos, svaneTisa da aWaris skolebSi 

qarTuli enis nacvlad swavleba SemoiRes megrulad, svanurad da Turqulad. ieriSi 

qarTul damwerlobazec miitanes. 1889 wels rusuli anbanis mixedviT Seqmnes `megruli 

anbani~. daiwyes saRvTo wignebis megrulad Targmna. ufro adre ki, 1864 wels rusuli 

grafikis safuZvelze Seiqmna svanuri saanbano wigni ("luSnu anban"). damoukidebel, araqarTvel 

xalxebad cxaddebodnen megrelebi, svanebi, aWarlebi, xevsurebi da sxva. 3 rogorc 

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnaven, ès iyo aSkarad gamiznuli politikuri 

nabiji, romlis mizansac qarTuli enis, rogorc eris SemakavSirebeli da gamaerTianebeli 

faqtoris, Ziris gamoTxra, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva eTnokulturebis dapirispireba 

da saerTo qarTuli cnobierebis mospoba warmoadgenda.~ 4 

safrTxe marTlac realuri iyo. saxelmwifo mxardaWeras moklebuli, ufunqciod 

darCenili qarTuli ena e.w. mkvdari enebis xvedrisaTvis iyo gamzadebuli. swored am 

dros saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mesveurebma (il. WavWavaZe, 

d. yifiani, i. gogebaSvili, ak. wereTeli da sxva) naTlad gaacnobieres, rom enis sikvdili 

TviT eris sikvdils moaswavebda da saTaveSi Caudgnen erovnul-kulturul moZraobas 

qarTuli enis gadasarCenad, romelic imavdroulad qarTveli eris gadarCenisaTvis 

brZolas niSnavda mefis ruseTis antiqarTuli gamarusebeli politikis pirobebSi. 

14

maTi mondomebiTa da ZalisxmeviT ganaxlda da ganviTarda qarTuli kultura, ganaTleba, 

mecniereba, literatura, presa, wigni, xelovneba. ganxorcielda Tavad qar- 

Tuli anbanisa da saliteraturo enis reforma samwerlobo enis sasaubro enasTan daaxloebis 

gziT, raTa qarTuli saliteraturo ena mTeli erisaTvis gasagebi gamxdariyo. 

aRadgines qarTuli Teatri, daaarses sajaro biblioTeka, gamosces qarTuli JurnalgazeTebi 

(`ciskari~, `saqarTvelos moambe~, ìveria~) da sxva. 5 uaRresad STambeWdavia 

ganaTlebis sferoSi maTi moRvaweoba. qarTuli enis gadarCena skolis gareSe warmoudgeneli 

iyo. ilia WavWavaZe da misi Taoba moiTxovdnen, rom dawyebiT skolebSi swavleba 

mxolod mSobliur enaze warmarTuliyo. amis Semdeg ki, SesaZlebeli iqneboda 

rusuli enis `viTarca saxelmwifo enis~ Seswavla. dedaenisa da rusuli enis erTdroulad 

Seswavlas dawyebiT skolebSi isini yovlad miuReblad miiCnevdnen. `cxadia, rom 

saero skola, rogorc pirvel-dawyebiTi skola erisa, sxva ara unda iyos-ra, garda dedaenisa 

da samSoblo qveynis maswavlebel skolisa...~ _ werda ilia WavWavaZe. 6 amasTanave, 

mowinave qarTveli moRvaweebi mxolod msjelobebiTa da survilebiT rodi kmayofildebian 

da saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad praqtikul nabijebs dgamen. 1879 

wels maT daarses `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~, romlis 

uaRresad farTo kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi umTavres mimarTulebas 

qarTuli saxalxo skolebis daarseba, qarTuli saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna 

da gamocema warmoadgenda. sazogadoebam Seiswavla skolebis mdgomareoba saqar- 

Tvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. aRricxa saskolo asakis bavSvebis raodenoba da Seudga 

saxalxo skolebis daarsebas saqarTvelos teritoriaze da mis farglebs gareTac, sadac 

qarTvelebi kompaqturad saxlobdnen (magaliTad, vladikavkazSi, alagirSi, mozdokSi, 

nalCikSi, baqoSi da sxv.). didi Sroma gaswia sazogadoebam baTumis skolis daarsebisaTvis, 

radgan igi unda yofiliyo qarTuli enis sayrdeni da gamavrcelebeli axalSemoerTebuli 

aWaris gamahmadianebul qarTvel mosaxleobaSi. gansakuTrebuli yurad- 

Reba mieqca skolebis gaxsnas borCaloSi, saingiloSi, mesxeT-javaxeTSi. sazogadoebis 

TaosnobiT ibeWdeboda iakob gogebaSvilis `deda ena~, `bunebis kari~, agreTve sxva avtorebis 

mier Seqmnili geografiis, bunebismetyvelebis, ariTmetikis, saqarTvelos 

istoriis da sxva saxelmZRvaneloebi. 7 da mainc, qarTuli enis gadarCenis saqmeSi sruliad 

gamorCeuli roli ekuTvnis iakob gogebaSvilis `deda enas~, romelzedac aRizardnen 

qarTvelTa mTeli Taobebi. 8 `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma 

sazogadoebam~, rogorc moswrebulad iTqva literaturaSi, `ruseTis mier dapyrobil 

uuflebo saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad, ganaTlebis saministros funqcia Seasrula.~ 9 

ilia WavWavaZisa da misi Taobis brZolas qarTuli enis gadarCenisa da axali saliteraturo 

qarTulis damkvidrebisaTvis uSedegod ar Cauvlia. àm brZolam didad Seuwyo 

xeli eris dacemuli vinaobis aRdgenas. qarTuli ena TandaTan iqca mecnierebis, literaturis, 

skolis, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos saxelmwifo enad.~ 10 

1917 wlis Teberval-martSi ruseTSi momxdari revoluciis Semdeg, ruseTis imperiis 

dapyrobil erebSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gaZlierebis gamo, ruseTis 

droebiTi mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, garkveulad SeezRuda rusuli enis monopoliuri 

mdgomareoba da nacionaluri enebisaTvis meti asparezi mieca. 

15


N1 

da 

kanoni 

1917 wlis 10 seqtembers, ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis amierkavkasiis sagangebo komitetma 

daamtkica debuleba kavkasiis saskolo olqSi saswavlo dawesebulebaTa nacionalizaciis 

(gaerovnebis) Sesaxeb. masSi naTqvami iyo, rom saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul 

skolebSi swavleba unda warmarTuliyo mSobliur enaze erovnuli saskolo komitetebis 

mier Sedgenili da damtkicebuli programebis mixedviT. erovnul sagnebad 

miCneuli iyo dedaena, erovnuli literatura, eris istoria da geografia 11 . 

1917 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTSi bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo 

ruseTis imperiisagan Tavis daRwevisa da damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis gzas 

daadga. saqarTvelos erovnulma yrilobam 1917 wlis 20 noembers Seqmna skolebisa da 

universitetis seqcia, romlis xelmZRvanelad airCies ivane javaxiSvili. am seqcias unda 

SeemuSavebina da erovnuli sabWosaTvis dasamtkiceblad waredgina saqarTveloSi arsebuli 

skolebis gaqarTulebisa da erovnuli universitetis daarsebis proeqti, 12 rac 

SemdgomSi warmartebiT ganxorcielda. 

1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, 

saswavlo da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis paralelurad gaerovnebis (rusuli 

enidan qarTul enaze gadasvlis) procesi saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSic 

daiwyo. am mxriv gansakuTrebul gulmodginebas iusticiis saministro iCenda 

(ministri Salva aleqsi-mesxiSvili). am uwyebaSi aikrZala rusul enaze dawerili gancxadebebis 

miReba. saministrom miiRo dadgenileba, mosamarTleebad qarTuli enis 

mcodneni gaemwesebinaT, marTlmsajuleba qarTul enaze ewarmoebinaT. amasTanave, saqarTvelos 

mTavrobam miiRo dadgenileba, saministroebsa da uwyebebSi Seqmniliyo qar- 

Tuli enis Semswavleli ufaso kursebi qarTuli enis armcodne moxeleTaTvis, raTa 

qarTuli enis arcodna ar gamxdariyo maTi samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis safuZveli. 13 

saqarTvelos erovnulma xelisuflebam 1918 wlis 1 oqtombers miiRo kanoni `saqarTvelos 

saxelmwifo enisa,~ 14 romliTac qarTul enas saxelmwifo enis statusi mianiWa. 

kanonis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos erovnul sabWoSi 15 yovelnairi saqmis warmoeba da kamaTi 

unda gamarTuliyo qarTul enaze. amasTanave, kanonSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom erovnul 

umciresobaTa enis xmareba sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi calke kanoniT ganisazRvreboda. 

imave wlis 15 oqtombers miRebuli kanoniT `wesi enis xmarebisa~ 16 damateba Sevida parlamentis 

reglamentSi da saxelmwifo enasTan erTad ganisazRvra erovnul umciresobaTa 

enebis gamoyenebis pirobebi da procedurebi. kanonma daadgina zogadi wesi, rom 

parlamentis wevrebs sityva unda warmoeTqvaT qarTul enaze. amasTanave, qarTulidan 

sxva enaze sityva ar gadaiTargmneboda. rac Seexeba parlamentar erovnul umciresobaTa 

warmomadgenlebs, romlebmac qarTuli ena ar icodnen, kanonis Tanaxmad, maT SeeZloT 

sityvis warmoTqma, garda Tavisi dedaenisa, umciresobis enaze, romelic parlamentis 

prezidiumis erTma wevrma mainc icoda. amave dros, umciresobis enaze warmoTqmuli 

sityvis dedaazri gadmocemuli unda yofiliyo qarTul enaze, Tu amas aranakleb 15 

deputati mainc moiTxovda. werilobiTi winadadebebis, Sesworebisa da sxvaTa Setana 

ki, SeiZleboda mxolod qarTul enaze. erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlis mier 

warmoTqmuli sityva sxva umciresobis enaze ar gadaiTargmneboda. 

16

kanonis am normebSi aSkarad moCans gardamavali epoqis kvali. axalfexadgmuli qar- 

Tuli saxelmwifo cdilobda, erTi mxriv, imperiuli rusuli enis nacvlad qarTuli 

enis rogorc saxelmwifo enis damkvidrebas saxelisuflebo organoebSi, xolo meore 

mxriv, enobriv bariers naklebad SeeSala xeli saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis 

qveynis marTvaSi monawileobisaTvis. 

erovnulma xelisuflebam aseve, sagangebo yuradReba dauTmo enebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs 

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi. am mizniT, 1919 wlis 14 ianvars miRebuli 

kanoniT àdgilobriv TviTmarTvelobaTa organoebSi enis xmarebisa~ 17 dadginda, 

rom `msjeloba, saqmis warmoeba da miwer-mowera qalaqis da erobis TviTmarTvelobaSi 

swarmoebs saxelmwifo eniT~. amave dros kanonma gaiTvaliswina sagamonakliso wesebic, 

saxeldobr, ùkeTu romelime TviTmarTvelobis farglebSi mcxovreb respublikis moqalaqeTa 

naxevarze metisaTvis salaparako ena aris mxolod erTi romelime ara qarTuli 

adgilobrivi ena, TviTmarTvelobis organoebis dadgenilebiT msjeloba da saqmis 

warmoeba saxelmwifo enasTan erTad SeiZleba SemoRebul iqnes am umravlesobis enazec.~ 

am da sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebma samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi Seuqmnes qarTuli enis 

saxelmwifoebriv statuss, amasTanave, gansazRvres saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul 

umciresobaTa enebis gamoyenebis pirobebi da farglebi, rac Semdeg saTanadod aisaxa 

saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciaSi. 18 saqarTvelos pirvelma konstituciam saqarTvelos 

saxelmwifo enad qarTuli ena daadgina (me-3 muxli). saqarTvelos istoriaSi 

pirvelad qarTulma enam, rogorc saxelmwifo enam, konstituciuri statusi moipova. 

saqarTvelos ZiriTad kanonSi aseve, mniSvnelovani adgili daeTmo erovnul umciresobaTa 

enebis sakiTxs. konstituciis me-14 Tavi, romelic mTlianad erovnul umciresobaTa 

uflebebs eZRvneba, im epoqisaTvis uaRresad progresul normebs adgenda. 

konstituciiT ikrZaleboda saqarTvelos respublikis erovnuli umciresobis misi 

dedaeniT swavla-aRzrdis SezRudva (129-e muxli). amasTanave, adgilobrivi mmarTveloba 

valdebuli iyo swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis gamiznuli TanxebiT daearsebina skolebis 

sakmao raodenoba moqalaqeTa erovnuli Semadgenlobis proporciulad (134-e muxli). 

adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis farglebSi, sadac erTi romelime erovnuli umciresobis 

raodenoba aRemateboda yvela moqalaqis 20 procents, am umciresobis moTxovniT, 

msjeloba da saqmiswarmoeba saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebaSi, saxelmwifo 

enasTan erTad, SemoRebuli unda yofiliyo mis mSobliur enazec (136-e muxli). araqar- 

Tvel deputats, romelmac sakmarisad ar icoda saxelmwifo ena, SeeZlo parlamentSi 

sityva warmoeTqva mSobliur enaze, romlis swor Targmans winaswar warudgenda 

parlamentis prezidiums (137-e muxli). 

amasTan dakavSirebiT, saWirod migvaCnia, aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis 

zemoaRniSnul normebSi asaxuli erovnul umciresobaTa enobrivi uflebebi 

saqarTvelos konstituciis miRebidan mxolod naxevari saukunis Semdeg gamocemul 

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebiT aRiares adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebad. 19 

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis gza saqar- 

Tvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis miRebisTanave Sewyda. sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1921 wlis 

17


N1 

da 

kanoni 

TebervalSi, saqarTvelos mimarT ganxorcielebul intervencias, okupaciasa da aneqsias 

Sedegad mohyva saqarTveloSi socialisturi tipis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba saqarTvelos 

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis saxiT, romelic sabWoTa kavSirSi iZulebiT 

iqna gaerTianebuli. 

sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic modernizebul rusul imperias warmoadgenda, enobriv 

politikas ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT atarebda. erTi mxriv, oficialurad aRiarebda 

mokavSire respublikebSi maT erovnul enebs saxelmwifo enad, rasac garkveul etapze 

politikuri da ideologiuri mniSvneloba hqonda saqmis ise warmosaCenad, TiTqos sab- 

WoTa kavSirSi gaerTianebuli erebi inarCunebdnen TavianT TviTmyofadobas da uzrunvelyofili 

iyo sruli enobrivi Tanasworoba, xolo meore mxriv, sakavSiro xelisuflebis 

organoebis samuSao enas faqtobrivad rusuli ena warmoadgenda. amasTanave, rusuli 

ena ganixileboda, rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovreb xalxTa Soris urTierTobis 

ena. Caketil sabWour sivrceSi igi am funqcias marTlac asrulebda. rusuli ena faqtobrivad 

dominanti ena gaxda mTel sabWoeTSi, rasac uzrunvelyofda mTeli sabWoTa 

politikuri, partiuli da ideologiuri institutebis mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba saxelmwifoebrivi 

da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi rusuli enis 

dasamkvidreblad. 

sabWoTa saxelmwifos amgvari enobrivi politikis gavleniT Camoyalibda imdroindeli 

sakanonmdeblo aqtebic, kerZod, rusuli ena sabWoTa kavSiris arc erTi konstituciiT 

(1924, 1936, 1977 w.w.) saxelmwifo enad ar iyo aRiarebuli, xolo mokavSire respublikebSi, 

magaliTad, saqarTveloSi qarTuli ena sabWoTa saqarTvelos oTxive konstituciiT 

(1922, 1927, 1937, 1978 w.w.) aRiarebuli iyo, rogorc saxelmwifo ena. 

gasuli saukunis 70-ani wlebis bolos, sabWoTa xelisuflebam ganacxada, rom sabWoTa 

kavSirSi aSenebulia ganviTarebuli socialisturi sazogadoeba, romlis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba 

iyo yvela klasisa da socialuri jgufis daaxloebis, yvela eris iuridiuli 

da faqtobrivi Tanasworobisa da maTi Zmuri TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, adamianTa 

axali istoriuli erTobis (îáùíîñòü) _ sabWoTa xalxis Camoyalibeba. azri martivi 

iyo: sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi erebi imdenad daaxlovdnen, rom maTi eTnikuri gansxvavebebi 

TiTqmis waiSala da Sedegad miviReT sabWoTa xalxi. sabWoTa xalxs ki, erT 

enaze unda elaparaka. es ena, ra Tqma unda, rusuli ena unda yofiliyo. axali ìstoriuli 

sinamdvile~ saTanadod unda asaxuliyo sabWoTa kavSirisa da mokavSire respublikebis 

konstituciebSi, romelTa miReba dagegmili iyo 1977-1978 wlebSi. imisaTvis, 

rom rusuli ena iuridiulad ssr kavSiris saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebuliyo da mis 

oficialur gamoyenebas mokavSire respublikebSi samarTlebrivi safuZveli Sehqmnoda, 

sabWoTa xelisuflebam ssr kavSiris 1977 wlis axal konstituciaSi Tavi aarida saxelmwifo 

enis gansazRvris sakiTxs, samagierod mokavSire respublikebs mosTxova, maT axal 

konstituciebSi adgilobrivi nacionaluri enebis saxelmwifoebrivi statusi aRar gaeTvaliswinebinaT. 

Tu es Canafiqri warmatebiT Sesruldeboda, maSin amis Semdeg ssr 

kavSiris konstituciaSi Seitandnen damatebas rusuli enis ssr kavSiris saxelmwifo 

enad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb da mTel sabWoeTSi es ena ukve iuridiulad erTaderTi saxelmwifo 

ena iqneboda. 

18

am gegmis ganxorcielebas 1978 wels Seudgnen. magaliTad, saqarTvelos ssr 1937 wlis 

konstituciisagan 20 gansxvavebiT, sadac garkveviT iyo naTqvami, rom `saqarTvelos ssr-s 

saxelmwifo ena aris qarTuli ena~ (156-e muxli), 1978 wlis 23 marts sayovelTao-saxalxo 

ganxilvisaTvis gamoqveynebul saqarTvelos ssr axali konstituciis proeqtSi qarTuli 

ena saqarTvelos ssr-is saxelmwifo enad ukve aRar iyo moxseniebuli. proeqtis 75-e 

muxli aseTi Sinaarsis iyo: `saqarTvelos ss respublika uzrunvelyofs qarTuli enis 

xmarebas saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv organoebSi, kulturul da sxva dawesebulebebSi 

da axorcielebs saxelmwifo zrunvas misi yoveli RonisZiebiT ganviTarebisaTvis. saqar- 

Tvelos ss respublikaSi, Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze, uzrunvelyofilia yvela 

am organosa da dawesebulebaSi rusuli, agreTve sxva enebis Tavisufali xmareba, romlebiTac 

mosaxleoba sargeblobs. raime privilegiebi an SezRudvebi ama Tu im enis xmarebaSi 

ar daiSveba.~ 21 

proeqtis am normaSi sagulisxmo iyo ori principuli xasiaTis siaxle. jer erTi, qar- 

Tuli enis saxelmwifoebrivi statusi gauqmebuli iyo, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas 

konstitucia aRar adgenda da meore, pirvelad saqarTvelos konstituciaSi qarTuli 

enis Tanabari statusi eniWeboda rusul enas. 

saqarTvelos ss respublikis axali konstituciis proeqtis gamoqveynebas, romelic 

qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebriv statuss auqmebda, 1978 wlis 14 aprils, TbilisSi moqalaqeTa 

farTomasStabiani saprotesto aqcia mohyva mSobliuri enis dasacavad. xelisuflebam 

ukan daixia da qarTul enas saxelmwifo enis statusi SeunarCunda. saqarTvelos 

ss respublikis 1978 wlis konstituciis 75-e muxlSi Caiwera, rom `saqarTvelos 

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis saxelmwifo ena aris qarTuli ena.~ 22 amasTanave, 

konstituciis proeqtSi arsebuli Canaweri rusuli enis Tavisufali xmarebisa saxelmwifo 

organoebsa da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebSi, konstituciaSi ucvlelad gadavida. 

ufro metic, axali konstituciiT saqarTvelos ss respublikis kanonebis, umaRlesi 

sabWos dadgenilebebisa da sxva aqtebis gamoqveyneba qarTulTan erTad rusuladac 

savaldebulo gaxda (110-e muxli). 

sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebam am etapze dasaxul mizans srulad ver miaRwia, rusuli 

ena ssr kavSiris saxelmwifo enad ar iqna aRiarebuli, xolo saqarTveloSi qarTulma 

enam kvlav SeinarCuna saxelmwifo enis statusi. am movlenebma qarTul sazogadoebaSi 

kidev ufro gaaRviva mSobliuri enis pativiscemisa da dacvis interesi. 23 miuxedavad 

amisa, sabWoTa xelisuflebas dasaxuli miznis miRwevaze xeli ar auRia. rusuli enis 

saxelmwifo enad iuridiulad gaformebis miswrafeba imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom zemoaRniSnuli 

movlenebidan zustad me-12 wlisTavze, 1990 wlis 24 aprils agoniaSi myofma 

sabWoTa kavSirma gamosca kanoni `ssr kavSiris xalxTa enebis Sesaxeb,~ 24 romlis Tanaxmad, 

ssr kavSirSi rusuli ena oficialur (anu saxelmwifo) enad gamocxadda. kanonis me-4 

muxlSi naTqvami iyo: ìstoriulad damkvidrebuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT da saerTo 

sakavSiro amocanebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT rusuli ena ssr kavSiris teritoriaze 

miCneulia ssr kavSiris oficialur enad da gamoiyeneba rogorc erovnebaTaSorisi 

urTierTobis saSualeba.~ 

unda aRiniSnos, rom am kanonma rusuli enis, rogorc oficialuri enis, gamoyenebis 

imdenad farTo areali daadgina, rom mokavSire respublikebis saxelmwifo enebi faq- 

19


N1 

da 

kanoni 

tobrivad oficialuri (rusuli) enis danamatad gadaaqcia, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi 

usaTuod dakargavdnen saxelmwifoebriv mniSvnelobas da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, 

mxolod yofiTi urTierTobebis enad SemorCeboda. 

marTalia, sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebam zemoaRniSnuli kanonis miRebiT didi xnis 

Canafiqri sabolood mainc aisrula, magram kanonis samoqmedod SemoRebidan weliwadnaxevarSi 

ssr kavSirma, rogorc saxelmwifom da masTan erTad am kanonmac Sewyvita arseboba, 

samagierod, saqarTvelom 1991 wlis 9 aprils saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba 

aRidgina. 

erovnulma xelisuflebam saqarTveloSi gardamavali periodi gamoacxada da axali 

konstituciis SemuSavebamde Seudga saqarTvelos imJamad moqmedi (1978 wlis) konstituciis 

modernizebas. sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan erTad cvlilebebi Seexo saqarTvelos 

konstituciis 75-e muxlsac, romelic, rogorc es zemoT iTqva, saqarTveloSi 

enebis samarTlebriv statuss adgenda. cvlilebebis Sedegad, konstituciis am normidan 

amoRebuli iqna `rusuli ena~, romelic gamorCeulad iyo moxseniebuli saqarTveloSi 

mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa sxva enebTan SedarebiT. 

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg naTlad gamoCnda 

sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi gatarebuli rusifikatoruli 

enobrivi politikis Sedegebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa periodis saqarTveloSi 

qveynis ZiriTadi kanoniT saxelmwifoebrivi statusi mxolod qarTul enas hqonda, misi 

gamoyenebis areali saqarTvelos teritoriaze mainc mniSvnelovnad iyo SezRuduli. 

sakmarisia iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa 25 didma nawilma 

(gansakuTrebiT maTi kompaqturad dasaxlebis adgilebSi) saerTod ar icoda qarTuli 

ena. isini flobdnen mxolod maT mSobliur da rusul enebs, rac maTTvis savsebiT 

sakmarisi iyo qveynis saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, SromiT da ekonomikur 

urTierTobebSi integrirebisaTvis. 

aseTi iyo realuri enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis 

dasawyisisaTvis. am realobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, `saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ 

1993 wlis 25 marts miRebulma saqarTvelos respublikis kanonma 26 saqarTvelos moqalaqeebad 

CaTvala saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi pirebi mxolod maTi binadrobis cenzis mixedviT 

(rasakvirvelia, Tu isini uars ar ganacxadebdnen saqarTvelos moqalaqeobaze). 

rac Seexeba qarTuli enis codnas, am kanoniT igi erT-erT pirobad iqna gaTvaliswinebuli 

naturalizaciiT saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miRebisas. amrigad, `saqarTvelos 

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis amoqmedebis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qarTuli 

enis armcodne erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi gaxdnen, 

maTi STamomavlebi ki, qarTuli enis dauflebis gareSec xdebian dabadebiT saqar- 

Tvelos moqalaqeebi. 

am arasaxarbielo mdgomareobis gamosworeba, uwinares yovlisa, saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb 

kanonis miRebiT unda dawyebuliyo, xolo Semdeg, aucilebeli iyo am kanonis aRsrulebisaTvis 

iseTi programis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba, romelic Seqmnida pirobebs 

saxelmwifoebriv da mosaxleobis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi saxelmwifo enis gamoyenebisaTvis. 

Tumca saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb kanonis miRebis sakiTxma gan- 

20

sakuTrebuli aqtualuroba mxolod saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis miRebis Semdeg 

SeiZina. qveynis ZiriTadma kanonma saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze saxelmwifo enad 

qarTuli ena daadgina, xolo afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi agreTve _ afxazuri. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvelad saqarTvelos konstituciiT, afxazur enas mieniWa saxelmwifo 

enis statusi. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis miRebamde, afxazuri enis 

saxelmwifoebrivi statusi ganmtkicebuli iyo mxolod afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis 

konstituciiT. amasTanave, unda iTqvas, rom afxazeTis avtonomiuri ss respublikis 

1978 wlis konstituciiT saxelmwifo enis statusi afxazurTan erTad mikuTvnebuli 

hqonda qarTul da rusul enebsac. 27 

saxelmwifo enis kanonproeqtze muSaoba 1997 wels daiwyo enis saxelmwifo palatis 

iniciativiT da ramdenime weliwads gagrZelda. sabolood, 2001 wlis 19 ivniss, saqarTvelos 

prezidentma `saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti sakanonmdeblo 

iniciativiT parlaments warudgina. 

amave periodSi, kanonproeqtis ganxilvaSi aqtiurad Caeba evropis uSiSroebisa da 

TanamSromlobis organizacia (euTo). erovnul umciresobaTa umaRlesi komisari rolf 

ekeusi `saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb~ kanonproeqtis parlamentSi pirveli mosmeniT ganxilvamde 

erTi TviT adre, 2002 wlis 8 aprils, parlamentis xelmZRvanelobisadmi gagzavnil 

werilSi aRniSnavda: `saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba saqarTvelos ara mxolod 

suverenuli uflebaa, aramed es aris aucilebeli nabiji, raTa Seiqmnas Zlieri da erTiani 

qarTuli saxelmwifo... swored amitom saxelmwifo enis kanonis miReba prioritetuli 

sakiTxia. mimaCnia, rom saWiroa saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo enis statusi ganmtkicdes, 

gaZlierdes da Seiqmnas pirobebi qveynis teritoriaze mis gamosayeneblad... amasTanave, 

aucilebelia saqarTvelos parlamentma da mTavrobam dauyovnebliv daiwyon SemuSaveba 

farTo programisa, romelic uzrunvelyofs enis Seswavlas da mTel qveyanaSi mis gamoyenebas, 

gaaCaRebs saxelmwifo enis Seswavlis masStabur process saxalxo ganaTlebisa 

da sajaro samsaxuris sferoSi (es gansakuTrebiT exeba qveynis zog regions), ...minda 

dagarwmunoT, rom Cems movaleobad mimaCnia, am mniSvnelovan procesSi saqarTvelos 

parlamentsa da mTavrobas daxmareba gavuwioT TviT finansuri mxardaWeris CaTvliT.~ 28 

2002 wlisaTvis TiTqos yvela wina piroba iyo Seqmnili `saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb~ 

kanonis misaRebad, magram samwuxarod, parlamentis wevrebs saamisod ar aRmoaCndaT 

politikuri neba da kanonproeqtis ganxilva gaurkveveli vadiT gadaido. 2004 wlis 23 

agvistos ki, es kanonproeqti ukan gamoiTxova misma iniciatorma. amgvarad, qveyana darCa 

saxelmwifo enis kanonis, xolo saxelmwifo enobrivi politika _ sakanonmdeblo uzrunvelyofis 

gareSe. 

samagierod, 2005 wlis 13 oqtombers, saqarTvelos parlaments saTanado politikuri 

neba aRmoaCnda èrovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ evrosabWos 1995 wlis CarCo 

konvenciis ratificirebisaTvis. 29 es konvencia xelSemkvreli mxareebisaTvis erovnul 

umciresobaTa enebis saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofisa 

da maTi dacvis mraval valdebulebas iTvaliswinebs. 

amasTanave, obieqturobisaTvis unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos parlaments upirobod 

ar mouxdenia CarCo konvenciis ratificireba da Tavisi dadgenilebiT mniSvnelovani 

21


N1 

da 

kanoni 

daTqmebi daurTo saratifikacio dokuments. 30 aRsaniSnavia, rom daTqmebis ZiriTadi 

nawili Seexeba erovnul umciresobaTa enebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs. 

èrovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ CarCo konvenciis ratificirebis Taobaze 

saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebiT, saqarTvelom aiRo valdebuleba, erovnuli 

umciresobebisadmi mikuTvnebuli pirebi 31 administraciul organoebTan urTierTobaSi 

da samarTalwarmoebis procesSi uzrunvelyos Tarjimnis daxmarebiT. amasTanave, saqar- 

Tvelom aiRo valdebuleba, da es metad mniSvnelovania, maqsimalurad Seuqmnas pirobebi 

erovnuli umciresobebisadmi mikuTvnebul pirebs saxelmwifo enis Sesaswavlad (meore 

punqtis `b~ qvepunqti). parlamentis dadgenilebaSi aRniSnulia, rom oficialur dokumentebSi 

erovnuli umciresobebisadmi mikuTvnebul pirTa saxelebisa da gvarebis 

Cawera qarTul enaze ise, rom imavdroulad, SeZlebisdagvarad, daculi iyos maT enaze 

gamoTqmis wesi, ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT (meore punqtis `g~ qvepunqti). 

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT unda ganisazRvros agreTve CarCo konvenciis 

me-11 muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli is debulebebi, romlebic Seexeba 

erovnuli umciresobebiT tradiciulad dasaxlebul regionebSi quCebisa da sxva topografiuli 

dasaxelebis qarTul da erovnul umciresobaTa enaze gamoyenebas. amas- 

Tanave, parlamentis dadgenilebaSi miTiTebulia, rom saqarTvelo ar ganixilavs erovnul 

umciresobaTa am uflebas rogorc saxelmwifos valdebulebas, Secvalos teritoriuli 

erTeulebis arsebuli dasaxelebebi (meore punqtis `d~ qvepunqti). 

rac Seexeba meore saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqts, kerZod, evrosabWos 1992 wlis 

2 oqtombris èvropul qartias regionuli an umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb~, 32 saqarTvelos 

parlaments jerjerobiT misi ratificireba ar mouxdenia, Tumca amis valdebuleba 

saqarTvelos nakisri aqvs da darwmunebuli unda viyoT, rom am valdebulebis 

Sesrulebas usaTuod moiTxoven. 

Cveni azriT, rac ar unda damajereblad JRerdes evropuli qartiis debulebebi, 

rom `regionuli an umciresobaTa enebis dacvam da waxalisebam ziani ar unda miayenos 

oficialur enebsa da maTi Seswavlis aucileblobas~, an kidev `qveynis suverenitetisa 

da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis principebs~, im enobrivi situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

romelic Cvens qveyanaSia amJamad Seqmnili, zemoaRniSnuli evropuli qartiis 

ratificireba da amoqmedeba ara gvgonia mizanSewonili iyos. amis safuZvels iZleva is 

garemoeba, rom evropuli qartiis mixedviT, mxareebi iReben valdebulebas im teritoriebze, 

sadac regionuli an umciresobaTa enebi gamoiyeneba, xelmisawvdomi gaxadon am 

enebze araTu skolamdeli, dawyebiTi, saSualo, teqnikuri da profesiuli, aramed sauniversiteto 

da sxva saxis umaRlesi ganaTleba; sasamarTloebSi nebismieri samarTalwarmoeba 

(sisxlis, samoqalaqo, administraciuli) erT-erTi mxaris moTxovniT unda 

ganxorcieldes regionul an umciresobaTa enebze; xelisuflebis administraciulma 

organoebma unda gamoiyenon regionuli an umciresobaTa enebi dokumentebis Sedgenisa da 

saqmiswarmoebis CaTvliT, uzrunvelyon Tundac erTi radiosadgurisa da satelevizio 

arxis Seqmna regionul an umciresobaTa enebze, dafaron im masmediis damatebiTi xarjebi, 

romlebic iyeneben am enebs; komerciul praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT, safinanso da 

sabanko sferoSi nebadarTuli unda iyos regionuli an umciresobebis enebis gamoyeneba, 

22

gadaxdis orderebis (Cekebi, Tamasuqebi) an sxva finansuri dokumentebis Sedgena da 

sxva. 

Zneli ar unda iyos imis mixvedra, rom Tu saqarTvelos parlamenti moaxdens am saerTaSoriso 

samarTlebrivi aqtis ratificirebas da igi srulad amoqmeddeba, erovnuli 

umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul saqarTvelos regionebidan, sadac qarTuli 

enis gamoyenebis areali isedac SezRudulia, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena sabolood 

iqneba gamodevnili da am regionebis mosaxleoba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da 

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisagan mowyvetili aRmoCndeba. Cven, ra Tqma unda, sruliadac 

ara varT imis winaaRmdegi, rom erovnul umciresobaTa enebi saTanadod iyos daculi, 

waxalisebuli da mxardaWerili saxelmwifosagan, magram ara ise, rom amas Sedegad mohyves 

saxelmwifo enis daknineba da qarTveli xalxis dezintegracia, daSla da dacalkeveba, 

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb moqalaqeTa jgufebis erTmaneTisagan gaucxoeba, rac sabolood, 

qveynis mTlianobas realur safrTxes Seuqmnis. 

imisaTvis, rom kargad gavacnobieroT, Tu rasTan gvaqvs saqme, magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba 

movitanoT belgia, evropis erT-erTi ganviTarebuli da dawinaurebuli qveyana, 

sadac konstituciiT 33 Seqmnilia oTxi enobrivi regioni: frangulenovani regioni, 

niderlandurenovani regioni, dedaqalaq briuselis orenovani regioni da germanulenovani 

regioni, romelTa sazRvrebis Secvla an dazusteba SeiZleba mxolod parlamentis 

TiToeul palataSi arsebuli yoveli enobrivi jgufis xmaTa Tanabrobis dacviT 

miRebuli kanoniT (me-4 muxli). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msoflios arc erTi qveynis konstituciaSi 

ar eniWeba enobriv principebs iseTi mniSvneloba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis 

organoTa formirebasa da saxelmwifoebriv-teritoriul mowyobaSi, rogorc es belgiaSia. 

enebis gamoyenebisa da maT warmomadgenelTa proporciulobis gaTvaliswinebiT 

yalibdeba belgiis parlamenti, mTavroba, erTiani marTlmsajulebis sabWo da sxva organoebi, 

rom aRaraferi vTqvaT ganaTlebis sistemaze. amasTan, belgiam gasuli saukunis 

meore naxevarSi, qveynis erTianobis SenarCunebis mizniT mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadadga 

decentralizaciisaken. flamandurma, frangulma da germanulma gaerTianebebma oficialuri 

avtonomiis statusi miiRes da qveyana TandaTanobiT unitarizmidan federalur 

mowyobaze gadavida. 34 miuxedavad yovelive amisa, belgiis samefom enobrivi regionebis 

dapirispirebisa da qveynis erTianobis SenarCunebis problemebi mainc ver daZlia. 

rogorc iuridiul literaturaSi aRniSnaven, erT-erTi partiis lideris, Jiul 

destres mimarTvas belgiis mefe albert I-sadmi 1912 wels, rom `belgiaSi arian valonebi 

da flamandelebi, magram ara belgielebi~, dRemde ar daukargavs Tavisi aqtualuroba. 35 

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi regionuli enebis dakanonebis Tu enobrivi regionebis 

Seqmnis ideas dResac gamouCndnen momxreebi. mimdinare wels masobrivi informaciis sa- 

SualebebiT gavrcelda cnoba, rom samegreloSi arasamaTavrobo organizaciam _ ganaTlebis 

centrma `kolxidam~ megrul enaze gamosca gazeTi `Surobumu~ (uTqmeli). sagazeTo 

interviuSi misi damfuZnebeli dabejiTebiT moiTxovs megruli da svanuri enebisaTvis 

regionuli enebis statusis miniWebas. misi azriT, `megrelebi arian kolxebi da 

ara gurjebi~. saqarTvelo ki, unda gadakeTdes federaciad, sadac yvela regioni Tanasworuflebiani 

iqneba. am gazeTSi megrul enaze gamoqveynebulia fragmentebi ioanes 

23


N1 

da 

kanoni 

saxarebidan (`saxareba ioaneSi~) da vefxistyaosnidan (`yiloStyebami~). 36 XIX saukunis 

ruseTis imperiis antiqarTuli politikis gamoZaxili, rogorc vxedavT, XXI saukuneSic 

gaismis. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sworad SeniSnavs profesori soso sigua: ès imTaviTve 

qarTuli cnobierebis daSlisken mimarTuli movlena iyo. ruseTs xels aZlevda svanuri, 

megruli da qarTuli enebis dacalkeveba, raTa advilad gaenadgurebina qarTuli 

saxelmwifoebrioba.~ 37 

Tanamedrove periodSi am safrTxeze sagangebod miuTiTebs sruliad saqarTvelos 

kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia I I 2010 wlis saSobao epistoleSi. kaTolikos-patriarqi 

qarTul enas qarTveli eris rwmenis, erTobis da mTlianobis saZirkvelsa da mtkice 

fuZes uwodebs da aRniSnavs: `dResac, rodesac Cvens winaSea umniSvnelovanesi amocana 

teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa, TandaTan izrdeba meore, aranaklebi safrTxe 

enobrivi daSlisa; arian iseTi Zalebi, romelnic naklebad moazrovne adamianebs ubiZgeben, 

rom iTargmnos biblia an sxva wignebi megrulad, svanurad, lazurad da moamzadon 

niadagi imisaTvis, rom axlo momavalSi qarTuli enis es ganStoebani ukve calke enebad 

gamoacxadon. 

msoflioSi vrceldeba rukebi da kvalifikaciebi, TiTqos saqarTvelo aWarlebis, 

lazebis, svanebis, megrelebis, TuSebis da sxvaTa xelovnuri gaerTianebaa, TiTqos yvelas 

Cven-Cveni ena da kultura gvaqvs. amiT undaT Cveni eris sxvadasxva erovnul gaer- 

Tianebebad warmoCena. aqedan ki, saxelmwifos daSlamde erTi nabijia.~ 38 

cxadia, Tu saqarTvelo am gzas daadgeba da regionul enebs oficialurad aRiarebs, 

maSin regionuli enebidan enobriv regionebamde erTi nabijia, enobrivi regionebidan 

politikur avtonomiebamde meore, mesame ki, ueWvelad qveynis daSla iqneba. 

es safrTxe rom Tavidan aviciloT, amisaTvis aucilebelia saxelmwifos swori enobrivi 

politika hqondes. Cveni azriT, qarTuli saxelmwifos enobrivi politika sami 

ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT unda warimarTos: 

pirveli, qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis (afxazeTSi agreTve afxazuri enis), 

srulyofili sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebis, misi dacvis samarTlebrivi da instituciuri 

garantiebis Seqmna; 

meore, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis, agreTve saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva pirebisaTvis 

qarTuli enis Sesaswavlad saTanado pirobebis Seqmna; 

mesame, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa enebis gamoyenebis farglebis 

dadgena da maTi dacvis uzrunvelyofa. 

Tu enobrivi politikis meore da mesame mimarTulebiT saqarTveloSi garkveuli 

praqtika arsebobs, romelic, rasakvirvelia, saWiroebs Semdgom srulyofas, qarTuli 

enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis, sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi jer kidev, Sesaqmnelia. saqarTvelos, 

rogorc es ukve iTqva, ara aqvs saxelmwifo enis kanoni. saxelmwifo enasTan 

dakavSirebuli urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli samarTlis normebi amJamad sxvadasxva 

dargobriv sakanonmdeblo aqtebSia gafantuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis, 

reklamis, mauwyeblobis, ganaTlebis, sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb kanonebi, 

zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi da sxv. ra Tqma unda, sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, 

es Cveulebrivi movlenaa da ama Tu im sferoSi samarTlebrivi regulirebis 

24

sagnis TaviseburebebiTaa ganpirobebuli. magram, amasTanave, aucileblad migvaCnia 

saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb CarCo kanonis miReba, radganac swored am kanonSi Camoyalibebuli 

normebisa da principebis Sesabamisad unda ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva sferoebSi 

saxelmwifo enis gamoyenebis konkretuli sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi. amisaTvis ki, 

saWiroa saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb sakanonmdeblo aqti organuli kanonis rangSi iyos 

ayvanili, raTa misi iuridiuli Zala aRematebodes sxva Cveulebrivi, dargobrivi kanonebis 

iuridiul Zalas. es Tavidan agvacilebs saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb organuli kanoniT 

dadgenili normebisa da principebis sawinaaRmdego wesebis dadgenas mimdinare 

sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT da uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo enis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis 

erTianobas. 

saxelmwifo enis organulma kanonma, uwinares yovlisa, unda gansazRvros saxelmwifoebrivi 

da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis is sferoebi, sadac qarTuli enis gamoyeneba 

savaldebulo iqneba. Cveni azriT, qarTuli enis gamoyeneba savaldebulo unda iyos: 

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis, maT Soris, avtonomiuri respublikebis xelisuflebis, adgilobrivi 

TviTmmarTvelobisa da sxva sajaro dawesebulebebis saqmianobaSi, maT mier 

miRebuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis oficialuri gamoqveynebisas; samxedro ZalebSi; sakonstitucio, 

sisxlis, samoqalaqo, administraciul samarTalwarmoebaSi; sanotaro 

moqmedebaSi; referendumisa da arCevnebis Catarebisas; zogadi, profesiuli da umaRlesi 

ganaTlebis miRebisas; informatikaSi; kavSirgabmulobaSi; satransporto, savaWro 

da sxva saxis momsaxurebaSi; teleradio mauwyeblobasa da beWdviT mediaSi; reklamebSi; 

geografiuli obieqtebis, agreTve, sagzao niSnebis aRniSvnisas. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo 

da sxva sajaro dawesebulebebis mier Catarebuli oficialuri Sexvedrebisas; 

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis mier ganxorcielebul saregistracio saqmianobaSi; 

saqarTvelos iuridiuli pirebis mier dokumentebis warmoebisas; saqarTvelos 

teritoriaze fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis mier garigebebis dadebisas. 

ra Tqma unda, es sruliadac ar aris qarTuli enis savaldebulo gamoyenebis sferoebis 

amomwuravi CamonaTvali. organuli kanoniT kidev ufro dazustdeba rogorc qar- 

Tuli enis savaldebulo gamoyenebis sferoebi, ise misi gamoyenebis konkretuli SemTxvevebi 

da wesebi. amasTanave, am kanoniT qarTuli enis savaldebulo gamoyenebis zogierT 

sferoSi (magaliTad, ganaTlebis miRebisas) gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba saqarTveloSi 

mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis enebis da ucxo enebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi 

da pirobebi. 

saxelmwifo enis organulma kanonma unda daadginos aseve, iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba 

saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis. am samarTaldarRvevaTa 

konkretuli saxeobebis da maTi Sesabamisi iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis zomebi gaTvaliswinebuli 

unda iyos samarTlis sxvadasxva dargis (sisxlis, administraciuli, samoqalaqo) 

sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT. 

saxelmwifo enis organulma kanonma unda gaiTvaliswinos saxelmwifos enobrivi 

politikis ganxorcielebis, agreTve, saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis moTxovna- 

Ta aRsrulebisa da saxelmwifo enis dacvis uzrunvelyofis instituciuri garantiebi. 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am mxriv amJamad arsebuli mdgomareoba aradamakmayofilebelia. 

25


N1 

da 

kanoni 

Cveni azriT, ar iyo marTebuli 2004 wels saqarTvelos enis saxelmwifo palatis 

gauqmeba, romelic 1997 wels Seiqmna, damoukideblobiT sargeblobda, angariSvaldebuli 

iyo mxolod saqarTvelos prezidentis winaSe da amasTanave, realuri makontrolebeli 

funqciebiT iyo aRWurvili saxelmwifo enis funqcionirebisa da qarTuli saliteraturo 

enis normaTa dacvis, saxelmwifo enobrivi politikis ganxorcielebisa 

da moqalaqeTa enobrivi uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. sadReisod saxelmwifo enobrivi 

politikis ganxorcieleba, saxelmwifo enis swavlebisa da ganviTarebis xelis Sewyoba, 

agreTve Tvalyuris devneba mis swor gamoyenebaze saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis 

saministros aqvs mikuTvnebuli. saministros struqturaSi am amocanebis Sesruleba, 

sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, davalebuli aqvs or qvedanayofs: samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis 

departamentsa da zogadi da profesiuli ganaTlebis ganviTarebis 

departaments. 39 

vfiqrobT, mxolod Tvalyuris devneba saxelmwifo enis swor gamoyenebaze saqmes 

ver uSvelis. Tvalyuris devnebas Tu ar axlavs danaxulsa da gagonilze mkacri reagireba, 

saxelmwifo enis upativcemulobisa da araswori gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi kvlavac 

mravlad iqneba. am saqmis Sesruleba mizanSewonilia daekisros saTanado damoukideblobisa 

da uflebamosilebis mqone specialur organos, romelic kanoniT iqneba aRWurvili 

am sferoSi kontrolisa da zedamxedvelobis funqciebiT. Cveni azriT, `sajaro 

samarTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni aseTi dawesebulebis Seqmnis 

SesaZleblobas iZleva. 

qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis dacva gulisxmobs ara mxolod mis uflebriv 

dacvas, aramed, rac ase aucilebelia Tanamedrove periodSi, misi siwmindis dacvasac. 

am mizniT, saxelmwifo enis organulma kanonma unda gansazRvros qarTuli saliteraturo 

enis normebis damdgeni samTavrobo organo (komisia), misi samarTlebrivi statusi 

da qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis dacvis savaldebulooba. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gasagebia, Tu ra ganuzomeli mniSvneloba aqvs qarTul 

enas qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis da rom misi dacva, mofrTxileba da masze zrunva 

uaRresad saSuri saqmea, miT umetes dRes, rodesac kacobriobas e.w. globalizaciis 

epoqa daudga. Tu adre, imperiebis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos yofnisas qarTul enas 

safrTxes uqmnida imperiuli enis, rogorc oficialuri enis da imperiaSi Semavali 

erebis saurTierTobo saSualebis privilegirebuli mdgomareoba, axla, globalizaciis 

epoqaSi, igive safrTxe arsebobs ucxo enebiT qarTuli enis Canacvlebis zRvardaudebeli 

da ukontrolo praqtikis gamo. Tu es praqtika saswrafod ar ailagma, uaxloes 

momavalSi qarTuli enis adgils aucileblad daikavebs ucxo ena. es ar aris gadaWarbebuli 

Sefaseba. safrTxe realuria, radganac saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis kanoni ar 

gaaCnia da amdenad, am procesis winaaRmdegobis gamwevi kanonismieri saSualebebic ar 

arsebobs. 

qarTuli enis patroni mxolod qarTuli saxelmwifoa. qarTul enas ara aqvs qveynis 

gareT xalxTa Soris sakomunikacio mniSvneloba. amitom, Tu qarTuli ena Tavad qarTuli 

saxelmwifos mzrunvelobis gareSe darCa, maSin darwmunebuli unda viyoT, rom masze 

sxva aravin izrunebs. 

26

qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebrivi statusis mxolod konstituciiT deklarireba ar 

aris sakmarisi. saWiroa saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb specialuri kanonis miReba da efeqtiani 

saxelmwifo enobrivi politikis gatareba am kanonis moTxovnaTa aRsrulebisaTvis. 

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo SesaZlebelia irlandiis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes, 

sadac irlandiur enaze, romelic konstituciiT aRiarebulia erovnul enad da pirvel 

oficialur enad, laparakobs mosaxleobis mesamedze naklebi, xolo inglisur enaze, 

romelic konstituciiT meore oficialuri enaa, laparakobs mosaxleobis naxevarze 

meti. 40 

rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli ena, uwinares yovlisa, saxelmwifoebriv mxardaWeras sa- 

Wiroebs. swored saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas iseTi pirobebi, rodesac qarTuli ena srulad 

iqneba damkvidrebuli saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qveynis mTel 

teritoriaze. 

27


N1 

da 

kanoni 

SeniSvnebi: 

1 

qarTlis cxovreba, mT. red. roin metreveli, `meridiani~, àrtanuji~, 

Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 46. 

2 

giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, qarTuli proza, wigni I, 

Tbilisi, 1982, gv. 279-280. 

3 

ix.: qarTuli ena, enciklopedia, èrovnuli mwerloba~, Tbilisi, 2008, 

gv. 180. 

4 

ix.: omar gogiaSvili, ilia dRes, ideologia, politika, Tbilisi, 2008, 

gv. 408. 

5 

ix.: mixeil gafrindaSvili, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoria 

uZvelesi droidan meoce saukunemde, `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2004, 

gv. 499-507; mamia faRava, ilia WavWavaZe da qarTuli saliteraturo 

enis problemebi, krebuli: ìlia WavWavaZe 170~, gamomcemloba `baTumis 

universiteti~, 2007, gv. 26-54. 

6 

ilia WavWavaZe, b-n ianovskis werilisa gamo, rCeuli nawarmoebebi 5 

tomad, Tbilisi, 1987, tomi me-4, gv. 197. 

7 

qarTuli ena, enciklopedia, gv. 495. 

8 

sagulisxmoa, rom i. gogebaSvilis `deda enis~ I nawili 45-jer gamoica 

milionsamasiaTasiani tiraJiT, xolo me-2 nawili 36-jer, 670 aTasi 

calis odenobiT (ix.: qarTuli ena, enciklopedia, gv. 139; mamia CorgolaSvili, 

mTawminda, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 80). 

9 

vaJa SubiTiZe, yvela drois asi udidesi qarTveli, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 

313. 

10 

mamia faRava, miT. naSromi, gv. 54. 

11 

ix.: aleqsandre bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918- 

1921w.w.), Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 257. 

12 

aleqsandre bendianiSvili, miT. naSromi, gv. 258. 

13 

iqve, gv. 258-259. 

14 

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 

1918-1921, ìverTa mxare~, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 80-81. 

15 

1918 wlis 8 oqtombridan erovnul sabWos saqarTvelos parlamenti 

ewoda. 

16 


gv. 83. 

17 


gv. 206. 

18 

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis 

krebuli, gv. 458-484. 

19 

ix.: rona k. m. smiti, adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, saxelmZRvanelo, 

meore gamocema. oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, mTargmneli 

m. kobiaSvili, `sezani~, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 446-463. 

20 

saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri aqtebis krebuli (1921-1978), Semdgeneli 

prof. gr. eremovi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 

Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 131-160. 

21 

saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri aqtebis krebuli (1921-1978), gv. 192. 

22 

saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri aqtebis krebuli (1921-1978), gv. 268. 

23 

1983 wels uprecedento ram moxda, TbilisSi aRimarTa dedaenis, anu 

qarTuli enis Zegli. 

24 

ix.: gazeTi `komunisti~, 1990 wlis 8 maisi. 

28

25 

1990 wlisaTvis erovnul umciresobaTa raodenoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 

TiTqmis erT mesameds Seadgenda (ix.: saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, 

statistikuri krebuli, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 68). 

26 

saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebebi, #5 (622), 1993, marti, mux. 66. 

27 

ix.: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, Tbilisi, 1985, t. 9, gv. 245. 

28 

ix.: saqarTvelos parlamentSi 2002 wlis 7-10 maiss `saxelmwifo enis 

Sesaxeb~ kanonproeqtis ganxilvis masalebi. 

29 

CarCo konvencia erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb, strasburgi, 

1995, 1 Tebervali, ix.: adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi saerTa- 

Soriso samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, saxalxo damcvelis biblioTeka, 

meore nawili, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 207-220. 

30 

ix.: saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, nawili mesame, 2005, 27 oqtomberi, 

#125, mux. 1401. 

31 

saqarTvelos parlamentis zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebiT gansazRvrulia, 

pirTa romeli jgufi SeiZleba CaiTvalos erovnul umciresobad. 

dadgenilebis mixedviT, pirTa jgufi erovnuli umciresobis 

statusiT SeiZleba sargeblobdes, Tu: misi wevrebi arian saqarTvelos 

moqalaqeebi; isini mosaxleobis udidesi nawilisagan gansxvavdebian 

sakuTari enobrivi, kulturuli da eTnikuri identurobiT; 

xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi cxovroben saqarTvelos teritoriaze 

da kompaqturad arian dasaxlebulebi (meore punqtis à~ qvepunqti). 

32 

ix.: adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi 

aqtebis krebuli, saxalxo damcvelis biblioTeka, Tbilisi, 2008, 

gv. 221-244. 

33 

sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi, red. v. gonaSvili, nawili 

IV, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 106-161. 

34 


IV, gv. 90. 

35 

Êîíñòèòóöèè ãîñóäàðñòâ Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîþçà, Ïîä ðåä. Ë. À. Îêóíüêîâà, 

"Íîðìà-Èíôðà", Ì., 1997, ñ. 103. 

36 

`kviris palitra~, yovelkvireuli gazeTi, #44 (848), 1-7 noemberi 

2010, gv. 5. 

37 

iqve. 

38 

`yvela siaxle~, sazogadoebriv-politikuri gazeTi (#193), 7-13 ianvari, 

2010, gv. 11. 

39 

ix.: saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 2004, #54, nawili I I I , muxli 460. 

40 


V, gv. 254. 

29


N1 

da 

kanoni 

STATE LANGUAGE 

OF GEORGIA 

JOHN KHETSURIANI 

Judge of the Constitutional Court of Georgia, 

Doctor of Law, Professor, Member of the National Science Academy of Georgia 

Georgia language is an ancient language having its own, unique alphabet. 

The historians believe that the King Parnavaz (III c. BC) was the one to popularize 

the Georgian language and literacy in Georgia. Since IV century AD, when 

the Christianity was declared as the state religion of Georgia, the Georgian language 

has become the service language of the Georgian Orthodox Church. 

Notwithstanding of the Russification politics of the Russian Empire and the 

Soviet Authorities, the Georgian people managed to preserve and develop the 

national language. During the times of the first republic of Georgia (1918-1921) 

the Georgian language was legally assigned the status of State Language for the 

first time with the means of the special law (in 1918), as well as the Constitution 

of Georgia (in 1921). Throughout the Soviet times, the Georgian Language was 

recognized as the state language by all four constitutions of Georgia. According 

to the acting Constitution of Georgia (since 1995) “The state language of Georgia 

shall be Georgian, and in Abkhazia – also Abkhazian” (Article 8). 

To our opinion, declaring the status of the Georgian as the State language 

only by the Constitution of Georgia is not enough. The globalization 

process poses the Georgian language increased threat to be replaced with 

some foreign languages. This threat is real, since the State does not have the 

law on language and therefore legal means of fighting against this threat is 

unavailable. Therefore, organic law on the state language shall be developed 

and adopted. The law would define the rules for mandatory usage of State 

language in various fields of state and social life, determine the legal liability 

for violating the law on state language, provide for the institutional guarantees 

for the protection of state language and ensure the implementation of 

the state language policy in general. 

30

damoukidebeli 

sasarCelo moTxovnis 

gareSe mesame piri 

samoqalaqo 

samarTalwarmoebaSi 

irma peraniZe 

quTaisis saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTle 

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi aris kodificirebuli 

normatiuli aqti, romelic detalurad gansazRvravs 

samarTalwarmoebis zogad principebs, sasamar- 

Tlos uwyebriv qvemdebareobas da gansjadobas, procesis 

monawile mxareebs, maT uflebaunarianobasa da qmedunarianobas, 

saqmeTa warmoebas yvela instanciis sasamarTlo- 

Si, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivrebas da a.S. 

sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo davis ganxilvaSi monawile 

TiToeul pirs Tavisi saproceso statusi da Sesabamisi ufleba-movaleobebi 

aqvs. ZiriTad mxareebs mosarCele da mopasuxe 

warmoadgenen, Tumca erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi 

subieqtia mesame piri. 

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi ganasxvavebs mesame pirebs 

damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniTa da damoukidebeli 

sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe. 

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 89-e muxlis 

pirvel nawilSi mocemulia damoukidebeli sasarCelo 

moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris definicia. 

31


N1 

da 

kanoni 

miTiTebuli normis Tanaxmad, damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe mesame 

piri aris saproceso subieqti, romelic, marTalia, uSualod ar aris sadavo samar- 

TalurTierTobis monawile, ar acxadebs damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze an mis 

nawilze, magram mimdinare sasamarTlo davis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi samomavlod SeiZleba 

uSualod Seexos mis kanonier ufleba-movaleobebsa da interesebs. igi SesaZloa 

momdevno davaSi iyos mopasuxe. 

ganvixiloT ramdenime SemTxveva: 

1. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 301-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Sesabamisad, Tu movale ar daakmayofilebs 

moTxovnas, romlis uzrunvelyofis saSualebac aris ipoTeka, ipoTekari 

uflebamosilia moiTxovos uZravi nivTis realizacia, Tu ipoTekis xelSekrulebiT 

sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. 

iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ipoTekis sagnis mesakuTre da piradi movale erTi da 

igive piri ar aris, ipoTekiT uzrunvelyofili sesxis dabrunebis Taobaze mimdinare 

davaSi SesaZlebelia damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirad Cabmuli iqnes 

ipoTekis sagnis mesakuTre, vinaidan, Tuki dakmayofildeba kreditoris sasarCelo 

moTxovna da Tanxis gadaxda daekisreba movales, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 301-e muxlis 

1-li nawilis safuZvelze samomavlo davaSi savaraudo mopasuxe iqneba ipoTekis 

sagnis mesakuTre. 

2. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 199-e muxlis Sesabamisad, moTxovnis mflobels (kreditors) 

SeuZlia movalis Tanxmobis gareSe moTxovna dauTmos mesame pirs... aseT SemTxvevaSi 

Tavdapirveli mflobelis adgils ikavebs mesame piri. 

Tuki sasamarTlo warmoebaSi iqneba axali kreditoris (visac dauTmes moTxovna) dava 

movalis mimarT, saqmeSi damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirad SeiZleba Cabmuli 

iqnes Tavdapirveli kreditori, romelmac sk is 199-e muxlis Sesabamisad, gadasca 

moTxovnis ufleba axal kreditors, vinaidan, saqmeSi monawileobiT SesaZloa 

igi daexmaros mosarCeles, daicvas misi moTxovna mopasuxis mimarT. 

garda amisa, mocemuli davis dasrulebis Semdeg, SesaZloa axal kreditors gauCndes 

regresis wesiT moTxovnis ufleba Zveli kreditoris mimarT. 

3. samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisad, mometebuli safrTxis wyarodan gamomdinare, zianis 

anazRaurebis sarCelebSi materialuri samarTalurTierToba arsebobs mosar- 

Celes (dazaralebuli) da mometebuli safrTxis wyaros mflobels Soris da ara mosarCelesa 

da zianis uSualo mimyenebels Soris. uSualod zianis mimyenebeli SeiZleba 

saqmeSi monawileobdes damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame pirad. 

amdenad, ganxilul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT dasturdeba, rom damoukidebeli moTxovnis 

gareSe, mesame piri aris fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelsac aqvs safuZvliani 

samarTlebrivi interesi mimdinare samarTalwarmoebis mimarT. procesSi maTi monawileoba 

ganpirobebulia materialursamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan. saqmeSi Car- 

Tuli damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piri cdilobs daexmaros im pirs, romlis 

mxaresac igi monawileobs procesSi, raTa daicvas Tavisi piradi interesebi. igi ebmeba 

Tavdapirvel mxareTa Soris ukve dawyebul da mimdinare procesSi. misi mizani procesSi 

monawileobisas aris piradi interesebis dacva, radgan ZiriTad davaze sasamarTlo 

32

gadawyvetilebam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos mis uflebebsa da movaleobebze erT-erTi 

mxaris mimarT. 

Tu SevadarebT Tanamonawilisa da mopasuxis mxareze Cabmul damoukidebeli moTxovnis 

gareSe mesame pirs, maTi interesebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba: Tanamopasuxe yovelTvis 

aris mosarCelis mowinaaRmdege mxare da mis winaSe gaaCnia, mTlianad an nawilobriv, 

uSualo, pirdapiri pasuxismgebloba, xolo mopasuxis mxareze damoukidebeli 

moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piri imyofeba materialursamarTlebriv damokidebulebaSi 

mxolod mopasuxesTan da pirdapiri pasuxismgebloba mosarCelis mimarT ar gaaCnia. 

aseT mesame pirs pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisros mopasuxis mier regresuli wesiT 

wardgenil damoukidebel procesSi. 

unda aRiniSnos, rom umTavres SemTxvevaSi, tipiuri safuZveli ukve dawyebul saqmeSi 

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris CarTvisa aris ZiriTad davaze sasamar- 

Tlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg erT-erTi modave mxaris regresuli sarCelis 

wardgenis SesaZlebloba mesame piris mimarT. 

mniSvnelovania im sakiTxis garkveva, SesaZlebelia Tu ara erTad iqnes ganxiluli 

ZiriTadi da regresuli sarCelebi. 

sasamarTlo praqtikis analiziT dgindeba, rom ufro xSirad isini ganixileba 

damoukideblad, Tumca, saproceso kanonmdebloba ar gamoricxavs maTi erTad ganxilvis 

SesaZleblobas. 

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 182-e muxlis me-4 nawilis Sesabamisad, Tu sasamar- 

Tlos warmoebaSia ramdenime erTgvarovani da samarTlebrivad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli 

saqme, romlebSic erTi da igive an sxvadasxva mxare monawileobs, sasamarTlos 

SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT an mxaris SuamdgomlobiT gaaerTianos es saqmeebi erT warmoebad, 

erTad ganxilvisaTvis, Tu aseT gaerTianebas Sedegad mohyveba davis swrafad 

da sworad ganxilva. 

miTiTebuli normis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebia erTad iqnes ganxiluli damoukidebeli moTxovnis 

gareSe mesame piris monawileobiT ZiriTadi da regresuli sarCelebi, rac gamoiwvevs 

sasamarTlo droisa da resursis ekonomias. 

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris saqmeSi daSvebis sakiTxi regulirdeba 

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 89-90-e muxlebiT. 

sssk-is 89-e muxlis Sesabamisad, `yovel dainteresebul pirs, romelic ar acxadebs 

damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze, an mis nawilze, SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos 

gancxadebiT, raTa dauSvas igi mesame pirad mosarCelis an mopasuxis mxareze, radgan 

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas am saqmeze SeuZlia SemdgomSi gavlena moaxdinos mis uflebebsa 

da movaleobebze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, 

mesame pirad daSvebis sakiTxs mxareTa mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, wyvets sasamar- 

Tlo~. 

sssk-is 90-e muxlis Sesabamisad, mesame piri damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis 

gareSe SeiZleba saqmeSi Cabmuli iqnes erT-erTi mxaris iniciativiT, risTvisac igi 

mimarTavs sasamarTlos motivirebuli gancxadebiT. aseTi gancxadeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis 

gamotanamde SeiZleba gakeTdes rogorc werilobiTi, ise zepiri formiT. 

33


N1 

da 

kanoni 

zepiri formis gancxadeba Seitaneba sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmSi. mxareTa mosazrebebis 

gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas mesame piris saqmeSi monawileobisaTvis 

Cabmis an aseT Cabmaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. 

miTiTebul normaTa mixedviT, mesame piri, mosarCelisa da mopasuxisagan gansxvavebiT, 

erTveba ukve dawyebul sasamarTlo proceSi da iuridiuli interesi aqvs gansaxilveli 

davis mimarT. 

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame 

piris Cabmis samarTlebriv safuZvels mxolod iuridiuli interesi ar warmoadgens. 

igi aucilebelia, magram arsebobs maSin, rodesac sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas SeuZlia 

gavlena moaxdinos mesame piris uflebebsa da movaleobebze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. 1 

mesame piri damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe, saqmeSi SeiZleba daSvebul 

iqnas rogorc Tavad dainteresebuli mxaris, aseve, mosarCelis an mopasuxis SuamdgomlobiT 

(gancxadebiT). 

praqtikuli daskvnebi am gadawyvetilebisa mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Tu mopasuxe yovelTvis 

mxolod pasiuri mxarea saqmeSi imdenad, ramdenadac mas iwvevs mosarCele, damoukidebeli 

moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saqmeSi Cabma SeiZleba iyos Tavad am piris 

piradi iniciativa, anu adreuli miswrafeba, gamoricxos SesaZlebloba mopasuxis regresuli 

sarCeliT misTvis gansazRvruli valdebulebis dakisrebisa. 

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris procesSi CabmisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi 

mxolod mxaris Suamdgomloba (gancxadeba). gancxadeba damoukidebeli moTxovnis 

gareSe, mesame piris saqmeSi CarTvis Taobaze motivirebuli unda iyos. igi SeiZleba ar 

daakmayofilos sasamarTlom. aRniSnulis Taobaze pirdapir ar aris miTiTebuli samoqalaqo 

saproceso kodeqsSi, Tumca, miTiTebulia, rom saqmis momzadebis etapze sasamarTlo 

wyvets sakiTxs damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris saqmeSi monawileobasTan 

dakavSirebiT (ssk-is 201-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `z.b~ qvepunqti). 

rogorc werilobiTi, aseve, zepiri Suamdgomlobis ganxilvisas, sasamarTlo valdebulia 

moisminos mxareTa mosazrebebi da motivirebuli ganCinebiT saqmeSi CarTos damoukidebeli 

moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piri an uari Tqvas mis CarTvaze. sasamarTlos gan- 

Cineba unda Seicavdes miTiTebas, Tu vis mxareze xdeba mesame piris CarTva da konkretulad 

raSi gamoixateba misi iuridiuli interesi, agreTve, ra gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos 

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebam mesame piris uflebebsa an/da valdebulebebze procesis 

monawile erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. 2 

aqedan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom sworad e.i. kanonis Sesabamisad, gadawyvitos mesame 

pirad daSvebis sakiTxi, sasamarTlom zustad da naTlad unda gaarkvios, ra gavlenas 

moaxdens am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba im piris erT-erTi mxaris mimarT uflebebsa 

da movaleobebze, romlebic mesame pirad saqmeSi CarTvas moiTxovs. 3 

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac saqmeSi mesame pirebad damoukidebeli 

sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe Cabmulni arian pirebi, romlebsac mocemul saqmeze 

gamotanili gadawyvetilebiT ar SeiZleba warmoeSvaT raime uflebebi da movaleobebi 

saqmeSi monawile romelime mxaris mimarT. magaliTad, nasyidobis xelSekrulebis 

baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb sarCelebze mesame pirad Cabmul notariuss sarCelis dakmayo- 

34

filebis, an maszed uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, aranairi uflebebi da movaleobebi mxareTa 

mimarT ar warmoeSoba. 

Sesabamisad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom amosaval wertils saqmeSi mesame pirad damoukidebeli 

sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe Cabmis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas gasarkvevia, warmoeSoba 

Tu ara dainteresebul pirs sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT garkveuli 

uflebebi da movaleobebi romelime mxaris mimarT. 4 

dReisaTvis, saqarTveloSi arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtikiT, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 

sasamarTlom unda daakmayofilos Suamdgomloba da Caabas saqmeSi mesame piri damoukidebeli 

sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe, Tu daadgens, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas 

am saqmeze SeuZlia, SemdgomSi, gavlena moaxdinos piris uflebebsa da movaleobebze 

erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. aseTi mesame piri davaSi, rogorc wesi, erTveba mxolod pirveli 

instanciis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde, xolo saapelacio sasamarTloSi 

misi CarTva dasaSvebia, Tu arsebobs samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 215-e muxlis 

me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli sapatio mizezebi aseTi Suamdgomlobis pirveli 

instanciis sasamarTloSi warudgenlobisa. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame pirs, rogorc saproceso 

subieqts da misi davaSi Cabmis wesebs aseve, iTvaliswinebs sazRvargareTis qveynebis 

saproceso kanonmdebloba. 

magaliTad, ruseTis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 43-e muxlisa da ruseTis arbitraJis 

saproceso kodeqsis 39-e muxlis mixedviT, damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame 

pirebi SeiZleba saqmeSi monawileobisaTvis Cabmuli iqnen mxolod pirveli instanciis 

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis an arbitraJis gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde, saqmeSi 

monawile pirTa SuamdgomlobiT an sasamarTlos (arbitraJis) iniciativiT. 

ruseTisa da saqarTvelos saproceso kanonmdeblobebiT damoukidebeli moTxovnis 

gareSe, mesame pirebis saqmeSi CarTvis wesebs Soris is arsebiTi gansxvavebaa, rom saqar- 

Tvelos kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs sasamarTlos iniciativiT aseTi mesame piris 

saqmeSi Cabmis procesualur SesaZleblobas. Tumca, sssk-is 201-e muxlis me-2 nawilis 

`z.b~ qvepunqti uflebas aZlevs sasamarTlos winadadeba misces mxareebs droulad ganacxadon, 

Tu vin SeiZleba Caebas saqmeSi mesame pirad, damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe. 5 

garda amisa, ruseTis kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba 

ar gamoricxavs saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSi damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, 

mesame pirebis davaSi Cabmis SesaZleblobas. 

davis ganxilvaSi damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris monawileoba uzrunvelyofs 

procesualuri amocanebis mTeli kompleqsis Sesrulebas: upirvelesad, es aris 

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris saxiT monawile subieqtis materialursamarTlebrivi 

interesis dacva; meore mxriv, saqmeSi mosarCeled an mopasuxed monawile 

pirTa subieqturi uflebebis dacvaSi daxmareba; mesame _ saqmeze yvela garemoebis 

mravalmxrivi, sruli gamokvleva da sworad dadgena; meoTxe _ sasamarTlo droisa da 

resursis ekonomia. 6 

rogorc irkveva, mesame pirebi, damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe, davaSi 

mniSvnelovan subieqts warmoadgenen. Tumca, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad, 

35


N1 

da 

kanoni 

isini ar sargebloben mxaris yvela uflebiT, kerZod, maT ar gaaCniaT ufleba: gaadidon 

an Seamciron sasarCelo moTxovnis odenoba; Secvalon sarCelis safuZveli an sagani; 

cnon sarCeli; uari Tqvan sarCelze; morigdnen; aRZran Segebebuli sarCeli; saapelacio 

an sakasacio wesiT gaasaCivron sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi; moiTxovon sasamarTlo 

gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsruleba 7 (ssk-is 91-e, 364-e muxlebi). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, 

rom damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame pirebis saproceso uflebebi, am normisgan 

gansxvavebiT, ufro ganvrcobilad aris ganmartebuli sasamarTlo praqtikiT, razedac 

SemdgomSi iqneba saubari. 

damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris erT-erTi umTavresi saproceso 

uflebaa, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 414-e muxlis me-2 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebul 

SemTxvevaSi, waradginos kerZo saCivari iseT ganCinebebze, romlebic Seexeba 

mis interesebs da romelTa gasaCivreba damoukideblad aris SesaZlebeli. 

garda 414-e muxlis me-2 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gasaCivrebis uflebisa, saqmis 

ganxilvaSi monawileobisas damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame pirebi iZlevian 

ganmartebebs saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, maT SeuZliaT monawileoba miiRon mowmeTa dakiTxvaSi, 

werilobiT da nivTier mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevaSi, eqspertTa dakiTxvaSi, 

monawileoba miiRon sasamarTlo kamaTSi da a.S. 8 

marTalia, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, damoukidebeli 

moTxovnis gareSe, mesame pirs ara aqvs ufleba saapelacio Tu sakasacio wesiT gaasaCivros 

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, magram dReisaTvis arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtikiT 

dadgenilia, rom calkeul SemTxvevebSi, aseTi gasaCivreba SesaZlebelia. 

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 28 maisis ganCinebiT samoqalaqo saqmeze 

#as-323-676-07 ganxiluli iqna damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris saapelacio 

saCivris dasaSvebobis sakiTxi. 

saqmis masalebis Tanaxmad, modave mxareebs (mosarCele, mopasuxe) warmoadgendenen 

pirveli rigis memkvidreebi, xolo davis sagans warmoadgenda samkvidros miRebis vadis 

aRdgena da memkvidred cnoba. aRniSnul davaSi Cabmuli iqna damoukidebeli moTxovnis 

gareSe, mesame piri, romelsac Cuqebis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, gadaeca sadavo samkvidro 

uZravi qoneba. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT sarCeli dakmayofilda 

da, imavdroulad, gauqmda damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris 

saxelze Sedgenili Cuqebis sanotaro xelSekruleba. pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo 

gadawyvetileba saapelacio wesiT gaasaCivra damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame 

pirma. misi saapelacio saCivari dauSveblad iqna miCneuli, rac kerZo saCivris safuZvelze, 

sakasacio sasamarTlos msjelobis sagani gaxda. 

sakasacio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 364-e muxlis 

Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos pirveli instanciiT gamotanili gadawyvetileba mxareebma da 

mesame pirebma damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT SeiZleba kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi 

gaasaCivron saapelacio sasamarTloSi. miTiTebuli normis analizi cxadyofs, rom 

kanonmdebeli, gansazRvravs ra, saapelacio saCivris Setanaze uflebamosil pirTa wres, 

aRniSnul SesaZleblobas aZlevs im pirebs, romelTa kanonier interesebsac uSualod 

exeba gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba. amasTan, Tu sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba Seexo 

36

iseTi piris uflebebs, romelic saqmeSi ar iyo Cabmuli mosarCeled, mopasuxed an Tanamonawiled, 

arc mesame pirad, damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT da arc uflebamonacvled, 

aseT pirs ufleba aqvs gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba, radgan darRveulia 

mxaris kanoniT garantirebuli ufleba _ monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi. 9 

sakasacio sasamarTlom miTiTebul davaze aRniSna, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos 

gadawyvetilebiT gauqmda ra, damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris saxelze 

sanotaro aqtis safuZvelze Sedgenili uZravi qonebis Cuqebis xelSekruleba, igi uflebamosili 

iyo saapelacio wesiT gaesaCivrebina mis mimarT gamotanili gadawyvetileba. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCinebaSi asaxulia is konkretuli SemTxveva, 

rodesac gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawiliT gadawyda sakiTxi, romelic uSualod 

Seexo damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris uflebas. 

am msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame pirs 

yvela SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis ufleba. mas SeuZlia gadawyvetileba 

gaasaCivros mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gadawyvetileba pirdapir da 

uSualod Seexeba kanoniT dacul mis uflebebs. 

mniSvnelovania im SemTxvevis ganxilva, Tu ra gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili 

faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame 

piris uflebebze: 

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 266-e muxlis Sesabamisad, gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi 

Sesvlis Semdeg, mxareebs, agreTve maT uflebamonacvleebs, ar SeuZliaT... sadavo gaxadon sxva 

procesSi gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierTobani. 

amave kodeqsis 106-e muxlis `b~ punqtis Tanaxmad, mxareebi Tavisufldebian mtkicebulebaTa 

warmodgenisagan iseTi faqtebis dasadastureblad, romlebsac Tumca emyareba 

maTi moTxovnebi, Tu Sesagebeli, magram damtkicebas ar saWiroeben. esenia: faqtebi, 

romlebic dadgenilia erT samoqalaqo saqmeze sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT, 

Tu sxva samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilvisas igive mxareebi monawileoben. 

miTiTebul normaTa mixedviT, damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirTa monawileobiT 

gamotanili, kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili 

faqtebi, rogorc preiudiciuli mniSvnelobisa, vrceldeba mesame pirTa mimarTac da 

regresuli sarCelebis procesSi ar SeiZleba sadavo gaxdes. 

magaliTad, Tu sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT mopasuxes mosarCelis 

sasargeblod daekisreba zianis anazRaureba, aseT davaSi monawile damoukidebeli 

moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris mimarT ukumoTxovnis wayenebisas, anu regresuli 

sarCelis ganxilvisas damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame pirs aRar eqneba ufleba 

amtkicos, rom ukumoTxovnis wamyenebels usafuZvlod daekisra zianis anazRaureba. 

mas mxolod maSin aqvs ufleba amtkicos, rom ukumoTxovnis aRmZvrel mosarCeles usafuZvlod 

daekisra zianis anazRaureba, Tu igi ar iyo Cabmuli procesSi (ar iyo saTanadod 

gafrTxilebuli procesis Sesaxeb). es niSnavs, rom faqtebis dadgenis nawilSi 

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba mesame pirze, damoukidebeli moTxovnis 

gareSe, Tu igi Cabmuli iyo saqmis ganxilvaSi. 10 

37


N1 

da 

kanoni 

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom unda daakmayofilos dasabuTebuli 

Suamdgomloba da Caabas saqmeSi mesame piri, damoukidebeli sasarCelo 

moTxovnis gareSe, Tu daadgens, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas am saqmeze SeuZlia, 

SemdgomSi, gavlena moaxdinos aseTi piris uflebebsa da movaleobebze erT-erTi mxaris 

mimarT. Tumca, aseTma moqmedebam SesaZloa mesame pirs samomavlo davaSi SeuzRudos 

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli ZiriTadi uflebebi, rac gamomdinareobs 

Tanasworobis, SejibrebiTobisa da dipoziciurobis principebidan. 

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad, `samarTalwarmoeba mimdinareobs 

SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze. mxareebi sargebloben Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT, 

daasabuTon TavianTi moTxovnebi, uaryon an gaaqarwylon meore mxaris 

mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi Tu mtkicebulebebi. mxareebi TviTon gansazRvraven, Tu 

romeli faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs, an romeli mtkicebulebebiT 

unda iqnes dadasturebuli es faqtebi.~ 

amdenad, davis warmoebisas, mopasuxes ufleba aqvs gamoTqvas mosazrebebi mosarCelis 

mier warmodgenili faqtebis uarsayofad, agreTve, warudginos sasamarTlos faqtebi 

da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic amarTleben mis Sesagebels, aqarwyleben mosarCelis mier 

warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs, adastureben am mtkicebulebaTa siyalbes, arasarwmunoobas 

da a.S. 

Tu sarCeli wardgenili iqneba im mopasuxis mimarT, romelic Tavdapirvel davaSi 

monawileobda, rogorc damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piri, aseTi mopasuxe 

araTanabar mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba mosarCelis mimarT, radganac dadasturebulad 

CaiTvleba kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili is faqtobrivi garemoebebi, 

romelTa Sedavebisa da gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba mxares, rogorc damoukidebeli 

moTxovnis gareSe, mesame pirs ar gaaCnda. 

dReisaTvis moqmedi saproceso kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs mxaris, maT Soris 

damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris, saqmidan amoricxvis SesaZleblobas 

da, rodesac igi saqmeSi Cabmulia mosarCelis, an mopasuxis iniciativiT, aRniSnuli 

iwvevs dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebidan gamomdinare, 

uflebebSi SezRuduli piris davaSi iZulebiT monawileobas da zrdis samomavlo davaSi 

misi, rogorc mopasuxis, uflebebis SezRudvis risks. 

Sesabamisad, misi davaSi Cabmis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, sasamarTlo mxolod saproceso 

normis sityvasityviTi ganmartebiT ar unda Semoifarglos, samomavlod sasamar- 

Tlom unda gaiTvaliswinos ramdenad iqneba daculi damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, 

mesame piris uflebebi, xom ar iqneba darRveuli samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis Ziri- 

Tadi principebi da ise gadawyvitos mosarCelis an mopasuxis Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, 

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, mesame piris saqmeSi daSvebis sakiTxi. 

mosarCelis an mopasuxis Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze, saqmeSi damoukidebeli moTxovnis 

gareSe, mesame piris daSvebis sakiTxis gadawyvetamde mizanSewonilia, sasamarTlom 

moisminos aseTi piris mosazreba da mxolod misi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, Caabas igi 

davaSi. aseTi moqmedebiT daculi iqneba ZiriTad mxareTagan gansxvavebiT uflebaSez- 

Ruduli mesame piri, raTa aicilos samomavlo davaSi sssk-is 106-e muxliT gansazRvruli 

saproceso Sedegebi. 

38

SeniSvnebi: 

1. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali Tb., 2005, gv. 135; 


3. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali Tb., 2005, gv.131; 

4. T. liluaSvilisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 2003, gv. 267- 

272; 

5. T. liluaSvili, v. xrustali, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso 

kodeqsis komentari, meore gamocema, Tb., 2007, gv. 173; 

6. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà, Ìîñêâà, 1968, ñòð. 

86-93; 


8. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà, Ìîñêâà, 1968, ñòð. 90; 

9. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, 

samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, 2005 weli, #12, gv. 50-52; am sakiTxTan 

dakavSirebiT ix. agreTve: T. liluaSvili, apelacia samoqalaqo 

procesSi, Tb., 2005, gv. 31-33; 

10. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali Tb., 2005, gv. 382- 

384. 

gamoyenebuli literatura: 

1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, Tb., 2011; 

2. T. liluaSvili, v. xrustali, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso 

kodeqsis komentari, meore gamocema, Tb., 2007; 

3. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali Tb., 2005; 

4. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, 

samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, 2005 weli, #12; 

5. Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà, Ìîñêâà, 1968; 

6. T. liluaSvilisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 2003; 

7. T. liluaSvili, apelacia samoqalaqo procesSi, Tb., 2005; 

8. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tb., 1995. 

39


N1 

da 

kanoni 

THE THIRD PARTY IN CIVIL 

PROCEEDINGS WITHOUT 

SEPARATE CLAIM 

IRMA PERANIDZE 

Judge of the Kutaisi Appellate Court 

The new Civil Procedure Code of Georgia, which is substantially different 

from the Civil Procedure code of Georgia dated back to 1964, entered into 

force in 1997, though some set of norms that comply with current social and 

economic requirements are retained in a new code as well. 

Substantial law is basically dispositional and enables the participants of 

legal relations to freely define the contents, rights and responsibilities of 

these relations. 

Whereas the norms of procedure law are normally of imperative nature 

and the participants of these legal relations are not authorized to change or 

transform them. 

In other words, participants of formal relationships are equipped only 

with those rights and responsibilities prescribed by legislation or law practice. 

Therefore, the quality of democracy and freedom of the legal system of 

state is determined on the bases of procedure legislation. 

Despite of the amount of rights a person has, they will be deemed if the 

person fails to realize and protect these rights through coercion mechanisms 

of the state. 

Therefore, the European Court of Human Rights when dealing with the 

cases involving the violation of Article 6 of the European Convention on 

Human Rights, always examines whether the formal, procedure rights of the 

applicant were observed and whether these rights recognized by national 

legislation comply with prescribed human rights standards. 

The Civil Procedure Code defines the separate issues of law proceedings in 

details, but after adoption of this law, it is necessary to find out whether the procedure 

norm is effective, and whether some amendments and additions are needed. 

Chapter XI of the Civil Procedure Code refers to third parties. The code 

differentiates between the third parties with separate claim and the third 

parties without separate claim. 

This article aims to analyze the acting norms related with the rightsresponsibilities 

of the third party without separate claim, envisaged under 

the Civil Procedure Code and to provide suggestions on the protection of 

rights of these persons. 

40

movaleTa da 

kreditorTa simravle 

valdebulebaSi 

simon CxaiZe 

quTaisis saapalacio sasamarTlos mosamarTle 

vaxtang abaSmaZe wignSi `qarTuli inteleqtualuri fenomeni~ 

ganixilavs kolxeTis mefis, gubazis mkvlelobas- 

Tan dakavSirebul sasamarTlo process da aRniSnavs ànonim 

kolx swavlul iuristTa~ gawafulobas, ara marto qarTul, 

aramed Zvel romaul samarTalSic 1 . es kidev erTxel mowmobs, 

rom saqarTvelosaTvis odiTganve ar iyo ucxo romauli 

samarTali da is, rasac am samarTlis recefcia daerqva, 

CvenSi, dasavleT evropasTan SedarebiT adre unda momxdariyo. 

magram, rogorc ityvian, istoriulma bedukuRmarTobam 

sxvagvarad warmarTa qveynis bedi. amitom, me-20 

saukunis bolos, romanul-germanuli samarTlis principebze 

agebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis miReba CvenTvis tradiciebisaken 

mibrunebaa da ara axlis Seqmna. 

romaelebi samoqalaqo samarTlis Semoqmedni arian. samarTlis 

am dargis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi pirvelad, 

swored maT daaregulires. maT Soris iyo e.w. solidaruli 

urTierTobebic. 

solidarul urTierTobaTa arsi romSi ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda 

Tanamedrovesagan. uwinares yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, 

rom movaleTa da kreditorTa yoveli simravle solidarulobad 

ar iTvleboda. valdebulebebs in solidum 

(srulad) hqonda Tavisi moqmedebis sfero da iyofoda ara 

marto aqtiur da pasiur, aramed ufro viwro kuTxiT: uSualo 

da korealur solidarulobad (Tumca, mogvianebiT, 

am meore datvirTvam Tavisi mniSvneloba dakarga). amasTan, 

Tuki pirvel dayofas gaaCnda hqonda materialursamarTlebrivi 

Sinaarsi, meore ufro procesTan iyo dakavSirebuli 

da, rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad specifikur mniSvnelobas 

atarebda. 

41


N1 

da 

kanoni 

romSi solidaruloba SeeZlo gaeTvaliswinebina kanons an xelSekrulebas. im SemTxvevaSi, 

roca es ase ar xdeboda, dgeboda pirTa wilobrivi valdebuleba, amasTan, Cveulebriv, 

Tu sxva ram ar iyo daTqmuli, igulisxmeboda Tanabari wili. Tumca, savaldebulo 

ar iyo pirdapir miTiTebuliyo in solidum, amisaTvis sakmarisi iqneboda movaleTa 

urTierTTavdeboba. aseTive TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda deliqturi pasuxismgeblobac. 

zogierTi maTganis dadgoma iwvevda pirTa movaleobas gadaexadaT jarima sruli 

moculobiT da es ar gaaTavisuflebda sxva movaleebs imave valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan. 

ase, rom kreditors SeeZlo mieRo anazRaureba imdenjer, ramdeni movalec hyavda. 2 

amaT garda, arsebobda valdebulebebi in solidum, romelSic igulisxmeboda: 

a) kreditorTa simravle (aqtiuri solidaruloba), rodesac movales SeeZlo valdebuleba 

Seesrulebina nebismieri kreditoris winaSe da piriqiT: nebismier kreditors 

ufleba hqonda moeTxova valdebulebis Sesruleba sruli moculobiT da es gaaTavisuflebda 

movales valdebulebisagan sxva kreditorebis mimarT, magram ar xsnida uflebas 

Tavad kreditorebs moeTxovaT valdebulebis Sesruleba, oRond amjerad yofili 

Tanakreditoris mier, rasakvirvelia, misi wilis gamoklebiT. 

b) movaleTa simravle (pasiuri solidaruloba), rodesac kreditors SeeZlo mTeli 

valdebulebis Sesruleba mieRo nebismieri movalisagan (e.i. erT valdebulebaze 

arsebobda ramdenime movale) da valdebulebis Sesruleba, am SemTxvevaSi, wyvetda valdebulebis 

moqmedebas yvela sxva movalis mimarT. aqac valdebuleba amsrulebel movaleze 

gadavidoda e.i. mas warmoeSoboda pasiuri solidaruloba yofil TanamovaleTa 

mimarT. 

raRa Tqma unda, SeiZleboda arsebuliyo erTdroulad pasiuri da aqtiuri solidaruloba, 

es im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT valdebulebaze erTdroulad ramdenime movale da 

kreditori gamovidoda. 

rogorc aRvniSneT, klasikuri periodis samarTali solidarulobas sxva kuTxiTac 

ganasxvavebda: maT Soris, sakuTriv solidaruloba, warmoiSoboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 

valdebuleba pirebs ekisrebodaT maTi nebisagan damoukideblad, anu kanonis ZaliT, rac 

gulisxmobda, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba erT-erTi movalis mier aTavisuflebda sxva 

movaleebs am valdebulebisagan, xolo meore _ korealuri, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu solidaruloba 

warmoiSoboda valdebulebis monawile mxareTa nebiT, igive Sedegi dadgeboda, 

roca kreditori miiyvanda sarCels erT-erTi movalis mimarT litiskontestaciamde, 

Tundac sarCeli ar dakmayofilebuliyo. mogvianebiT, iustinianes kodifikaciisas, am 

or saxes Soris gansxvaveba ukve aRar arsebobda da litiskontestacia aRar iTvleboda 

valdebulebis moqmedebis Semwyvet pirobad. 3 

arsebobda Tu ara qarTul samarTalSi valdebulebebi in solidum, rTuli saTqmelia. 

rogorc ivane javaxiSvili araerTxel aRniSnavs, wyaroTa simcire aZnelebs qarTuli 

samarTlis kvlevas. 4 gansakuTrebiT es SeiZleba qarTuli samoqalaqo samarTlis Sesaxeb 

iTqvas, magram msgavsi urTierTobebis arseboba (da, rom arsebobda xelSekruleba davuSvaT 

sesxisa, sadac ramdenime piri monawileobda, udavod dadasturebulia faqtebiTa 

da dokumentebiT), agreTve qarTuli da romauli (SemdgomSi _ bizantiuri) samarTlis 

mWidro kavSiri gvafiqrebinebs, rom solidarul valdebulebaTa sistema CvenSiac 

42

mowesrigebuli unda yofiliyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi piroba solidarulobisa, 

Tavdeboba valdebulebebSi, namdvilad arsebobda, rac SesaniSnavad aqvs gamokvleuli 

ivane javaxiSvils da, agreTve, mas exeba (marTalia, sxva kuTxiT) ilia WavWavaZec aRniSnavs 

Tavis cnobil narkvevTa ciklSi `cxovreba da kanoni~, sadac igi pirdapir miuTi- 

Tebs, rom valdebulebebze Tavdebobas qarTveli glexebi solidaruli valdebulebis 

warmomSobad Tvlidnen (rasakvirvelia, am termins igi ar xmarobs, magram Sinaarsobrivad 

zustad es igulisxmeba) da gaurbodnen. 5 yvelaferi es gvafiqrebinebs, rom saWiroa am 

sagnis ufro saguldagulo kvleva da, saerTod, mTeli qarTuli samarTlis, rac Cveni 

Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis srulyofas udavod Seuwyobs xels. 

vidre, saqarTveloSi moqmed solidarul urTierTobebze gadavidodeT, oriode sityviT 

unda mimovixiloT dasavleTis qveynebSi arsebuli solidarul urTierTobaTa 

sistema. am mxriv, yvelaze samagaliTod SeiZleba franguli sistema miviCnioT, radgan 

Tu romaelebma saerTod samoqalaqo samarTali Seqmnes, frangebi arian Tanamedrove 

samoqalaqo samarTlis Semoqmedni. 

solidarul urTierTobaTa franguli koncefcia, ZiriTadad, emyareba imave principebs, 

rasac Zveli romauli. aqac ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisagan aqtiursa da pasiur 

solidarulobas da agreTve, sakuTriv solidarulobasa da valdebulebebs in solidum, 

Tumca, am ukanasknels gansxvavebuli datvirTva aqvs. aqtiuri solidaruloba warmoiSoba 

valdebulebebSi kreditorTa simravlis dros. kreditorTa simravle gamoixateba 

imaSi, rom nebismieri kreditorTagan aris mTeli valdebulebis kreditori da aqvs 

valdebulebis mTlianad Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba, xolo Tu movale srulad Seusrulebs 

valdebulebas kreditorTagan erT-erTs, igi mTlianad Tavisufldeba movaleobisagan. 

6 aqtiuri solidarulobis principebia: 

1. yvela kreditors calk-calke aqvs valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba; 

2. erT-erTi kreditoris mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis darRvevis aRniSvna an 

moqmedeba, romelic wyvets sasarCelo xandazmulobas ericxeba yvela kreditors; 

3. movale uflebamosilia, Seusrulos sruli valdebuleba nebismier kreditors da amiT 

gaTavisufldes. amas igi akeTebs sakuTari arCevaniT, Tu ra Tqma unda, romelimes 

mier ar aris aRZruli sarCeli; 

4. kreditorTagan is, romelic miiRebs mTeli valdebulebis Sesrulebas, movalea, Tu 

valdebuleba gayofadia, danarCenebs misces is wili, rac maT ekuTvniT. 

pasiuri solidaruloba dgeba maSin, roca erT valdebulebaze ramdenime movalea 

(aqac romauli samarTlis principi moqmedebs). valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovnis 

ufleba saerTo kreditors aqvs nebismieri movalisagan. es uflebamosileba wydeba ma- 

Sin, rodesac erT-erTi movale gardaicvleba. STamomavlobaze gadadis mxolod wili 

da ara solidaruli pasuxismgebloba sxva movaleTa msgavsad (Tu xelSekrulebiT sxva ram 

ar aris daTqmuli). pasiuri solidaruloba aris garantia kreditorTaTvis erT-erTi 

movalis gadaxdisuunarobis SemTxvevaSi. 7 Cveulebriv, am xelSekrulebas deben Tavdeb- 

Tanac (magaliTad, rodesac piri Tavdebobs sesxSi). 

franguli samarTlis mixedviT, `solidaruloba ar igulisxmeba~, 8 radgan igi aris 

gamonaklisi saerTo wesidan, rac Tavis Sedegebs iwvevs: 

43


N1 

da 

kanoni 

1. vinc miuTiTebs solidarulobaze, unda amtkicos, rom amis Sesaxeb iyo gamoTqmuli 

mxareTa neba; 

2. sasamarTlos ara aqvs ufleba daadasturos solidarulobis arseboba movaleTa 

Soris, misi warmoSobis safuZvlebis miTiTebis gareSe, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gadawyvetileba 

eqvemdebareba gauqmebas sakasacio instanciaSi. 

is, rom solidaruloba unda iyos dadasturebuli ar gulisxmobs, rom garigebaSi 

aucileblad unda arsebobdes werilobiTi daTqma solidarulobis arsebobis Sesaxeb, 

sakmarisia, mxareTa neba gamoxatuli iyos aSkarad da pirdapir. 

savaWro samarTali gamonaklisia wesidan _ aq solidaruloba igulisxmeba. 

romauli tradiciis Tanaxmad, solidarulobis safuZveli garda mxareTa nebisa, aris 

kanoni. es xdeba sam SemTxvevaSi: 

1. mxareTa nebis ganmartebiT: 

a) rodesac ramdenime piri aiRebs sesxs erToblivad, isini kreditoris winaSe solidarulad 

arian pasuxismgebelni; 

b) rodesac mindobil pirs rwmuneba miecema ramdenime marwmuneblis mier erToblivad, 

rwmunebuli marwmunebelTa winaSe solidarulad agebs pasuxs; 

g) sruli amxanagobis (sps) partniorebi solidarulad arian pasuxismgebelni sawarmos 

mier nakisr valdebulebebze, Tundac warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba ganexorcielebina 

ara yvela partniors erToblivad, aramed mxolod erT-erT maTgans; 

d) indosantebi Tamasuqze, Tamasuqis gamcemTan erTad solidarulad arian pasuxismgebelni 

Tamasuqis mflobelis winaSe. 

2. kanoni, garantiis saxiT, solidarulobas awesebs im kreditorebis mimarT, romlebic 

gansakuTrebul mzrunvelobas saWiroeben, magaliTad, meurve daqorwinebis 

Semdeg meuRlesTan erTad solidarulad aris pasuxismgebeli sameurveo piris 

qonebis marTvaze. 

3. solidaruli pasuxismgebloba aris zianis anazRaurebis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba 

kanoniT gansazRvrul zogierT SemTxvevaSi: 

a) Tu erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdgom cocxali meuRle, romelic gaxdeba 

Tavisi arasrulwlovani Svilis meurve (franguli samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, 

mSoblebis samarTalurTierToba SvilebTan ganisazRvreba, rogorc kanonismieri 

_ oficialuri meurvisa sameurveo pirTan) ar Caatarebs meuRleTa saerTo 

qonebis aRweras, mas ekisreba solidaruli pasuxismgebloba meurvis moadgilesTan 

erTad yvela im moTxovnaze, romlis dakmayofilebis uflebac aqvs meurveobis qveS 

myof pirs; 

b) saanderZo danakisris amsrulebelni arian solidarulad pasuxismgebelni; 

g) yvela piri, romelic dasjili iqneba erToblivi danaSaulisaTvis an gadacdomisaTvis, 

solidarulad aris pasuxismgebeli jarimis gadaxdaze da qonebis dabrunebaze; 

d) pirebi, romlebic erToblivi danaSaulebrivi qmedebiT zians miayeneben pirs solidarulad 

arian pasuximgebelni mis winaSe. es principi amoRebulia romis samarTlisa 

da revoluciamdeli franguli samarTlis praqtikidan, Tumca, garkveulwilad winaaRmdegobaSia 

safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1202-e muxlTan, rom solidaruloba 

44

ar igulisxmeba. magram frangi iuristebi zemoxsenebul muxls avrceleben mxolod 

saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebze. 9 amiT isini yvela am princips icaven da savsebiT 

samarTlianadac. 

solidaruli movaleobis dros kreditoris uflebebi efuZneba erTiani valis cnebas, 

valdebulebis erTi sagniTa da ramdenime movaliT, romelTagan yoveli piradad da 

sxvebisagan damoukideblad agebs pasuxs am valis mTlianad, sruli moculobiT dafarvaze. 

amasve efuZneba movalis dacviTi saSualebebi. Sesabamisad, pasiuri solidarulobis 

dros moqmedebs ori principi: a) valis erTianoba; b) movaleobaTa simravle. am 

or princips emyareba, rogorc kreditorTa, aseve movaleTa uflebebi. 

kreditoris uflebebia: 

erTiani valis principis Sedegad: 

moTxovos nebismier movales valis mTlianad dafarva da Sesabamisad, moTxovnis 

daukmayofileblobis SemTxvevaSi, Seitanos sarCeli amis Taobaze, nebismieri 

solidaruli movalis mimarT. movales, Tavis mxriv, ufleba aqvs daayenos Suamdgomloba 

saqmeSi TanamovaleTa CarTvis moTxovniT. 

movaleobaTa simravlis principis Sedegad: 

es principi gamomdinareobs, rom nebismieri TanamovaleTagan movaleobas damoukideblad 

atarebs, amis gamo: 

a) erT-erTi movalis mimarT sarCelis Setana kreditors xels ar uSlis sarCeli Seitanos 

sxva TanamovaleTa mimarTac; 

b) erT-erTi Tanamovalis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, memkvidreebi valdebulni arian 

ara solidarulad, aramed wilobrivad, Sesabamisad, maTi wilisa samkvidroSi. es safrTxes 

uqmnis kreditors da amitom, Cveulebriv, xelSekrulebaSi uTiTeben ara marto 

valdebulebis solidarulobas, aramed mis ganuyoflobasac. 10 

solidarul movaleTa dacviTi saSualebebia: 

erTiani valis principis Sedegad: 

a) yovel Tanamovales ufleba aqvs miuTiTos im safuZvlebze, romelic valdebulebis 

mTlianad gauqmebas gamoiwvevs. magaliTad, gadaxda, xandazmulobis vadis gasvla da 

a.S. 

b) yovel movales ufleba aqvs kreditoris sarCelis winaaRmdeg wamoayenos is Sesagebeli, 

romelic exeba valdebulebis arss. magaliTad, valdebulebis baTiloba misi 

kanonsawinaaRmdegobisa an saTanado formis daucvelobis gamo. amas ewodeba yoveli 

movalisaTvis saerTo Sesagebeli. 

movaleobaTa simravlis principis Sedegad: 

a) erT-erTi movalis valdebulebebi SesaZlebelia ar emTxveodes TanamovaleTa valdebulebebs. 

magaliTad, kreditoris mier erT-erTi Tanamovalis gaTavisufleba 

valdebulebisagan, movalis mier saerTo kreditoris kreditorad an erTaderT memkvidred 

gaxdoma da a.S. msgavsi urTierTdamTxvevebi faravs mxolod aRniSnuli movalis 

valdebulebas. franguli doqtrinis Tanaxmad, amas movleTa piradi Sesagebeli 

ewodeba. 

piradi Sesagebeli SesaZlebelia iyos: 

45


N1 

da 

kanoni 

a) wmindad piradi. magaliTad, rodesac valdebulebis CaTvlis moTxovnis ufleba aqvs 

mxolod am Tanamovales piradad; 

b) ubralod piradi, rodesac valdebulebis CaTvlis moTxovnis ufleba aqvT sxva 

Tanamovaleebsac, rasakvirvelia, CasaTvleli valdebulebis wilis odenobiT. 

franguli koncefciis mixedviT, solidaruli valdebuleba, garda ZiriTadisa iwvevs, 

agreTve, e.w. meorexarisxovan Sedegebsac. ganasxvaveben sam meorexarisxovan Sedegs: 11 

1) erT-erTi Tanamovalis mier valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebis dadgena 

iTvleba imaves dadgenad yvela Tanamovalis mimarT da iwvevs Sesabamis Sedegebs 

(procentebisa da pirgasamtexlos daricxva da a.S.); 

2) kreditoris mier erT-erTi Tanamovalis mimarT sarCelis Setana wyets sasarCelo 

xandazmulobis vadis moqmedebas sxva TanamovaleTa mimarTac; 

3) Tu nivTi, romelic iyo valdebulebis sagani ganadgurdeba erT-erTi Tanamovalis 

braliT, zianis anazRaurebaze movaleebi solidarulad ageben pasuxs, magram mxolod 

nivTis daRupvaSi braleul movales SeiZleba daekisros damatebiTi pasuxismgebloba. 

erT-erTi Tanamovalis mier valdebulebis srulad Sesrulebis Semdeg dgeba regresuli 

anazRaurebis problema. franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsi aRiarebs movalis ukumoTxovnis 

uflebas. am SemTxvevaSi, darCenil Tanamovaleebs anazRaureba ekisrebaT 

valdebulebaSi maTi wilis proporciulad. roca amis dadgena SeuZlebelia, anazRaurebis 

sakiTxs wyvets sasamarTlo. regresuli anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba cxadia 

ar dgeba Tavdebobisas, rodesac valdebulebas Seasrulebs movale da ara Tavdebi. 

safrangeTSi regresuli moTxovna xorcieldeba Semdegi sarCelebis meSveobiT: 

1) mindobilobis xelSekrulebis sarCeli; 

2) sxvisi saqmeebis mindobilobis gareSe warmoebis sarCeli. 

orive SemTxvevaSi, fuladi valdebulebisas, dasaSvebia, rom gadaxdis dRis dadgomidan 

mTlianad gadasaxdel Tanxas daericxos procentebi. 

Sesabamisad, valdebulebis Sesrulebis Semdeg movale xdeba yofil TanamovaleTa 

kreditori, oRond darCenili movaleebi mis winaSe valdebulni arian ara solidarulad, 

aramed valdebulebaSi TavianTi wilis Sesabamisad, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTerTi 

movale aRmoCndeba valauvali, misi wili valdebulebaSi nawildeba yvela sxva 

gadaxdisunarian movaleze, gakreditorebuli movalis CaTvliT. 

solidarul valdebulebebTan dakavSirebiT franguli doqtrina did mniSvnelobas 

aniWebs valdebulebis ganuyoflobis cnebasac. 

ganuyofelia valdebuleba, romlis Sesruleba SeiZleba mxolod da mxolod srulad, 

ufro zustad: `valdebuleba gayofadia an ganuyofelia imis mixedviT, SeiZleba Tu ara 

gaiyos is nivTi an moqmedeba, romelic Seadgens mis sagans.~ 12 Tu valdebulebaSi aris 

erTi kreditori da erTi movale, valdebuleba yovelTvis srulad unda Sesruldes 

(rasakvirvelia, Tu ar arsebobs kanonisa an xelSekrulebis specialuri daTqma). kreditori 

uflebamosilia es movalisagan moiTxovos, xolo movales, Tundac valdebuleba 

iyofodes, ara aqvs ufleba aiZulos mevale valdebulebis nawil-nawil Sesrulebis 

miRebaze. magram, rodesac movaleTa an\da kreditorTa simravlea, valdebulebaTa 

46

gayofa-ganuyofloba seriozuli msjelobis sagania, radgan, rodesac valdebulebis 

erT-erTi subieqti gardaicvleba da datovebs ramdenime memkvidres: a) valdebuleba, 

romelic iyofa, gaiyofa memkvidreebze, samkvidroSi maTi wilis proporciulad; b) ganuyofadi 

valdebuleba warmoSobs aqtiur an pasiur soldarulobas. e.i. gansxvaveba 

valdebulebaTa ganuyoflobas da solidarul valdebulebebs Soris is aris, rom 

ganuyofeli valdebuleba memkvidreebze gadadis srulad, xolo gayofadi _ wilis Sesabamisad. 

ganuyofeli valdebuleba, amasTanave, ar iwvevs e.w. meorexarisxovan Sedegebs, 

garda xandazmulobis vadasTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebisa. 

garda solidaruli valdebulebebisa, rogorc aRvniSneT, franguli samarTali icnobs 

valdebulebebs in solidum. arsebiTad, es aris igive solidaruli valdebulebebi, 

oRond yovelgvari meorexarisxovani Sedegis gareSe da ZiriTadad, exeba samoqalaqo 

samarTlebriv deliqtebs, kerZod: braleuli qmedeba; erToblivad miyenebuli ziani; 

agreTve, Tamasuqidan warmoSobili valdebulebani da msg. 

amiT SegviZlia davasruloT frangul samoqalaqo samarTalSi solidarul urTier- 

TobaTa sistemis mimoxilva da gadavideT uSulod qarTul sistemaze. 

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi solidarul urTierTobebs exeba mesame wignis 

meSvide kari; agreTve, muxlebi 895_896 _ solidaruloba Tavdebobisas; muxli. 998 _ 

deliqturi solidaruloba da msg. samewarmeo sferoSi solidarul urTierTobebs 

aregulirebs saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ (muxlebi dakavSirebuli sps-sTan; 

ks-sTan; agreTve, zogadi nawilis zogierTi muxli) da a.S. solidarul pasuxismgeblobas 

awesebs, aseve, zogierTi sxva kanonic (mag., saqarTvelos kanoni `fasiani qaRaldebis 

bazris Sesaxeb,~ sadac solidaruli pasuxismgebloba, ratomRac sajaro samarTalTanaa 

kavSirSi 13 ) da a.S. qarTuli koncefcia icnobs solidarulobis or saxes: aqtiursa da 

pasiurs. valdebulebebi in solidum Cveni samarTlis sistemas ar gaaCnia. 

aqtiuri solidaruloba dgeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca ramdenime piri uflebamosilia 

moiTxovos valdebulebis Sesruleba ise, rom TiToeuls SeuZlia mTliani Sesrulebis 

moTxovna, xolo movale valdebulia mxolod erTjeradad Seasrulos. am SemTxvevaSi, 

zemoxsenebul pirebs ewodebaT solidarulad uflebamosili pirebi, anu solidaruli 

kreditorebi. 14 rogorc gansazRvrebidan Cans, aqtiuri solidarulobis dasadgomad 

saWiroa ramdenime piroba: 

1. unda arsebobdes valdebulebis monawile ramdenime piri (kreditori); 

2. TiToeul kreditors unda hqondes valdebulebis mTlianad Sesrulebis moTxovnis 

ufleba; 

3. movales unda evalebodes valdebulebis erTjeradad Sesruleba. 

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom movales kreditorebis mimarT aqvs saerTo valdebuleba, 

aseve samoqalaqo kodeqsis 378-e muxlis mixedviT: kreditoris Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, 

movales ufleba aqvs valdebuleba nawil-nawil Seasrulos. definiciis meore 

punqtidan gamomdinare, aseTi Tanxmoba SeiZleba gasces mxolod yvela kreditorma erTxmad. 

dabolos, Cveni samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT dauSvebelia Zveli romauli wesis 

gamoyeneba deliqturi solidarulobis SemTxvevaSi. kodeqsi ar azustebs, igulisxmeba 

Tu ara solidaruloba, Tumca, zogadi specifikidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba rig SemTxvevaSi, 

am kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi gavceT. 

47


N1 

da 

kanoni 

solidarulobis sami safuZveli arsebobs: 

1. kanoni; 

2. xelSekruleba; 

3. valdebulebis sagnis ganuyofloba. 

sxva danarCen SemTxvevaSi, wilobrivi valdebuleba pirTa simravliT warmoiSoba. 15 

kanonis mixedviT, solidaruli valdebuleba warmoiSoba: Tavdebobis SemTxvevaSi, 

deliqturi valdebulebis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve samewarmeo urTierTobebSi. amaTgan, 

aqtiuri solidaruloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas bolo or SemTxvevaSi. 

deliqturi valdebuleba warmoSobs aqtiur solidarulobas maSin, rodesac erTi piri 

an pirTa jgufi miayenebs ramdenime pirs saerTo zians. aqtiuri solidaruloba aqvT 

solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis partniorebsa da komandituri sazogadoebis 

komplementarebs sawarmos movaleTa mimarT. xelSekrulebam SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos 

solidaruloba nebismier SemTxvevaSi da aseT daTqmas eqneba savaldebulo 

Zala. Tu ra igulisxmeba ganuyofel valdebulebebSi, ganmartebuli araa, magram SegviZlia 

davaskvnaT, rom es aris iseTi valdebulebebi, romelTa cal-calke Sesruleba 

SeuZlebelia. aqedan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 461-e muxli, romlic Tanaxmad, 

Tu solidarul kreditors hyavs ramdenime memkvidre, maTze gadadis mxolod is wili 

valze uflebisa, rac maT samkvidro wils Seesabameba, moiTxovs dazustebas, rameTu: 

a) valdebulebis sagnis ganuyoflobis SemTxvevaSi, rTuldeba am saganSi memkvidreTa 

wilis gansazRvra, Tumca, aq SesaZlebelia analogiiT amoqmeddes muxli 1459, romelic 

gulisxmobs, rom ganuyofeli qoneba (davumatoT _ moTxovna) ar eqvemdebareba 

gayofas da xdeba memkvidreTa saerTo sakuTreba (saerTo ufleba); 16 

b) gaurkvevelia, solidaruli kreditoris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, rogor urTier- 

TobaSi iqnebian misi memkvidreebi TanakreditorebTan, anu maT Soris imoqmedebs isev 

aqtiuri solidaruloba, Tu iqneba wilobrivi. aqac, Tu analogiiT gamoviyenebT 

`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 33-e muxls SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom: a) msgavsi SeTanxmeba 

SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos xelSekrulebam; b) SeiZleba aseTi gadawyvetileba 

miiRon Tanakreditorebma memkvidris gancxadebis safuZvelze, gansakuTrebiT im Sem- 

TxvevaSi, Tu piri iqneba erTaderTi memkvidre samkvidros damtoveblisa. nebismier 

SemTxvevaSi, gadawyvetileba unda ecnobos movaleebs. aseTi gadawyvetileba did mniSvnelobas 

iZens aqtiuri solidarulobis specifikidan gamomdinare. saxeldobr, movalis 

uflebamosilebidan Seasrulos valdebuleba nebismieri Tanakreditoris winaSe 

(Tuki romelime maTgans ara aqvs mis mimarT wayenebuli Sesagebeli) da, amasTan, 

gaTavisufldes valdebulebisagan aseTi Sesrulebis Semdeg. 

garda amas, bevri sxva sakiTxic bundovani rCeba. kerZod: wyvets Tu ara erT-erTi 

kreditoris mier valdebulebis Sesrulebaze sarCelis aRZvra sasarCelo xandazmulobis 

moqmedebas yvela danarCeni kreditoris mimarT; ra saxis valdebulebebi ekisrebaT 

movalis memkvidreebs; rogor daregulirdeba valdebulebisa da moTxovnis Tanxvedra 

erT pirovnebaSi (savaraudoa, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi, movales unda gamoakldes am 

kreditoris wili, magram maSin iqneba problema valdebulebis sagnis ganuyoflobasTan 

dakavSirebiT, radgan, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, aseTi valdebuleba unda Sesruldes sru- 

48

lad) da, ukanasknelic, Tu movale gaxdeba Tanakreditoris kreditori moxdeba Tu ara 

valdebulebis CaTvla sxva kreditorebis mimarTac. 

am kiTxvebs, erTgvarad, naTels hfens samoqalaqo kodeqsis 459-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac: 

`Tu erT-erTi kreditori uars ityvis movalis winaSe moTxovnaze, maSin movale 

Tavisufldeba mxolod im nawilis gadaxdisagan, romelic mocemul kreditors 

ergeboda~. Tumca, igi mainc zog kiTxvas srulad da zogsac _ saerTod ar pasuxobs. 

kodeqsi aregulirebs aqtiuri solidarulobis zogierT procesualur mxaresac (igulisxmeba 

ara formalur-samarTlebrivi, aramed procesTan dakavSirebuli). kerZod, 

movales ar SeuZlia erT-erTi kreditoris mimarT gamoiyenos is faqtebi, romlebic sxva 

kreditorTanaa dakavSirebuli (es muxlic erTgvarad pasuxobs dasmul kiTxvebs, magram 

misi komentari mravalgvarad SeiZleba, radgan erTob zogadia), aq saubari exeba valdebulebis 

CaTvlas, Camoweras da msg. am muxlis analogiiT, arc solidarul kreditors 

unda hqondes imis ufleba, wamoayenos movalis mimarT iseTi moTxovna, romelic eqneboda 

mis Tanakreditors saerTo valdebulebis mimarT. yvela am problemis gadaWra, albaT, 

mxolod Sesabamisi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis precedentebis safuZvelze moxerxdeba. 

dabolos, movale uflebamosilia valdebuleba Seasrulos nebismieri solidaruli 

kreditoris winaSe. rasakvirvelia, aseTi Sesrulebis Semdeg, am kreditors ekisreba 

garkveuli valdebulebebi TanakreditorTa mimarT. aseTi Sesruleba ar warmoSobs axal 

aqtiur solidarulobas, aramed mxolod kreditoris movaleobas gadauxados danarCen 

kreditorebs kuTvnili wili. am wilis odenobas gansazRvraven Tavad kreditorebi, xolo 

Tu ar arsebobs aseTi gansazRvra, igulisxmeba, rom TiToeul maTgans Tanabari wili 

aqvs. 17 sakorporacio samarTalSi aseT wils gansazRvraven `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 

Sesabamisi muxlebi. 

rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos kanoni garda aqtiurisa, icnobs pasiur solidarulobasac. 

kanonis mixedviT, solidaruli valdebuleba dgeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime 

pirs evaleba valdebulebis Sesruleba ise, rom TiToeulma unda miiRos monawileoba 

mTliani valdebulebis SesrulebaSi, xolo kreditors eqneba Sesrulebis mxolod 

erTjeradi moTxovnis ufleba. e.i. solidaruli valdebuleba (pasiuri solidaruloba) 

dgeba, roca: 

1. aris erTiani valdebuleba; 

2. aris am valdebulebaze erToblivad pasuxismgebeli ramdenime movale; 

3. aris kreditori; 

4. valdebuleba unda Sesruldes erTxel. 

pasiuri solidaruloba, iseve, rogorc aqtiuri dgeba xelSekrulebiT, kanoniT an 

valdebulebis sagnis ganuyoflobiT. kanoniT pasiuri solidaruloba SeiZleba gamoiwvios 

Tavdebobamac. am SemTxvevaSi, solidaruli valdebuleba dgeba, Tu: 

1. Tavdebi ikisrebs pasuxismgeblobas solidarulad an sxva TanabarmniSvnelovani saxiT; 

2. erTsa da imave valdebulebaze iqneba ramdenime Tavdebi, Tundac amaT Tavdeboba 

erTad ar ekisraT; 

3. Tavdebi kreditoris winaSe ivaldebulebs winamorbed TavdebTa mier nakisr valdebulebaTa 

Sesrulebas. 

49


N1 

da 

kanoni 

am sami daTqmidan, pirvelSi, Tavdebs solidaruli valdebuleba warmoeSoba ZiriTad 

movalesTan erTad, xolo danarCen or SemTxvevaSi _ sxva TavdebebTan erTad. Tumca, 

rasakvirvelia, Tavdebi, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, aris damatebiTi movale da masze valdebulebis 

Sesrulebis moqceva daiSveba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac kreditori uSedegod 

ecdeba igive ganaxorcielos ZiriTad movalesTan. Tumca Tavdebis mier kreditoris 

dakmayofilebis Semdeg, masze gadadis kreditoris moTxovna ZiriTadi movalis mimarT. 

deliqtur valdebulebebze pasiuri solidaruloba dgeba, roca ramdenime piri er- 

Toblivad miayenebs zians dazaralebuls. am SemTxvevaSi, solidaruloba gavrceldeba 

im pirebzec, vinc: 

1. daiyolia zianis mimyenebeli aseT moqmedebaze; 

2. xeli Seuwyo mas; 

3. Segnebulad isargebla miyenebuli zianiT. 

naTelia, rom `xelSemwyobSi~ igulisxmeba, ara marto, damxmare, aramed zianis miyenebis 

organizatoric. 

sakorporacio samarTalSi pasiuri solidaruloba, iseve, rogorc aqtiuri warmoi- 

Soba solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebSi, komanditur sazogadoebebSi, agreTve, 

zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad: sawarmos Camoyalibebamde nakisr valdebulebebze; 

18 sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelTa valdebulebebze movaleobaTa arajerovani 

SesrulebisaTvis 19 da msg. 

fasiani qaRaldebis brunvidan warmoSobili valdebulebebi ganuyofeli valdebulebebia 

da aqac pasiuri solidaruloba upirobod moqmedebs. 

rogorc definiciidan gamomdinareobs, kreditors aqvs mxolod erTjeradi moTxovnis 

ufleba, Tumca, es moTxovna man sakuTari arCevaniT SeiZleba nebismieri movalis 

winaSe ganaxorcielos. kreditorma SeiZleba moiTxovos movalisagan valdebulebis 

mTlianad Sesruleba, an misi Sesruleba nawilobriv. Tu erT-erTi movale valdebulebas 

mTlianad Seasrulebs, maSin es Sesruleba moxsnis kreditors uflebas, xolo danarCen 

movaleebs movaleobas _ Seasrulon valdebuleba (sainteresoa, rom Tu isini Seutyobineblobis 

an sxva ram mizezis gamo, mainc Seasruleben mas, maT Tavad mouwevT aseTi 

Sesrulebis usafuZvlobis mtkiceba, radgan samoqalaqo kodeqsis 361-e muxlis Tanaxmad, 

moqmedebs valdebulebis arsebobis prezumfcia). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tundac 

movale apirebdes kreditoris winaSe valdebulebis mTlianad Sesrulebas, Sesrulebamde 

danarCeni movaleebis valdebuleba ZalaSi rCeba (e.i. maT SeiZleba moeTxovoT 

Sesruleba; aRiZras sarCeli da a.S.). 

garda valdebulebis Sesrulebisa, valdebulebis Sinaarsze moqmedebs, agreTve: 

1. erT-erT movalis mier valdebulebis nawilobriv Sesruleba; 

2. erT-erTi movalis mier kreditorTan valdebulebis gaqviTva; 

3. erT-erTi movalis valis gaerTianeba kreditoris moTxovnasTan; 

4. kreditoris mier valis patieba movalisaTvis. 

rogori damokidebuleba eqneba nawilobrivi Sesrulebis Semdeg movales TanamovaleebTan, 

gansazRvruli ar aris, magram logikuria, rom amis Semdeg dadges ramdenime 

Sedegi: 

50

1. Tu Sesrulebuli valdebuleba Seesabameba movalis wils saerTo valdebulebaSi, 

igi gaTavisufldeba, rogorc valdebulebisagan, agreTve regresuli moTxovnis uflebamosilebisagan. 

aseve, Tanamovaleebis saerTo valdebulebas gamoakldeba gaTavisuflebuli 

movalis wili; 

2. Tu aRemateba an naklebia wilze, am SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad: 

a) gaTavisufldes valdebulebisagan da darCes regresuli anazRaurebis moTxovnis 

ufleba im valdebulebaze, rac zedmetad Seasrula; 

b) gaTavisufldes valdebulebisagan saerTo kreditoris mimarT da darCes Sesasrulebel 

valdebulebaze movaleoba TanamovaleTa mimarT. 

3. Tu solidaruloba warmoSobilia Tavdebobis safuZvelze, movaleobis nawilobrivi 

Sesruleba ver gaaTavisuflebs ZiriTad movales valdebulebis mTlianad Sesrulebisagan 

an yovel SemTxvevaSi, es ar warmoSobs Tavdebis valdebulebas Seasrulos 

movaleoba mTlianad. 

valdebulebis gaqviTva SeiZleba moxdes, Tu movale gaxdeba kreditoris kreditori, 

agreTve, zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSi. gaqviTva SeiZleba moxdes, rogorc mTlianad valisa, 

aseve misi nawilisac. gaqviTva, yovelTvis vrceldeba saerTo valze da yvela movaleze 

e.i. Tu solidarul movalesa da kreditors Soris moxdeba valis gaqviTva mTeli TanxiT, 

es gaaTavisuflebs Sesrulebis movaleobisagan danarCen Tanamovaleebsac. Tumca, aqac 

saWiro iqneba ramdenime ganmarteba. kerZod: a) aseTi gaqviTvis Semdeg im movales, romelmac 

moaxdina gaqviTva unda warmoeSvas regresuli anazRaurebis ufleba sxva TanamovaleTa 

winaSe; b) solidarul movales Tu saerTos garda piradi aqvs valic kreditorisa, 

gaqviTva SeiZleba moxdes swored am kerZo valis da ara saerTo valisa, amas- 

Tan gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba unda hqondes kreditors. garda amisa, kanoniT 

miTiTebulia SemTxvevebi, rodesac valis gaqviTva dauSvebelia, kerZod: 

a) Tu es winaswar iyo gamoricxuli; 

b) deliqturi valdebulebis SemTxvevaSi, roca miyenebulia ziani (maT Soris, erToblivi) 

piris janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisaTvis da msg. 

erT-erTi movalisaTvis valis patieba aTavisuflebs sxva solidarul movaleebsac, 

magram aqac arsebobs daTqma: ar unda iyos miTiTebuli, rom vali epatieba mxolod da 

mxolod erT movales. aseT SemTxvevaSi, danarCen TanamovaleTa pasuxismgebloba rCeba, 

oRond, ra Tqma unda, gaTavisuflebuli movalis wilis gamoklebiT. 

kidev erTi garemoeba, romelic moqmedebs valdebulebis bunebaze aris kreditoris 

moTxovnis gaerTianeba erT-erTi solidaruli movalis valTan. amasve unda mivakuTvnoT 

is SemTxvevebi, rodesac kreditori da erT-erTi movale aRmoCndebian erTi da 

igive piri. es SeiZleba moxdes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu movale aRmoCndeba kreditoris erTaderTi 

memkvidre an piriqiT. msgavsi situacia daregulirebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 

1493-e muxliT, romlis mixedviTac: `Tu mamkvidrebelma Tavisi qoneba kreditors 

uanderZa, es ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos kreditoris moTxovnis uflebis gaqviTvad.~ Tumca, 

es specialuri daTqmaa. moTxovnisa da valis faqtobrivi gaerTianeba aTavisuflebs 

movales valdebulebis Sesrulebisagan, xolo saerTo vals danarCeni movaleebisaTvis 

akldeba gaTavisuflebuli movalis wili. 

51


N1 

da 

kanoni 

rogorc cnobilia, valdebulebaTa arsi gulisxmobs, ara marto, movalis Sesrulebis 

valdebulebas, aramed kreditoris valdebulebasac miiRos Susruleba. rasakvirvelia, 

Sesrulebis miReba SeiZleba dayovndes kreditoris an movalis mizeziT. Cveni kanonmdeblobis 

Tanaxmad, Tu Sesruleba dayovnebulia kreditoris mizeziT, misi Sedegebi gavrceldeba 

yvela solidarul movaleze, xolo Tu erT-erTi movalis mizeziT _ Sedegebis 

gavrceleba yvela movaleze dauSvebelia (Sedegi ki, SeiZleba iyos procentebis daricxva, 

pirgasamtexlos gadaxda da a.S.). 

solidarul movaleTa mier valdebulebis Seusrulebloba aris safuZveli kreditoris 

mier sarCelis Setanisa. kreditors ufleba aqvs sarCeli Seitanos, rogorc erTi 

movalis, agreTve, yvela movalis mimarTac. amasTan, erTi movalis mimarT sarCelis Setana 

sxva movaleebzec sasamarTlo wesiT, moTxovnis uflebas ar arTmevs. e.w. meorexarisxovani 

Sedegebi, romelsac franguli samarTali icnobs, Cveni sistemis mier ar aris 

aRiarebuli. davazustebT: erT movaleze sarCelis Setana ar wyvets xandazmulobis 

moqmedebas sxva movaleebze. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi, upriania kreditorma Seitanos 

saerTo sarCeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom es wesebi ar SeiZleba gavrceldes deliqtur valdebulebebze 

da sakorporacio samarTliT daregulirebul urTierTobebze. 

zogadad, rogorc Cans, solidarul valdebulebebSi kanonmdebeli kreditorTa interesTan 

erTad, cdilobda maqsimalurad daculi yofiliyo movaleTa interesebic. 

sasamarTlo davis SemTxvevaSi, movales ufleba aqvs kreditors warudginos yvela is 

Sesagebeli, romelic: 

a) gamomdinareobs valdebulebis arsidan; 

b) romlis uflebac aqvs marto mas; 

g) romelic saerToa yvela solidaruli movalisaTvis. 

kreditors ki, Tavis mxriv, ufleba aqvs, erT-erTi solidaruli movalis winaaRmdeg 

gamoiyenos mxolod is faqtebi, romlebic uSualod mas exeba. magram Tu konkretuli 

valdebulebiTi urTierTobidan sxva ram gamomdinareobs, zemoxsenebuli principi aRar 

imoqmedebs. 

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, movaleTa solidaruloba aris kreditorisaTvis valdebulebis 

Sesrulebis garantia. es pirdapiraa miTiTebuli kanonSi, romlis mixedviTac, 

Tu erT-erTi movale aRmoCndeba valauvli, misi wili nawildeba yvela sxva gadaxdisunarian 

movaleze. aman unda uzrunvelyos movalisaTvis valdebulebis utyuarad 

Sesruleba. 

mas Semdeg, rac erT-erTi movale valdebulebas mTlianad Seasrulebs kreditoris 

winaSe, mas uCndeba ukumoTxovnis ufleba yofil TanamovaleTa mimarT. 20 am SemTxvevaSi, 

SeiZleba amoqmeddes ori wesi: 

1. moeTxovos Tanamovaleebs anazRaureba gadamxdelis wilis gamoklebiT; 

2. moeTxovos anazRaureba srulad. 

es meore SemTxveva SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos: 

a) kanonma. magaliTad, Tavdebobis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tavdebi dafaravs ZiriTadi 

movalis vals; 

b) mxareTa SeTanxmebam. 

52

wili ganisazRvreba: 

a) mxareTa SeTanxmebiT; 

b) logikuri analiziT. 

roca SeTanxmeba ar arsebobs da sxvagvaradac SeuZlebelia pasuxismgeblobis odenobis 

gansazRvra, igulisxmeba Tanabari wili. amas garda, moqmedebs erTi friad mniSvnelovani 

wesi: Tu erT-erTi solidaruli movale miiRebs sargebels am solidaruli valdebulebidan, 

maSin im solidarul movales, romelsac sargebeli ar miuRia, SeuZlia 

moTxovos mas dakmayofileba Tavisi valdebulebis Sesasruleblad. solidaruli valdebulebis 

arseboba, garda erToblivi movaleobisa, gulixmobs erTobliv mizans, 

amasTanave, movaleTa garkveuli xasiaTis Tanadgomas. swored am postulatebidan gamomdinareobs 

zemoxsenebuli muxli, sadac aRsaniSnavia sami momenti: 

1. erT-erTma movalem miiRo mogeba swored saerTo solidaruli valdebulebisagan 

da ara sxvagvari movaleobiTa da uflebiT; 

2. Tanamovales sargebeli ar miuRia; 

3. am ukanasknels ufleba aqvs mosTxovos pirvels dakmayofileba mxolod im odenobiT, 

rac saWiroa kreditoris winaSe solidaruli valdebulebis dasafaravad. 

savaraudod, am valdebulebis Secvla SeuZlia movaleTa SeTanxmebas. 

dabolos, kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic unda ganvixiloT, aris movalis memkvidreTa 

uflebebi. rogorc aqtiuri solidarulobis SemTxvevaSi, pasiuri solidarulobisas memkvidreze 

gadadis mxolod wili valdebulebisa (Sesabamisad _ uflebisa), gamomdinare 

samkvidro qonebidan, magram es wesi ar imoqmedebs valdebulebis ganuyoflobis Sem- 

TxvevaSi, amitom frangebis msgavsad, kreditorisaTvis umjobesia aseTi daTqma gaukeTdes 

xelSekrulebis teqsts. am SemTxvevaSi, amoqmeddeba 1484-e muxlis me-2 nawili, romlis 

mixediTac: Tu mamkvidrebeli memkvidreebze gadasuli valebiT solidaruli movale iyo, 

maSin memkvidreebic solidarulad ageben pasuxs. es SeiZleba moxdes samkvidro qonebis 

gayofamdec. solidaruli movalis memkvidreTa SeTanxmebiT SesaZlebelia erT-erTi 

memkvidrisaTvis valdebulebis Sesrulebis mTlianad dakisreba, samkvidrodan valdebulebis 

Sesabamisad gazrdili wilis micemis sanacvlod. 21 savaraudod, aseT SeTanxmebas, 

valdebulebis sagnis ganuyoflobisas dasWirdeba kreditoris Tanxmoba. 

daskvna 

daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTuli samoqalaqo kodeqsiT ganmtkicebuli 

solidaruli urTierTobebis sistema uaRresad daxvewilia da savsebiT Seesabameba, 

rogorc Tanamedrove dasavlur sistemas, aseve mTlianad samoqalaqo samarTlebriv 

tradicias. 

53


N1 

da 

kanoni 

gamoyenebuli literatura 

1. vaxtang abaSmaZe, qarTuli inteleqtualuri fenomeni; 

2. ivane javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria; 

3. ilia WavWavaZe, cxovreba da kanoni; 

4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi; 

5. saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~; 

6. saqarTvelos kanoni `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~; 

7. `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis komentari, me-2 gamocema; 

8. zurab axvlediani, valdebulebiTi samarTali; 

9. Salva CikvaSvili, saojaxo da memkidreobiTi samarTali; 

10. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni I; 

11. Ëåîí Æþëëèî äå ëà Ìîðàíäüåð, Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî Ôðàíöèè; 

12. È. Á. Íîâèöêèé, È. Ñ. Ïåòåðñêèé, Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî; 

13. Ãðàæäàíñêîå, òîðãîâîå è ñåìåéíîå ïðàâî êàï. ñòðàí, 

Ñáîðíèê íîðìàòèâíûõ àêòîâ. 

SeniSvnebi: 

1 

vaxtang abaSmaZe, qarTuli inteleqtualuri fenomeni, Tb., 1992. 

2 

È. Á. Íîâèöêèé, È. Ñ. Ïåòåðñêèé, Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ìîñêâà, 1994. 

3 

È. Á. Íîâèöêèé, È. Ñ. Ïåòåðñêèé, Ðèìñêîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ìîñêâà, 1994. 

4 

ivane javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Txzulebani Tormet 

tomad, t. VI. 

5 

ilia WavWavaZe, cxovreba da kanoni, rCeuli xuT tomad, t. IV, Tb., 1987. 

6 

Ãðàæäàíñêîå, òîðãîâîå è ñåìåéíîå ïðàâî êàï. ñòðàí, Code civil, ñòàòüÿ. 

1197, Ì., 1986. 

7 

Ëåîí Æþëëèî äå ëà Ìîðàíäüåð, Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî Ôðàíöèè, Ò. I, 

Ìîñêâà, 1960. 

8 

Ãðàæäàíñêîå, òîðãîâîå è ñåìåéíîå ïðàâî êàï. ñòðàí, Code civil. ñòàòüÿ. 

1202, Ìîñêâà, 1986. 

9 



10 



11 

Ãðàæäàíñêîå, òîðãîâîå è ñåìåéíîå ïðàâî êàï. ñòðàí, Code civil, Article. 

1205-1207, Ìîñêâà, 1986. 

12 

Ãðàæäàíñêîå, òîðãîâîå è ñåìåéíîå ïðàâî êàï. ñòðàí, Code civil, Article. 

1217, Ìîñêâà, 1986. 

13 

saqarTvelos kanoni `fasiani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb~, muxli 4.13. 

14 

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, muxli 455, Tb., 1997. 

15 

zurab axvlediani, valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999. 

16 

Salva CikvaSvili, saojaxo da memkidreobiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999. unda 

moxdes nivTis (uflebis) iseTi gayofa, `romelic am nivTs ar 

daukargavs sameurneo an sxva miznobriv daniSnulebas~. 

17 


18 

saqarTvelos kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~, muxli 3.4. 

19 

iqve, muxli 9.7. 

20 


21 

Salva CikvaSvili, saojaxo da memkidreobiTi samarTali, Tb., 1999. 

54

MULTITUDE OF DEBTORS 

AND CREDITORS IN 

LIABILITY 

SIMON CHKHAIDZE 

Judge of the Kutaisi Appellate Court 

Pursuant to the Article 455 of the Civil Code of Georgia, if several persons 

are authorized to request the fulfillment of liability in a form, where each of 

them can request absolute fulfillment and where the debtor is obliged to 

fulfill it only once, they can be referred as solidery authorized persons – 

Solider creditors. 

In accordance with the Article 463 of the same Code, if several persons 

are obliged to fulfill their liability in a form, where each of them should 

participate in the fulfillment of the common liability (solider liability), and 

the creditor is authorized to file as single request on fullfillment, then they 

represent solider debtors. 

According to the law, these types of legal relations are referred as multitude 

of creditors and debtors in liability. 

Similar types of legal relations are also covered by the Roman Civil Law 

and as a result of its processing, modern civil law of Continental Europe and 

the civil legislation of the Continental European states were developed. Our 

country joined these laws on November 25, 1997, immediately after the Civil 

Code of Georgia entered into force. 

In order to better realize the contents of legal relations, it is necessary to 

study the grounds and sources that after processing and development served 

as the bases for the establishment of legal system in its current form. 

The presented paper serves the same purpose. 

55


N1 

da 

kanoni 

samoqalaqo 

samarTalwarmoebisa 

da aRsrulebis 

sakiTxebi sabWoTa 

saqarTveloSi 

zurab Wyonia 

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti 

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg dadga 

sakiTxi im samoqalaqo, Tu sxva dargis marTlmsajulebis 

mankieri da korufciuli sistemisagan gaTavisuflebisa, 

romelic saqarTvelos sabWoTa epoqidan memkvidreobiT ergo. 

swored amitomac, damoukideblobis Semdeg pirveli wlebi 

saqarTveloSi gardamaval etapad gamocxadda. 1995 wels 

miRebul iqna saqarTvelos konstitucia. daiwyo sasamar- 

Tlo sistemisa da samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis 

reforma, romelic dRemde ar dasrulebula. zemoaRniSnulidan 

gamomdinare, mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia sabWoTa samoqalaqo 

samarTalwarmoebisa da misi efeqtianobis ganmsazRvreli 

saaRsrulebo warmoebis, rogorc uaryofiTi, 

ise dadebiTi mxareebis mimoxilva da analizi, raTa reformisas 

gaTvaliswinebul iqnes aRniSnuli gamocdileba. 

sabWoTa xelisufleba aneqsiisTanave Seudga saqarTveloSi 

marTlmsajulebis sistemis uzurpacias. am mizniT 

revkomma gaauqma damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sasamarTlo 

xelisufleba. 1 1923 wels miRebul iqna debuleba sasamar- 

Tlo wyobilebis Sesaxeb, xolo 1924 wels ki, samoqalaqo 

samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi. 2 

sabWoTa saqarTveloSi saerTo sasamarTloebis sistemaSi 

arsebobda ori instanciis sasamarTlo. I instanciis 

sasamarTlo saqmes wyvetda arsebiTad, xolo meore instan- 

56

cia (sakasacio, anu sarevizio) ki, saqmeebs amowmebda mxolod iuridiuli kuTxiT. 3 Seiqmna 

da moqmedebda aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos olqis sasamarTloebi, aseve 

uzenaesi sasamarTlo. afxazeTSi, aWaraSi da oseTSi arsebobda sakuTari sasamarTloebi. 

4 sakasacio sasamarTlo axdenda aseve, kanonis ganmartebas gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas, 

rac savaldebulo iyo konkretuli ganxiluli saqmisaTvis, amasTan, saxelmZRvanelo 

xasiaTis gaxldaT analogiuri saqmis gadawyvetisas, anu praqtikuli mniSvneloba 

hqonda. Tumca, realurad sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibeba SesaZlebeli 

iqneboda mxolod erTi sakasacio instanciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. .5 

pirveli instanciis wesiT saqmeebi ganixileboda saxalxo sasamarTloebSi, olqis 

sasamarTloebSi da aseve uzenaes sasamarTloSic. 6 

saxalxo mosamarTlisaTvis da saxalxo sasamarTloebisaTvis sakasacio instancias 

warmoadgenda olqis sasamarTlo (samoqalaqo sakasacio Tanaganyofileba), olqis sasamarTloebisaTvis 

_ uzenaesi sasamarTlo (sakasacio kolegia), xolo uzenaesi sasamarTlosaTvis 

sakasacio instancia ar arsebobda. 7 

saqmeebis ganxilva ZiriTadad, saerTo sasamarTloebSi mimdinareobda kolegiurad 

_ yvela instanciis sasamarTloebSi, kerZod: saxalxo sasamarTloSi erTi mudmivi mosamarTlisa 

da ori saxalxo msajulis SemadgenlobiT, olqis sasamarTloebSi da uzenaes 

sasamarTloSi ki, sasamarTlos erTi wevrisa da ori msajulis SemadgenlobiT. 8 mxolod 

SedarebiT martivi saqmeebis gadawyveta iyo SesaZlebeli I instanciis saxalxo mosamarTlis 

mier erTpirovnulad. 9 

mudmivi mosamarTle iniSneboda 1 wliT, xolo saxalxo msajuli miiwveoda sxdomaze 

weliwadSi mxolod 6 dRiT. mosamarTleobis kandidats ar moeTxoveboda arc iuridiuli 

da arc saerTo ganaTleba. mosamarTled SeiZleboda daniSnuliyo 18 wels miRweuli 

piri. 10 mosamarTlis Tanamdeboba gaxldaT arCeviTi da misi arCeva xdeboda samazro aRmasrulebeli 

komitetis im kandidatTa siidan, romlebic naCvenebi iqnebodnen olqis 

sasamarTlos an iusticiis saxalxo komisariatis mier. 11 

rac Seexeba mosamarTlis damoukideblobas, unda iTqvas, rom mosamarTle ar gaxldaT 

damoukidebeli da arc Seucvleli. igi SeiZleba gamowveuliyo vadamdec, im organoebis 

mier, romlebic mas irCevdnen. maSin moqmedi konstitucia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis 

ramdenime Stod danawilebas ar scnobda. amis dasturia aseve, cnobili lozungi 

`mTeli xelisufleba sabWoebs~. `muSaTa da glexTa saxelmwifos xelisuflebisagan 

damoukidebeli ver iqneba verc erTi organo an Tanamdebobis piri, maSasadame verc 

mosamarTle.~ 12 

maSin moqmedi samoqalaqo procesi scnobda dispoziciurobis princips, Tumca, es 

principi kanonmdeblobiT gaxldaT mniSvnelovnad ugulebelyofili. magaliTisaTvis, 

marTalia saqmis ganxilvas sasamarTlo iwyebda mxolod dainteresebuli mxaris gancxadebiT 

da mxares SeeZlo sasarCelo moTxovnis gadideba da Semcireba, Tumca, samoqalaqo 

saqmis aRZvris ufleba hqonda prokurorsac, rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis 

warmomadgenels, rodesac misi azriT, amas moiTxovda saxelmwofos an mSromelTa 

interesi. amave mizniT prokurors ufleba hqonda Careuliyo sxvis mier dawyebul procesSi. 

13 amasTan, sasamarTlos SeeZlo mxareTa moTxovnis farglebs gascdenoda da 

57


N1 

da 

kanoni 

mxarisaTvis imaze meti miekuTvnebina, rasac igi moiTxovda. mxares SeeZlo uari eTqva 

Tavis uflebaze da aseve, saqme daemTavrebina morigebiT, Tumca uaric da morigebac 

eqvemdebareboda sasamarTlos kontrols. procesi iTvaliswinebda gadawyvetilebis 

gauqmebas mxaris saCivris arsebobis miuxedavad, Tavad uzenaesi sasamarTlos iniciativiT 

da aseve, Sesabamisi dawesebulebis da Tanamdebobis pirTa iniciativiTac, im 

SemTxvevaSic ki, Tundac gadawyvetileba ZalaSi yofiliyo Sesuli. 14 

dispoziciurobis principis msgavsad mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli gaxldaT SejibrebiTobis 

principic, vinaidan sasamarTlos Tavad hqonda miniWebuli farTo iniciativa. 15 

maSin moqmedi saproceso kanonmdeblobiT saqmeTa ganxilva mimdinareobda sajarod. 

rac Seexeba saaRsrulebo warmoebas procesis Tanaxmad, ZiriTadad, aRsrulebas axdendnen 

sasamarTlo aRmasruleblebi, Tumca, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT aRsrulebis 

movaleoba SeiZleboda dakisreboda milicias da raionis aRmasrulebel komitets. 

isini aRsrulebisas xelmZRvanelobdnen sasamarTlo aRmasrulebisaTvis gansazRvruli 

wesebiT. 16 is piri, romlis sasargeblodac gamotanili iyo gadawyvetileba iwodeboda 

`gadamxdevineblad~, xolo is vis winaaRmdegac iyo gadawyvetileba miRebuli, iwodeboda 

`movaled~. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba iwyeboda gadamxdevineblis mier 

sasamarTlos gacemuli aRsrulebis furclis wardgeniT im adgilis saaRsrulebo organoSi, 

sadac unda aRsrulebuliyo gadawyvetileba. aRsrulebis procesSi monawileobda 

orive mxare. 17 gadawyvetilebis gadadebis, SeCerebisa da Sewyvetis ufleba aRmasrulebels 

hqonda mxolod gadamxdevineblis gancxadebis safuZvelze mosamarTlis 

specialuri dadgenilebiT. 18 aRmasrulebels miniWebuli hqonda uflebamosileba, Tu 

gadamxdevinebeli konkretulad ver miuTiTebda sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels movalis 

qonebaze, aRmasrulebels ufleba hqonda gaeCxrika movalis bina miliciis da saxlis 

administraciis warmomadgenlis daswrebiT. 19 fulis iZulebiT gadaxdevineba xdeboda 

aRweriT da gayidviT. amasTan, Tuki movale iyo saxelwifo dawesebuleba, centraluri, 

Tu adgilobrivi, saxelmwifo biujetze myofi ar SeiZleboda misi qonebis aRwera da 

gayidva. Tu gadawyvetilebas ar Seasrulebda nebayoflobiT, gadamxdevinebels SeeZlo 

eCivla movalis zemdgom organosTan. Tu dawesebuleba ar gadaixdida iseTi saaRsrulebo 

furcliT, romelic gacemuli iyo Sromis sasamarTlos mier, Sromis prokuroris 

gankargulebiT, gadawyvetileba SeiZleba iZulebiT yofiliyo aRsrulebuli an damna- 

Save Tanamdebobis piri SeiZleba pasuxisgebaSi yofiliyo micemuli. .20 

aRsaniSnavia, rom procesiT gansazRvruli iyo is minimumi, romelzedac ar SeiZleboda 

iZulebiTi aRsruleba. 21 

aRmasruleblis moqmedeba da gadawyvetileba mxareebs SeeZloT gaesaCivrebinaT sasamarTloSi. 

22 

procesSi arsebuli xarvezis Taobaze aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, cnobili qarTveli 

procesualisti sergi jafariZe aRniSnavda, rom `samoqalaqo procesi sruliad aras 

ambobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra wesiT unda aRsruldes sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba maSin, 

rodesac mopasuxes davalebuli aqvs iseTi moqmedebis Sesruleba, rac sxvisi saSualebiT 

ar Sesruldeba, an raime moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba.~ 23 

58

1929 wels, f. m. naximsoni ganmartavda, rom `sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba 

warmoadgens Cvens samuSaoSi erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan funqcias. dRemde saqmis am 

ubanze Cven gvaqvs sruliad arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba. centrSi amJamad muSavdeba 

sakiTxi sasamarTlo aRsrulebis aparatis Zirfesviani reorganizaciis da racionalizaciis 

Sesaxeb~. 24. 

rac Seexeba ucxo qveynebis sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas, aRsrulebas 

eqvemdebareboda mxolod im qveynebis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi, romlebTanac 

sabWoTa kavSirs dadebuli hqonda xelSekruleba. 25 

1931 wels miRebul iqna saqarTvelos ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi. 

am kodeqsis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqmiswarmoeba mimdinareobda qarTul enaze an saTanado 

adgilis mosaxleobis umetesobis enaze. 26 amave kodeqsis 98-e muxlis Sesabamisad, 

saqmis garCeva mimdinareobda sajarod da sityvierad. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, 

saqme unda ganxiluliyo daxurul sxdomaze, Tumca, me-100 muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamar- 

Tlos gadawyvetileba sajarod unda gamocxadebuliyo. 101-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos 

SeeZlo saqmeSi monawile pirebis gaZeveba am pirTa mxridan wesrigis darRvevisas, 

amasTan, ar SeiZleboda prokuraturis warmomadgenlis da damcvelis gaZeveba. 

rac Seexeba dispoziciurobas da SejibrebiTobas, procesi aRiarebda aRniSnul principebs, 

27 Tumca, realurad sasamarTlo gaxldaT inkviciziuri da mas miniWebuli hqonda 

uflebamosileba xSir SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari iniciativiT mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetisa. 

cnobili procesualisti s. abramovi ganmartavda, rom `gamomdinare iqidan, 

rom sabWoTa marTlmsajulebis uryev mizans warmoadgens materialuri WeSmaritebis 

dadgena, kanoni (sssr samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis muxli. 6) avaldebulebs 

sasamarTlos, rom manve yoveli Rone ixmaros, raTa gamoarkvios mxareTa namdvili 

uflebani da urTierTobani.~ 28 samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 182-e muxliT sasamarTlos 

ufleba hqonda gascdenoda sarCelis moTxovnas da saqmis garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

mxarisaTvis miekuTvnebina imaze meti, vidre is moiTxovda. mtkicebis tvir- 

Ti mxareebs Soris nawildeboda Tanabrad. 1931 wlis samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso 

kodeqsis 126-e muxliT TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos is garemoeba, razedac igi 

amyarebs Tavis moTxovnas da Sesagebels. 

1936 wels miRebul iqna sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris konstitucia. 

29 `procesis mTeli rigi principebi damkvidrebul iqna stalinuri konstituciiT, 

amitomac maT sxvagvari Tviseba SeiZines. aseT principebs miekuTvneba a) marTlmsajulebis 

ganxorcieleba mxolod sasamarTlos mier (ssr kavSiris konstituciis 102-e muxli); 

b) marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba kolegiuri sasamarTlos mier (ssr kavSiris 

konstituciis 103-e muxli); g) marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba saxalxo msajulebis 

monawileobiT (ssr kavSiris konstituciis 103-e muxli); d) marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba 

arCeul mosamarTleTa mier (ssr kavSiris konstituciis 105-109-e muxlebi); 

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba damoukidebel da mxolod kanonisadmi damorCilebul 

mosamarTleTa mier (ssr kavSiris konstituciis 112-e muxli); v) marTlmsajulebis 

ganxorcieleba mokavSire an avtonomiuri respublikis, avtonomiuri olqis, naciona- 

59


N1 

da 

kanoni 

luri okrugis an raionis enaze, moqalaqeTaTvis sasamarTloSi dedaenaze gamosvlis 

uflebis uzrunvelyofiT (ssr kavSiris konstituciis 110-e muxli); z) marTlmsajulebis 

ganxorcieleba sajaro procesis safuZvelze (ssr kavSiris konstituciis 111-e muxli).~ 

30 

1936 wlis `ssr kavSiris konstitucia iTvaliswinebda mTel ssr kavSirisaTvis erTiani 

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis gamocemas. 31 

samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT gansazRvruli iyo saqmis warmoeba sasarCelo 

wesiT (nawili I) da aseve, saqmis warmoeba gansakuTrebuli wesiT (nawili II ), anu 

udavo warmoebis wesiT. 

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 266-e muxliT 

saCivrdeboda sakasacio wesiT, xolo 290-e muxliT respublikis prokurors da 

uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares ufleba hqondaT gamoeTxovaT respublikis yoveli 

sasamarTlodan zedamxedvelobis wesiT gadaTvalierebisaTvis kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli 

yvela saqme, gadawyvetileba da SeeCerebinaT gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba saqmis 

warmoebis zedamxedvelobis wesiT damTavrebamde. Tu aRmoCndeboda, rom gadawyvetilebiT 

arsebiTad da TvalsaCinod iyo darRveuli moqmedi kanoni, an kanonis pidapiri 

moTxovnis miuxedavad, aSkarad darRveuli iyo muSaTa da glexTa saxelmwifos, Tu mSromeli 

masebis interesebi, respublikis prokurors da uzenasi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares 

ufleba hqondaT gaeprotestebinaT es gadawyvetileba zedamxedvelobis wesiT 

uzenaes sasamarTloSi. protests ganixilavda sasamarTlos samoqalaqo sakasacio kolegiis 

plenumi, xolo uzenaesi sasamarTlo kolegiis gadawyvetilebaze da uzenaesi 

sasamarTlos sakasacio kolegiis gadawyvetilebaze _ uzenaesi sasamarTlos plenumi. 

gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan, 290-e muxli gaxldaT dispoziciurobis principis ugulebelyofis 

klasikuri magaliTi. 

1933 wels sabWoTa kavSiris prokuraturis CamoyalibebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlo gaTavisuflda 

kanonierebaze saerTo zedamxedvelobis funqciidan. amasTan, gaizarda misi 

sasamarTlo-sazedamxedvelo funqciebi. 32 1938 wels miRebul iqna kanoni sasamarTlo 

wyobilebis Sesaxeb, xolo 1958 wlis 25 dekembers ki, kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebi sab- 

WoTa kavSirisa da mokavSire respublikebis sasamarTlo mowyobis, samoqalaqo da sisxlis 

samarTlis samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb. 33 

saaRsrulebo warmoeba 1931 wels miRebuli samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT 

daregulirebuli gaxldaT kodeqsis V nawiliT. ssr kavSiris, mokavSire da avtonomiuri 

respublikebis sasamarTlo wyobilebis kanonis me-80 muxliT, sasamarTlo ganaCenebis, 

gadawyvetilebebisa da dadgenilebebis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT, sasamarTlo 

aRmasruleblis mier wardgenili moTxovna savaldebulo iyo yvela Tanamdebobis 

pirisa da moqalaqisaTvis. sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels gadawyvetileba sisruleSi 

mohyavda aRmasrulebeli furcliT, romelsac rogorc wesi, gascemda sasamarTlo, gadawyvetilebis 

ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg (aRmasrulebeli furceli gaicemoda dauyovnebliv 

aRsasrulebel gadawyvetilebaze). 34 saaRsrulebo moqmedebas sasamarTlos aRmasrulebeli 

Seudgeba gadamxdevineblis sityvieri an werilobiTi gancxadebiT, agreTve, 

sasamarTlos an prokuroris winadadebiT, saTanadod gacemuli saaRsrulebo dokumentis 

safuZvelze. 35 aRsaniSnavia, rom alimentis gadaxdevinebis saqmeze aRmasrulebeli 

60

furceli ara ugvianes meore dRisa, dRidan gadawyvetilebis gamotanisa, unda gadagzavniliyo 

movalis samuSao adgilis Sesabamisad. 36 

maSin moqmedi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 301-e muxlis 

Sesabamisad, ùkeTu nebayoflobiT aRsrulebisaTvis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT 

gansakuTrebuli vada ar iqneba micemuli, sasamarTlo aRmasrulebeli, movalisaTvis 

uwyebis wardgenisa da gagzavnisTanave dauniSnavs mas aRsasrulebel vadas ara umetes 

5 dRisa~. 303-e muxliT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels SeeZlo 

daeTvalierebina movalis sadgomi da sacavebi saxlis administraciis an sasoflo sab- 

Wos warmomadgenlis TandaswrebiT. sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels iZulebiTi aRsruleba 

unda daemTavrebina 10 dRis vadaSi. iZulebiTi aRsrulebisas sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels 

ufleba ar hqonda mosarCelisa an mopasuxisaTvis gadaexdevinebina raime gamosa- 

Rebi gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebisaTvis. 37 

saxelmwifo, kooperaciul-sakolmeurneo da sxva sazogadoebriv dawesebulebaTa, 

sawarmoTa da organizaciaTa Soris davebis gamo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebisaTvis 

dadgenili iyo erTwliani xandazmulobis vada. yvela sxva davaTa gamo ki, 

samwliani vada. 38 

gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsruleba SesaZlebeli gaxldaT mxolod dedani aRmasrulebeli 

furclis safuZvelze. amasTan, Tundac, notariulad damowmebuli asliT, ar 

daiSveboda aRsruleba. dakargvis SemTxvevaSi, dainteresebul pirs SeeZlo miemarTa 

sasamarTlosaTvis TxovniT gaeca aRmasrulebeli furclis dublikati. mosamarTle 

saTanado gamokvlevis Semdeg dadgenilebis safuZvelze gascemda dublikats, anu gamoiwereboda 

aRmasrulebeli furceli, romelzedac keTdeboda warwera `dublikati~. 39 

`saxalxo mosamarTleni da saTanado sasamarTloebis Tavmjdomareni pasuxs ageben 

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebis dargSi muSaobis mdgomareobaze da, rom maT 

ekisrebaT mudmivi kontroli gauwion sasamarTlos aRmasrulebelTa muSaobas.~ 40 sasamarTlo 

aRmasruleblis saqmianobaze mudmiv kontrols uwevda sasamarTlo, rogorc 

administraciuli zedamxedveli mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof Tanamdebobis pirs. 41 sasamar- 

Tlo aRmasruleblis moqmedebaze saCivari ori saxis iyo, kerZod, saCivari, romelic 

ganixileboda sasamarTlo wesiT da saCivari, romelic ganixileboda administraciuli 

wesiT. saCivari sasamarTlo wesiT ganixileboda sasamarTlo aRmasruleblis moqmedebaze 

mis mier kanonis araswor gamoyenebaze, xolo saCivari sasamarTlo aRmasruleblis 

moqmedebaze ganixileboda mis araswor samsaxurebriv moqmedebaze. 42 saCivari sasamarTlo 

wesiT ganixileboda erTpirovnulad, saxalxo mosamarTlis mier (1941 wlis 29 

martis cvlilebiT ki, kolegiurad) samsjavro sxdomaze. 43 

1964 wlis 26 dekembers miRebul iqna axali saqarTvelos ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis 

saproceso kodeqsi, romelic samoqmedod SemoRebul iqna 1965 wlis 1 ivlisidan. 44 am 

kodeqsis 1-li muxlis Tanaxmad, aseve, ganixileboda sasamarTlos mier administraciulsamarTlebrivi 

urTierTobidan gamomdinare davebi. me-4 muxliT sasarCelo warmoebis 

saqmeebze Sedioda sasarCelo gancxadebebi, xolo administraciulsamarTlebrivi 

urTierTobidan warmoSobil saqmeebze da gansakuTrebuli warmoebis saqmeebze _ 

saCivrebi da gancxadebebi. me-5 muxliT marTlmsajulebas samoqalaqo saqmeebze axorci- 

61


N1 

da 

kanoni 

elebda mxolod sasamarTlo kanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobis 

sawyisebze. me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, samoqalaqo saqmeebs ssr yvela sasamarTloSi 

ganixilavdnen mosamarTleni da saxalxo msajulebi, romlebic arCeuli iyvnen kanoniT 

dadgenili wesiT. amave muxliT samoqalaqo saqmeebi pirveli instanciis yvela sasamar- 

TloSi ganixileboda ori saxalxo msajulis SemadgenlobiT, romlebic sargeblobdnen 

sasamarTlo sxdomis Tavmjdomaris Tanaswori uflebebiT yvela sakiTxis gadaWraSi. 

sasamarTloebi saqmeebis ganxilvas sakasacio wesiT axorcielebdnen sasamarTlos sami 

wevris SemadgenlobiT, xolo sasamarTlo zedamxedvelobis wesiT _ sasamarTlos sul 

cota, sami wevris SemadgenlobiT. 

saproceso kodeqsis me-10 muxliT uzrunvelyofili gaxldaT saqmeTa ganxilvisas 

sajarooba. imave kodeqsis me-8 muxliT aRiarebuli iyo mosamarTleTa da msajulTa 

damoukideblobis principi. amave kodeqsis 52-e muxliT TiToeul mxares unda daemtkicebina 

is garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebda Tavis moTxovnas da Sesagebels. 

sasamarTlos movaleoba iyo saqmeze obieqturi WeSmaritebis dadgena. samoqalaqo 

samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-11 muxliT, `sasamarTlo movalea ar dasjerdes 

warmodgenil masalebsa da axsna-ganmartebebs da miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli 

yvela zoma, raTa yovelmxriv, srulad da obieqturad gamoarkvios saqmis namdvili 

garemoebani da mxareTa ufleba-movaleobani.~ aqedan gamomdinare, aSkaraa, rom sasamarTlo 

mkveTrad inkviziciuri iyo, anu procesi ar emyareboda SejibrebiTobis princips. 

marTalia, saproceso kodeqsis 34-e muxli formalurad Seicavda dispoziciurobis 

princips, magram ara tradiciuli gagebiT. dispoziciurobis principi Tavad 1977 wels 

miRebul sabWoTa kavSiris konstiutuciis 37-e muxliT iyo garantirebuli, Tumca, 

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 34-e muxlis meore abzaciT, 

es principi faqtobrivad fundamenturad SezRuduli gaxldaT, vinaidan meore abzacis 

Tanaxmad, `sasamarTlo ar miiRebs mosarCelis uars sarCelze, mopasuxis mier sarCelis 

cnobas da ar daamtkicebs mxareTa morigebas, Tu es moqmedeba ewinaaRmdegeba kanons an 

arRvevs visime uflebebs da kanoniT dacul interess.~ zemoaRniSnuli SezRudva ki, 

ukavSirdeboda imave saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis meore abzaciT gansazRvrul daTqmas, 

romlis Tanaxmadac, `samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba xels unda uwyobdes socialisturi 

kanonierebis ganmtkicebas, samarTaldarRvevis Tavidan acilebas, moqalaqeTa 

aRzrdas sabWoTa kanonebis ganuxreli Sesrulebisa da socialisturi saerTo cxovrebis 

wesebis pativiscemis suliskveTebas.~ amasTan, saqmis aRZvra sasamarTloSi SesaZlebeli 

iyo prokuroris gancxadebis safuZvelzec. aseve, sazedamxedvelo warmoebis aRZvra 

SeeZloT ara dainteresebul pirebs, aramed protestis aRZvris uflebamosilebis mqone 

prokuraturis da sasamarTlos Tanamdebobis pirebs. 45 

migvaCnia, rom yuradRebas imsaxurebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso 

kodeqsis 164-e muxli, romliTac gansazRvrulia sxdomaze saqmeSi monawile pirTa da 

maT warmomadgenelTa gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebi. am muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo uflebamosili 

iyo erT-erTi mxaris gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi (Tuki saqmeSi iyo cnoba, 

rom mas uwyeba Cabarda) mosamarTles SeeZlo ganexila saqme mis dauswreblad, anu 

62

procesi iTvaliswinebda ara dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas, aramed, gadawyvetilebis 

mxaris dauswreblad miRebas. amasTan, imave muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos miniWebuli 

hqonda uflebamosileba, Tu igi saWirod scnobda gamoucxadebeli mxaris 

piradi axsna-ganmartebis mosmenas, gadaedo saqmis ganxilva. sagulisxmoa, rom imave 

muxliT, sasamarTlos SeeZlo mosarCelis an mopasuxis piradi axsna-ganmartebisaTvis 

dabareba, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu saqmeSi maTi warmomadgenlebi monawileobdnen. 166-e muxliT 

alimentis saqmeebze sasamarTlos SeeZlo savaldebulod ecno mopasuxis gamocxadeba, 

xolo gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, daejarimebina 10 maneTamde da daedgina 

iZulebis wesiT misi sasamarTloSi miyvana. 167-e muxliT, Tu orive mxare (mopasuxe da 

mosarCele) ar gamocxaddebodnen sapatio mizezis gareSe, sasamarTlo gadadebda saqmis 

ganxilvas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arc erTi mxarisagan ar Sevidoda gancxadeba saqmis mis 

dauswreblad ganxilvis Sesaxeb. ganmeorebiT dabarebuli mxareebis arasapatio mizeziT 

gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo gamoitanda ganCinebas sarCelis ganuxilvelad 

datovebis Sesaxeb. imave kodeqis 201-e muxliT sasamarTlos, msgavsad 1931 wlis 

redaqciis samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsisa, saqmis garemoebaTa gamorkvevis 

mixedviT SeeZlo gascdenoda mosarCelis moTxovnis farglebs. 

rac Seexeba sabWoTa sasamarTlo praqtikis mniSvnelobas, aRniSnulze parizis universitetis 

profesori rene davidi Tavis monografiaSi werda, rom ìm viTarebaSi, roca 

samarTali Zalian mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo politikasTan da roca ase 

mowadinebuli arian xalxis suvereniteti qmediTi gaxadon, gamoricxulia SesaZlebloba, 

rom sasamarTlo samarTlis Semqmnelad gvevlinebodes da mas mxolod samarTlis 

zusti ganmarteba ZaluZs~. 46 imave naSromSi igi aseve ganmartavs, rom `xazgasmiT unda 

aRiniSnos is faqti, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi sasamarTloebis gamocdilebas ar ugulebelyofen. 

47 

sabWoTa periodSi sasamarTlos damoukidebloba gaxldaT konstituciiT aRiarebuli 

principi, Tumca, realurad am mxriv, qveyanaSi Seqmnili iyo sruliad radikaluri mdgomareoba, 

kerZod, `mosamarTlis arCeva Tanamdebobaze xdeboda mxolod maSin, Tu is iyo 

komunisturi partiis wevri, rac arCevis momentidanve iZleoda saSualebas masze ganxorcielebuliyo 

umkacresi partiuli kontroli da moexdinaT masze gavlena. es e.w. 

`satelefono samarTlis~ periodia, rodesac mosamarTleTa mier partiuli xelmZRvanelebis 

davalebis sawinaaRmdego yoveli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg, xdeboda 

maTi `gamogdeba xaliCaze~, dawyebuli raikomis an qalaqkomis pirveli mdivnidan da 

nebismieri ganyofilebis instruqtoriT damTavrebuli.~ 48 

sabWoTa periodSi `Tavad gageba `sasamarTlo xelisufleba~ praqtikulad ucnobi 

gaxldaT, vinaidan sasamarTlo organoebis sistema ganixileboda ara xelisuflebis 

gagebis principiT, aramed sasamarTlo saqmianobis poziciidan~. 49 `sasamarTlo xelisuflebis~ 

Sesaxeb ufro seriozuli midgomis dasawyiss miekuTvneba 80-iani wlebis bolo 

da 90-iani wlebis periodi. aRiarebul iqna, ra `sasamarTlo xelisuflebis~ gagebis 

uqonloba da rom sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis manZilze sasamarTlo xelisuflebas 

arasodes ekava saTanado adgili da ar iyo damoukidebeli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan 

da sxva xelisuflebis Stoebisagan~. 50 

63


N1 

da 

kanoni 

ùnda aRiniSnos aseve, rom mosamarTleTa materialuri mdgomareoba gaxldaT imdenad 

mZime (rigiTi mosamarTlis xelfasi, romelsac hqonda mcire staJi, Seadgenda 180 

maneTs), rom bevr mosamarTles ubiZgebda qrTamis aRebisaken.~ 51 

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg, sameurneo urTierTobebis ganviTarebas- 

Tan erTad, gaCnda aucilebloba saxelmwifo sawarmoebsa da organizaciebs Soris davebis 

gadawyvetis mizniT specialuri organos Seqmnisa. am mizniT 1922 wels Seiqmna 

saarbitraJo komisiebi. 1931 wels, mmarTvelobis organoebis sistemaSi Seiqmna saxelmwifo 

arbitraJi dawesebulebaTa, sawarmoTa da sabWoTa sameurneo organizaciaTa Soris 

qonebrivi davebis gadasawyvetad. Camoyalibda ori saxis arbitraJi _ saxelmwifo da 

sauwyebo. saxelmwifo arbitraJSi wydeboda davebi sxvadasxva uwyebaTa daqvemdebarebis 

sawarmoTa da organizaciaTa Soris, xolo sauwyeboSi ki, erT uwyebas daqvemdebarebul 

organizaciebs Soris (saministros, komitetis da sxva daqvemdebarebis). 52 

arbitraJebis saqmianobam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina 1965 wlis sameurneo 

reformis Semdeg, rodesac daiwyo saxalxo meurneobis gadayvana dagegmvisa da ekonomikuri 

stimulirebis axal sistemaze. 53 

saxelmwifo arbitraJis saboloo etapi dakavSirebulia 1977 wels, ssrk konstituciis 

miRebisTan, sadac arbitraJi cnobil iqna sakonstitucio organod. saxelmwifo 

arbitraJis muSaobis organizacia da wesi pirvelad ganisazRvra 1979 wlis 30 noembers 

miRebuli ssrk-is kanoniT `ssrk saxelmwifo arbitraJis Sesaxeb.~ 54 am kanonis miRebamde 

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo arbitraJis saqmianoba regulirdeboda 1974 wlis 14 maisis 

specialuri debulebiT. 55 ssrk ministrTa sabWos 1980 wlis 5 ivnisis dadgenilebiT damtkicda 

saxelmwifo arbitraJis mier sameurneo davebis ganxilvis wesebi. 56 

profesori rene davidi sabWoTa arbitraJis Sesaxeb werda, rom `davis dasaxelebuli 

kategoria imitomac ar SeiZleba sasamarTloebs gadaeces, rom sasamarTloebis dakompleqtebis 

wesi ver uzrunvelyofs amgvari davis sakmaod kvalificiur gadawyvetas. 

roca moqalaqeTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis interesebsa da garemoebebzea saubari, ar- 

CeviT mosamarTles, zogadi kompetenciiT, SeuZlia dava gadawyvitos da kanoni gamoiyenos. 

saxelmwifo da sameurneo sawarmoebs Soris warmoSobil davas ki, sruliad sxva 

xasiaTi aqvs, maTi gadawyveta organizaciul-teqnikur normebs ufro ukavSirdeba, vidre 

samarTlisa da moralis gagebas. 57 

rac Seexeba ssrk-is saxelmwifo arbitraJis organoebs, is Sedgeboda ssrk ministrTa 

sabWosTan arsebuli saxelmwifo arbitraJisagan, aseve, mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikebisa 

da ministrTa sabWoebTan, mSromelTa deputatebis samxareo, saolqo da saqalaqo 

(moskovi, leningradi) sabWoebis aRmaskomebTan arsebuli saxelmwifo arbitra- 

Jebisagan (saqarTvelos ssr-Si Semaval avtonomiur respublikebSi da samxreT oseTis 

avtonomiur olqSi arbitraJi ar arsebobda). saxelmwifo arbitraJis organoebs saTaveSi 

edgnen mTavari arbitrebi da maTi moadgileebi. arbitraJSi saqme aRiZvreboda dainteresebuli 

mxaris mier an arbitraJis mier. davas ganixilavdnen saxelmwifo arbitri da 

mxareTa warmomadgenlebi. arbitraJis gadawyvetileba dauyovnebliv Sedioda ZalaSi. 

gadawyvetilebis Sesasruleblad arbitraJi gamoscems brZanebas. arbitraJi saministros 

(uwyebis) organo iyo da iqmneboda mis aparatSi da muSaobda misi xelmZRvanelobiT. 58 

64

progresulad unda iqnes miCneuli, rom rogorc sakavSiro, ise saqarTvelos ss respublikis 

kanonmdebloba aseve, iTvaliswinebda samoqalaqo davebis samediatoro sasamarTloebis 

mier gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas. saqarTvelos ssr samoqalaqo saproceso 

kodeqsi Seicavda danarTs #3 saxelwodebiT, `debuleba samediatoro sasamarTloebis 

Sesaxeb~. am debulebis 1 muxlis Sesabamisad, `moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT maT Soris warmo- 

Sobili yoveli dava gadasces gansaxilvelad samediatoro sasamarTlos, garda davisa, 

romelic gamomdinareobs SromiTi da ojaxuri urTierTobidan.~ debulebis me-7 muxlis 

Sesabamisad, `saqmis ganxilva samediatoro sasamarTloSi usasyidlod warmoebs~. debulebis 

me-2 muxliT, sasamarTlo iqmneboda mxareTa SeTanxmebiT erTi an ramdenime mosamarTlisagan, 

romelTac irCevdnen mxareebi. samediatoro sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba 

Tanaxmad, saproceso kodeqsis 352-e muxlis me-10 punqtisa eqvemdebareboda iZulebiT 

aRsrulebas. zemoaRniSnuli debulebis me-17 muxliT iZulebiTi aRsruleba SesaZlebeli 

iyo saxalxo sasamarTlos mier gacemuli saaRsrulebo furcliT. garda droebiT 

konkretuli saqmeTa gadawyvetisaTvis Seqmnili samediatoro sasamarTloebisa, moqmedebda 

mudmivmoqmedi samediatoro sasamarTloebi. 59 

sabWoTa saqarTveloSi aseve, arsebobda arCeviTi sazogadoebrivi organo amxanaguri 

sasamarTlo, romelic iqmneboda sawarmoebSi, dawesebulebebSi, organizaciebSi, umaRles 

da saSualo spec. saswavleblebSi, kolmeurneobebSi, dabebsa da soflebSi, saxlmmarTvelobebsa 

da quCis komitetebTan. sasamarTlos wevrebs weliwadSi erTxel Ria 

kenWisyriT irCevda mSromelTa koleqtivis saerTo kreba. amxanaguri sasamarTloebi 

ganixilavdnen Sromis disciplinis darRvevis da administraciuli gadacdomebis SemTxvevebs, 

roca saqme gadacemuli iyo saTanado organoebis mier, aseve, zogierTi samoqalaqo 

samarTlebrivi saqme (sacxovrebel da arasacxovrebel SenobaTa dazianeba, moqalaqeTa 

dava damxmare saTavsoebiT sargeblobis Taobaze da sxva). saqmeebi ganixileboda 

Ria sxdomaze da gadawyvetileba cxaddeboda sajarod. samarTaldamrRvevze SeiZleboda 

gamoyenebuli yofiliyo gafrTxileba, sazogadoebrivi gakicxva, jarima, sayveduri 

da sxva. gamotanili gadawyvetileba saboloo iyo, magram Tu igi ewinaaRmdegeboda 

saqmis garemoebebs an moqmed kanonmdeblobas, profkavSiris Sesabamisi komitetis an adgilobrivi 

sabWos aRmaskomis winadadebiT amxanaguri sasamarTlo saqmes xelaxla arCevda. 60 

rac Seexeba saaRsrulebo warmoebas, is daregulirebuli gaxldaT 1964 wlis redaqciis 

saqarTvelos ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis V kariT. amave kodeqsis 

362-e muxliT, `sasamarTloebisa da sxva organoebis dadgenilebaTa aRsrulebas 

awarmoebdnen sasamarTlo aRmasruleblebi, romlebic raionul (saqalaqo) saxalxo sasamarTloebTan 

funqcionirebdnen.~ 363-e muxliT, kvlav, `gadawyvetilebaTa droulad 

da sworad aRsrulebaze kontrols axorcielebs mosamarTle.~ SemdgomSi sasamarTlo 

aRmasruleblebi aRmoCndnen ormag daqvemdebarebaSi, kerZod, maT niSnavda da aTavisuflebda 

iusticiis ministri, Tumca, isini sasamarTloebTan iyvnen da maT xelmZRvanelobas 

sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare axorcielebda. aseTma Taviseburma ormagma daqvemdebarebam 

realurad gamoiwvia sasamarTlo aRmasruleblebis moqmedebaTa ukontroloba. 

61 garda aRniSnulisa, sasamarTlo aRmasruleblis moqmedebis kanonierebaze kontrols 

axorcielebda prokuratura. 62 

65


N1 

da 

kanoni 

unda aRiniSnos, rom 1964 wlis redaqciis saqarTvelos ssr-is axali samoqalaqo samarTlis 

saproceso kodeqsiT arsebiTi cvlilebebi saaRsrulebo warmoebaSi ar ganxorcielebula. 

garda zemoaRniSnulisa, saaRsrulebo warmoeba regulirdeboda 1985 

wlis 15 noembers ssrk-is ministrTa sabWos brZanebiT damtkicebuli instruqciiT `saaRsrulebo 

warmoebaTa Sesaxeb.~ 63 

daskvna 

saqarTvelSi, sabWoTa aneqsiis Semdeg, Camoyalibda aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze 

da mis politikur nebaze mniSvnelovnad damokidebuli sasamarTlo sistema. sabWoTa 

kanonmdebloba ar scnobda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis danawilebas ramdenime Stod. 

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo organo sabWoTa periodSi saerTod ar 

ganixileboda, rogorc `xelisufleba~. sasamarTloze prokuraturis zedamxedveli 

funqcia mniSvnelovnad zRudavda mis damoukideblobas da Sesabamisad, gamoricxavda 

samarTliani sasamarTlos arsebobas. samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvisas, sasamarTlos 

inkviciziuri xasiaTi, prokuroris monawileoba da misi SeuzRudavi roli ugulebelyofda 

iseT saproceso principebs, rogoricaa dispoziciurobis, SejibrebiTobis 

da sxva principi, rac procesis monawile mxareebis uflebaTa arsebiTad SelaxvaSi 

vlindeboda. 

marTalia, kanoniT aRiarebuli iyo mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba da mosamarTled 

gamweseba xdeboda arCevnebis gziT, magram, aRniSnuli realurad ver uzrunvelyofda 

maT damoukideblobas, vinaidan arCevnebi atarebda formalur xasiaTs da amasTan, 

aucilebeli iyo kandidatisaTvis komunisturi partiis wevroba, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavda 

mosamarTlis obieqturobas da damoukideblobas, vinaidan partiuli interesi 

yvela sxva interesze maRla idga. aseve, sabWoTa sasamarTlos erT-erTi uaryofiTi 

momenti iyo mosamarTleTa da msajulTa arakvalificiuroba. 

garda zemoaRniSnulisa, aseve, uaryofiTad unda Sefasdes sabWoTa sasamarTlo sistemaSi 

apelaciis uqonloba. 

rac Seexeba saaRsrulebo warmoebas, unda iTqvas, rom igi mTeli sabWoTa periodis 

ganmavlobaSi, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi naklebad efeqturi 

iyo. 

miuxedavad yovelive zemoaRniSnulisa, sabWoTa periodis samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba 

da aRsruleba ar SeiZleba Sefasdes mxolod uaryofiTad, vinaidan aRniSnuli 

periodis ganmavlobaSi, sxva rom araferi, dagrovda mdidari sasamarTlo praqtika. 

aseve, pozitiurad unda miviCnioT davebis gadawyvetis sasamarTlos alternatiuli 

saSualebebis _ arbitraJis, samediatoro da amxanaguri sasamarTloebis arseboba. Tumca, 

msgavsad sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa, aRniSnuli sistemebic gaxldnen politizebuli, 

vinaidan saqmis politikuri da saproceso mniSvneloba erTimeorisagan ganuyoflad 

iyo miCneuli. 64 

66

migvaCnia, rom Tanamedrove periodSi mimdinare samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis reformis 

warmatebisaTvis ualternativo gzaa aramarto sasamarTlo sistemis da saproceso 

kanonmdeblobis srulyofa, aramed iseTi sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, romlis 

pirobebSic erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis sistemaSi 

miCenili eqneba davaTa gadawyvetis saSualebebs sasamarTlos alternatiuli gzebiT. 

gamoyenebuli literatura 

1. Ghttp://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi 

respublika; 

2. sergi jafariZe, samoqalaqo procesi, iusticiis saxalxo komisariatis 

gamomcemloba, tfilisi, 1926, gv. 10; 

3. iqve, gv. 16; 

4. iqve, gv. 17; 

5. iqve, gv. 16; 

6. iqve, gv. 32; 

7. iqve, gv. 32; 

8. iqve, gv. 32; 

9. iqve, gv. 14; 

10. iqve, gv. 23; 

11. iqve, gv. 24; 

12. Ïðîô. Ãóðâè÷, Îñíîâû Ñîâåòñêîé êîíñòèòóöèè, èçä. 4-îå, ñò. 78-79; 

13. sergi jafariZe, samoqalaqo procesi, iusticiis saxalxo komisariatis 

gamomcemloba, tfilisi, 1926, gv. 66, 67; 

14. iqve, gv. 67, 68; 

15. iqve, gv. 68; 

16. iqve, gv. 142; 

17. iqve, gv. 143; 

18. iqve, gv. 144; 

19. iqve, gv. 144; 

20. iqve, gv. 145; 

21. iqve, gv. 145, 146; 

22. iqve, gv. 152; 

23. iqve, gv. 140; 

24. Ä. ß. Ìàëåèøèí, èñïîëíèòåüíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî (ôóíêöèè ñóäà), 2-å 

èçäàíèå, ïåðåðàáîòàíîå è äîïîëíåíîå, îàî Èçäàòåëüñêèé äîì “Ãîðîäåö”, 

Ìîñêâà, 2005, ñ. 39; 

67


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25. iqve, gv. 141; 

26. saqarTvelos ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, gamomcemloba 

`saxelgami~, 1956; 

27. s. abramovi, samoqalaqo samarTlis procesi, wigni 5, saqarTvelos ssr 

saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1952, gv. 58; 

28. iqve, gv. 67; 

29. Âûñøèé ñóäåáíèé îðãàí ÑÑÑÐ, “Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà”, Ìîñêâà, 

1984, ñ. 14; 

30. s. abramovi, samoqalaqo samarTlis procesi, wigni 5, saqarTvelos 

ssr saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1952, gv. 57, 58; 

31. iqve, gv. 63; 

32. Âûñøèé ñóäåáíèé îðãàí ÑÑÑÐ, “Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà”, Ìîñêâà, 

1984, ñ. 12; 

33. iqve, gv. 15; 

34. b. a. liskoveci da g. v. Cugunovi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa aRsruleba, 

saxalxo mosamarTlis biblioTeka, wigi 9, `saxelgami~, 1954, 

gv. 8, 9; 

35. iqve, gv. 39; 

36. iqve, gv. 14; 

37. iqve, gv. 44; 

38. s. abramovi, samoqalaqo samarTlis procesi, wigni 5, saqarTvelos 

ssr saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1952, gv. 213; 

39. iqve, gv. 214; 

40. b.a. liskoveci da g. v. Cugunovi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa aRsruleba, 

saxalxo mosamarTlis biblioTeka, wigni 9, `saxelgami~, 1954, 

gv. 187; 


saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1952, gv. 217; 

42. b.a. liskoveci da g. v. Cugunovi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa aRsruleba, 

saxalxo mosamarTlis biblioTeka, wigni 9, `saxelgami~, 1954, 

gv. 170; 

43. s. abramovi, samoqalaqo samarTlis procesi, saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 

1952, gv. 218; 

44. `saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos uwyebebi~, 1964, #36, mux. 662; 

45. Àâòîðñêèé êîëëåêòèâ, Ñîâåòñêèé ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, èçä.-âî “Þðèäè- 

÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà”, Ìîñêâà, 1985, ñ. 42; 

46. rene daviTi, Tanamdroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi, gamomcemloba 

ganaTleba, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 187; 

47. iqve, gv. 189; 

48. Âàøèíñêèé Å. Â., æóðíàë, “Àðáèòðàæíûé è ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ”, 

èçäàòåëêàÿ ãðóïïà “Þðèñò”, 2003, ¹2, ñ. 12; 

49. À. Ñ. Áåçíàñþê, Õ.Ó. Ðóñòàìîâ, ”Ñóäåáíàÿ âëàñòü”, Ó÷åáíèê, èçä-âî 

þíèòè-äàíà, Ìîñêâà, 2002, ñ. 25; 

50. òàìæå. Ñ. 28; 

51. Âàøèíñêèé Å. Â., æóðíàë “Àðáèòðàæíûé è ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ”, 

èçäàòåëüêàÿ ãðóïïà “Þðèñò”, 2003, ¹2, ñ.12; 

68

52. Ä.Õ. Ñàèäóìîâ, Íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë “Ñîâðåìåííîå ïðàâî”, 

èçä-âî íîâûé èíäåêñ, 2010, ¹10, c. 98; 

53. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia tomi I, specialuri samecniero 

redaqcia, Tbilisi 1975 w. gv. 547; 

54. Ä.Õ. ñàèäóìîâ, Íàó÷íî-ïðàòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë “Ñîâðåìåííîå ïðàâî”, 

èçä-âî íîâèé èíäåêñ, 2010, ¹10, c. 98; 



56. Àâòîðñêèé êîëëåêòèâ, Ñîâåòñêèé ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, èçä.-âî “Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ 

ëèòåðàòóðà”, Ìîñêâà, 1985, ñ. 438, 439; 

57. rene daviTi, Tanamdroveobis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi sistemebi, 

gamomcemloba ganaTleba, Tbilisi 1993 w. gv. 181; 



59. Àâòîðñêèé êîëëåêòèâ, Ñîâåòñêèé ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, èçä.-âî “Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ 

ëèòåðàòóðà”, Ìîñêâà, 1985, ñ. 489, 490; 



61. Ä. ß. Ìàëåèøèí, Èñïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî (ôóíêöèè ñóäà), 2-å 

èçäàíèå, ïåðåðàáîòàííîå è äîïîëíåíîå, ÎÀÎ Èçäàòåëüêèé äîì “Ãîðîäåö”, 

Ìîñêâà, 2005, ñ. 40,41; 

62. Â.À. Ãóðååâ, Â.Â. Ãóùèí, Èñïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî, èçä.-âî “Åêñìî”, 

Ìîñêâà, 2009, ñ. 42; 

63. iqve, gv. 43; 


saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1952, gv. 56. 

69


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ISSUES OF CIVIL 

PROCEEDINGS AND 

EXECUTION IN 

THE SOVIET GEORGIA 

ZURAB CHKONIA 

Doctoral Candidate, Technical University of Georgia 

After the Soviet annexation of Georgia, the Judicial system of the state 

became significantly dependant upon the executive authorities and their political 

wills. The Soviet legislation did not recognize the separation of state 

authorities into several branches. Therefore, during the Soviet era, the judicial 

body was not considered as an “authority” at all. The supervisory function 

of the prosecutor’s office over the judiciary, limited its independence 

and accordingly possibility of having fair trial was completely excluded. While 

considering the civil cases, the inquisitive nature of the court, prosecutor’s 

participation and his/her unrestricted role would disregard proceeding principles 

of disposition, adversity and others, that were reflected in substantial 

violation of the rights of the Parties. 

The law officially recognized the independence of judges and they were 

elected on the bases of elections, but in reality, it still failed to guarantee their 

independence. The elections were just a formality and at the same time, the 

potential candidates were required to be the members of the Communist 

party, which automatically excluded the possibility of having objective and 

independent judge, since the Party interest was the priority. Lack of qualified 

judges was one more negative side of the Soviet Judiciary. 

Besides the above mentioned, the negative side of the soviet system was 

the lack of possibility for the appeal. 

As for the execution proceedings, we should say that during the entire 

period of soviet time, in Georgia, as well as in entire Soviet Union, it was less 

effective. 

70

Besides all above mentioned, the civil case proceedings during the soviet time and the execution may not be 

evaluated only as negative. Along with other things, during this period, we have collected a very reach court 

practice. Also, a very positive thing was possibility of alternative dispute resolution through arbitrage, mediation 

and friendship courts. Although, similar to the judiciary, the above-mentioned systems were also extremely politicized. 

As the procedural and political meaning of the case were not differentiated. 

We believe that in modern times, in order to ensure the success of the civil case proceedings, the only successful 

way is not just reformation of the judiciary and procedural legislations, but also introducing the legislation that 

will allow and even prioritize the alternative dispute resolutions in civil case proceedings. 

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vindikaciuri sarCeli, 

rogorc sanivTo 

uflebis dacvis 

samarTlebrivi saSualeba 

Ibi jus, ibi remedium _ sadac uflebaa, iqvea misi dacvis saSualebac 

laura miqava 

zugdidis raionuli sasamarTlos mosamarTle, 

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo 

universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti 

sakuTrebis uflebis dacva samarTlis arsebobisa da samarTlebrivi 

sistemis funqcionirebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi 

qvakuTxedia. sakuTrebis ufleba adamianis 

fundamentur uflebaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romlis gareSec 

SeuZlebelia demokratiuli saxelmwifos arseboba. 

saqarTvelos sakonstituco sasamarTlos erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi 

vkiTxulobT: `sakuTreba aris instituti, romelic 

saxelmwifos ekonomikur safuZvels warmoadgens. 

sakuTrebis uflebis dacva ucxoa totalitaruli saxelmwifosaTvis, 

xolo demokratiuli, samarTlebrivi da socialuri 

saxelmwifosaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia 

erTi mxriv, sakuTrebis, rogorc institutis konstituciursamarTlebrivi 

garantireba, xolo meore mxriv _ mesakuTrisaTvis, 

rogorc subieqtisaTvis uflebis samarTlebrivi 

dacvis sakmarisi saSualebebis miniWeba, misi xel- 

Sewyobisa da uzrunvelyofis garantiebis Seqmna. sakuTrebis 

uflebis ignorireba gamoricxavs Tavisufali sabazro 

ekonomikis ganviTarebas mTlianad sazogadoebisa da mis 

calkeul wevrTa Rirseuli cxovrebis uzrunvelyofas da 

politikur, ekonomikur Tu socialur stabilurobas. de- 

72

mokratiuli, samarTlebrivi da socialuri saxelmwifos ekonomikuri siZliere swored 

sakuTrebis uflebis pativiscemasa da dacvas eyrdnoba.~ 1 

sakuTrebis ufleba warmoSobilia adamianis bunebidan, vinaidan igi individualuri 

survilebis ganviTarebis saSualebaa. sakuTreba fundamentur rols asrulebs ekonomikaSi 

imdenad, ramdenadac uzrunvelyofs qonebis mimoqcevas, mis moxmarebasa da eqspluatacias, 

simdidris wyaros. sakuTreba aris konkretuli gamoyeneba Tavisuflebisa 

romelic icavs adamianebis Tanasworobas sakuTrebaze Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomobis 

meSveobiT da aseve, icavs maT Rirsebas, qonebis gamoyenebisas pasuxismgeblobis gziT. 

sakuTreba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis safuZvelia, 

misi dacva Tanabar SesaZleblobas iZleva, arapirdapir uzrunvelvyoT mTeli rigi fundamenturi 

uflebebis dacva (mrewvelobis Tavisufleba, socialuri da ekonomikuri 

urTierTobebis Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Rirseba, samarTali). 2 

bunebrivia, demokratiuli saxelmwifos arseboba praqtikulad, SeuZlebelia sakuTrebis 

uflebis dasacavad myari samarTlebrivi garantiebis Seqmnisa da maTi realurad 

uzrunvelyofis gareSe. 

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sakuTrebis ufleba waruvali da uzenaesi adamianuri Rirebulebaa, 

demokratiuli sazogadoebisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos qvakuTxedia. 

Tumca, sakuTrebis uflebis ganxorcielebam ar unda daarRvios sxvaTa uflebebi, sakuTrebiT 

sargebloba imavdroulad unda emsaxurebodes saerTo keTildReobas, vinaidan 

sakuTreba adamianis yofierebis arsebiTi safuZvelia. aseve aRiniSna isic, rom 

sakuTrebis ufleba adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa jgufs ganekuTvneba, xolo `ZiriTadi 

uflebebis dacva SeuZlebelia, Tuki, ar arsebobs uflebaTa saerTo wesrigi. es wesrigi 

adamianis organizmiviTaa da rac ufro janmrTelia igi, miT ufro garantirebulia 

aRniSnuli uflebebis dacva. sakuTrebis uflebis garantiebs sakuTrebiTi wesrigi 

qmnis. samoqalaqo brunvis wesrigi safuZvelia samoqalaqo uflebebis realizaciisaTvis. 

nebismieri uflebis dacva samarTlebrivi wesrigis sivrceSi unda jdebodes~. 3 saqarTveloSi 

sakuTrebis arsebobis da dacvis fundamentur garantias qmnis saqarTvelos 

konstitucia, romlis 21-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, `sakuTreba da memkvidreobis 

ufleba aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofilia. dauSvebelia sakuTrebis, misi SeZenis, 

gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT miRebis sayovelTao uflebis gauqmeba.~ sakuTrebis ufleba 

aRiarebulia adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli 

konvenciis pirveli damatebiTi oqmiT, romlis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad: `yovel fizikur 

da iuridiul pirs aqvs Tavisi sakuTrebiT Seuferxeblad sargeblobis ufleba...~ 

2001 wlis 27 dekembers, saqarTvelos parlamentma 1950 wlis evropuli konvenciis pirveli 

damatebiTi oqmis ratificireba moaxdina, 4 riTac Tavisi iurisdiqciis farglebSi, 

sakuTar Tavze aiRo sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba. swored 

saxelmwifos valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos sakuTrebis ufleba, moiTxovs Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi 

wesrigis, maT Soris, kerZosamarTlebrivi wesrigis Seqmnas. sakuTrebis 

uflebis sruli da efeqtiani dacvisaTvis aucilebelia adekvaturi, srulyofili da 

detalurad gawerili procedurebis arseboba, raTa mesakuTrem SeZlos qonebis kuTvnilebis 

marTlzomierebaze dava da am gziT uzrunvelyofil iqnes sakuTrebis insti- 

73


N1 

da 

kanoni 

tutis xelSeuxebloba. yovelive es kanonmdebels avaldebulebs, Seqmnas materialur 

da procesualur normaTa iseTi sistema, romelic am institutis arsebobas eWvqveS ar 

daayenebs. 

samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania samarTlebrivi garantiebi sakuTrebis 

uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. Tavis mxriv, sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvis garantiebi 

gamoxatulebas poulobs kanonis calkeul normebSi, romlebic akontroleben 

sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebul uflebebs, adgenen misi ganxorcielebis wesebsa da dacvis 

saSualebebs. es normebi unda icavdes TiToeuli piris sakuTrebis uflebas, rac aseve, 

moicavs mesakuTris samarTlebriv SesaZleblobas, nebismieri sxva piris mxridan mis 

sakuTrebaSi ukanono Carevis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis uflebis dasacavad sarCeliT 

warsdges sasamarTloSi. sainteresoa, evro sasamarTlos ganmarteba, sadac saubaria, 

rom `nebismieri RonisZieba, romelic ereva sakuTrebiT daubrkoleblad sargeblobis 

uflebis gamoyenebaSi, samarTlian wonasworobas unda amyarebdes sazogadoebis zogadi 

interesis moTxovnilebebsa da individis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis moTxovnebs 

Soris.~ 5 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sakuTrebis uflebis 

garanti kanonis uzenaesobaa, xolo kanonis uzenaesobis umaRlesi damcveli _ sasamar- 

Tlo. davis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod sasamarTlos gziT sakuTrebis dacvas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos 

am fundamenturi uflebis realizacia. 

sasamarTlos gziT sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis samoqalaqosamarTlebriv saSualebebs 

Soris erT-erT umniSvnelovanes da uZveles samarTlebriv meqanizms vindikaciuri 

sarCeli warmoadgens, romlis ZaliTac mesakuTre uflebamosilia sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan 

gamoiTxovos nivTi (moaxdinos nivTis vindicireba). vindikaciuri sarCeli, 

rogorc sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis sanivTosamarTlebrivi saSualeba, uzrunvelyofs 

kanonis ZaliT sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas. vindikaciur sarCels mravali qveynis samar- 

Tali icnobs, Tavdapirvelad ki, igi Zveli romis civilur samarTalSi warmoiSva (rei 

vindicatio da actio negatoria). gaiusis 6 azriT _ sanivToa sarCeli (actio in rem), roca vacxadebT 

pretenzias sxeulebrivi nivTis kuTvnilebaze. nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobisaTvis 

romis samarTlis mixedviT saWiro iyo nivTis gadacema _ "tradicio". adamianebs 

Soris nivTebis Taobaze warmoqmnili urTierTobebi sanivTo samarTliT wesrigdeboda, 

romliTac calkeul pirTa an pirTa jgufebisaTvis nivTebis kuTvnilebis forma da maTi 

sruli gankargvis dadgena xdeboda. Zveli romauli samarTlis mixedviT nivTze sakuTrebis 

uflebis (dominium) 7 safuZvelze, nivTis mimarT nivTis mesakuTres absoluturi 

samarTlebrivi pozicia hqonda. nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis Taobaze gamarTul sasamar- 

Tlo procesze (in rem) mesakuTres, nebismier mesame pirze, maT Soris, imave nivTze raime 

sxva uflebis mqoneze, gacilebiT myari samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba hqonda. amitom 

sakuTrebis uflebiT yovelgvari samarTlebrivi SezRudvis gareSe, nivTze piris abstraqtuli 

kuTvnileba (proprietas) sruli moculobiT igulisxmeboda. maSasadame, mxolod 

mesakuTres SeeZlo eTqva, rom nivTi mxolod mas ekuTvnoda (meum esse aio). 

romauli samarTlis mixedviT, `vindikaciur sarCelze ufleba mesakuTres eniWeboda 

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac vinme TavisTan akavebda mesakuTris kuTvnil nivTs da ar ubrunebda 

mas. amdenad, pirs sakuTrebis uflebis srulad darRvevisas rei vindicatio 

74

eniWeboda. 8 `vindikaciuri sarCelis meSveobiT mflobel aramesakuTres edaveboda 

mesakuTre aramflobeli. TiToeuli modave mxareTagani acxadebda magistratis winaSe 

sakuTari mesakuTruli uflebebis Sesaxeb da Tavisi naTqvamis dasadastureblad joxs 

_ `viniktas~ daadebda sadavo nivTs. aqedan warmoiSva saxelwodeba – vindikacuri 

procesi, sadac mosarCeles awva mtkicebis tvirTi _ ònus propadi~. es ki imas niSnavda, 

rom mosarCeles unda emtkicebina, rom sadavo nivTi mas ekuTvnoda sakuTrebis uflebiT, 

xolo mopasuxe ar iyo valdebuli raime emtkicebina misi uflebis Sesaxeb. ìTvleboda, 

rom mopasuxis sasargeblod metyvelebda TviT nivTis flobis faqti. im SemTxvevaSi, 

Tu mosarCele ver SeZlebda Tavisi kanonieri uflebis damtkicebas, rom nivTi 

mas ekuTvnoda sakuTrebis uflebiT, mas sarCelze uars etyodnen. romis samoqalaqo 

samarTals Camoyalibebuli hqonda wesi: sadac me vipovni Cems nivTs, iq vavendicireb _ 

vibruneb (Ubi meam rem invenio, ibi eam vindicio). Rei indicatio-s meSveobiT xdeboda mesakuTris 

uflebis dacva, romelsac misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod CamoarTves nivTis flobis ufleba. 

civilur mesakuTres SeeZlo vindikaciuri sarCelis wardgena im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 

moxdeboda mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli nivTis flobis xelyofa. mosarCele sasarCelo 

moTxovnas im mopasuxes uyenebda, romelic uSualod flobda sadavo nivTs. 

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, davis SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxes ukeTesi mdgomareoba hqonda, 

vinaidan swored mosarCeles awva mtkicebis tvirTi, rom sadavo nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba 

mxolod mas ekuTvnoda, amitom xSirad vindikaciur process win uswrebda ganxilva, 

Tu ramdenad marTlzomierad flobda nivTs mopasuxe. romauli samarTlis mixedviT, 

nivTze mflobelobis aRdgena sami aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT unda momxdariyo: 1. nivTis 

nayofisa da damatebiTi nawilebis daangariSeba; 2. im xarjebis dacva, rolmlebic nivTis 

mflobelma nivTis mimarT gaswia; 3. nivTisaTvis miyenebuli zianis an zaralis Sedegebi. 

samive aspeqtis Sinaarsze gavlenas axdenda mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, 

iyo Tu ara nivTis faqtobrivi mflobeli-mopasuxe keTilsindisieri an arakeTilsindisieri 

(possessio icesta, possesssio inuista (vitiosa)) SemZeni. 

romis samarTlis mixedviT, nivTi mesakuTres ubrundeboda nayofisa da namatis CaTvliT. 

mflobelis mier nivTis mimarT gaweuli xarjebi sami kriteriumiT fasdeboda: 1. 

aucilebeli xarjebi, romelTa gaweva gardauvali iyo nivTis Senaxvis mizniT; 2. sasargeblo 

xarjebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves nivTis gadidebas an gaumjobesebas; 3. TviTneburi 

an fuWi xarjebi, romelTa mizani ar iyo sameurneo efeqtis miReba da Sesabamisad, 

ar SeiZleboda maTi xarjebis safasurSi CaTvla. klasikur samarTalSi, keTilsindisieri 

mflobelis mier gaweuli saWiro da sasargeblo xarjebis anazRaureba nivTis mesakuTres 

evaleboda, Tu aseTi xarjebis gaweva davis sagnis (litis colntestatio) dadgenamde 

moxdeboda. keTilsindisieri mflobeli mxolod im zianis gamo agebda pasuxs, romelic 

nivTs misi braleuli qmedebis Sedegad miadga, Tumca, mxolod davis sagnis (litis colntestatio) 

dadgenamde da araviTar SemTxvevaSi, mis Semdgom. arakeTilsindisieri mflobeli ki, 

pasuxismgebeli iyo nebismier viTarebaSi. `nivTi mesakuTres ubrundeboda mflobelis 

keTilsindisierebis miuxedavad, vinaidan romis samoqalaqo samarTali idga SeuzRudavi 

vindikaciis poziciaze.~ 9 qarTul feodalur samarTalSic sapatio adgili hqonda daTmobili 

vindikacias. amasTan dakavSirebiT vaxtang meeqvsis samarTlis wignma Semogvinaxa 

75


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kanoni 

Zveli qarTuli wesi _ `kaci Tavis saqonels icnobs, Suas wyalSi CaeWidebiso~ (158-e 

muxli).~ 10 

romanul-germanuli samarTlebrivi sistemis qveynebSi sakuTrebis uflebis dasacavad 

aseve, gamoiyeneba vindikaciuri sarCeli _ sasarCelo moTxovnis gziT mesakuTris 

mier sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovaze. imdenad, ramdenadac vindikaciur 

sarCels aqvs mizani daicvas mesakuTris interesi konkretuli obieqtis mimarT, 

romelic gamovida mesakuTris xelidan da ara raime kompensaciis micema nivTis dakargvis 

safasurad, is gankuTvnilia mesakuTris uflebis dasacavad individualurad gansazRvrul 

saqonelze an im sagnebze, romlebic SeiZleba iyvnen individualizebulni. 

es ar niSnavs, rom gansazRvrul situaciaSi vindikaciuri sarCelis wardgena ar SeiZleba 

damTavrdes mosarCelis mimarT saTanado anazRaurebis gadaxdiT. aseTi anazRaureba 

gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis samoqalaqo samarTalSi, kerZod, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac 

sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvris Semdeg, saqoneli daiRupa mflobeli-mopasuxis braliT 

(par. 989 gsk). 11 

romis samarTlis gavleniT, rei vindicatio-s iTvaliswinebs franguli samarTali. 

Tumca, aRniSnuli sarCelebi, safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis normaTa Sinaarsidan 

gamomdinare, eniWeboda, rogorc wesi, mxolod miwis nakveTis mesakuTres. 12 safrangeTSi 

wesebi vindikaciur sarCelze ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, magram 

damuSavebulia doqtriniT da sasamarTlo praqtikiT. 13 aseTi SezRudva ar arsebobs 

germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, romelSic sakuTrebis uflebidan gamomdinare, moTxovnis 

uflebebi, maT Soris, nivTis ukanono mflobelobidan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb moTxovnebi 

SemuSavebulia mesame wignis meoTxe TavSi (par. 985-1007 gsk); italiis samoqalaqo 

kodeqsSi sakuTrebis uflebidan gamomdinare moTxovnis uflebebs daTmobili aqvs 948- 

949 muxlebi; kvebekis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi _ 929-e, 953-e muxlebi; holandiis samoqalaqo 

kodeqsSi ki, 5:1 muxlis me-2 punqti. 

germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT vindikaciuria sarCeli, rodesac qonebis 

aramflobeli mesakuTre sarCeliT iTxovs mflobeli aramesakuTris mier am qonebis 

dabrunebas (par. 985, 1004 gsk). germaniis samoqalaqo samarTalSi arsebobs prezumfcia, 

rom moZravi qonebis mflobeli iTvleba mis mesakuTred (par. 1006 gsk); safrangeTis 

samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT (2279 fsk) `moZravi qonebis mflobeloba erTgvarovania 

masze uflebamosilebis~ (analogiurad aris mowesrigebuli es sakiTxi Sveicariis samoqalaqo 

kodeqsiT _ 930 Ssk). `mesakuTres, romelic axorcielebs vindikacias nivTze 

(saqonelze) SeuZlia mimarTos sxvadasxva xerxs, raTa gaaqarwylos miTiTebuli prezumfcia 

da mtkiceba imisa, rom mopasuxe aris am qonebis mflobeli. uwinares yovlisa, mesakuTres 

aqvs saSualeba amtkicos, rom mopasuxis mier ganxorcielebuli mflobeloba 

ar Seesabameba moTxovnebs, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs kanoni mflobelobis dacvaze, mopasuxem 

unda amtkicos kanonieri safuZvlis arseboba _ masze gacemuli sakuTrebis 

ufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ewinaaRmdegeba prezumfcias _ dawesebuls mis sasargeblod 

da Tu is ver SeZlebs daamtkicos aRniSnulis arseboba, nivTi iqneba gamoTxovili, 

anu CamorTmeuli mosarCele-mesakuTris sasargeblod; mesakuTris interesebis 

dasacavad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sxva xerxic, kerZod, mas aqvs ufleba warmo- 

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adginos mopasuxis mier mflobelobis ganxorcielebis arakeTilsindisieri xasiaTis 

mtkicebulebebi. am SemTxvevaSi zemoT naxsenebi prezumfcia ar aTavisuflebs mopasuxemflobels 

nivTze misi mflobelobis safuZvlebze miTiTebisagan, kerZod, man unda 

waradginos mtkicebuleba (aqti), ris safuZvelzec mas ergo es nivTi dabolos, mosarCele-mesakuTrem 

SeiZleba miuTiTos mtkicebulebaze, rom mopasuxem arakeTilsindisierad 

Caigdo xelSi nivTi. magaliTad: icoda, rom is iyo moparuli, dakarguli an 

sxvagvarad gasuli mesakuTris mflobelobidan, es debuleba, rogorc gamonaklisi saerTo 

prezumfciisagan (par. 1006) aRiarebulia agreTve, franguli sasamarTlo praqtikiT. 

vindikaciis pirobebSi mesakuTre valdebulia daamtkicos ara marto qurdobis 

faqti an nivTis dakargva (gaqroba) misi nebis gareSe, aramed nivTis SemZeni mopasuxemflobelis 

arakeTilsindisiereba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis samoqalaqo samarTali (par. 

932 gsk, 933 Ssk, 2-403 aSS, franguli sasamarTlo praqtika), romelic uzrunvlyofs 

keTilsindisieri SemZenis intersebis dacvas, iTvaliswinebs seriozul zRvars mesakuTris 

mier nivTis gamoTxovaze. saerTo principis Tanaxmad, nivTi SeiZleba iyos gamoTxovili 

mesakuTris mier mxolod arakeTilsindisieri mflobelisagan. 14 aseT mflobelad 

igulisxmeba pirovneba, romelic marTlsawinaaRmdegod daeufla nivTs, an icoda, rom 

iZens am nivTs arauflebamosili pirisagan (magaliTad, Semnaxvelisagan, romelic mar- 

TlsawinaaRmdegod daeufla aRniSnul nivTs _ par. 932 gsk). keTilsindisieri mflobelis 

uflebebi kanoniT daculia am nivTis aramflobeli mesakuTrisagan. keTilsindisierad 

iTvleba is mflobeli, romelic uxeSi daudevrobis gareSe moqmedebs, ar icis, 

rom nivTi (saqoneli) ar ekuTvnis mis gamsxvisebels (par. 932 gsk). gamonakliss warmoadgens 

mxolod SemTxveva, roca xdeba iseTi nivTis ukan dabruneba, romelic gamosulia 

mesakuTris mflobelobidan misi nebis gareSe. nivTis vindikaciis SemTxvevaSi, romelic 

SeZenil iqna sajaro bazrobaze (par. 932-935 gsk). 15 moZravi nivTi, keTilsindisierad 

SeZenili nebismieri pirisagan, maT Soris, mis gasxvisebaze arauflebamosilisaganac, 

ar SeiZleba gamoTxovil iqnes mesakuTris mier, is xdeba SemZenis sakuTreba. `piri, romelsac 

aqvs sakamaTo tituli, SeuZlia gadasces srulfasovani tituli keTilsindisier 

SemZens anazRaurebad sawyisebze~ (2-403 aSS). aseTi pozicia ganapirobebs saxelmwifos 

miswrafebas gaamartivos samoqalaqo brunva, gamoricxos SemZenis mier yvela SemTxvevaSi, 

Semowmeba gamsxviseblis uflebamosilebisa, rac xels uSlis samoqalaqo brunvis 

ganviTarebas. miwasTan dakavSirebuli saqmianoba eqvemdebareba specialur gaformebas, 

sadac ufro advilia gamsxviseblis uflebis dadgena. saerTo wesidan keTilsindisieri 

SemZenis dasacavad keTdeba gamonaklisi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra pirobebSi dakarga 

mesakuTrem qoneba, pirveli gamonaklisi aris nivTis dakargva mesakuTris nebis gareSe. 

safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, qurdobis an sxva gziT nivTis dakargvisas 

mesakuTres aqvs ufleba mosTxovos nivTi keTilsindisier mflobels sami wlis vadaSi 

dRidan dakargvisa an qurdobisa (2279 fsk), germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, 

mesakuTre uflebamosilia mosTxovos keTilsindisier SemZens praqtikulad, yvela 

saqonlis dabruneba, romelic misi nebis gareSea gasuli misi mflobelobidan. meore 

gamonaklisi exeba saqonlis vindikacias, romelic SeZenilia sajaro vaWrobis dros 

(auqcionze). germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad, aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar aris daSve- 

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buli nivTis gamoTxova mesakuTris mier (par. 935 gsk). franguli samarTliT vindikacia 

SeiZleba nivTis keTilsindisieri SemZenisagan, magram im pirobiT rom mas gadaecema 

fuladi anazRaureba, rac man gadaixada am nivTze (2280 fsk). amavdroulad mesakuTre 

uflebamosilia moiTxovos misi saqonlis ara marto dabruneba, aramed nivTis nayofi 

da Semosavalic. arakeTilsindisieri mflobeli valdebulia gadasces yvela nayofi da 

Semosavali, romelic miRebuli aqvs qonebis gamoyenebis dros, keTilsindisieri 

mflobeli ki, valdebulia gadasces is nayofi da Semosavali, romelic miRebulia im 

droidan, roca man gaigo arakanonier mflobelobaze an sarCelis wardgenis mere. Tu 

es saqoneli mas aqvs SeZenili anazRaurebis gareSe, maSin is valdebulia nayofi da Semosavali 

gadasces usafuZvlo gamdidrebis wesiT (par. 987-988, 990 gsk). garda valdebulebisa, 

daubrunos nayofi da Semosavali, mflobeli valdebulia aunazRauros mesakuTres 

dakarguli sargebeli (par. 987 gsk). Tanaxmad kvebekis samoqalaqo kodeqsisa, 

nayofsa da Semosavals ubrunebs mxolod keTilsindisieri mflobeli im droidan, roca 

misi mflobeloba gaxda arakeTilsindisieri. mflobels, visganac vindicirebulia (gamoTxovilia) 

nivTi, aqvs ufleba aunazRauron aucilebeli xarjebi mis Senaxvaze. rogorc 

keTilsindisier, ise arakeTilsindisier mflobels aqvs ufleba Sesabamisi anaz- 

Raurebis: safrangeTSi _ mTeli mflobelobis dros (1381 fsk), germaniaSi _ sasamarTloSi 

sarCelis aRZvramde (par. 994 gsk), Sveicariis samoqalaqo kodeqsiT, mxolod ke- 

Tilsindisier mflobels aqvs ufleba xarjebis anazRaurebaze da rogorc germanul 

samarTalSi _ aqvs ufleba iqonios nivTi im dromde, vidre meore mxare ar aanazRaurebs 

xarjebs (939-940 Ssk, par. 1000 gsk). mflobels aseve, aqvs ufleba moiTxovos xarjebis 

anazRaureba, romelic man gaswia saqonlis gaumjobesebaze im dromde, roca misTvis 

cnobili gaxda samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe, mflobelobis Sesaxeb. safrangeTSi, 

SveicariaSi, germaniaSi aseT xarjebs uwodeben sasargeblo xarjebs (1381 fsk, 939 Ssk). 

Tanaxmad, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsisa, isini ganisazRvrebian, rogorc mflobelis 

xarjebi, ris gamoc gaizarda saqonlis Rirebuleba (par. 996 gsk). 16 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, 

vindikaciuri sarCelis pirobebSi mesakuTrisa da nivTis mflobels Soris 

urTierTobebi moicavs Semdegi saxis urTierTmavaldebulebel moTxovnebs: ‘roca mesakuTres 

SeuZlia mosTxovos mflobels nivTis gadacema; roca mesakuTres aqvs ufleba 

mosTxovos zaralis anazRaureba nivTis gauaresebis an ganadgurebasTan dakavSirebiT; 

mesakuTres SeuZlia mosTxovos Semosavlebis dabruneba, miRebuli mflobelis mier 

nivTis gamoyenebis Sedegad; roca mesakuTre piriqiT, valdebulia aunazRauros mflobels 

xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia nivTis SenaxvasTan (e. w. `saWiro xarjebi~). 17 

naTelia, rom vindikaciuri sarCelis arsi sakuTrebis absoluturi bunebidan momdinareobs. 

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 170-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mesakuTres SeuZlia 

kanonismieri an sxvagvari, kerZod, saxelSekrulebo SeboWvis farglebSi Tavisuflad 

flobdes da sargeblobdes qonebiT (nivTiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier am qonebiT 

sargebloba, gankargos igi. amave muxlis me-3 nawilis, agreTve ssk 158-e muxlis Sesabamisad, 

mesakuTres ufleba aqvs ar flobdes an ar sargeblobdes kuTvnili nivTiT. 

amdenad, mesakuTres aqvs sakuTari nivTis Tavisufali flobisa da sargeblobis ufleba, 

Tu ar arsebobs sargeblobis aucilebeli socialuri interesi. es ki, gulisxmobs 

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mesakuTris Tavisuflebas, nebismier dros daeuflos kuTvnil nivTs an isargeblos am 

nivTiT, maT Soris, gamoiTxovos kuTvnili nivTi sxva piris ukanono mflobelobidan. 

ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis ufleba mesakuTris prerogativaa da mas 

SeuZlia nivTis mflobels mosTxovos nivTis dabruneba sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis 

gziT. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, vindikaciuri sarCelis aRZvris safuZveli vlindeba 

ukanono mflobelobaSi arsebuli qonebis gamoTxovaSi _ ukanono, anu samarTlebrivi 

safuZvlis gareSe, mesakuTris nebis sawinaaRmdegod arsebuli qonebis mopasuxis 

mflobelobidan gamoTxovaSi. maSasadame, gansaxilveli sarCeli miznad isaxavs 

arauflebamosil pirTagan nivTis gamoTxovas da mis gadacemas uflebamosili pirisaTvis. 

aRniSnul urTierTobas awesrigebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 172-e muxlis 

pirveli nawili, kerZod, `mesakuTres SeuZlia mflobels mosTxovos nivTis ukan dabruneba, 

garda im SemTxevebisa, roca mflobels hqonda am nivTis flobis ufleba~. mflobelis 

mimarT mesakuTres wardgenili unda hqondes dasabuTebuli pretenzia, amisaTvis 

vindikaciuri sarCeli unda akmayofilebdes ssk 172-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Semadgenel 

sam elements: 

1. mosarCele unda iyos nivTis mesakuTre; 

2. mopasuxe unda iyos nivTis mflobeli; 

3. mopasuxes ar unda hqondes am nivTis flobis ufleba (normis aRwerilobiTi nawilis 

e.w. negatiuri, uaryofiTi Semadgeneli elementi). 

mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac mosamarTle am samive winapirobis (normis aRwerilobiTi 

nawilis Semadgeneli elementebis) arsebobas daadgens, SeuZlia ganawesos samarTlebrivi 

Sedegi: mosarCelis sasargeblod mopasuxisaTvis ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis 

gamoTxovis dakisreba. 18 

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, vindikaciuri sarCelis dakmayofilebis pirveli pirobaa, 

rom mosarCele unda iyos nivTis mesakuTre. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 172-e 

muxlis 1-li nawilis normiT dadgenili moTxovnis ufleba ekuTvnis, rogorc moZravi, 

ise uZravi nivTis mesakuTres. nivTis ukanono mflobelobidan gamoTxova aseve, SeuZlia 

erT-erT TanamesakuTresac, Tu adgili aqvs saerTo sakuTrebaSi arsebul nivTze ukanono 

mflobelobis ganxorcielebas. am SemTxvevaSi, TanamesakuTrem nivTi unda gamoiTxovos 

mxolod mTlianad, yvela TanamesakuTris sasargeblod da ara mxolod Tavisi 

wilis farglebSi (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 173-e muxlis 1-li nawilis me-3 

winadadeba). vindikaciaze uflebis subieqtia mesakuTre (mosarCele), xolo valdebulebis 

subieqtia aramarTlzomieri mflobeli (mopasuxe), romelic faqtobrivad flobs 

sadavo nivTs moTxovnis wardgenis momentisaTvis. `vindikaciis viTarebaSi mesakuTres 

SerCenili aqvs mxolod nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba, romelic TavisTavad aramaterialuri 

uflebaa da vis xelSic ar unda iyos sakuTrebis obieqti, mesakuTres es ufleba ar 

waerTmeva. vindicirebis wesi mTlianad damokidebulia, Tu ra gziTaa gamosuli mesakuTris 

xelidan sakuTrebis obieqti~, 19 iyo Tu ara nivTis mflobeli am nivTis keTilsindisieri 

SemZeni. kanonmdebloba mesakuTrisa da keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesTa 

konfliqtis sakiTxs gansxvavebulad awesrigebs moZravi da uZravi qonebis brunvis 

SemTxvevaSi. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi, wina planze dgas qonebis mesakuTris interesebi, 

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meore SemTxvevaSi, prioriteti eZleva keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesebs. uZrav 

qonebaze sakuTrebis warmoSobisaTvis àucilebelia garigebis werilobiTi formiT 

dadeba da SemZenze am garigebiT gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebis registracia sajaro 

reestrSi~ (ssk 183-e muxli). ùZravi qonebis SeZenis es wesi ganapirobebs keTilsindisieri 

SemZenis interesebis dacvis mowesrigebas. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 185-e muxlSi 

aRniSnulia: `SemZenis interesebidan gamomdinare, gamsxvisebeli iTvleba mesakuTred, 

Tu igi aseTad aris registrirebuli sajaro reestrSi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca 

SemZenma icoda, rom gamsxvisebeli ar iyo mesakuTre~. keTilsindisieri SemZenis aseTi 

uflebrivi mdgomareoba gamowveulia sajaro reestris specifikuri daniSnulebiT 

samoqalaqo brunvis meqanizmSi. ùZravi nivTis gamsxviseblis mesakuTred miCnevisaTvis 

SemZenisaTvis sakmaris safuZvelia, rom gamsxvisebeli mesakuTred registrirebuli 

iyos sajaro reestrSi. Tumca, am wesidan gamonaklisi dadgenilia amave normiT. es is 

SemTxvevaa, rodesac SemZenma icis, rom sajaro reestrSi registrirebuli gamsxvisebeli 

ar aris mesakuTre. amdenad, aRniSnuli normiT dawesebuli SemZenis keTilsindisierebis 

dadgenisaTvis, sakmarisi ar aris mxolod sajaro reestris monacemebis gaTvaliswineba, 

vinaidan mocemul SemTxvevaSi, arsebiTi sakiTxia mesakuTris vinaobisadmi SemZenis 

subieqturi damokidebuleba (icoda Tu ar icoda). Sesabamisad, SemZenis interesebis 

dacvis maregulirebeli normis gamoyenebisas unda Semowmdes rogorc sajaro reestris 

monacemebi, aseve utyuarad unda dadgindes, rom SemZenma ar icoda qonebis sxva 

mesakuTris Taobaze.~ 20 sxva SemTxvevaSi reestris monacemebs kanonmdebeli apriorulad 

utyuarobisa da sisrulis niSniT naTlavs. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 312-e muxliT: `1. reestris 

monacemebis mimarT moqmedebs utyuarobisa da sisrulis prezumfcia e.i. reestris 

Canawerebi iTvleba sworad, vidre ar damtkicdeba maTi uzustoba. 2. im piris 

sasargeblod, romelic garigebis safuZvelze sxva pirisagan iZens romelime uflebas 

da es ufleba gamsxviseblis saxelze iyo reestrSi registrirebuli, reestris Canaweri 

iTvleba sworad, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca am Canaweris sawinaaRmdegod Setanilia 

saCivari, an SemZenma icoda, rom Canaweri uzustoa~. amgvarad, roca saqme exeba uZravi 

qonebis SeZenas, aq sajaro reestris (uflebis registraciis faqtis) sandoobis prezumfcia 

gvaqvs saxeze, romelic warmoadgens samoqalaqo brunvis garants da emsaxureba 

brunvis monawilis interesebis uzrunvelyofas da dacvas. aRniSnuli principis safuZvelze, 

obieqturad arsebuli faqti _ sajaro reestrSi uflebis registracia, icavs 

ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis princips sajaro reestrSi registraciaunarian uflebebis 

gankargvis dros da misi sisworis prezumfcia exeba rogorc adrindeli mesakuTris, 

aseve, axali SemZenis uflebebs. …mag.: a-m sarCeli aRZra sasamarTloSi b-s mimarT 

da moiTxova ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxova im safuZvliT, rom sadavo qoneba 

warmoadgenda mis sakuTrebas, rac dasturdeboda g-sTan dadebuli yidva-gayidvis 

xelSekrulebiT, xolo `b~ aRniSnul qonebas flobda ukanonod. b-m sarCeli ar cno, 

vinaidan igi sadavo qonebas flobda d-sTan dadebuli qiravnobis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. 

sasamarTlom dadgenilad miiCnia, rom sadavo qonebis mesakuTre iyo à~, vinaidan 

misi sakuTrebis ufleba uZrav qonebaze dasturdeboda sajaro reestris monacemebiT, 

xolo `b~ ki, flobda qonebas, magram ar gaaCnda misi flobis ufleba, vinaidan man qirav- 

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nobis xelSekruleba dado d-sTan, romelic ar warmoadgenda aRniSnuli qonebis mesakuTres. 

sasamarTlom sruliad samarTlianad b-s daakisra sadavo farTobis gamonTavisuflebis 

movaleoba. dasaxelebuli normebidan naTlad Cans, rom uZravi nivTis 

keTilsindisieri SeZena am qonebaze sakuTrebis SeZenis TaviseburebiTaa ganpirobebuli. 

uZravi qonebis SeZenisas dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris dgas, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, 

àrbitri~, romelic pasuximgeblobis ZiriTad tvirTs Tavis Tavze iRebs. es àrbitri~ 

sajaro reestria, romlis wyalobiTaa, rom keTilsindisiereba imarjvebs sakuTrebaze. 21 

Tumca, iuridiul literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, ìs garemoeba, rom 

myidveli SeiZleba aRmoCndes keTilsindisieri SemZenis rolSi, romlis mimarTac 

kanonmdebeli ar uSvebs vindikacias, ar unda uSlides mesakuTres xels, waradginos 

sarCeli baTili (arara) garigebis Sedegebidan gamomdinare,~ 22 arara garigebebi samar- 

Tlebriv Sedegebs ar warmoSobs da Sesabamisad, realurad ar moxdeba amgvari nasyidobis 

dros sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema myidvelze, anu aseT SemTxvevebSi, myidvelis 

keTilsindisiereba damabrkolebeli garemoeba ar unda iyos titulovani mesakuTrisaTvis. 

kanonmdeblis aseTi midgoma o. skvorcovis azriT, ganixileba, rogorc xarvezi 

vindikaciis maregulirebel normebSi, kerZod, igi aRniSnavs, rom `xarvezebs vindikaciis 

wesis konstruirebaSi Tanamedrove civilur modelSi iuridiulad mivyavarT sakuTrebis 

uflebis usafuZvlo SeZenis legitimaciisaken, iseT xarvezian faqtebze dayrdnobiT, 

rogoricaa baTili garigebebi.~ 23 

Cvens mier motanil normebSi erTmaneTis pirispir dganan mesakuTre da keTilsindisieri 

SemZeni. rogorc ukve iTqva, maTi mdgomareoba arsebiTad gansxavebulia moZravi 

da uZravi nivTebis SeZenisas. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 186-e muxlidan gamomdinare, moZrav 

qonebaze sakuTrebis SeZena xdeba misi gadacemiT. aq iseTi sinamdvile yalibdeba, rodesac 

erTmaneTis pirispir dganan nivTis mesakuTre da misi SemZeni. maT Soris ar dgas 

araviTari sxva iseTi piri, romelic uxeSad rom vTqvaT, TavisTavze aiRebda raime pasuxismgeblobas. 

nivTis SemZenis bed-iRbali mTlianadaa damokidebuli gamsxviseblis 

samarTlebriv mdgomareobaze da sakuTar windaxedulobaze. ar aRmoCndeba gamsxvisebeli 

mesakuTre _ SemZenis keTilsindisiereba ver gaxdeba yovelTvis misi uflebis dacvis 

iaraRi. umeteswilad, aq sakuTreba imarjvebs keTilsindisierebaze da amis gamo 

orTabrZola mesakuTris sasargeblod mTavrdeba. aseve, samoqalaqo brunvis mniSvnelovani 

Taviseburebaa, rom yoveli mxare im tvirTis matarebeli SeiZleba iyos, romlis 

zidvac mas SeuZlia. roca mtkicdeba, rom igi uZluria zidos es tvirTi, pasuxismgeblobis 

sakiTxic ixsneba. 24 sanivTo samarTalSi moqmedebs principi _ ,,nemo plus iuris ad alium 

transferrepotest quam ipsehabet”, rac niSnavs, rom aravis SeuZlia imaze ukeTesi ufleba gadasces 

sxvas nivTze, rac TviTon mas aqvs. amis Sedegia, rom Tu à~ usasyidlod gadascems `b~-s 

nivTs, romlis mesakuTre aris ara TviTon, aramed `g~, `d~ ver gaxdeba am nivTis mesakuTre. 

Tu d dauflebulia aRniSnul nivTs, `g~-s SeuZlia, aRZras sarCeli `d~-s mimarT 

da gamoiTxovos igi. erTaderTi ufleba, rac `d~-s kanoniT aqvs, aris ufleba, aRZras 

sarCeli à~-s mimarT miyenebuli zianis gamo (meoradi moTxovnis ufleba). sanivTo samarTlis 

xisti wesebis mixedviT, mniSvneloba ara aqvs d-m icoda Tu ara, rom g iyo 

misTvis gadacemuli nivTis mesakuTre da ara à~. sagulisxmoa, rom moZravi nivTis mflo- 

81


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belis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZeni uflebis namdvilobis da aqedan gamomdinare, sandoobis 

varaudi gvaqvs saxeze. es kargad Cans samoqalaqo kodeqsis 158-e muxliT; dadgenilia: 

`1. ivaraudeba, rom nivTis mflobeli aris misi mesakuTre. 2. es wesi ar moqmedebs im 

SemTxvevaSi, roca nivTze sakuTrebiTi urTierTobis xasiaTi vlindeba sajaro 

reestridan. sakuTrebis prezumfcia ar gamoiyeneba arc Zveli mflobelis mimarT, Tu 

man es nivTi dakarga, mopares an sxvagvarad gavida igi misi mflobelobidan. sakuTrebis 

prezumfcia moqmedebs Zveli mflobelis sasargeblod mxolod misi mflobelobis 

periodSi.~ 25 

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis danawesebidan gamomdinare, aseve sayuradReboa, 

namdvili mesakuTris mflobelobidan moZravi nivTis gamosvlis nebiTi momentis gansaz- 

Rvra, anu Tu keTilsindisieri SemZenis mier SeZenili moZravi nivTi mesakuTris mflobelobidan 

gamovida misi nebis gareSe, e. i. mopares, dakarga da a. S. maSin keTilsindisierebis 

miuxedavad, mesame piri ver gaxdeba misi mesakuTre da igi valdebulia, nivTi 

daubrunos namdvil mesakuTres 26 . Tumca, aseT SemTxvevaSi dgeba restituciis sakiTxi. 

sk-is 187-e muxlis 1-li nawilis Tanaxmad, SemZeni xdeba moZravi nivTis mesakuTre maSinac, 

roca gamsxvisebeli ar iyo uflebamosili piri (nivTis mesakuTre), magram SemZeni 

am faqtis mimarT keTilsindisieria. piri keTilsindisieria maSin, roca man ar icoda da 

arc movale iyo, scodnoda is garemoeba, rom gamsxvisebeli ar aris mesakuTre (sk-is 

187-e muxlis I nawilis me-2 winadadeba), magram yovelTvis, roca saeWvo xdeba gamsxviseblis 

uflebamosilebis sakiTxi, sakuTrebis SeZena ar miiCneva keTilsindisierad. aseT 

SemTxvevaSi dagvexmareba sk-is 158-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli mesakuTred yofnis prezumfcia, 

romlis mixedviT, ivaraudeba, rom wina mflobeli misi flobis periodSi iyo 

mesakuTre. urTierTsawinaaRmdego prezumfciaTa konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi, sayurad- 

Reboa, sk-is 158-e muxlis me-2 nawilis me-2 winadadeba: sakuTrebis prezumfcia axlandeli 

mflobelis sasargeblod ar gamoiyeneba Zveli mflobelis mimarT, Tu man es nivTi 

dakarga an mopares. es debuleba zemoT aRniSnul sk-187-e muxlis me-2 nawils exmaureba. 

amiT navaraudevia uflebamosili piris sakuTreba misi mflobelobis periodSi, radgan 

Tu dadgenilia qurdobis faqti, gamoiricxeba Semdgom periodSi sakuTrebis keTilsindisieri 

SeZena da arc erT amJamindel mflobels ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos sk-158-e 

muxlis I nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul prezumfcias. 27 ùmetesoba samarTlis sistemebSi 

zemoT aRniSnuli SeuTavseblobis gadaWra xdeba amgvarad: xelSesaxebi sagnebis SemTxvevaSi 

mxare, romelic keTilsindisierad SeiZens nivTs _ gaxdeba nivTis kanonieri mesakuTre, 

xolo Tavdapirveli mesakuTre kargavs sakuTrebis uflebas da rCeba arakeTilsindisieri 

gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis amara. magaliTad, 

b-m iqirava velosipedi Tavisi axlo megobari a-sgan, raTa gaiseirnos, magram dRis bolos 

man es velosipedi mihyida `c~-s, rom iSovos cota fuli da iyidos ludi, radgan mas 

Zalian moswyurda mTeli dRe velosipedze seirnobis Semdeg. Tu `c~ keTilsindisierad 

moqmedebs, maSin is gaxdeba velosipedis mesakuTre da igi valdebuli ar iqneba daubrunos 

velosipedi à~-s. à~-s ki, rCeba erTaderTi SesaZlebloba, rom ziani ainazRauros 

`b~-sgan, romelmac daarRvia Tavisi valdebuleba à~-s mimarT _ dRis bolos daebru- 

82

nebina misTvis velosipedi, amasTan, mTlianad daxarja fuli, rac velosipedis gayidviT 

moipova, riTac à~ ugergilo moTxovnis uflebis amara datova.~ 28 

vindikaciuri sarCelis dakmayofilebis meore aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens, rom 

mopasuxe unda iyos nivTis mflobeli. aRniSnuli TavisTavad gamomdinareobs moTxovnis 

arsidan, vinaidan sasarCelo moTxovna exeba nivTis mflobelobidan gamoTxovas, magram 

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom mflobeloba ar unda iyos kanonieri, vinaidan ssk 172-e muxlis 

pirveli nawili mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iZleva mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis 

SesaZleblobas, Tu mflobeloba arakanonieria, mflobeli arakeTilsindisieria, Sesabamisad, 

keTilsindisier mflobels ar SeiZleba CamoerTvas nivTi. mflobeloba wydeba 

mxolod maSin, `Tu mesakuTre mflobels wauyenebs dasabuTebul pretenzias~ (sk-168-e 

muxli). 

`keTilsindisieri mflobelis cneba mocemulia sk-is 159-e muxlSi: keTilsindisieria 

mflobeli, romelic nivTs marTlzomierad flobs, an romelic uflebamosil pirad 

SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli saqmian urTierTobebSi, saWiro gulmodgine Semowmebis safuZvelze. 

unda aRiniSnos, rom uflebamosili mflobeli ar warmoadgens keTilsindisieri 

mflobelis qvesaxeobas, aramed sruliad sxvas, mis sapirispiros: erTmaneTisgan unda 

ganvasxvaoT mflobeli, romelsac faqtobrivad aqvs mflobelobis ufleba (Sead. sk 

172-e muxlis pirveli nawilis bolo winadadeba) da mflobeli, romelsac ara aqvs 

mflobelobis ufleba, magram saqmian urTierTobebSi saWiro gulmodgine arabraleuli 

(bralis xarisxi gamomdinareobs sk-is 395-e da 326-e muxlebidan) Semowmebis safuZvelze, 

SeiZleba uflebamosil pirad iqnes miCneuli. mxolod am ukanasknels Seesabameba ke- 

Tilsindisierebis cneba. sasurvelia, rom 159-e muxlis cnebis amgvari ganmartebis gziT, 

erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos uflebamosili da keTilsindisieri mflobelebi~. 29 

uZrav nivTebTan mimarTebiT sakiTxi martivad wydeba, vinaidan sakuTrebis ufleba 

sajaro reestridan dasturdeba, xolo rac Seexeba moZrav nivTebs, am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom 

unda gaiTvaliswinos iseTi mniSvnelovani garemoebebi, rogoricaa mewarmis 

gulisxmiereba, sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis momenti da a.S. magaliTad, à~-m sarCeli 

aRZra sasamarTloSi `b~-s mimarT da moiTxova ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxova 

Semdegi safuZvlebidan gamomdinare: à~-m zepiri garigebis Sedegad avtomanqana gadasca 

`g~-s, im pirobiT, rom `g~ avtomanqanas gadaiformebda mxolod Rirebulebis gadaxdis 

Semdeg. `g~-m isargebla avtomanqanis saregistracio mowmobiT da notariusTan SeTanxmebis 

gziT, avtomanqana daagirava `b~-sTan 8000 aSS dolaris sesxis uzrunvelsayofad 

da miimala. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 186-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad‚ moZrav niv- 

Tebze sakuTrebis gadasacemad aucilebelia‚ rom mesakuTrem namdvili uflebis safuZvelze 

gadasces SemZens nivTi. amrigad‚ moZrav nivTze sakuTrebis gadacemisavTis aucilebelia 

ori winapirobis arseboba _ namdvili ufleba (am konkretul SemTxvevaSi nasyidobis 

xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili ufleba myidvelisa moiTxovos nivTis gadacema) 

da nivTis faqtobrivi gadacema (am SemTxvevaSi avtomanqanis gadacema myidvelze). samoqalaqo 

kodeqsis 188-e muxlis pirveli nawilis, pirveli winadadebis Tanaxmad, Tu gamsxvisebelma 

pirobad daTqva sakuTrebis gadasvla SemZenze mxolod nivTis safasuris 

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gadaxdis Semdeg, SemZenze gadacemuli nivTi safasuris srulad gadaxdamde, gamsxviseblis 

sakuTrebaa. miuxedavad, à~-sa da `b~-s Soris dadebuli nasyidobis xelSekrulebisa‚ 

à~ darCa avtomanqanis mesakuTred da sakuTrebis ufleba avtomanqanaze `b~sTvis 

ar gadaucia. amitom rogorc mesakuTres‚ mas SeuZlia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 172-e 

muxlis pirveli nawilis Sesabamisad‚ moiTxovos sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan avtomanqanis 

gamoTxova. 30 

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom `samoqalaqo brunvis monawileebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT, 

namdvili uflebebis Sesaxeb zusti da amomwuravi informacia miiRon maSin, rodesac 

brunvam ukve upirovno formebi SeiZina. Sesabamisad, isini mudmivi saSiSroebis winaSe 

dganan, Tu daujereben faqtobriv viTarebas, magaliTad, rom moZravi nivTis mflobeli 

namdvilad misi mesakuTrea (sk-is 158-e muxlis pirveli nawili), sinamdvileSi ki, nivTze 

mflobeloba SeiZleba titulovanma mesakuTrem dakarga misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod. 

problemas SesaZlebelia sami ukiduresi gadawyveta hqondes: 1. SesaZlo Secdomis yvela 

riskis gadatana moxdes mesakuTreze; 2. yvela riski gadatanil iqnes myidvelze; 3. yvela 

SesaZlo riskis Tavidan asacileblad, SemoRebul iqnes yoveli uflebis registraciisa 

da aRricxvis reestrebi. gasagebia, rom nebismieri maTganisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba 

samoqalaqo brunvis paralizebas gamoiwvevda. mesakuTris nebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, 

sakuTrebis mkacrad ganusxviseblobis principis dacva dasaSvebia, mxolod sustad 

ganviTarebuli sasaqonlo brunvis pirobebSi. brunvis swraf ganviTarebas, rac 

TavisTavad gulisxmobs upirovno dinamikis zrdas, mivyavarT sagamonakliso wesebis 

rigorizmTan Sejaxebamde. gamosavali am dapirispirebis SerbilebaSia da swored amitom, 

kanonmdebeli mimarTavs e.w. or borotebas Soris `naklebi borotebis~ arCevanis gzas, 

rac keTilsindisieri SemZenis institutis SemoRebas ukavSirdeba (sk-is 185-e da 187-e 

muxlebi). 31 

nivTis ukanono mflobelobidan gamoTxovis ufleba waredgineba mflobels, romelic 

ar aris uflebamosili nivTis flobaze. Tu mflobeli nivTs flobs gansazRvruli 

samarTlebrivi safuZvliT, maSin aRniSnuli moTxovnis wardgena dauSvebelia. samar- 

Tlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens, magaliTad, xelSekruleba, romlis pirobis Tanaxmad, 

SeiZleba an unda ganxorcieldes nivTze mflobeloba, aseve sanivTo uflebebi, romlebic 

Tavisi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, dakavSirebulia gansazRvruli nivTis mflobelobasTan, 

kerZod, uzufruqti, servituti, giravnoba. aseT mflobels saqarTvelos 

samoqalaqo kodeqsi marTlzomier mflobelad miiCnevs da mas icavs agreTve, 162-e 

muxliTac, romlis 1-li nawilis 1-li winadadebis Tanaxmad: `dauSvebelia marTlzomier 

mflobels moeTxovos nivTis ukan dabruneba.~ 32 magaliTad: Tu gamqiravebelma nivTi 

droebiT sargeblobaSi gadasca damqiravebels (sk muxli 531), mas ara aqvs ufleba SemdgomSi 

vindikaciuri sarCeliT daibrunos es nivTi, aramed man unda ixelmZRvanelos 

mxolod qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli qonebis gadacemisa da dabrunebis 

pirobebiT. am wesis praqtikuli azri aSkaraa: Tu mesakuTres nebismier SemTxvevaSi (rogorc 

saxelSekrulebo, ise sxva SemTxvevebSic) eqneba vindikaciuri sarCelis wardgenis 

ufleba, anu Tu davuSvebT erTdroulad sanivTo da valdebulebiTi sarCelis wardgenis 

SesaZleblobas, maSin mesakuTre aSkarad privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCn- 

84

deba, xolo samoqalaqo brunva ar ganviTardeba da igi mxolod martivi yidva-gayidvebiT 

iqneba Semofargluli. `garda aRniSnulisa, kanoniT dadgenilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac 

ara marto marTlzomier, aramed aramarTlzomier mflobelsac SeuZlia uari ganacxados 

nivTis ukan dabrunebaze im pirobiT, rom igi nivTs flobs keTilsindisierad. ker- 

Zod saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 163-e muxlis Tanaxmad, keTilsindisier mflobels 

SeuZlia uflebamosil pirs mosTxovos im gaumjobesebisa da xarjebis anazRaureba, 

rac man gaiRo nivTze keTilsindisieri mflobelobis dros da rac ar aris kompensirebuli 

am nivTiT sargeblobiTa da misgan miRebuli nayofiT. mflobelis braliT miuRebeli 

nayofis Rirebuleba unda gamoiqviTos. igive wesi vrceldeba iseT gaumjobesebebze, 

romelTa Sedegadac gaizarda nivTis Rirebuleba, Tuki gazrdili Rirebuleba 

nivTis dabrunebis momentisaTvis jer kidev arsebobda. swored aRniSnuli moTxovnebis 

dakmayofilebamde aris keTilsindisieri mflobeli uflebamosili uari ganacxados 

nivTis ukan dabrunebaze. 33 

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT vindikaciuri sarCelis dakmayofilebis erT-erT aucilebel 

pirobas warmoadgens, rom mopasuxe unda iyos nivTis mflobeli. aqve aRiniSna isic, 

rom mflobeloba ar unda iyos kanonieri, Sesabamisad, keTilsindisier mflobels ar 

SeiZleba CamoerTvas nivTi. mflobeloba wydeba mxolod maSin, `Tu mesakuTre mflobels 

wauyenebs dasabuTebul pretenzias~ (sk-168-e muxli). Tumca, rodesac vambobT, rom 

prioritetulia mesakuTris uflebebi da vacxadebT, rom mesakuTris ufleba yvela 

SemTxvevaSi unda dakmayofildes _ garkveuli sifrTxile gvmarTebs, raTa ukiduresobaSi 

ar gadavvardeT da mflobelobis aranakleb, mniSvnelovani ufleba ar ugulebelvyoT. 

mflobelobis uflebas mTeli rigi normebi da institutebi eZRvneba saqarTvelos 

samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, sakmaod didi Teoriuli safuZvlebia imisaTvis, rom ganvacxadoT: 

`mflobelobis instituti farTo gagebiT moicavs sakuTrebasac.~ miT umetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, 

rom sabazro urTierTobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, samoqalaqo brunvis dros 

garkveuli brunvis obieqtebis mesakuTre yvela ver iqneba, magram is, rom brunvaSi Cven 

ama Tu im nivTebs viyenebT da ama Tu im moqmedebebs vaxorcielebT, ar unda dagvaviwydes 

swored, rom mflobeloba aniWebs brunvis monawileebs imis uflebamosilebas, rom esa 

Tu is nivTebi mflobelobis institutis safuZvelze iyos brunvaSi moqceuli. amitom aq 

erTgvari sirTulec iqmneba, magaliTad: SesaZlebelia Tu ara nebismier dros, Tu mesakuTres 

dasabuTebuli pretenzia aqvs, movTxovoT mflobels nivTis ukan dabruneba? 

raSi unda gamoixatebodes dasabuTebuli pretenzia? Tumca isic naTeli da calsaxaa, 

rom mflobelobac ar unda iyos mudmivi da uwyveti xasiaTis. gulwrfelad unda gvawuxebdes 

mesakuTris interesebi, mesakuTris bedi, magram aranakleb, mflobelTa interesebi. 

es sakiTxi dRemde sadavoa da arc sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ar aris srulyofilad 

daregulirebuli. 

85


N1 

da 

kanoni 

SeniSvnebi: 

1 

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba #2/1-370, 

382, 390, 402, 404, 18 maisi, 2007 w. (saqmis dasax.: saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi: 

z. elaSvili, s. maSia, r. gogia da sxvebi da saqarTvelos saxalxo 

damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg). 

2 

natali frisero, ufleba qonebis pativiscemaze, gamoqveynebulia 

wignSi `sakuTrebis ufleba da samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba~, 

saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebi, Tbilisi, 

2005 w., gv. 33. 

3 

besarion zoiZe, sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi 

saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2007 w., gv. 45. 

4 

ix.: saqarTvelos parlamentis 27.12.2001 wlis #1243 dadgenileba _ 

àdamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropis konvenciis 

pirveli oqmis ratificirebis Sesaxeb~. pirveli oqmis mimarT 

saqarTvelom gaakeTa rigi daTqmebi. ix.: evropis sabWos saxelSekrulebo 

samsaxuris veb-gverdi: http://conventions.coe.int. 

5 

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo, meore seqcia, pinkova da 

pinki CexeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg (ganacxadi #36548/97), saboloo 

versia 05/02/2003 ganCineba, strasburgi, 2002 wlis 5 noemberi, gv. 17. 

6 

gaiusi moRvaweobda daaxloebiT qr. Sobis 117/138-180/192 w.w. mis kalams 

ekuTvnis: kerZo samarTlis klasikuri saxelmZRvanelo "Institutiones". 

7 

uZveles romaul samarTalSi sakuTrebis aRmniSvneli specialuri termini 

ar arsebobda. vinmes xelisuflebaSi arsebuli raime nivTis aRsaniSnavad, 

yvela SemTxvevaSi, batonobis aRmniSvneli Zalze Zveli 

termini dominium (zmna moTvinierebidan) gamoiyeneboda. civiluri, 

kvirituli sakuTrebis uZveles saxes dominium ex iure Quiritium 

ewodeboda. 

8 

Wolf Manfred, Sachenrecht, 13. Auflage, München, 1996, gv. 77. 

9 

ix.: Î. Ñ. Èîôôå, Â. À. Ìóñèí, Îñíîâû ðèìñêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, 

Ë., 1974, ñòð. 79. 

10 

giorgi nadareiSvli, romis samoqalaqo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 

82-83. 

11 

Å.À. Âàñèëüåâ, À.Ñ. Êîìàðîâ, Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ 

ãîñóäàðñòâ, ò. I., Ìîñêâà, 2004, ñòð. 372; germanul iuridiul literaturaSi 

vxvdebiT termins `fuladi vindikacia~, aRniSnulTan mimar- 

TebiT farTod ganixileboda sakiTxi _ aucilebeli iyo Tu ara individualizebis 

moTxovna fuladi vindikaciis SemTxvevaSi. am kiTxvas 

uaryofiTi pasuxi gaeca, upirveles yovlisa, h. vestermanis da pingeris 

mier, radgan fulis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi, kreditoris interesi 

Rirebulebas exeba, xolo (BGB par. 985) sanivTo sarCeli, rogorc 

wesi, ganixileboda valdebulebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, amitom germaneli 

iuristebis azriT, fuladi vindikacia warmoadgens ara saniv- 

To vindikacias, aramed Rirebulebis vindikacias, radgan igi exeba ara 

konkretul kupiurebs, aramed Rirebulebas. Hh. vestermanis es msjeloba 

fulad vindikaciasTan dakavSirebiT ar iqna aRiarebuli, radgan 

am interesis dakmayofileba xdeba wminda valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi 

moTxovnebiT da ara sanivTosamarTlebrivi miTxovnis gziT... 

germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT vindikacia orientirebulia 

ZiriTadad, qonebis gadacemaze, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, igi moicavs 

nivTze wvdomis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas... ix.: C. H. Beck. 

Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch Sachenrecht 4. Auflage, gv. 1061-1062. 

86

12 

ix.: Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo: Handbuch des französischen 

Civilrechts, 8., verm. und verb. Aufl. / bearb. von Carl Crome, Freiburg 

i. B. Band 2 - 1894, gv. 610. 

13 

Å.À. Âàñèëüåâ, À.Ñ. Êîìàðîâ, Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ 

ãîñóäàðñòâ, ò. I., Ìîñêâà, 2004 , ñòð. 373. 

14 

Å.À. Âàñèëüåâ, À.Ñ. Êîìàðîâ, dasax. naSromi, gv. 374-375. 

15 

Ñ. Þ. Ïÿòèí, Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí, Ìîñêâà, 

2009, ñòð. 102-103. 

16 

ix.: Å.À. Âàñèëüåâ, À.Ñ. Êîìàðîâ, dasax. naSromi, gv. 375-377. 

17 

Ïðîáëåìû ãðàæäàíñêîãî è ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñêîãî ïðàâà Ãåðìàíèè, 

Êíèãà 2, Èçäàòåë ñåðèè – ïð. Â. Áåðãìàíí, Ìîñêâà, Èçäàòåëüñòâî 

ÁÅÊ, 2001, gv. 187. 

18 

www.Supremecourt.ge, ix.: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erTgvarovani 

praqtika samoqalaqo saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT. 

19 

besarion zoiZe, qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 97. 

20 

www.Supremecourt.ge, ix.: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, 

samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis gadawyvetileba 

#as-980-1243-05, q. Tbilisi, 9 marti, 2006 w. gadawyvetileba (kasatori 

_ l. suTiZe, mowinaaRmdege mxare _ a. gogSeliZe). 

21 



22 

Ì. Áðàãèíñêè, Âèòðÿíñêè, Äîãîâîðíîãî ïðàâà, Ìîñêâà, 1997, ñòð. 654. 

23 

Î. Þ. Ñêâîðöîâ, Âåùíûå èñêè â ñóäåáíî-àðáèòðàæíîé ïðàêòèêå, 

Ìîñêâà, 1998, ñòð. 59. 

24 



25 



26 

mesame pirisadmi aRniSnul midgomas aviTarebs kontinenturi evropis 

samarTalic, maT Soris, holandiuric, Tumca am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, 

holandielma kanonmdebelma 3.68 muxlis mesame nawilSi gaiTvaliswina 

gamonaklisis gamonaklisi da Cawera, rom mesame piri, romelic, 

rogorc momxmarebeli, keTilsindisierad SeiZens xelSesaxeb 

nivTs pirisgan, romelic misi Cveulebrivi samewarmeo saqmianobis 

farglebSi yidis am nivTs (magaliTad, Tu momxmarebeli SeiZens velosipeds 

Cveulebriv velosipedebis maRaziaSi), aseTi myidveli daculia 

da igi xdeba saqonlis mesakuTre (ix.: holandiis samoqalaqo 

kodeqsi; agreTve, m. Todua, h. vilemsi dasax. naSromi, gv. 80.). 

27 

hain boelingi, peter lutringhausi, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 

calkeuli moTxovnis safuZvlebis sistemuri analizi, bremeni-Tbilisi, 

2004-2009w.w. gv. 63-66. 

28 

mzia Todua, huub vilemsi, valdebulebiTi samarTali, nawili I I , Tbilisi, 

2006, gv. 79-80. 

29 

hain boelingi, lado Wanturia. samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa 

miRebis meTodika, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 126. 

30 



31 

mzia Todua, huub vilemsi, valdebulebiTi samarTali, Tbilisi, 2006, 

gv. 10-11. 

32 

zurab WeWelaSvili, sanivTo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 331. 

33 

ix.: z. WeWelaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 331. 

87


N1 

da 

kanoni 

VINDICTIVE APPEAL AS 

LEGAL MEANS OF 

PROTECTING 

THE PROPERTY RIGHT 

LAURA MIKAVA 

Judge, Zugdidi District Court, 

Doctoral Candidate of the Law department, Tbilisi Iv. Javakhishvili State University 

The article refers to the legal means of protecting the property right – 

vindictive appeal, its role and importance on all stages of law development 

from the point of view of protecting the fundamental right of a person. 

This topic is reviewed based on the analysis of the relevant norms from 

the Civil Code of Georgia and the developed states back from the time of 

Rome law up to present. Special attention is paid to the contradiction between 

the legal interests of the proprietor and the property owner from the point 

of protection of the property rights; In addition, analysis of the court practice 

is presented; challenges related to the movable and immovable property cases 

are outlined and the opinions related to their solutions and solution means 

are proposed. 

88

gaerTianebuli erebis 

organizaciis 

konvencia 

transnacionaluri 

organizebuli 

danaSaulis winaaRmdeg 

daviT mesxiSvili 

grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis 

iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti 

aRiarebulia, rom organizebuli danaSauli gvevlineba 

kriminalis erT-erT yvelaze rTul da saSiS saxeobad, romelic 

gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis ekonomikur, politikur, 

samarTlebriv da zneobriv sferoebze. amasTan, 

aseve xazgasasmelia, rom xsenebuli saxis kriminali ufro 

da ufro iRebs transnacionalur xasiaTs. Sesabamisad, dRis 

wesrigSi dgeba saerTaSoriso doneze organizebuli danaSaulis 

winaaRmdeg RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba, rac cxadia, 

naklebad efeqtiani iqneba Sesabamisi aqtebis arsebobis 

gareSe, romelTa safuZvelzedac gansazRvruli iqneba 

sxvadasxva qveynebis mier, miTiTebuli saxis kriminalis dasamarcxeblad, 

rogorc erTiani strategiis dasaxvis, aseve, 

TanamSromlobis Zireuli principebis SemuSaveba. 

organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis erTerT 

umniSvnelovanes saerTaSoriso aqts warmoadgens gaerTianebuli 

erebis organizaciis konvencia `transnacionaluri 

organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg~, romelic 

miRebul iqna 2000 wlis 15 noembers da misive 38-e muxlis 

Tanaxmad, ZalaSi Sevida 2003 wlis 29 seqtembers. aRniSnuli 

89


N1 

da 

kanoni 

konvencia saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mier xelmoweril iqna 2000 wlis 13 dekembers, xolo 

misi ratificireba ki, 2006 wlis 7 ivniss moxda. 

upirvelesad, aRsaniSnavia, rom miTiTebuli konvencia organizebuli danaSaulis 

definicias ar adgens, Tumca, masSi detaluradaa ganmartebuli miTiTebuli saxeobis 

kriminalTan dakavSirebuli terminebi da aseve, mkafiod aris gadmocemuli mis winaaRmdeg 

brZolis meTodebi. 

`transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg~ gaeros konvenciis me-2 

muxliT amave aqtis miznebisaTvis ganmartebulia iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa damna- 

SaveTa organizebuli jgufi, mZime danaSauli, struqturuli formis mqone jgufi, qoneba, 

danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavali, yadaRa, amoReba, konfiskacia, kontrolirebadi 

miwodeba da a.S. konvenciis terminebis ganmartebas aqvs erTi metad mniSvnelovani 

datvirTva, kerZod, konvencia Tavisi SinaarsiT, daniSnulebiTa da gamoyenebis 

sferoebiT erTgvarovnad unda iqnas aRqmuli amave konvenciis monawile yvela saxelmwifos 

mier, raTa TanamSromlobis periodSi, misi implementaciisa Tu pirdapiri gamoyenebis 

etapze ar warmoiSvas kiTxvebi konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulebis SemadgenlobasTan 

dakavSirebiT, rac, TavisTavad, eWvqveS daayenebs aRniSnuli saerTa- 

Soriso aqtis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas. konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulebis cnebebis 

ganmartebebTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelo konvenciis im monawile 

saxelmwifoebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romlebmac organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg 

brZolis mizniT erovnul doneze sakanonmdeblo normebis SemuSavebisas aRniSnuli 

konvenciis cnebebiT ixelmZRvaneles. magaliTisaTvis, saqarTvelos sisxlis 

samarTlis kodeqsis 27-e muxlis mesame nawilSi mocemuli organizebuli jgufis ganmarteba 

konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli organizebuli jgufis cnebis identuria. 

`transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis Sesaxeb~ gaeros konvenciiT gansazRvrulia 

misi moqmedebis sfero. kerZod, igi gamoiyeneba, raTa aRikveTos, gamoZiebul 

iqnes da sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas daeqvemdebaros: 

damnaSaveTa organizebul jgufSi monawileoba; 

danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTreba; 

korufcia; 

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisaTvis xelis SeSla. 

miTiTebulTan erTad konvenciis moqmedebis sferoSi aseve, eqceva nebismieri mZime 

danaSauli, Tu igi atarebs transnacionalur xasiaTs da Cadenilia organizebuli danaSaulebrivi 

dajgufebis mier. `transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg~ 

gaeros konvenciis mixedviT, mZime danaSauls warmoadgens danaSauli, romlis 

CadenisTvisac sasjelis maqsimaluri zRvari warmoadgens aranakleb oTx wels. 1 rac 

Seexeba kriminaluri qmedebis transnacionalurobas, aRniSnuli ganmartebulia miTiTebuli 

konvenciiT, romlis Sesabamisadac, danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba transnacionaluria, 

Tu igi: 

Cadenilia erTze met saxelmwifoSi; 

Cadenilia erT saxelmwifoSi, magram misi momzadebis, dagegmvis, xelmZRvanelobis 

an kontrolis arsebiTi nawili ganxorcielda sxva saxelmwifoSi; 

90

Cadenilia erT saxelmwifoSi, magram damnaSaveTa organizebuli jgufis monawileobiT, 

romelic danaSaulebriv saqmianobas eweva erTze met saxelmwifoSi; 

Cadenilia erT saxelmwifoSi, magram misi arsebiTi Sedegebi vlindeba meore 

saxelmwifoSi. 2 

rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, garda konkretulad gansazRvruli danaSaulebebisa, 

miTiTebuli konvenciis moqmedebis sferoSi aseve, xvdeba nebismieri kriminaluri 

qmedeba, romlis CadenisTvisac sasjelis maqsimumi warmoadgens aranakleb oTx wels, 

oRond amasTan, igi ganxorcielebuli unda iyos organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufis 

mier da atarebdes transnacionalur xasiaTs. 

imisaTvis, rom detalurad moxdes organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuli 

erebis organizaciis konvenciis iurisdiqciis dadgena, sasurvelia, cal-calke 

iqnes ganxiluli TiToeuli danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, romelzedac vrceldeba winamdebare 

saerTaSoriso aqti. 

miTiTebuli konvenciis me-2 muxlis à~ punqtis Sesabamisad, damnaSaveTa organizebuli 

jgufi niSnavs erTi an ramdenime mZime danaSaulis an am konvenciis mier aseTad 

miCneuli danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT drois gansazRvrul periodSi arsebul da SeTanxmebulad 

moqmed struqturuli formis mqone, sami an meti pirisagan Semdgar jgufs, 

romlis mizania pirdapir an arapirdapir miiRos finansuri an sxvagvari sargebeli. 3 

amave muxlis `b~ punqtis Sesabamisad, mZimea danaSauli, romlis CadenisTvisac sasjelis 

maqsimumi warmoadgens aranakleb oTx wels, xolo rac Seexeba struqturuli formis 

mqone jgufs, `c~ punqtis Sesabamisad, miTiTebuls warmoadgens jgufi, romelic ar 

aris SemTxveviT Seqmnili danaSaulis dauyovnebliv Casadenad da romelSic aucilebeli 

ar aris, formalurad iyos ganawilebuli rolebi mis wevrTa Soris, wevrobas hqondes 

uwyveti xasiaTi an Camoyalibebuli iyos ganviTarebuli struqtura. 4 

zemoT aRniSnulis ganxilvis Sedegad Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos 

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi organizebul jgufTan dakavSirebuli definiciebi Seqmnilia 

swored am konvenciis debulebaTa gavleniT. kerZod, saqarTvelos sisxlis samar- 

Tlis kodeqsis 27-e muxlis me-3 nawili gansazRvravs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba dana- 

Sauli organizebuli jgufis mier Cadenilad. miTiTebul muxls konvenciisagan ganasxvavebs 

mxolod is, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi ar aris dakonkretebuli 

jgufSi wevrebis minimaluri odenoba, kvalifikaciisaTvis mniSvneloba ar eniWeba 

Tu ra kategoriis danaSaulebis Casadenad SekavSirdnen kriminalebi, xolo Semosavlis 

miRebis saxe ki, dakonkretebulia, kerZod, sargebeli SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnes 

mxolod ukanono gziT. 

rogorc winamdebare konvenciidan Cans, imisaTvis, rom danaSaulebrivi gaerTianeba 

CaiTvalos organizebul jgufad, 

igi unda arsebobdes drois gansazRvrul periodSi; 

masSi wevrTa odenoba ar unda iyos samze naklebi; 

jgufis moqmedeba unda iyos urTierTSeTanxmebuli; 

jgufs unda hqondes struqturuli forma; 

wevrebi unda gaerTiandnen erTi an meti mZime danaSaulis Casadenad; 

91


N1 

da 

kanoni 

mizans unda warmoadgendes pirdapiri an arapirdapiri, finansuri an sxva saxis 

sargeblis miReba. 

axla SesaZlebelia saTiTaod ganxilul iqnes zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebi. imisaTvis, 

rom `transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg~ gaeros konvenciis konteqstSi 

jgufi CaiTvalos organizebul jgufad amisaTvis upirvelesad, saWiroa, rom: 

igi arsebobdes drois garkveul periodSi, anu jgufis Seqmnidan danaSaulis Cadenamde 

aris drois gansazRvruli monakveTi. cxadia, jgufuri danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, 

kriminaluri qmedebis Cadenas, yovelTvis win uswrebs adamianTa SekavSireba, romelic 

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, rogorc uSualod qmedebis ganxorcielebisas winaswar Seu- 

Tanxmeblad, ise winaswari SeTanxmebiT, magram organizebuli jgufis SemTxvevaSi, igi 

garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi arsebobs, rogorc danaSaulebrivi ganzraxviT gaerTianebul 

pirTa erToba, drois aRniSnul periodSi xdeba danaSaulTa detaluri 

dagegmva, funqciaTa gadanawileba da a.S. 

wevrTa odenoba jgufSi ar unda iyos samze naklebi, anu nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tu 

kriminalur gaerTianebaSi mxolod ori wevria, imisda miuxedavad ra danaSauls Caidenen 

isini, an eqneba Tu ara maT ganxorcielebul kriminalur qmedebebs transnacionaluri 

xasiaTi, aRniSnuli mainc ar iqneba organizebuli danaSaulebrivi dajgufeba. 

jgufis moqmedeba unda iyos urTierTSeTanxmebuli, anu organizebuli jgufis 

mier danaSaulis Cadena ar xdeba spontanurad, misi wevrebis TiToeuli nabiji aris 

winaswar SeTanxmebuli, kargad dagegmili da yovelive amis Semdeg xdeba qmedebis ganxorcielebaze 

gadawyvetilebis miReba, rac Zalian efeqturs xdis maT danaSaulebriv 

saqmianobas. 

jgufs unda hqondes struqturuli forma. winamdebare konvenciis Sesabamisad, 

jgufis struqturuli formis mqone jgufad CasaTvlelad aucilebelia, rom igi ar iyos 

SemTxveviT Seqmnili danaSaulis dauyovnebliv Casadenad, aucilebeli araa formalurad 

ganawilebuli iqnes rolebi wevrTa Soris, wevrobas hqondes uwyveti xasiaTi an 

Camoyalibebuli iyos ganviTarebuli struqtura. rogorc miTiTebuli punqtidan Cans, 

imisaTvis, rom jgufi CaiTvalos struqturuli formis mqone jgufad, misi Seqmna ar 

unda moxdes SemTxveviT danaSaulis dauyovnebliv Casadenad, anu miTiTebuli gaerTianebis 

Camoyalibebas safuZvlad udevs, rogorc wesi, gamocdil kriminalTa myari er- 

Toba. ra Tqma unda, miznebi aris danaSaulebrivi, magram am miznebis miRweva xdeba kargad 

dagegmili da gansazRvruli qmedebebis ganxorcielebiT. organizebul jgufSi 

pirTa kavSiri ara marto winaswaria, e.i. danaSaulis Cadenamdea organizebuli, aramed gansakuTrebiT 

myaria, imdenad mtkicea, rom mis mier danaSaulis Cadenas win araferi udgas. 5 

aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom konvenciis Tanaxmad, ar aris aucilebeli wevrTa Soris 

rolebis formaluri gadanawileba, mkacri subordinacia, radgan SesaZlebelia jgufi 

Seqmnas erTma pirma, moamzados danaSaulis Casadenad, xolo uSualod danaSaulebrivi 

qmedeba jgufma ganaxorcielos meore wevris xelmZRvanelobiT. aseve, araa aucilebeli, 

rom organizebuli jgufis wevrobas hqondes uwyveti xasiaTi. erTi mxriv, wevrobis 

uwyvetoba savaldebulo araa, radgan miuxedavad imisa, rom organizebuli jgufi, rogorc 

wesi, iqmneba ramdenime mZime an gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis Casadenad, gamo- 

92

icxuli araa, rom igi Camoyalibdes mxolod erTi danaSaulis Casadenadac, 6 Sesabamisad, 

am danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg jgufi daiSleba da wevrobac Sewydeba. meore mxriv, 

wevrebis cvalebadoba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes organizebul jgufSi, romelic 

Seqmnilia araerTi danaSaulis Casadenad, rac SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos im faqtiT, 

rom TviTon organizebuli jgufis Seqmna miuTiTebs wevrebis mizanze, rom maT ganaxorcielon 

gansakuTrebiT rTuli danaSaulebi, radgan yoveli kriminaluri qmedeba da 

misi Semadgenloba individualuria. maTi ganxorcieleba moiTxovs sxvadasxva xerxebis 

SerCevas, Sesabamisad, saWiro xdeba yoveli konkretuli danaSaulis Casadenad specialuri 

codnis mqone pirebis gamoyeneba. amdenad, maT winaSe arsebuli amocanebidan 

gamomdinare, cvlilebebi organizebul jgufSi SeiZleba Seexos pirebs, romlebic specializebulni 

arian sxvadasxva konkretuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis ganxorcielebaSi. 

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, is faqtic, rom jgufSi wevrTa cvalebadoba xorcieldeba 

mkacri kontrolisa da konspiraciis pirobebSi, raTa am jgufis saqmianoba sxva pirebisaTvis 

ucnobi darCes, an masSi ar SeaRwion SemTxveviTma pirebma, romlebmac SeiZleba 

jgufis dezorganizacia gamoiwvion. 7 

jgufis wevrebi unda gaerTiandnen erTi an ramdenime mZime danaSaulis Casadenad. 

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, winamdebare konvenciis Sesabamisad, mZimea danaSauli, romlisTvisac 

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis maqsimaluri vada aris aranakleb oTxi wlisa, Sesabamisad, 

kriminaluri gaerTianebis wevrebs miznad unda hqondeT erTi an ramdenime 

danaSaulis Cadena, romelTaTvisac sasjelis maqsimumi oTx welze naklebi ar aris. 

mizani unda iyos pirdapiri an arapirdapiri finansuri an sxva saxis sargeblis 

miReba. aRniSnuli warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze mTavar niSans. sabolood, organizebuli 

jgufis Seqmnis idea da mizani, pirdapiri an arapirdapiri finansuri an sxva materialuri 

sargeblis miRebaa. 8 aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos sisxlis 

samarTlis kodeqsisagan, romlis Sesabamisadac, organizebuli jgufis mizani Semosavlis 

ukanono miReba unda iyos, miTiTebuli konvencia ar akonkretebs Semosavlis 

saxeobas, mxolod miuTiTebs, rom mizani unda iyos pirdapiri an arapirdapiri finansuri 

an sxva saxis sargeblis miReba. 

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg 

gaeros konvenciis moqmedebis sferoSi eqceva damnaSaveTa organizebul jgufSi monawileoba. 

organizebuli danaSaulebrivi dajgufebis garkvevis Semdeg, aseve sasurvelia, 

detalurad ganvixiloT, Tu ra saxis monawileobaa dasjadi miTiTebuli saxeobis 

kriminalur gaerTianebaSi. 

upirvelesad, aRsaniSnavia, rom miTiTebuli konvencia yvela monawile saxelmwifos 

avaldebulebs miiRos iseTi sakanonmdeblo an sxva zoma, romelTa Sesabamisad, qvemoT 

CamoTvlili qmedebebi ganzrax Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, CaiTvleba danaSaulad: 

1. qvemoT dasaxelebul qmedebaTagan erT-erTi an orive danaSaulebriv qmedebaTa 

ganxorcieleba miuxedavad imisa, Cadenil iqna mcdeloba, Tu dasrulebuli danaSauli: 

erT an ramdenime pirTan SeTanxmeba mZime danaSaulis Casadenad, pirdapiri an arapirdapiri 

gziT, finansuri an sxva materialuri sargeblis miRebis mizniT, da Tu 

amas iTvaliswinebs Sida kanonmdebloba, aseve moicavs romelime monawilis mier 

93


N1 

da 

kanoni 

SeTanxmebis sisruleSi mosayvanad garkveuli qmedebis Sesrulebas an organizebuli 

danaSaulebrivi jgufis saqmianobaSi Cabmas; 

piris, romelic acnobierebs damnaSaveTa organizebuli jgufis mizans da saerTo 

danaSaulebriv saqmianobas, an am jgufis ganzraxvas, Caidinos Sesabamisi danaSaulebi, 

aqtiuri monawileoba: 

a. organizebuli danSaulebrivi jgufis saqmianobaSi; 

b. organizebul danaSaulebriv jgufSi sxvagvari saqmianoba, imis winaswari SecnobiT, 

rom amgvari monawileoba xels uwyobs gaerTianebis kriminaluri miznis miRwevas. 

2. organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufis mier mZime danaSaulis Cadenis organizeba, 

xelmZRvaneloba, xelSewyoba, waqezeba, daxmareba an rCevis micema. 9 

rogorc miTiTebulidan Cans, konvencia avaldebulebs xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs, rom 

miiRon zomebi, romelTa safuZvelzec, danaSaulad CaiTvleba pirTa SeTanxmeba mZime 

danaSaulis Casadenad, pirdapiri an arapirdapiri materialuri sargeblis miRebis mizniT, 

am SeTanxmebis sisruleSi mosayvanad garkveuli qmedebis Sesruleba, an danaSaulebrivi 

gaerTianebis saqmianobaSi CarTva. aseve unda moxdes organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufis 

saqmianobaSi aqtiuri monawileobis miReba gaerTianebis miznis miRwevaSi dasaxmareblad. 

Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom nebismieri zemoT CamoTvlili qmedeba ganxorcielebul 

unda iqnes ganzrax da damnaSaves gacnobierebuli unda hqondes misi qmedebis arsi, 

xolo winaswari Secnobis, ganzraxvis, Canafiqrisa, Tu miznis dadgena unda moxdes saqmis 

obieqturi faqtobrivi garemoebebis gamokvlevis Sedegad. aqve xazgasasmelia is faqti, 

rom konvenciis Tanaxmad, aseve, dasjadad unda CaiTvalos ara mxolod uSualod monawileobis 

miReba organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufis saqmianobaSi, aramed kriminaluri 

gaerTianebis monawileobiT mZime danaSaulis Cadenis xelmZRvaneloba, organizeba, xel- 

Sewyoba da a.S. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia gakeTdes daskvna, rom gacnobierebulia 

ra organizebuli danaSaulis didi safrTxe, konvenciiT xdeba sawinaaRmdego 

zomebis gatareba ara mxolod uSualod organizebul jgufSi CarTul pirTa 

mimarT, aramed nebismieris, romelic Tavis qmedebiT xels Seuwyobs kriminaluri gaer- 

Tianebis miznis miRwevas. 

transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg gaeros konvenciis me-6 

muxliT xdeba danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTeTrebis kriminalizacia. 

miTiTebuli normiT konvenciis yvela wevr saxelmwifos ekisreba valdebuleba miiRos 

iseTi sakanonmdeblo an sxva zomebi, romelTa Sedegad danaSaulad iqneba aRiarebuli 

Semdegi ganzraxi qmedebebi: 

winaswari SecnobiT danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli qonebis gardaqmna an gadacema 

am qonebis ukanono warmoSobis dafarvis an damalvis mizniT an daxmarebis gaweva 

nebismieri pirisaTvis, romelic monawileobda `ZiriTadi samarTaldarRvevis~ 10 

CadenaSi, raTa Tavidan airidos mis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebze samarTlebrivi 

pasuxismgebloba; 

94

winaswari SecnobiT danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli qonebis namdvili xasiaTis, 

wyaros, adgilmdebareobis, gadaadgilebis, qonebaze uflebis an misi kuTvnilebis 

dafarva an Secvla. 11 

rogorc miTiTebulidan Cans, wevr saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba, ganaxorcielon 

sxvadasxva zomebi, romelTa safuZvelzec winaswari SecnobiT danaSaulebrivi 

gziT miRebuli qonebisaTvis kanonieri saxis micemis procesSi monawileoba CaiTvleba 

danaSaulad. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom konvenciis normebi ufro Sorsac midis 

da ukanono qonebis legalizaciis procesSi monawileobis garda, dasjadad acxadebs, 

aseve: 

winaswari SecnobiT danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli qonebis SeZenas, flobasa 

da gamoyenebas; 

zemoT miTiTebuli danaSaulebis Casadenad SekavSirebas, Cadenis mcdelobasa da 

mis Casadenad daxmarebas, waqezebas, uzrunvelyofasa da rCevis micemas. 12 

amdenad, konvenciiT gansazRvrulia, rom ara mxolod aqtiuri qmedeba unda daisajos 

ukanono Semosavlis gaTeTrebis procesSi, aramed iseTi pasiuri, ùmniSvnelo~ qmedebac, 

rogoricaa magaliTad, samarTaldamrRvevebisaTvis rCevis micema saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad. 

aqve aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom konvenciis Sesabamisad, zemoT miTiTebuli qmedebebi 

CaiTvleba dasjadad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini ganxorcielda ganzrax da winaswari 

SecnobiT, xolo amave muxlis `f~ punqtiT ganmartebulia, rom danaSaulebrivi 

qmedebebis miTiTebuli Semadgeneli elementebi unda dadgindes yovel konkretul 

saqmeze garemoebaTa obieqturi gamokvlevis Sedegad. 

konvencia monawile saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs, rom maT sakanonmdeblo zomebis 

garda unda ganaxorcielon sxva qmedebebic, romlebiTac aRikveTeba danaSaulebrivi 

gziT miRebuli qonebis legalizacia. aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT saxelmwifoTa movaleobas 

warmoadgens erTiani yovelmxrivi regulaciebis da reJimis SemuSaveba, romelic 

mimarTuli iqneba danaSaulebrivi Semosavlis gaTeTrebis winaaRmdeg da gaTvlili iqneba 

bankebisa da arasabanko finansuri institutebisaTvis, aseve organizaciebisaTvis, 

romlebic gansakuTrebiT daucvelni arian ukanono Semosavlis legalizaciis TvalsazrisiT. 

aRniSnuli reJimis farglebSi unda moxdes klientTa identificireba, aseve, 

saeWvo tranzaqciebis dafiqsireba da Setyobineba. 

konvenciis Sesabamisad, wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulebas iReben, xeli Seuwyon 

miTiTebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli organizaciebisa da dawesebulebebis 

urTierTTanamSromlobas, rogorc erovnul, aseve, saerTaSoriso doneze. aRniSnuli miznis 

srulyofili ganxorcielebisTvis savaldebuloa finansuri dazvervis samsaxuris 

Seqmna, romelic fulis gaTeTrebis SemTxvevebSi imoqmedebs, rogorc informaciis Segrovebis, 

analizisa da gavrcelebis erovnuli centri. 

yovelive aRniSnulTan erTad, wevr saxelmwifoebs eZlevaT rekomendacia, rom ganaxorcielon 

sxvadasxva RonisZiebebi maT sazRvarze naRdi fuladi saxsrebisa da Sesabamisi 

sabrunavi dokumentebis gadaadgilebis gamovlenisa da kontrolis mizniT. Tum- 

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ca, aqve miTiTebulia, rom miRebuli informacia araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iqnes 

gamoyenebuli kanonieri kapitalis nebismieri gziT gadaadgilebis xelis SesaSlelad. 

rogorc yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, organizebuli danaSaulebrivi dajgufebis 

wevrobis garda, miTiTebuli konvencia aseve, avaldebulebs wevr saxelmwifoebs, 

miiRon sxvadasxva zomebi, raTa danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli qonebis legalizacia 

CaiTvalos danaSaulad. aRniSnuls Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, 

organizebuli danaSaulis mizani, upirvelesad, Semosavlis miRebaa, xolo imisaTvis, 

rom miRebuli resursebi gamoyenebul iqnes, saWiroa misTvis kanonieri saxis 

micema, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulebriv saqmianobas azri ekargeba. Sesabamisad, 

konvencia adgens valdebulebebs wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis, rom gansakuTrebiT gaamkacron 

brZola, rogorc ukanono Semosavlebis legalizaciis, aseve, maTi gadaadgilebis 

winaaRmdeg. 

`transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg~ gaeros konvencia aseve, 

did yuradRebas uTmobs korufcias. aRniSnuli sworedac rom metad mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas 

warmoadgens, radgan cnobilia, rom korufcia organizebuli danaSaulebrivi 

dajgufebis arsebobis erT-erTi berketia. kriminalebis mier xdeba sajaro pirTa 

mosyidva, Sesabamisad, damnaSaveebi iReben oficialur moxeleTa mfarvelobas, rac 

Zalian arTulebs organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolas. 

konvenciis me-8 muxlis Sesabamisad, TiToeuli wevri saxelmwifo valdebulia miiRos 

iseTi sakanonmdeblo da sxva zomebi, romelTa Sedegad danaSaulad CaiTvleba: 

sajaro moxelisaTvis, pirdapir an arapirdapir, raime aramarTlzomieri upiratesobis 

dapireba, SeTavazeba an miniWeba moxelis an sxva iuridiuli Tu fizikuri 

piris sasargeblod, imisaTvis, rom am moxelem misi Tanamdebobrivi movaleobis 

Sesrulebisas ganaxorcielos raime moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos misi Sesrulebisgan; 

pirdapir an arapirdapir, raime aramarTlzomieri upiratesobis miReba an moTxovna 

sajaro moxelis mier, piradad am moxelis an sxva iuridiuli Tu fizikuri 

piris sasargeblod, rom am moxelem misi Tanamdebobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas 

ganaxorcielos raime moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos raime moqmedebis ganxorcielebisagan. 

13 

konvencia aseve, miuTiTebs, rom uSualo Sesrulebis garda, danaSaulad miCneul unda 

iqnes miTiTebul qmedebebSi Tanamonawileobac. garda amisa, xazi esmeba saxelmwifoTa 

valdebulebebs, rom sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjad qmedebad miiCnios, rodesac zemoT 

miTiTebul qmedebebs axorcielebs ucxo qveynis sajaro moxele an saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo 

samsaxurSi myofi piri. 

rogorc vxedavT, transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg gaeros 

konvencia did yuradRebas uTmobs korufcias, rac udavod gasaTvaliswinebelia zemoT 

aRniSnuli mizezebidan gamomdinare. savaraudod, yovelgvari valdebulebis miuxedavad, 

romelTac konvencia uwesebs wevr saxelmwifoebs, korufcia isedac dasjadia 

yvela qveyanaSi. korufciis kriminalizaciaze aqcentis gakeTebiT, gaerTianebuli erebis 

organizaciam kidev erTxel gausva xazi miTiTebuli kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebis 

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ols organizebuli danaSaulobis sistemaSi da mis winaaRmdeg ukompromiso brZolis 

warmoebis saWiroebas. 

konvencia transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis procesSi 

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes faqtorad miiCnevs marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisaTvis 

xelis SeSlis kriminalizacias. wevr saxelmwifoebs valdebuleba ekisrebaT 

gaataron RonisZiebebi, romelTa Sedegad danaSaulad CaiTvleba ganzrax Cadenili 

Semdegi qmedebebi: 

fizikuri Zalis, muqaris an daSinebis gamoyeneba an aramarTlzomieri upiratesobis 

dapireba, SeTavazeba an miniWeba, yalbi Cvenebis micemaze dayoliebis an Cvenebis 

micemaSi an mtkicebulebis wardgenaSi Carevis mizniT, miTiTebuli konvenciiT 

gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulebTan dakavSirebul samarTalwarmoebis procesSi; 

am konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulebTan dakavSirebul samarTalwarmoebis 

procesSi sasamarTlo an sxva samarTaldamcavi organos Tanamdebobis piris 

samsaxurebrivi movaleobis ganxorcielebaSi Carevis mizniT fizikuri Zalis, muqaris 

an daSinebis gamoyeneba. Tumca, aRniSnuli ar zRudavs saxelmwifos uflebas, 

Seqmnas kanonmdebloba samarTalwarmoebis sxva monawileTa dasacavadac. 14 

rogorc aRniSnulidan Cans, konvencia zemoT miTiTebul qmedebas imdenad mniSvnelovnad 

miiCnevs, rom mas iseTi mZime danaSaulebis gverdiT ayenebs, rogoricaa organizebul 

danaSaulebriv dajgufebaSi monawileoba, ukanono Semosavlis legalizacia 

da korufcia, rac safuZvels moklebuli namdvilad ar unda iyos, radgan organizebuli 

danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis warmoebisas, rogorc samarTaldamcavi organoebis 

warmomadgenelTaTvis, aseve, mowmeTaTvis metad mniSvnelovania, rom maT Tavi usafrTxod 

igrZnon. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini Tavs Seikaveben samarTalwarmoebaSi aqtiurad 

monawileobis miRebisagan, rac mniSvnelovanwilad Seasustebs organizebul 

danaSaulTan brZolis efeqtianobas. 

zemoT aRniSnulis paralelurad, konvencia avaldebulebs wevr saxelmwifoebs, rom 

uzrunvelyon sxvadasxva zomebis miReba mowmeTa (sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla, pirovnebisa 

da adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb informaciis gasaidumloeba da a.S.) da dazaralebulTa 

dasacavad da samarTalwarmoebis procesSi monawileobis misaRebad. 

garda danaSaulebrivi qmedebebisa, romelTac yvelze didi yuradReba unda mieqces 

organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSi, winamdebare konvencia aseve, 

adgens rekomendaciebs saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis TvalsazrisiT, rac aRniSnul 

saerTaSoriso aqts kidev ufro met Rirebulebas aniWebs. wevr saxelmwifoebs saSualeba 

aqvT ganaxorcielon samarTlebrivi daxmareba, awarmoon erToblivi gamoZieba da damnaSaveTa 

eqstradicia miuxedavad imisa, aqvT Tu ara maT urTierTSoris raime sxva Se- 

Tanxmeba. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom konvencia did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, rogorc 

wevri qveynebis samarTaldamcavTa Soris praqtikis gaziarebas, aseve, erTmaneTis 

kadrebis profesiul momzadebasa da gadamzadebas, rac metad mniSvnelovania, radgan 

transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSauli, TviT definiciidan gamomdinare, scildeba 

erTi konkretuli qveynis teritoriis farglebs. Sesabamisad, msgavs dajgufebaSi 

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SeiZleba monawileobdnen sxvadasxva qveynis kriminalebi, romelTac saqmianobis saku- 

Tari meTodebi aqvT. cxadia, aseT dros fasdaudebelia kriminalis warmoSobis qveynis 

samarTaldamcavi sistemis rogorc gamocdileba, aseve, momzadebisa da gadamzadebis 

kursebi, sadac kargadaa gaanalizebuli da Seswavlili adgilobrivi danaSaulebis 

Taviseburebani. 

aseve metad mniSvnelovania, rom konvenciis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifoebi valdebulebas 

iReben, ganixilon sasjelis Semcirebis SesaZlebloba im pirisaTvis, romelic arsebiTad 

TanamSromlobs gamoZiebasTan. miTiTebuli garemoebis aucilebloba gamowveulia 

imiT, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi, tradiciuli transnacionaluri danaSaulebrivi 

dajgufebebis saqmianoba, maTi wesebi da wevrTa Semadgenloba gasaidumloebulia. Sesabamisad, 

samarTaldamcavi organoebisaTvis ukiduresad Zneli xdeba maT winaaRmdeg 

brZola, radgan ar gaaCniaT informacia maTi Sida saqmianobisa Tu struqturis Sesaxeb. 

miTiTebuli danawesi gansakuTrebiT Rirebuli da efeqtiania Tanamedrove kriminaluri 

dajgufebebis struqturis pirobebSi. kerZod, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom liderebi 

maqsimalurad arian izolirebulni rigiTi wevrebisagan da uSualod, isini araviTar 

danaSaulebriv qmedebas ar axorcieleben. Tumca, swored maT mier xdeba danaSaulebrivi 

sindikatis saqmianobis politikis SemuSaveba da swored maTi davalebis Sedegad xdeba 

kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba. aqedan gamomdinare, erTi mxriv, saxezea 

piri, romelic warmarTavs danaSaulebrivi dajgufebis saqmianobas, xolo meore 

mxriv ki, mis mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcieleba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, 

radgan uSualod igi danaSaulebriv qmedebas ar Cadis. Sesabamisad, aseT dros didi 

mniSvneloba eniWeba kriminaluri gaerTianebis wevris mier mowodebul informacias, 

romelsac cxadia, amgvari informaciis gamJRavnebis motivi unda hqondes. sasjelis 

Semcireba ki, amgvari motivaciis Sesaqmnelad aprobirebuli meTodia, romelic Tu gaviTvaliswinebT 

saerTaSoriso praqtikasa da saqarTvelos gamocdilebas, danaSaulTan 

brZolis saqmeSi sakmaod efeqtianad muSaobs. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia gamotanil iqnes daskvna, rom 

`transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg~ gaeros konvencia erT-erTi 

yvelaze mniSnvelovani saerTaSoriso aqtia miTiTebuli saxis kriminalTan brZolaSi. 

metad mniSvnelovania, rom winamdebare konvencia akonkretebs, Tu romel qmedebebze 

unda gamaxvildes yuradReba transnacionaluri kriminaluri dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg 

brZolisas. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi iReben valdebulebas, 

moaxdinon gansazRvruli qmedebebis kriminalizacia Sida kanonmdeblobaSi, 

rac xels Seuwyobs transnacionalur danaSaulTan erTobliv brZolas, radgan cxadia, 

romelime qmedeba Tu danaSaulia erT qveyanaSi, xolo meoreSi ki, ara, isini ver iTanamSromleben 

aseTi saxis kriminalis winaaRmdeg. amasTan, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba rekomendaciebs, 

romelic Seexeba TanamSromlobas wevr saxelmwifoTa Sesabamis organoebs 

Soris. aRniSnuli momenti gadamwyvetia transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis 

winaaRmdeg brZolis procesSi, radgan rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, msgavsi xasiaTis 

kriminalis ganmaxorcielebli organizebuli dajgufeba arasdros moqmedebs erTi 

qveynis teritoriaze. Sesabamisad, Tu ar iqneba am qveynebs Soris mWidro urTierTTa- 

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namSromloba, misi bolomde damarcxeba SeuZlebeli iqneba. aseve xazgasasmelia, rom 

winamdebare xelSekrulebiT mxareebs eZlevaT saSualeba ganaxorcielon samarTlebrivi 

urTierTdaxmareba da damnaSaveTa eqstradicia, rac aseve, mniSvnelovania, radgan rig 

SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba qveynebs ar gaaCndeT SeTanxmeba msgavs sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobis 

Sesaxeb. am dros, saWiro xdeba konkretul faqtTan dakavSirebiT SeTanxmebis gaformeba, 

rasac xangrZlivi dro sWirdeba, xolo organizebul danaSaulTan brZolaSi operatiulobas 

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. amasTan, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos wevri 

saxelmwifoebis movaleoba erTmaneTis kadrebis momzadebis Sesaxeb. vinaidan, specialuri 

codnis gareSe, rac ar unda aqtiurad ganxorcieldes qmedebebi kriminalTan 

sabrZolvelad, igi efeqtiani ver iqneba, radgan yovel konkretul dajgufebasTan warmatebis 

misaRwevad gansxvavebuli midgomaa saWiro. Sesabamisad, swored am meTodebisa 

da wesebis Sewavla iqneba SesaZlebeli partniori qveynis samarTaldamcavTa specialur 

saswavleblebSi. 

SeniSvnebi 

1 

United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, Article 

2, Sec. (b). 

2 


3, Sec.2. 

3 


2, Sec. (a). 

4 


2, Sec. (c). 

5 

avtorTa koleqtivi, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2007 

weli, gv. 225. 

6 

merab turava, sisxlis samarTali _ zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, 

Tbilisi, 2008 weli, gv. 297. 

7 

avtorTa koleqtivi, sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2007 

weli, gv. 225. 

8 

oTar gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, 

Tbilisi, 2008 weli, gv. 210. 

9 


5, Sec. 1. 

10 

nebismieri samarTaldarRveva, romlis Sedegadac miRebuli iqna Semosavali, 

romelic Semdgom SeiZleba gaxdes e. w. `gaTeTrebis~ obieqti. 

11 


6, Sec. 1 (a). 

12 


6, Sec. 1 (b). 

13 


8, Sec. 1. 

14 


23. 

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UNITED NATIONS 

CONVENTION AGAINST 

TRANSNATIONAL 

ORGANIZED CRIME 

DAVIT MESKHISHVILI 

Doctoral Candidate of the Law department, Grigol Robakidze University 

It is well know that the organized crime is one of the most complicated 

and dangerous for of crime that is effects all spheres of public life. Besides, 

the mentioned crime, is almost never the problem of one sole country. It is 

becoming more and more transnational. Baring this in mind, it is even more 

important to facilitate the mutual legal assistance between the states at the 

international level – and this without the relevant legal framework would be 

impossible to implement. The Article reviews one of the most important 

international act in this field – UN Convention against the Transnational 

Organized Crime. 

This Article analysis the general principles of the above-mentioned Convention. 

Specifically, it reviews the definitions provided in the Convention, 

like: organized group, heavy crime, structured group, property and income 

obtained through the criminal ways. In accordance with the Criminal Code, 

as a result of comparison with the norms, the Article concludes that the 

norms in Georgian legislations regulated the above mentioned issues in compliance 

with the Convention. 

Besides that, the Article is focused on the methods of fighting against 

organized crime and the commitments of the member states in this regard. 

At the end, it is concluded that the UN Convention against Transnational 

Organized Crime is one of he most important international act while fighting 

against this crime, and envisages effective provisions to ensure mutual 

cooperation between the states at the international level. 

100

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTliT dadgenili danaSaulebis 

maxasiaTebeli erT-erTi mTavari niSania makrokrikriminaluri 

miznobrivi dajgufebis 

- JOINT CRIMINAL 

ENTERPRISE doqtrinis 

Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis 

aucilebloba 

saerTaSoriso sisxlis 

samarTalSi 

giorgi dgebuaZe 

saqarTvelos universitetis doqtoranti 

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli 

danaSaulebis Cadena xasiaTdeba adamianTa didi jgufis, 

saerTo mizniT gamsWvaluli gaerTianebebis TanamoqmedebiT, 

sadac pasuxismgebeli piris gansazRvra SedarebiT 

rTulia, vidre nacionalur samarTlebriv sistemaSi. aRniSnuli 

individualuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs ufro 

metad bundovans da Znelad dasadgens xdis. am Temis irgvliv 

sainteresoa yofili iugoslaviis sisxlis samarTlis 

saerTaSoriso tribunalis saapelacio palatis mier SemuSavebuli 

kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrina, 

1 kerZod, Tu ram ganapiroba misi Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis 

aucilebloba. 

1. Sesavali 

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minaluri garemo. braldebuli pirebi praqtikulad, yvela SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben 

erTiani gegmiTa da ganzraxviT, amoZravebT saerTo mizani, organizebuli formiT iyeneben 

Zalismier meTodebs msxverplis winaaRmdeg. magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT holokosti, 

iugoslaviis (srebrenica), ruandis SemTxvevebi, sadac uamravi adamiani gaxda 

ramdenime dReSi ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis msxverpli. adgili hqonda masStaburi 

xasiaTis danaSaulebs, sadac mtkicebulebebis moZieba, Tu vin Caidina ukanono qmedeba 

Tu aqti, faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli iyo. 

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali iTvaliswinebs 

individualur da koleqtiur Seracxvis formas. pirveli saxezea, rodesac mcire teritoriul 

monakveTze Cadenilia ukanono qmedeba, sadac konkretuli damnaSavis dadgena 

da mtkicebulebebis mopoveba SesaZlebelia, romlebic pirdapir kavSirSia braldebulis 

braleulobasTan. meores ki, adgili aqvs sistemuri, did geografiul regionze 

gavrcelebuli danaSaulebis dros. garda amisa, SegviZlia visaubroT aseve SemTxvevebze, 

romlebic exeba rogorc individualur, ise koleqtiur Seracxvis formas. isini 

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi gamoiyeneba ara erTdroulad, aramed erTmaneTis 

monacvleobiT. aris ormagi perspeqtiva. Tu naTeli gaxda, konkretulad vis mier aris 

Cadenili danaSauli, gamoiyeneba individualuri Seracxvis modeli, Tu ara, maSin _ 

koleqtiuri 2 . 

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlSi konkretuli qmedebis kvalifikaciis procesSi gaTvaliswinebul 

unda iqnes individis wvlili danaSaulis CadenaSi, Sedegis dadgomaSi. 

sruli pasuxismgebloba, upirveles yovlisa, daekisreba imas, vinc iyo gadawyvetilebis 

mimRebi dajgufebis, gaerTianebis, organizaciis farglebSi. 

zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxis irgvliv, did yuradRebas ipyrobs yofili iugoslaviis 

tribunalis saapelacio palatis mier precedentul samarTalze dayrdnobiT Seqmnili 

doqtrina, kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufeba _ Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE). is ufro 

da ufro gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlSi, rogorc `jadosnuri iaraRi~ 

saerTaSoriso danaSaulebTan sabrZolvelad 3 da xSirad, bralmdeblebisaTvis `sayvarel 

cnebadac~ moiazreba. 4 

2. kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrina 

kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrina siaxles warmoadgens rogorc saerTa- 

Soriso, aseve, nacionalur samarTlebriv sistemaSi. is aris mniSvnelovani iaraRi im 

pirebis gasasamarTleblad, romlebmac danaSauli Caidines Tanaamsruleblobisa da 

saerTo miznis principebze dayrdnobiT. is emsaxureba mizans, rom individis mier Cadenili 

ukanono qmedeba, an misi jgufur danaSaulSi monawileobis Sedegi miaweros `gaer- 

Tianebis~ farglebs. kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrina SegviZlia ganvmartoT, 

rogorc danaSaulSi monawilis mxridan pirdapiri, an iribi Tanxmoba, romelic 

mimarTulia kriminaluri aqtis aRsrulebisaken, an daumTavrebeli danaSaulebrivi miznis 

sisruleSi moyvanisaken. 

102

kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrinis gamoyeneba yovelTvis iyo kamaTis 

sagani. braldeba umetesad mas iyenebda, rodesac ar iyo sakmarisi mtkicebuleba pirovnebis 

gasasamarTleblad. aseve, diskusiis obieqti iyo misi gaurkveveli definiciac. 

mas xSirad uwodeben pasuxismgeblobis ùvargis Teorias~ da `nadirs~, romelic eZebs 

msxverpls. 5 yofili iugoslaviis mosamarTle fer-johan lindholmi werda, rom JCE 

iyo arasasargeblo tribunalis saqmianobisaTvis. 6 miuxedavad amisa, doqtrina gamoiyeneboda 

da ganagrZobs kidevac arsebobas saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis farglebSi. 

JCE-is saSualebiT bralmdebels SeuZlia, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba 

daakisros adamianTa farTo wres. dajgufebis gegmasTan mimarTebaSi ar aris aucilebeli, 

rom is iyos danaSaulis Cadenamde momzadebuli. 7 is SeiZleba formirebuli iqnes, 

aseve, danaSaulis Cadenis procesSi. yvela SemTxvevaSi, doqtrinis farglebSi Tanaamsrulebloba 

arsebobs, rodesac erTi amsruleblis qmedeba Seesabameba sxva amsruleblis 

mizans da yvela moqmedebs erTdroulad erTi da igive adgilas xangrZlivi drois 

ganmavlobaSi. 8 mniSvnelovania, rom gegma, mizani, Tavisi SinaarsiT iyos aramarTlzomieri, 

iTvaliswinebdes danaSaulis Cadenas. 9 

kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrina Seqmnil iqna braldebis mxarisaTvis, 

maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis, serbi politikosi da samxedro Cinovnikebis samarTalSi 

micemis mizniT, 10 romlebic farul organizebasa da marTvas uwevdnen danaSaulebs, romlebsac 

adgili hqonda yofili iugoslaviis teritoriaze. 11 yvelaze cnobili da gamor- 

Ceuli pirovneba, vinc iugoslaviis tribunalma gaasamarTla, iyo slobodan miloSeviCi. 

sabraldebo aqtSi is iyo cnobili damnaSaved kriminalur miznobriv dajgufebaSi monawileobisaTvis 

bosniaSi, xorvatiasa da kosovoSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebisaTvis. 12 

maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis gasamarTleba doqtrinis meSveobiT ufro intensiur xasiaTs 

atarebda, vidre sxva pirebisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom tribunalze braldebis mxare 

doqtrinas umetesad iyenebda, rodesac braldebulebs Segnebuli monawileoba da Semxebloba 

hqondaT danaSaulTan. 

saerTo mizani, es aris JCE-is doqtrinis elementi da mas warmoadgens, rogorc 

jgufuri pasuxismgeblobis Teorias. 13 dajgufebis wevrebis makavSirebeli rgoli aris 

maTi erTiani ganzraxva, miaRwion saerTo mizans. is Cadenil unda iyos erToblivad an 

urTierTSeTanxmebiT. 14 JCE SeiZleba Sedgebodes, aseve patara, subsidiuri qvegaerTianebebisagan. 

15 es SeiZleba moxdes, Tu is farTo xasiaTis matarebelia. magaliTad, genocidis 

danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi. 

3. kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrinis Seqmnis aucilebloba 

JCE, rogorc saerTo sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sistemuri Seracxvis 

forma, damkvidrda yofili iugoslaviis saapelacio palatis mier tadiCis saqmeze, sadac 

ganisazRvra kidevac pirvelad, doqtrinis gamoyenebis aucilebloba. 16 

yofili iugoslaviis tribunalis saapelacio palata eZebda Teoriul komponents, 

romelic gamoyenebuli iqneboda jgufuri danaSaulebis mimarT, romelic daexmareboda 

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sasamarTlos mZime winaRobebis gadalaxvaSi, mtkicebulebebis mopovebis saqmeSi, romelic, 

umeteswilad, Znelad mosaZiebeli an rTulad dasanaxi iqneboda. magaliTad, 

individebis Semxebloba da kavSiri saerTaSoriso danaSaulSi. JCE-is sqemis Tanaxmad, 

dajgufebis erT-erTi wevris mier Cadenili qmedeba sxva wevrs danaSaulad Seefardeba, 

Tu es iyo kriminaluri gegmis gonivruli winaswarganWvretadi Sedegi. 17 

yofili iugoslaviis tribunalamde, kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrinas 

adgili hqonda saerTaSoriso tribunalebSi, rogoricaa niurnbergi da tokio. 18 aRniSnuli 

gamoiyeneboda individebis dasasjelad, romlebsac brali miuZRodaT dajgufebebis 

mier Cadenil genocidis, omisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebSi. 

im dros, rodesac adamianebi pasuxismgebelni iyvnen danaSaulis dagegmvasa da 

aRsrulebaSi, faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli iyo sxva saSualebiT sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi 

maTi micema, gamomdinare im mtkicebulebebis mopovebis sirTulidan, romlebic 

konkretul danaSaulSi maT pirdapir monawileobaze miuTiTebda. 

4. kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrinis gamoyenebis aucilebloba 

dusko tadiCi iyo im SeiaraRebuli dajgufebis wevri, romelic Sevida prijedoris 

(Prijedor) regionis sofel jaskiSi (Jaskici), ganacalkeva mamakacebi qalebisa da bavSvebisagan 

da umowyalod scema isini. soflidan dajgufebis gasvlis Semdgom, xuTi mokluli 

mamakaci iqna napovni. 19 

yofili iugoslaviis tribunalis sasamarTlo procesze ramdenime mowmem amoicno 

dusko tadiCi, rogorc erT-erTi SeiaraRebuli piri, romelic Sevida dasaxlebaSi, 

magram arc erTs ar SeeZlo Tqma, rom mas raime kavSiri hqonda mkvlelobasTan. ar iyo 

araviTari mtkicebuleba, vin ganaxorciela danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, kerZod, mkvleloba, 

vin esrola TavSi oTx maTgans. sasamarTlo palatam ar gamoricxa faqti, rom qmedebebi, 

romelsac adgili hqonda dasaxlebaSi, ganxorcielebuli yofiliyo im pirebis mier, 

romlebic Sevidnen sofelSi, magram braldebuli ver iqneboda pasuxismgebeli aseTi 

qmedebebisaTvis. 20 gaTvaliswinebul iqna is garemoebac, rom zustad im dRes, mezobel 

sofel sivCSi (Sivci) Sevida didi SeiaraRebuli serbuli dajgufeba da iq eTnikur 

wmendas axorcielebda. faqti, rom ar yofila msxverpli sofel sivCSi, iZleoda varaudis 

saSualebas, rom mkvleloba ar iyo ori soflis eTnikuri wmendis ganxorcielebis 

gegmis nawili, romelSic braldebulma miiRo monawileoba. 21 

braldebis mxarem gaasaCivra sasamarTlo palatis gadawyvetileba, vinaidan darwmunebuli 

iyo, rom tadiCi monawileobda jaskiSi ganxorcielebul TavdasxmebSi, romlis 

mizani iyo prijedoris regionis gawmenda araserbi mosaxleobisagan arahumanuri da 

ZaladobiTi aqtebiT. mkvleloba braldebulisaTvis iyo warmosadgeni, winaswargaTvaliswinebadi 

movlena, romelic braldebis azriT, mas gacnobierebuli unda hqonoda. 

sabolood, tadiCi unda yofiliyo cnobili damnaSaved yofili iugoslaviis tribunalis 

statutis me-7(1) muxliT, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin mokla xuTi mamakaci. 22 

104

dacvis mxare ar eTanxmeboda braldebis mosazrebas da ambobda, rom unda damtkicebuliyo, 

moicavda Tu ara Tavis TavSi Tavdasxmis gegma, romelSic tadiCi savaraudod 

monawileobda, mkvlelobas da CaTreul iqna Tu ara is masSi mkvlelobis gegmiT. 23 

mas Semdeg, rac aRmoCnda, rom SeiaraRebulma dajgufebam, romelSic iyo braldebuli, 

mokla 5 mamakaci jaskiSi, saapelacio palatam dasva sakiTxi _ SeiZleboda Tu ara 

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, piri damnaSaved yofiliyo cnobili, miuxedavad 

imisa, rom ar moipoveboda araviTari mtkicebuleba, rom man mokla erT-erTi 

mainc. 24 

yofili iugoslaviis tribunalis saapelacio palata, tadiCis saqmis kvalifikaciis 

procesSi dadga Teoriuli komponentis Seqmnis aucileblobis winaSe, raTa saerTaSoriso 

sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaSi mieca jgufur danaSaulSi braldebuli 

pirebi. amiT is gaaiolebda im pirTa dasjas, romlebsac brali miuZRodaT danaSaulebSi, 

romlebSic isini monawileobas Rebulobdnen aramarto pirdapiri monawileobis formiT. 

tribunalis wesdeba ar gansazRvravs kriminalur miznobriv dajgufebas, rogorc 

pasuxismgeblobis SesaZleblobas, Sesabamisad konkretul muxlSi. is iqna moZiebuli 

ukve dafuZnebul saerTaSoriso CveulebiT samarTalSi meore msoflio omis precedentuli 

samarTlis analizis Sedegad. 25 aseve, Seswavlil iqna rigi qveynebis nacionaluri 

kanonmdebloba, magram ver iqna moZiebuli Tanmimdevruli, gamarTlebuli praqtika. 

saapelacio palatam dasZina, rom saerTo gegmis doqtrina, rogorc Tanaamsruleblobis 

pasuxisgeblobis forma, mkafiod iyo Camoyalibebuli saerTaSoriso CveulebiT samar- 

TalSi da misi gamoyeneba tribunalis wesdebis farglebSi SesaZlebeli iyo. 26 

yofili iugoslaviis saerTaSoriso tribunali doqtrinas sxvadasxva terminebiT 

moixseniebda. magaliTad, saerTo gaerTianeba, saerTo mizani da a.S. mogvianebiT, precedentulma 

samarTalma gansazRvra, rom yvela es termini pasuxobda pasuxismgeblobis 

erT saerTo formas, romelic unda yofiliyo moxsenebuli, rogorc kriminaluri 

miznobrivi dajgufeba (Joint Criminal Enterprise). 27 

tadiCis pasuxismgebloba dafuZnebuli iyo swored kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis 

doqtrinaze. mas aqvs sami kategoria. samive exeba danaSaulis Casadenad saerTo 

mizniT gamsWvalul adamianTa dajgufebas, romelic garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. 

gaaCnia ra, samive kategorias saerTo obieqturi mxaris niSnebi, yvelas gansxvavebuli 

subieqturi mxaris forma aqvs. 28 

pirveli kategoria, romelsac ZiriTad JCE-s uwodeben, xasiaTdeba SemTxveviT, rodesac 

yvela braldebuli monawileobs saerTo gegmis farglebSi da amoZravebs erTi da 

igive saerTo ganzraxva. aq yvela monawile aris pasuxismgebeli jgufis mier Cadenili 

danaSaulisaTvis, ganurCevlad maTi monawileobis xarisxisa. 29 imisaTvis, rom qmedebis 

kvalifikacia moxdes pirveli kategoriiT, unda dadgindes dajgufebis erT-erT aspeqtSi 

mainc, braldebulis mxridan monawileobis survili da danaSaulebrivi ganzraxva, 

gaziarebuli sxva jgufis wevrebTan erTad. 30 

meore kategorias, sistemur JCE-s, adgili aqvs, rodesac saxezea `sistemuri sisastike, 

Zaladoba~, upirveles yovlisa, rogoricaa sakoncentracio banaki. 31 kriminaluri 

105


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miznobrivi dajgufebis meore kategoriiT pasuxismgeblobisaTvis unda damtkicdes 

organizebuli represiuli sistemis arseboba, braldebulebis mxridan masSi aqtiuri 

monawileoba, misi bunebis codna da SemdgomSi monawileobis ganzraxva. 32 

mesame kategoria, gavrcobili JCE, es aris SemTxveva, sadac saerTo gegmis farglebSi 

adamianTa jgufi sCadis qmedebas, romelic araa gaTvaliswinebuli gegmiT. 33 mesame kategoriis 

dros braldebis mxridan unda damtkicdes, winaswarganWvretadi iyo Tu ara, 

rom danaSauli Cadenili iqneboda jgufis erT-erTi wevris mier da braldebulma icoda 

ra, rom aseTi danaSauli SesaZlebeli iyo momxdariyo gaerTianebis farglebSi, nebayoflobiT 

àiRo riski Tavis Tavze.~ 34 

saapelacio palatam tadiCis saqmeze miiCnia, rom mesame kategoria iyo yvelaze axlos 

braldebulis mier gamoxatul qmedebebTan. jgufs hqonda araserbi mosaxleobis gawmendis 

saerTo mizani. mkvleloba ar iyo maT gegmaSi mocemuli, magram moiazreboda, 

rom araserbebi iqnebodnen mokluli qmedebaTa sisruleSi moyvanis procesSi. palatam 

gamoiZia, rom tadiCma icoda aRniSnulis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb da man nebayoflobiT 

àiRo riski Tavis Tavze.~ 35 

gavrcobilma JCE-m Camoayaliba doqtrinis pasuxismgeblobis subieqturi da obieqturi 

kriteriumebis axali saxe, romlis saSualebiTac, arsebuli mtkicebulebis done 

damakmayofilebeli gaxada. yofili iugoslaviis tribunalis saapelacio palatam daadgina, 

rom sasamarTlo palatam dauSva Secdoma, 36 braldebuli iyo serbuli warmomavlobis 

SeiaraRebuli dajgufebis wevri, romelmac miznad daisaxa Zalismieri formiT 

soflis gawmenda mamakacebisagan. mkvleloba iyo warmosadgeni, winaswargaTvaliswinebadi 

movlena, romelic, braldebis azriT, unda yofiliyo gacnobierebadi. braldebuli 

gasamarTlebul iqna omisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli araerTi danaSaulisaTvis. 

mravali braldebidan, romelic mas wayenebuli hqonda, erT-erTi iyo xuTi mamakacis 

mkvleloba sofel jaskiSi. 37 

5. daskvna 

miuxedavad mravali problemisa, romelic arsebobs individualuri pasuxismgeblobis 

sferoSi, aSkaraa warmatebebi, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi iqna miRweuli saer- 

TaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebis procesSi. 

yofili iugoslaviis saapelacio palata tadiCis saqmeze, kriminaluri miznobrivi 

dajgufebis doqtrinis Camoyalibebis dros daeyrdno niurnbergis sasamarTlo praqtikas, 

iuridiuli normebis simwiris gamo. ar arsebobda Camoyalibebuli dispozicia, 

romelic saSualebas miscemda braldebis mxares gamoeyenebina igi qmedebis kvalifikaciis 

procesSi. Tu braldebis mxare, zemoT aRniSnul doqtrinaze dayrdnobiT, daamtkicebda, 

rom braldebulebi imyofebodnen danaSaulis Cadenis procesSi, miuxedavad maTi 

monawileobis xarisxisa, daawesebda sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas maTze. 

kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrinam braldebis aqtebi ufro ioli gaxada. 

is saSualebas aZlevs braldebas masSi Seitanos ufro meti braldebebi, vidre sxva 

106

formis pasuxismgeblobebi, vinaidan mesame kategorias aqvs subieqturi mxaris ufro 

dabali moTxovnilebebi, rom piri micemul iqnes samarTalSi. mesame kategoria mxolod 

iTxovs, rom umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirisagan moxdes nebismieri qmedebis Cadena, romelic 

SeiZleba Sors iyos dajgufebis saerTo gegmisagan. gavrcobili JCE-iT braldebam 

unda daadginos, rom braldebuls hqonda codna im varaudis Sesaxeb, romelmac gamoiwvia 

damatebiTi danaSauli, anu qmedeba, romelic iyo winaswargaTvaliswinebadi. is, rom 

kriminalur miznobriv dajgufebas aqvs ufro dabali subieqturi mxaris niSnebi, vidre 

pasuxismgeblobis sxva saxes, xdis mas ufro Zlier iaraRad braldebis mxarisaTvis. 

nebismieri axali Teoriuli komponenti, doqtrina, romelic daexmareba marTlmsajulebas 

problemuri sakiTxebis gadalaxvaSi, ra Tqma unda, misaRebi unda iyos saerTa- 

Soriso sisxlis samarTlis dogmatikisaTvis. magaliTad, Tu meTauris pasuxismgebloba 

srulad Tavs ver arTmevda Tavis daniSnulebas, JCE-is mesame kategoriiT, ukve SesaZlebeli 

gaxda pasuxismgeblobis sxvagvarad dakisreba. saerTaSoriso danaSaulebi xasiaTdeba 

ra, adamianTa TanamoqmedebiT, marTlac, am procesSi, rodesac maTi konkretul 

qmedebebTan pirdapiri Semxeblobis dadgena SeuZlebelia, kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis 

doqtrina sakiTxis regulirebis Sesabamisi safuZvelia. is qmnis prevencias 

momavalSi im danaSaulTa aRsakveTad, romelic SeiZleba Cadenil iqnes kacobriobis 

mimarT. globalizaciis sakiTxi, komunikaciis saSualebebis ganviTareba, saerTaSoriso 

sisxlis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulebSi mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgenas qmedebasa 

da Sedegs Soris ufro da ufro Znelad dasadgens xdis. kriminaluri miznobrivi 

dajgufeba, gansakuTrebiT ki, doqtirinis mesame kategoria, subieqturi mxaris 

minimaluri moTxovniT idealuri variantia aRniSnuli sakiTxis dasaregulireblad, 

aseve, maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis gasasamarTleblad, romlebic arapirdapiri formiT 

marTaven òrganizacias~. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis doqtrinis mimarT arsebobs 

garkveuli uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, man saTanado adgili daimkvidra saerTa- 

Soriso sisxlis samarTlis iurisprudenciaSi. 

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kanoni 

SeniSvnebi: 

1 

ix.: Joint Criminal Enterprise terminTan mimarTebaSi; merab turava, 

sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, me-8 gamocema, 2010, 

gv. 281; aseve, aRniSnuli wignis me-7 gamocema, 2008, gv. 234. 

2 

ix.: Kai Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2 Auflage, 2008, gv. 151-152. 

3 

ix.: Kai Ambos, Joint Criminal Enterprise and Command Responsibility, 

Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2007, www.oxfordjournals.org. 

4 

ix.: Antonio Cassese, The Proper Limits of Individual Criminal Responsibility 

Under the Doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterprise, Journal of International 

Criminal Justice, 2007, www.oxfordjournals.org. 

5 

ix.: Ciara Damgaard, Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International 

Crime, 2008, gv. 128. 

6 

ix.: iqve. 

7 

ix.: Kriangsak Kittichaisaree, International Criminal Law, 2002, gv. 238; 

aseve, Gerhard Werle, Principles of International Criminal Law, Second 

Edition, 2009, gv. 173; Prosecutor v Vasiljevic (saqme IT-98-32-A) saapelacio 

palatis 2004 wlis 25 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba, par. 100. 

8 

ix.: Otto Triffterer, Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International 

Criminal Court, Second Edition, 2008, gv. 749-751. 

9 

ix.: William A. Shabas, The Un International Criminal Tribunal-The former 

Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone, 2006, gv. 309-314. 

10 

ix.: Allison Marston Danner and Jenny S. Martinez, Guilty Associations: 

Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development 

of International Criminal Law, 2004, www.ssrn.com. 

11 

ix.: Elies van Sliedregt, JCE as a Pathaway to Convicting Individuals for 

Genocide, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2007, www.oxfordjournals.org. 

12 

ix.: Prosecutor v Milosevic (saqme IT-02-54). 

13 

ix.: Kai Ambos, Joint Criminal Enterprise and Command Responsibility, 

Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2007, www.oxfordjournals.org. 

14 

ix.: Prosecutor v Krajisnik (saqme IT-00-39-T) sasamarTlo palatis 2006 

wlis 27 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, par. 884. 

15 

ix.: Prosecutor v Kvocka et all. (saqme IT-98-30/1) sasamarTlo palatis 

2001 wlis 2 noembris gadawyvetileba, par. 307. 

16 

ix.: Prosecutor v Tadic (saqme IT-94-1-A) saapelacio palatis 1999 wlis 

15 ivlisis gadawyvetileba, par. 172. 

17 

ix.: William A. Schabas, An Introduction to the International Criminal 

Court, Third Edition, 2009, gv. 215-216. 

18 




19 

ix.: iqve, par. 178. 

20 

ix.: Prosecutor v Tadic (saqme IT-94-1-T) sasamarTlo palatis 1999 wlis 

7 maisis gadawyvetileba, par. 373. 

21 


22 



23 

ix.: iqve, par. 176, 177. 

24 


25 




108

26 



27 

ix.: Prosecutor v Brdjanin (saqme IT-99-36) sasamarTlo palatis 2001 

wlis 26 ivnisis gadawyvetileba, par. 26. 

28 

ix.: Robert Cryer, Hakan Friman, Darryl Robinson, Elizabeth Wilmshurst, 

An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure, 2007, gv. 

305-310. 

29 

ix.: Antonio Cassese - International Criminal Law, Second Edition, 2008, gv. 

191. 

30 

ix.: Prosecutor v Simic, Tadic and Zaric (saqme IT-95-9) 2003 wlis 17 

oqtombris gadawyvetileba, par. 157; aseve, Prosecutor v Stakic (saqme 

IT-97-24-T) 2003 wlis 31 ivlisis gadawyvetileba, par. 436; aRniSnul 

saqmeebSi monawileebs amoZravebT saerTo ganzraxva miznis gansaxorcieleblad. 

31 



32 

ix.: iqve, par. 203; ix. aseve, Prosecutor v Krnojelac (saqme IT-97-25-A) 

saapelacio palatis 2003 wlis 17 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, par. 96. 

33 



34 

ix.: iqve, par. 220, 228; ix. aseve, sam kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT Jennifer 

Trahan, Genocide, War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity - A Topical 

of the Case Law of International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 

Human Rights Watch Organization, 2006, gv. 417-427; Prosecutor v 

Vasiljevic (saqme IT-98-32) saapelacio palatis 2004 wlis 25 Tebervlis 

gadawyvetileba, par. 101. 

35 


15 ivlisis gadawyvetileba, par. 231-232. 

36 

ix.: iqve, par 233. 

37 

ix.: tadiCis sxva braldebebTan dakavSirebiT konkretulad Prosecutor 

v Tadic (saqme IT-94-1). 

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NEED FOR CREATION 

AND USAGE OF 

THE JOINT CRIMINAL 

ENTERPRISE DOCTRINE 

IN THE INTERNATIONAL 

CRIMINAL LAW 

GEORGE DGEBUADZE 

Doctoral Candidate, The University of Georgia 

The following article is dedicated to the issue of personal liability in International 

Criminal Law, in other words the doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterprise. 

According to the International Criminal law joint crime involves coperpetration 

by a large group of people with common goal, where compared 

to the national law system, it is more difficult to identify the responsible 

persons. This makes the issue of personal liability even more vague and difficult 

to determine. One of the tools for solving this legal issue is the doctrine 

of the Joint Criminal Enterprise developed by the Appeals Chamber of 

the International Criminal Tribunal of the former Yugoslavia. This doctrine 

enables to apply criminal liability to a large group of people. 

The article reviews the Dusko Tadic’s Case. During the qualification of the 

mentioned case, the Appeals Chamber of International Criminal Tribunal 

for the Former Yugoslavia used the doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterprise 

for the first time and formulated 3 categories of it: 1. I category – basically 

referred as JCE – deals with the situation when all the defendants are acting 

in the framework of the common plan and according to the common goal; 

2) II Category – systemic JCE – is characterized with “systemic cruelty, violence”, 

primarily a phenomena such as a concentration camp. 3), III category 

– extended/advanced JCE – when the group of people in the framework of 

the common goal are committing an act not envisaged ender the plan. 

Though there is some negative attitude towards the doctrine of JCE, it 

has still found relevant place in the common international criminal law. 

110

Tanamonawileobisas, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis 

sirTules warmoadgens, rom danaSauli ramdenime 

piris erToblivi moqmedebiT xorcieldeba. erToblivi 

moqmedeba momdinareobs organizatoris, wamqezeblis da 

damxmaris, aseve, amsruleblis moqmedebidan. TanamonawileobiT 

Cadenili danaSauli, ramdenime piris Zalisxmevis 

nayofs warmoadgens, romelic danaSaulis amsruleblis 

moqmedebaSi da amis safuZvelze, saerTo danaSaulebriv SedegSi 

gaerTiandeba. Tanamonawileebs pasuxismgebloba er- 

Tiani danaSaulisaTvis daekisrebaT. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, 

rom yvela Tanamonawiles erTi zomis erTgvarovani sasjeli 

unda Seefardos. Tanamonawileobisas unda ganxorcieldes 

sasjelis individualizacia. samarTlianadaa aRniSnuli 

iuridiul literaturaSi, rom araindividualizebul 

sasjels ar SeuZlia warmatebiT ganaxorcielos 

Tavisi funqciuri daniSnuleba. Tu sasjeli ar aris individualizebuli, 

is usamarTloa. usamarTlo sasjeli ar 

iwvevs sazogadoebaSi da msjavrdebulSi im reaqcias, romelic 

aucilebelia zogadi da specialuri prevenciis amocanaTa 

gadawyvetisaTvis. 1 

TanamonawileobiT Cadenil danaSaulSi sasjelis individualizacia 

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli im kriterisasjelis 

daniSvnis 

sakiTxisaTvis 

TanamonawileobiT 

Cadenil danaSaulSi 

adam maxaraZe 

rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori 

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umTa Tu midgomaTa Sinaarsze, romelic sasamarTlom kanonmdeblis miTiTebiT unda 

gaiTvaliswinos. sxvadasxva qveynebis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsTa gaTvaliswinebiT, 

aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetis ramdenime mimarTuleba SeiniSneba. 

pirvel maTgans unda mivakuTnoT is qveynebi, sadac danaSaulis Tanamonawilis saxis 

mixedviT dadgenilia sasjelis Semcireba. amis naTeli magaliTia germaniis sisxlis 

samarTlis kodeqsi, romlis 26-e paragrafis mixedviT danaSaulis wamqezebeli amsruleblis 

msgavsad isjeba, magram damxmaresaTvis (par. 27) sasjeli Semcirebulia par. 49, 

I abzacis mixedviT. masSi dadgenilia sasjelis Semsubuqebis Semdegi wesebi: 

1. Tavisuflebis uvado aRkveTa icvleba vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT aranakleb 

sami wliT. 

2. danaSaulisaTvis gansazRvruli vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTisas gaTvaliswinebuli 

sasjelis maqsimaluri vada mcirdeba sam meoTxedamde. igive wesi moqmedebs fuladi 

jarimis drosac. 

3. minimaluri vada sasjelisa Tavisuflebis aRkveTis saxiT mcirdeba: im SemTxvevaSi, 

Tu minimaluri vada aTidan an xuTi wlidan aris gansazRvruli ori wliT; Tu minimaluri 

vada samidan an ori wlidan aris _ eqvsi TviT; Tu minimaluri vada aris erTi 

wlidan _ sami TviT; sxva SemTxvevebSi ki, kanoniT dadgenili minimaluri vadiT. 2 

zogierTi saxelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebi damxmaris mimarT aweseben zogadad, 

sasjelis fakultatiuri Semcirebis SesaZleblobas. ase, magaliTad, Sveicariis 

1938 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 25-e muxli adgens, rom ìs vinc ganzrax Seuwyobs 

xels sxvas danaSaulis CadenaSi an gadacdomaSi SeiZleba daisajos msubuqad~. sasjelis 

fakultatiur Semcirebas aseve, iTvaliswinebs daniis 1933 wlis sisxlis samarTlis 

kodeqsic (23-e mux.) da sxv. 

calkeuli qveynis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebi ar gansazRvraven sasjelis savaldebulo 

an fakultatiur Semcirebas, aramed saerTo saxelmZRvanelo sawyisebis saxiT 

aweseben Tanabar pasuxismgeblobas yvela TanamonawilisaTvis. am gziT midis, magaliTad, 

safrangeTis 1992 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, romlis 121-6 muxlSi naTqvamia, rom 

erToblivi danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Tanamonawile iseve daisjeba, rogorc danaSaulis 

amsrulebeli. 3 analogiur pozicias icavs iaponiis 1907 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsic, 

romlis 63-e muxli adgens, rom damxmares sasjeli unda Seumsubuqdes amsruleblis 

sasjelis Sesabamisad. 4 

sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom iaponiisa da safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebi 

TanamonawileTa dasjis SesaZleblobas zRudaven mcire mniSvnelobis mqone danaSaulebrivi 

qmedebis dros. ase magaliTad, iaponiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 64-e muxlis 

Tanaxmad, iseTi danaSaulis damxmare an wamqezebeli, romelic sasjelis saxiT patimrobas 

an mcire fulad jarimas iwvevs, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daisjeba, Tu amis Sesaxeb 

specialuradaa miTiTebuli kanonSi. safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, 

danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi Tavisi simZimis mixedviT sam nawilad iyofa: danaSaulad, 

gadacdomad da darRvevad, magram Tanamonawileoba mxolod danaSaulSi da gadacdomaSia 

(111-1; 121-6 da 121-7 mm.) dasjadi. 

112

iaponiisa da safrangeTis kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, saqarTvelos moqmedi sisxlis 

samarTlis kodeqsi ar zRudavs im ganzrax danaSaulTa wres, romlisTvisac SesaZlebelia 

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba TanamonawileobisaTvis. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, 

rom Cveni kanonmdeblobiT Tanamonawileebs pasuxismgebloba yvela mcire mniSvnelobis 

mqone nebismieri qmedebisaTvis daekisrebaT. Tanamonawileobis institutis aseTi gageba 

winaaRmdegobrivi da usafuZvlo iqneboda. Tanamonawileobis institutis debulebebi 

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sxva normebTan erTianobaSi unda gaviazroT. es konkretuli 

SemTxveva me-7 muxlis I I nawilTan organul kavSirSi unda warmovidginoT. masSi naTqvamia, 

rom qmedeba SesaZlebelia kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul niSnebs Seicavdes Tumca, 

mcire mniSvnelobis gamo aucilebeli ar iyos misi Camdenis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi 

micema. maSasadame, Tanamonawileebi ssk-is me-7 muxlis I I nawilis safuZvelze, 

SesaZlebelia gaTavisufldnen sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobisagan an kidev, romelime 

Tanamonawiles, magaliTad, msubuqi danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulSi 

monawileobis mcire xarisxis gamo ar daekisros pasuxismgebloba. 5 

moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebs Tanamonawilis romelime saxis 

mimarT sasjelis savaldebulo an fakultatiur Semcirebas. igi istoriuli warsulis 

msgavsad, potenciurad yvela TanamonawilisaTvis sasjelis Tanabar farglebs awesebs. 

amitom erTi SexedviT, iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqosda moqmedi kanonmdeblobisaTvis 

ar aris aucilebeli TanamonawileTa saxeebad dayofa. Tumca, amgvari daskvna ar Seesabameba 

moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogad principebsa da dadgenilebebs TanamonawileebisaTvis 

sasjelis daniSvnis Taobaze. 

sasamarTlom TanamonawileobiT Cadenil danaSaulSi sasjelis individualizaciis 

principis dacvis mizniT unda ixelmZRvanelos, rogorc sasjelis daniSvnis zogad sawyisebSi 

gansazRvruli debulebebiT (53-e mux.) aseve, im specialuri kriteriumebiT, 

romelic danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis da danaSaulSi amsruleblobisaTvis aris 

dadgenili (57-e mux.). magaliTad, sasjelis daniSvnis zogad sawyisebSi miTiTebuli 

debuleba, rom `sasamarTlo damnaSaves samarTlian sasjels dauniSnavs am kodeqsis 

kerZo nawilis Sesabamisi muxliT dadgenil farglebSi da amave kodeqsis zogadi nawilis 

debulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT~ Tanabrad vrceldeba, rogorc erTpirovnuli, aseve, Tanamonawileobis 

gamovlenili danaSaulis mimarTac. erTpirovnulad Cadenili danaSaulis 

msgavsad, TanamonawileobiT Cadenili danaSaulis drosac, sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia 

damnaSaves sasjelis zomad dauniSnos Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis gansazRvruli 

sanqciis minimalur zRvarze naklebi da maqsimalurze meti. 

garda amisa, kanonmdebeli amave normaSi gansazRvravs, rom sasamarTlom sasjelis 

daniSvnisas unda ixelmZRvanelos am kodeqsis zogadi nawilis debulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. 

es miTiTeba sakmaod farTo da tevadi cnebaa. masSi igulisxmeba rogorc zogadi, 

aseve is specialuri normebi, romlebic konkretul viTarebaSi dakavSirebulni arian 

sasjelis daniSvnasTan da zegavlenas axdenen am procesze. magaliTad, moqmedi kodeqsi 

iTvaliswinebs sasjelis daniSvnis wesebs daumTavrebeli danaSaulisaTvis (56-e mux.) 

da danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobisa Tu TanaamsruleblobisaTvis (57-e mux.). im 

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SemTxvevaSi, Tu TanamonawileobiT ganxorcieldeba danaSaulis mcdeloba, sasamarTlom 

sasjelis daniSvnisas mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos ara marto 57-e, aramed 56-e muxlSi 

gansazRvruli debulebebic, cxadia, im danaSaulTan erTad, romlis ganxorcielebasac 

Tanamonawileebi cdilobdnen. 

53-e muxlis meore nawiliT, kanonmdebeli adgens iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac SeiZleba 

dainiSnos kodeqsis kerZo nawilis Sesabamisi muxliT gaTvaliswinebulze ufro mkacri 

an ufro msubuqi sasjeli. ufro mkacri sasjeli SeiZleba dainiSnos danaSaulTa da 

ganaCenTa erTobliobiT (59-e mux.), xolo ufro msubuqi 55-e muxlis safuZvelze. ker- 

Zod, maSin Tu mxareebs Soris dadebulia saproceso SeTanxmeba, sasamarTlos eZleva 

ufleba daniSnos kodeqsis Sesabamisi muxliT dawesebuli zomis umdables zRvarze naklebi 

sasjeli an sxva ufro msubuqi saxis sasjeli. es debulebebi sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi 

unda miiRos TanamonawileobiT Cadenili danaSaulis drosac. Tu, magaliTad, 

sasamarTlo daadgens, rom gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis Tanamonawilem, romelsac 

misjili hqonda 15 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, sasjelis moxdamde, man kvlav Caidina 

TanamonawileobiT (an erTpirovnulad) araerTi mZime an gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSauli, 

aseT pirobebSi sasamarTlos aqvs ufleba, ganaCenTa erTobliobiT (59-e mux.), sasjelis 

Sekrebis gziT, danaSaulSi monawile pirs, saboloo sasjelad mTlianobaSi Seufardos 

ormoc wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. maSasadame, sasjelis daniSvnis zogad sawyisebSi 

miTiTebas, rom sasamarTlom sasjelis gansazRvrisas unda ixelmZRvanelos zogad 

nawilSi gansazRvruli debulebebiT, `jaWvur reaqciaSi mohyavs~ zogad nawilSi gansaz- 

Rvruli is normebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian sasjelis daniSvnasTan an zegavlenas 

axdenen am procesze. 

amasTan, am normebidan zogierTi maTgani specialuri xasiaTisaa da maT sasjelis 

daniSvnis dros sasamarTlo mxolod konkretuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa ganxilvisas 

iyenebs, xolo zogierT maTgans zogadi xasiaTi aqvs da isini sasamarTlos mier, 

Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis sasjelis daniSvnisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReba nebismieri 

kategoriis sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze. magaliTad, 56-e muxliT sasamarTlom unda 

ixelmZRvanelos mxolod daumTavrebeli danaSaulisaTvis sasjelis daniSvnisas. magram 

53-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT gansazRvruli debuleba, pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli 

da damamZimebel garemoebebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, miTiTeba danaSaulis motivze da mizanze, 

qmedebaSi gamovlenil marTlsawinaaRmdego nebaze, movaleobaTa darRvevis xasiaTze, 

damnaSavis warsul cxovrebaze Tu a.S. sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos nebismieri 

saxiTa Tu formiT gamovlenili danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi sasjelis daniSvnisas, 

iqneba es damTavrebuli Tu daumTavrebeli an kidev erTpirovnuli Tu TanamonawileobiT 

Cadenili danaSauli da sxv. 

kanonmdeblis moTxovna sasjelis daniSvnis dros pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli 

da damamZimebeli garemoebebis, agreTve, damnaSavis pirovnebis gaTvaliswinebis Taobaze, 

warmoadgens sasjelis individualizaciis principis realurad ganxorcielebas. 

erTpirovnulad Cadenili danaSaulis dros sasamarTlos SesaZlebloba aqvs da amasTan, 

valdebulic aris garegnulad Tundac erTnairi, ori sxvadasxva danaSaulis Cadenis 

SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli garemoebebis dadgenis gziT, muxlis sanqciis farglebSi da- 

114

niSnos mkacri an naklebad mkacri sasjeli anda ufro msubuqi sasjelis saxe Tu zoma, 

anu ganaxorcielos sasjelis realuri individualizacia. 6 

kanonmdeblis moTxovna sasjelis daniSvnis dros Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli 

garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebis Sesaxeb, cxadia, TanamonawileobiT Cadenil danaSaulsac 

Seexeba, Tumca, am ukanasknels garkveuli specifikac axasiaTebs. kerZod, erTpirovnulad 

Cadenili danaSaulis dros, nebismieri saxis Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli 

garemoeba, am erTi pirisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da Sesabamisad, saqmis yvela konkretuli 

garemoebebis dadgena da maTi gaTvaliswineba sasamarTlos mier, sasjelis 

daniSvnis dros, am erTi piris mimarT xdeba. Tanamonawileobisas ki, es sakiTxi ramdenadme 

gansxvavebulad da SedarebiT rTulad wydeba. 

Tanamonawileobis SemTxvevaSi, Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebis diferencirebuli 

Sefaseba unda ganxorcieldes. es garemoebebi unda daiyos or nawilad: 

personalur da arapersonalur garemoebebad. personaluri niSani, romelic danaSaulSi 

monawile romelime piris mxares aris mocemuli, igi sasamarTlom sasjelis individualizaciis 

dros mxedvelobaSi mxolod im piris mimarT unda miiRos visac igi uSualod 

axasiaTebs. igive unda iTqvas bralis niSanzec, romelic zrdis an amcirebs bralis 

xarisxs. arapersonaluri garemoeba ki, romelic amsruleblis mier ganxorcielebul 

marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas axasiaTebs, man sasjelis gansazRvrisas zegavlena unda 

iqonios ara marto amsrulebelze, aramed danaSaulSi monawile sxva pirebzec. cxadia, 

Tu maT Secnobili hqondaT es garemoebebi. 7 magaliTad, danaSaulis amsruleblis uaryofiTma 

an dadebiTma warsulma cxovrebam an misma piradma Tu ekonomikurma pirobebma, 

asakma, orsulobam Tu sxva personaluri xasiaTis garemoebebma ar unda gaamkacron an 

Seamsubuqon sxva TanamonawileTa sasjeli. magram arapersonalurma garemoebebma, rogorebicaa, 

magaliTad, danaSaulis Cadena gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT, danaSauliT mZime 

Sedegebis gamowveva, danaSaulis Cadena sayovelTaod saSiSi saSualebebiT da a.S. 

msgavsi xasiaTis obieqturi niSnebi sasamarTlom sasjelis individualizaciis dros 

unda gaiTvaliswinos, rogorc amsruleblis mimarT, aseve, danaSaulis TanamonawileTa 

mimarTac, Tu maT Secnobili hqondaT es niSnebi. Tanamonawileobisas sajelis daniSvnis 

Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebis zegavlenis amgvar specifikaze, sxvaTa 

Soris pirdapir miuTiTebs moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 57-e muxli, romelic 

danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis sasjelis daniSvnis specialur kriteriumebs gansazRvravs. 

aRniSnuli muxlis meore nawilSi naTqvamia, rom `Semamsubuqebeli an damam- 

Zimebeli garemoeba, romelic erT-erTi Tanamonawilis an amsruleblis pirovnebas Seexeba, 

mxedvelobaSi miiReba mxolod am TanamonawilisaTvis an amsruleblisaTvis sasjelis 

daniSvnis dros~. maSasadame, personaluri niSani, romelic axasiaTebs romelime 

Tanamonawiles, ar SeiZleba pasuxismgeblobaSi Seeracxos sxva Tanamonawileebs. 

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom TanamonawileobiT 

Cadenil danaSaulSi sasjelis individualizaciis principis dacvisaTvis 53-e 

muxlis mesame nawiliT da 57-e muxlis meore nawiliT gansazRvruli debulebebi erTian, 

ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenen. pirveli maTgani Tu sasamarTlos sasjelis individualizaciis 

zogad principze miuTiTebs, romlis gamoyenebac nebismieri saxiTa Tu 

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formiT Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis aris aucilebeli, meore, ukve akonkretebs im specifikas, 

romelic am normis gamoyenebis dros TanamonawileobiT Cadenil danaSauls axasiaTebs. 

TanamonawileobiT Cadenili danaSaulis dros danaSaulSi monawile pirebis 

mimarT sasjelis daniSvnisas sasamarTlom unda ganxorcielos am debulebaTa sinTezuri 

gamoyeneba. 

danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobisas sasjelis individualizaciisaTvis specialuri mniSvneloba 

aqvs ara marto, zemoT ganxilul 57-e muxlis meore nawiliT gansazRvrul 

debulebas sxvadasxva niSnebis Seracxvis Taobaze, aramed amave muxlis pirvel nawiliT 

dadgenil debulebas danaSaulSi monawileobis xasiaTze da xarisxze, kerZod: `danaSaulSi 

TanamonawileobisaTvis da amsruleblobisaTvis sasjelis daniSvnis dros mxedvelobaSi 

miiReba piris faqtobrivi monawileobis xasiaTi da xarisxi, am monawileobis 

mniSvneloba danaSaulis miznis misaRwevad, misi gavlena gamowveuli an SesaZlebeli 

zianis xasiaTze da xarisxze.~ 

monawileobis xasiaTi da xarisxi mWidrod dakavSirebuli da urTierTganpirobebuli 

cnebebia, Tumca, araerTgvarovani. monawileobis xasiaTi Tvisebrivi maxasiaTebelia da 

masSi Tanamonawilis mier Sesrulebuli roli _ misi funqciis Taviseburebebi igulisxmeba 

erTobliv danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi. monawileobis xarisxi raodenobrivi maCvenebelia 

da igi piris aqtiurobis zomas, misi monawileobis intensiurobasa da efeqturobas 

asaxavs, rogorc danaSaulis momzadebaSi, aseve danaSaulebrivi Sedegis miRwevaSi. 

danaSaulSi monawileobis xarisxi, samarTlianad aRiniSneba iuridiul literaturaSi, 

rom arsebiTi zomiT ganisazRvreba moqmedebis im xasiaTiT, romelsac esa Tu is piri 

asrulebs danaSaulis CadenaSi. 8 am TvalsazrisiT, danaSaulis organizatoris intensiuroba 

da maSasadame, misi monawileobis xarisxi ufro maRalia vidre, magaliTad, dana- 

Saulis damxmaris, romelic mxolod xels uwyobs danaSaulis Cadenas, aiolebs mis ganxorcielebas. 

amitom, Tu sxva pirobebi Tanabaria _ organizatori, rogorc wesi, ufro 

mkacrad unda daisajos, vidre damxmare. 

amasTan, monawileobis xarisxi asaxavs ara mxolod im moqmedebebis intensiurobas, 

romlebic danaSaulSi monawileobis xasiaTiT gansxvavdebian, aramed intensiurobas 

calkeuli Tanamonawileebis moqmedebebis, romlebic erToblivad Cadenil danaSaulSi 

erTi da igive xasiaTis funqciebs asruleben. aviRoT, magaliTad, SemTxveva, sadac 

mkvlelobis damxmaris roli gamoixata mxolod imaSi, rom man urCia amsrulebels, Tu 

sad da rodis ukeTesia msxverplisaTvis Casafreba da SemTxveva, sadac damxmaris moqmedeba 

garda aRniSnuli xelSewyobisa gamoixata mkvlelobis Casadenad iaraRis micemaSi, 

dabrkolebaTa acilebaSi, winaswar SepirebaSi, rom miscemda amsrulebels TavSesafars 

da a.S. orive SemTxvevaSi moqmedebebis xasiaTi erTgvarovania. Sesrulebuli moqmedebebi 

funqciuri TvalsazrisiT, damxmaris moqmedebis sferos miekuTvneba, Tumca, sxvadasxvagvaria 

maTi danaSaulSi monawileobis xarisxi. amasTan, damxmaris intensiuroba, anu 

misi monawileobis xarisxi, rac ar unda didi iyos, is ar SeiZleba organizatorad 

gadaiqces. amisaTvis ukve aucilebelia aseTma pirma Secvalos moqmedebis xasiaTi. man 

organizeba unda gaukeTos an uxelmZRvanelos TanamonawileTa moqmedebebs. 

116

maSasadame, danaSaulSi monawileobis xarisxiT erTmaneTisagan SeiZleba gansxvavdebodnen, 

ara mxolod is Tanamonawileebi, romlebic sxvadasxva saxelis mqone _ amsruleblis, 

organizatoris, wamqezeblis da damxmaris funqciebs asruleben, aramed 

isinic, romlebic erTi da igive saxelis mqone funqciebs asruleben. iseve, rogorc 

Tanaamsruleblobis dros SeiZleba TiToeuli amsruleblis monawileobis xarisxi 

gansxvavdebodes, zustad aseve, SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos erTmaneTisagan monawileobis 

xarisxi im damxmareebis, an wamqezeblebis, romlebic xels uwyoben an aqezeben 

erTi da igive danaSaulis Casadenad. 

rogorc ukve vTqviT, danaSaulSi monawileobis xasiaTi da xarisxi mWidrod dakav- 

Sirebuli cnebebia da monawileobis xarisxi arsebiTi zomiT ganisazRvreba danaSaulSi 

monawileobis xasiaTiT. am mxriv, danaSaulis organizatoris moqmedebas amsruleblis 

msgavsad, xSirad ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba eniWeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebaSi 

da Sedegis miRwevaSi. erTobliv qmedebaSi danaSaulis organizators 

dominirebuli funqcia ukavia. praqtikis Seswavla cxadyofs, rom ‘organizatori, rac 

ufro gamWriaxi, Ronieri da mizanswrafulia, miT ufro efeqturia TanamonawileobiT 

Cadenili danaSaulis dros miRweuli Sedegi. zogadad, organizators sxva TanamonawileebTan 

SedarebiT da gansakuTrebiT damxmaris figurasTan SedarebiT, danaSaulSi 

monawileobis gaTvaliswinebiT, prevalirebuli mniSvneloba unda mivaniWoT. amitom, 

amsruleblis msgavsad, marTalia organizatori uSualod (ar klavs, ar Zarcvavs da a. S.) 

ar sCadis danaSauls, magram igi amsruleblis Tanabrad, rig SemTxvevebSi ki, masze mkacradac 

SeiZleba daisajos. 

wamqezeblis moqmedebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, sakmaod maRalia misi monawileobis 

xarisxi. wamqezebeli danaSaulis ganxorcielebis iniciatori da misi ideuri sulisCamdgmelia. 

Sesabamisad, misi monawileobis xarisxic ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre damxmarisa. 

danaSaulis wamqezeblis sasjelic sxva Tanabari pirobebis arsebobisas SesaZlebelia 

gauTanabrdes amsruleblis sasjels. 

yvelaze nakleb rols danaSaulis CadenaSi, rogorc wesi, damxmare asrulebs, igi 

wamqezeblis msgavsad, ar aris danaSaulis sulisCamdgmeli, aramed mxolod xels uwyobs 

mis ganxorcielebas, uiolebs Tanamzraxvelebs dasaxuli miznis miRwevas. amitom, sworad 

unda CaiTvalos iuridiul literaturaSi erTob myarad gabatonebuli pozicia, 

rom im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac sxva garemoebebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen sasjelis 

gansazRvraze _ Tanabaria da sasjelis zomis sxvaoba danaSaulSi Sesrulebuli xasiaTiT 

da xarisxiT unda ganisazRvros. am SemTxvevaSi, danaSaulis damxmares naklebad mkacri 

sasjeli unda daeniSnos, vidre danarCen Tanamonawileebs. 9 

aRniSnul Tvalsazriss, arsebiTad adasturebs sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavlac. 

Cvens mier ganzrax mkvlelobis sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa SerCeviTi Seswavlisas, magaliTad, 

im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac damxmaris moqmedebis kvalifikacia amsruleblis moqmedebis 

kvalifikacias emTxveva da amasTan, pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli 

garemoebebi mocemuli amsruleblis da damxmaris mxares metnaklebad 

Tanabaria, amsrulebelisaTvis daniSnulis sasjelis saxe vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 

saSualod 3-4 wliT aRemateba damxmaris sasjelis zomas. 

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danaSaulis damxmaris mimarT SedarebiT mkacri sasjelis daniSvna gamarTlebulad 

SeiZleba CaiTvalos maSin, rodesac damxmare Tavisi piradi TvisebebiT ufro mkacr 

sasjels imsaxurebs, vTqvaT, aris warsulSi araerTjer nasamarTlevi, an rodesac amsruleblis 

mxares mocemulia imdenad mniSvnelovani Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba, romelic 

sasamarTlos sasjelis daniSvnis dros aiZulebs ZiriTadi yuradReba gadaitanos 

ara TviT moqmedebis xasiaTze, aramed damnaSavis pirovnebaze. Tu davuSvaT, danaSaulis 

amsrulebeli aris arasrulwlovani, romelic ufrosi damxmaris garkveuli zegavlenis 

qveS moeqca, aseT pirobebSi SesaZlebelia sasamarTlom SedarebiT msubuqi sasjeli 

dauniSnos arasrulwlovan amsrulebels. magram, Tu danaSaulSi daxmarebis dros amsruleblis 

mxareze mocemulia iseTi piradi Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba, romelic Tavisi 

arsiT principul zegavlenas ver axdens sasjelis zomis gansazRvraze, magaliTad, rogorebicaa 

dadebiTi daxasiaTebis arseboba, garkveuli waxaliseba, kmayofaze yofna da 

a.S. aseT garemoebaTa arsebobisas, vinaidan amsrulebeli uSualod Cadis danaSauls da 

maSasadame, misi moqmedeba ufro qmediT pirobas warmoadgens danaSaulis Casadenad, 

samarTlianobis principi moiTxovs, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi amsrulebels ufro mkacri 

sasjeli daeniSnos, vidre damxmares. 

amasTan, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi wesi ar SeiZleba dogmad vaqcioT. vinaidan, 

iSviaTad, Tumca mainc, damxmaris danaSaulSi faqtobrivi xelSewyoba da misi monawileobis 

intensiurobis xarisxi zogjer imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom igi danaSaulis 

miznis miRwevis gzaze ar CamorCeba danaSaulis amsruleblis Tu sxva TanamonawileTa 

moqmedebebis xarisxs. aseTi viTareba gansakuTrebiT maSin SeiniSneba, rodesac damxmaris 

moqmedeba droisa da adgilis mixedviT amsruleblis moqmedebas emTxveva da misi xel- 

Sewyoba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobas warmoadgens danaSaulis Casadenad. amgvar 

SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlo zogjer mniSvnelovnad uaxloebs erTmaneTs amsruleblis 

da damxmaris sasjelis zomas, xolo zogjer, kidevac aTanabrebs maT. 

pirveli maTganis dasadastureblad SesaZlebelia mivuTiToT saqarTvelos uzenaesi 

sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli saqme s. kvaracxelias, j. saxokias, m. saxokias da sxvaTa 

mimarT. sadac damxmareebma j. saxokiam, m. saxokiam da sxva pirebma, romlebic urikaze 

moTavsebul msxverpls gars Semoertynen, adgilze misul policiis muSakebs, msxverplis 

daxsnas rom cdilobdnen, gauwies medgari winaaRmdegoba. amiT, amsrulebel s. 

kvaracxelias aaciles dabrkoleba, am ukanasknels misces saSualeba danis gamoyenebiT 

Caedina mkvleloba. sasamarTlom amsrulebels 12 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa dauniSna, 

xolo damxmareebs _ 10-10 wliT. 

rac Seexeba amsruleblis da damxmaris sasjelis gaTanabrebis sakiTxs, es garemoeba 

iSviaTad, Tumca, mainc SeiniSneba sakuTari xeliT Casaden deliqtebSi, sadac damxmare 

Tavisi faqtobrivi monawileobis mixedviT, arsebiT rols asrulebs danaSaulis CadenaSi. 

Cvens mier 7 wlis winaT Seswavlili iqna baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi da 

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles sasamarTloSi sazRvris ukanonod gadakve- 

TaSi xelSewyobis aRmoCenis 12 faqti. ZiriTadad, maTi Sinaarsi Semdegi saxis iyo: danaSaulis 

amsrulebeli, romelsac ar hqonda pasporti, winaswar uTanxmdeboda sarfis 

sabaJo sakontrolo gamSvebi punqtisaken momavali avtobusis mZRols, rom mas, gark- 

118

veuli Tanxis safasurad, daemala misi marTvis qveS myofi avtobusis salonSi an winaswar 

mowyobil saidumlo saTavsoSi da am gziT ukanonod gadaeyvana saxelmwifos sazRvarze. 

amgvari Sinaarsis 12 sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan sasamarTlom sam SemTxvevaSi, amsrulebelsac 

da damxmare-mZRolsac Seufarda or-ori wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, xolo 

erT SemTxvevaSi _ erTi wliT da eqvsi TviT. amasTan, sasamarTlom erT-erTi saqmis 

ganxilvisas damxmaresTan mimarTebaSi xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom `misi moqmedeba 

aris erT-erTi efeqturi piroba, romelic danaSaulis CadenaSi monawileobis xarisxiT 

ar CamorCeba amsruleblis moqmedebas~ 10 maSasadame, sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina amsruleblis 

da damxmaris danaSaulSi monawileobis SefardebiTi xarisxi, aseve, damxmaris 

xelSewyobis faqtobrivi mniSvneloba danaSaulis Casadenad, damxmaresac sasjelis igive 

zoma dauniSna, rac danaSaulis amsrulebels. 

amrigad, daskvna, rom damxmares ufro naklebad mkacri sasjeli unda daeniSnos vidre 

sxva Tanamonawileebs, aseTi daskvna ar SeiZleba yovelTvis gakeTdes mxolod formalurad 

danaSaulSi Sesrulebuli moqmedebis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze. moqmedi 

kanonmdeblobis dadgenileba, romelic ar avaldebulebs sasamarTlos yvela Tanamonawiles 

erTnairi sasjelis zoma dauniSnos an dauniSnos erT Tanamonawiles ufro 

mkacri, vidre meores, maT mier Sesrulebuli moqmedebis xasiaTze damokidebulebaSi, 

principSi sworad unda CaiTvalos. vinaidan igi sasamarTlos aZlevs SesaZleblobas 

calkeul SemTxvevebSi, Tavi daaRwios formalur midgomas TanamonawileTa moqmedebebis 

SefasebaSi da mTeli moculobiT gaiTvaliswinos sasjelis daniSvnisas misi faqtobrivi 

roli mocemuli danaSaulis CadenaSi, realuri mniSvneloba moqmedebisa sxva 

TanamonawileTa moqmedebebisaTvis da danaSaulebrivi Sedegis miRwevisaTvis. 

amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sasamarTlo TanamonawileTa dasjisas saboloo 

daskvnas ara mxolod danaSaulSi faqtobrivi monawileobis xasiaTisa da xarisxis safuZvelze 

akeTebs, aramed Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebis safuZvelzec, 

romelic ara marto Cadenil marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas Seexeba, aramed danaSaulSi 

monawile pirebsac. am kriteriumTa gamoyenebam cxadia, maqsimalurad unda uzrunvelyos 

sasjelis individualizaciis principis ganxorcieleba. 

TanamonawileTa mimarT sasjelis daniSvnis kriteriumebze msjelobisas aqve unda 

SevCerdeT sakmao mniSvnelobis mqone erT saintereso faqtze, romelic sisxlis samar- 

Tlis kodeqsis kerZo nawilSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis tendencias Seexeba. ker- 

Zod, es ukavSirdeba konkretuli danaSaulebisaTvis sanqciiT gansazRvruli sasjelebis 

zomis Seviwroebas, anu sasjelis minimaluri zomis maRla awevas da maqsimaluris dabla 

dawevas. aseTi midgoma, sadac xSir SemTxvevebSi, sasjelis minimalur da maqsimalur 

zRvars Soris aris gansxvaveba ori wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, arc Tu iSviaTad, xels 

uSlis sasjelis individualizaciis principis gatarebas. nimuSisaTvis aviRoT moqmedi 

ssk-is 137 muxlis (gaupatiureba) pirveli nawili, romelic sasjelis zomad iTvaliswinebs 

4 dan 6-wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTas. sasamarTlom sasjelis individualizaciis 

principis ganxorcielebisas Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT 

amsrulebels, vTqvaT, Seufarda 5 weli. magram ibadeba kiTxva: ramdeni 

weli unda Seufardos sasamarTlom damxmares? romlis xelSewyobac gamoixata mxolod 

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rCevis micemaSi, Tu rogor mietyuebina SerCeuli msxverpli Tavis binaSi. amasTan, warmovidginoT, 

rom damxmaris mxareze aris araerTi Semamsubuqebeli da arc erTi damam- 

Zimebeli garemoeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos SeuZlia sasjelis minimalur vadad 

ganusazRvros 4 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. sasjelis aseTi daniSvna, vfiqrobT, rom 

ar iqneba samarTliani. Cveulebriv pirobebSi, roca Tanabaria amsruleblis da damxmaris 

mxareze arsebuli piradi Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebi, Sesrulebuli 

rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, mocemuli sasjelis zomaSi gansxvaveba unda iyos minimum 

erTi wlis vadiT. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos ar eZleva SesaZlebloba gaiTvaliswinos 

sxva piradi Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi da amis mixedviT, realurad ganaxorcielos 

sasjelis individualizacia. 

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, sasurveli iqneboda sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 

zogadi nawilis 57-e muxlSi, sadac TanamonawileobisaTvis sasjelis daniSvnis specialuri 

kriteriumebia dadgenili, mesame nawilSi Camoyalibebuliyo norma, romelic 

sasamarTlos miscemda SesaZleblobas msgavs SemTxvevebSi, damxmarisaTvis ufro naklebi 

sasjeli Seefardebina. es norma SeiZleba aseTi saxiT Camoyalibdes: `sisxlis samar- 

Tlis kodeqsis kerZo nawiliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTis saxiT gansazRvruli sasjelis 

minimaluri zRvari, damxmaresTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba Semcirdes ori wlis vadiT, 

magram aranakleb sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawiliT sasjelis mocemuli saxisaTvis 

gansazRvruli minimaluri zRvarisa.~ vfiqrobT, aseTi miTiTeba xels Seuwyobs sasamar- 

Tlos ganaxorcielos sasjelis realuri individualizacia, rogorc faqtobrivad 

ganxorcielebuli obieqturi rolis mixedviT aseve, personaluri Semamsubuqebeli Tu 

damamZimebeli garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 

120

SeniSvnebi: 

1 

Ï. È. Ãðèøàåâ, Ã. À. Êðèãåð, Ñîó÷àñòèå ïî ñîâåòñêîìó óãîëîâíîìó ïðàâó, 

Ì., 1959, ñò. 184; Â. Ñ. Ïðîõîðîâ, Ñîó÷àñòèå â ïðåñòóïëåíèè ïî ñîâåòñêîìó 

óãîëîâíîìó ïðàâó, Äèñ. íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷åíîé ñòåïåíè ê. þ. í. Ë., 1962, 

ñò. 292. 

2 

Óãîëîâíîå çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâî çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí, (Àøëèè, ÑøÀ, Ôðàíöèè, 

Ãåðìàíèè, ÿïîíèè) Ïîä ðåä. È Ä. Êîçà÷êèíà, Ì., 1999, ñò. 258. 

3 

iqve, gv. 197. 

4 

iqve, gv. 344. 

5 

aRniSnuli sakiTxebis garSemo sworad msjeloben p. telnovi, p. gri- 

Saevi, g. krigeri. ix.: Ï. Ô. Òåëüíîâ, Îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà ñîó÷àñòèå â 

ïðåñòóïëåíèè, Ì., 1978, ñò.58; Ï. È. Ãðèøàåâ, Ã. À. Êðèãåð, Ñîó÷àñòèå 

ïî ñîâåòñêîìó óãîëîâíîìó ïðàâó, Ì., 1959, ñò. 170-171. 

6 

ix.: z. goTua, sisxlis samarTali, sasjeli, leqciebis kursi, Tb., 2001, 

gv. 36-53. 

7 

am sakiTxze vrclad ixileT, a. maxaraZe, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba 

danaSaulSi daxmarebisaTvis, Tb., 2006, gv. 229-252; o. gamyreliZe, 

danaSaulis SualobiTi amsrulebloba da Tanaamsrulebloba, 

Tb., 1974, gv. 165-171. 

8 

Ï. È. Ãðèøàåâ, Ã. À. Êðèãåð, Ñîó÷àñòèå ïî ñîâåòñêîìó óãîëîâíîìó ïðàâó, 

Ì., 1959, ñò. 189; Â. Ñ. Ïðîõîðîâ, Ñîó÷àñòèå â ïðåñòóïëåíèè ïî ñîâåòñêîìó 

óãîëîâíîìó ïðàâó, Äèñåðòàöèÿ íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷åíîé ñòåïåíè ê. þ. Í. Ë., 

1962, ñò. 312; Ó. Ñ. Äæåêåáàåâ, Ë. Ì. Âàéåáåðã, Ð. Ï. Ñóäàíîâà, Ñîó÷àñòèå 

â ïðåñòóïëåíèè, Àëìà-Àòà, 1981, ñò. 115-1 1á è äð. 

9 

T. wereTeli, Tanamonawileoba danaSaulSi, Tb., 1965, gv. 229-231; sisxlis 

samarTlis zogadi nawili, red. g. tyeSeliaZe, g. naWyebia, Tb., 

2004, gv. 304; Ì, È, Êîâàëåâ, Ñîó÷àñòèå â ïðåñòóïëåíèè, ÷àñòü âòîðàÿ, 

Ñâåðäëîâñê, 1962, ñò. 153-154 è äð. 

10 

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis uzenaesi sasamarTlos arqivi, 1998, 

saqme #1-13. 

121


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THE PUNISHMENT 

INDIVIDUALIZATION 

MATTER IN COMMITTING 

CRIME WITH ACCEESSARY 

ADAM MAKHARADZE 

Full Professor of Rustaveli State University 

The article deals with analyses of accessarial punishment individualization 

matter of executor, organizer, instigator, and helpmate in accessarial crime. 

The author reviews penal legislation of different countries, which anticipating 

accessory sometimes establish reduction of compulsory or facultative 

punishment. On the other hand, independently from accessarial nature establish 

equal punishment based on common initial directions. 

The article also deals with general or special criterions based on current 

Georgian Criminal Code, which impact punishment individualization of accessory. 

The author discusses factual participation nature and quality, personal 

or non-personal signs existed on accessary’s side, that influence on other 

accessary’s responsibility and on defining individualization process. 

122

fulis gaTeTreba 

ofSoruli zonebis 

gamoyenebis gziT 

nino osaZe 

hamburgis universitetis samarTlis magistri, 

Teusu-s samarTlis fakultetis doqtoranti 

ofSoruli centrebis zogadi mimoxilva 

bankebi an sxva finansuri institutebi, romlebic axorcieleben 

ofSorul operaciebs, gaTavisuflebulebi arian 

im farTo speqtris regulaciebisagan, romelic Tan sdevs 

qveynis SigniT arsebul finansur institutebs. ofSoruli 

bankebis mier ganxorcielebuli tranzaqciebi, rogorc wesi, 

Tavisufalia gadasaxadebisagan, amavdroulad, ofSoruli 

bankebi Tavidan icileben yovelgvar dadgenil moTxovnebs, 

romlebic kapitalis finansur brunvas Tu uZravi qonebis 

flobas axlavs. aseve, xSirad, magram ara yovelTvis, 

Tavisufldebian maregulirebeli organoebis mier kapitalze 

dawesebuli kontrolisa da likvidaciisagan. 

arsebobs mosazreba, rom ofSorul centrebs pirvelad 

safuZveli Caeyara maSin, rodesac aSS-sgan SeSinebulma sab- 

WoTa kavSirma, rom ar gayinuliyo misi qoneba, daiwyo britanul 

bankebSi Tavisi anabrebis dabandeba dolaris valutaSi, 

ris Sedegadac grZelvadiani anabrebis (ucxour valutaSi) 

Senaxvis winapiroba `civi omi~ gaxda. omis Sedegad 

is bankebi, romlebsac hqondaT sabWoTa kavSiris mier mi- 

Rebuli anabrebi, ar gaTavisufldnen gadasaxadebisa da 

fulis tranzaqciasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebebisagan. 

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aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom ofSoruli bankebis istorias did 

britaneTSi daedo safuZveli. 1 

aRsaniSnavia is faqtoric, rom ofSoruli bankebis aRzevebis xana daiwyo 1970-1980 

wlebSi. 1960 wels, aSS-ma mis bankebze kapitalis kontroli daawesa, maSin roca umetesi 

bankebi arRvevdnen maTTvis dadgenil wesebs da axdendnen sxvadasxva safinanso sistemidan 

izolirebas. amave wels investorebis mosazidad bankebma daiwyes grZelvadiani 

anabrebis gacema, ramac xeli Seuwyo pirdapir konkurencias kerZo korporaciebsa da 

xelisuflebas Soris. 1970 wels, dasavleTis umravlesma bankebma sesxis gacema sxvadasxva 

suverenul saxelmwifoebze daiwyes, romlebic saWiroebdnen sesxebs sazRvargareT, 

rac TavisTavad, am ukanasknelTa aqtiur monawileobas gulisxmobda ofSorul 

centrebSi. 2 

dRevandel periodSi dawesebulma sxvadasxva moTxovnebma Tu kanonebma, ofSorul 

centrebze nawilobriv iqonia zegavlena. kanonmdeblobisa Tu sxva maregulirebeli 

organos moTxovnebis Tanaxmad, maT unda SeinarCunon TavianTi mniSvneloba, magram unda 

gaxdnen gamWvirvaleni, raTa aRmoifxvras yovelgvari sabanko maqinaciebi. Tumca, aqve 

aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari centrebis Camoyalibebas mxolod kriminaluri safuZveli ar 

udevs, magaliTad, ekonomikurad dasustebuli e.w. Raribi qveynebi aRniSnul finansur 

centrebs ayalibeben, raTa moizidon investorebi qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis 

gasaumjobeseblad. 

interesmoklebuli ar iqneba yuradReba SevaCeroT, Tu ratom xdeba kriminaluri 

samyaros mier danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli fulis udidesi nawilis ofSorul 

centrebSi dabandeba misi gaTeTrebis mizniT, kerZod: 

ofSoruli centrebi klients sTavazobs e.w. „Tavisufleba, momsaxureba da SesaZleblobas~ 

(freedom, service and opportunity). TavisuflebaSi igulisxmeba gadasaxadebisagan 

Tavisufleba; Tavisufleba sarezervo aqtivebis Tanafardobis moTxovnisagan; 

Tavisufleba informaciis gamoaSkaravebisagan; momsaxureba gulisxmobs 

klientis personalur da korporatiul momsaxureobas; ofSoruli kapitalis 

menejmentsa da globalur meurveoba-mzrunvelobas. 

individualuri mewarmeebi Tu transnacionaluri korporaciebi ofSorul zonebs 

iyeneben, rogorc TavianTi konfidencialobisa da biznes garemoSi konkurentunarianobis 

SesanarCuneblad. 

ofSorul centrebs aqvT „moZravi angariSi~. xSir SemTxvevaSi kriminalebi angariSs 

erT iurisdiqciaSi myof bankSi xsnian, magram sabanko operacias sxva iurisdiqciaSi 

axorcieleben. kerZod ki, erTi iurisdiqciis bankSi angariSis gaxsnis 

SemTxvevaSi, xdeba meore bankis gafrTxileba, raTa am ukanasknelma transferi 

ganaxorcielos sxva iurisdiqciis bankSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli „moZravi 

angariSi~ samarTaldamcavebs did problemas uqmnis e.w. Savi fulis konfiskaciisas. 

umetesi ofSoruli centrebi pirdapir kavSirSi imyofebian kazinoebTan. kerZod 

ki, aRniSnuli kavSiris meSveobiT, fulis gaTeTreba xdeba Semdegi sqemiT: fulis 

124

gaTeTrebis mesveurebi gasaTeTrebeli fuliT yiduloben saTamaSo Cipebs da 

TamaSoben kazinoSi. Semdgom abruneben Cipebs da iReben qviTars, riTic midian 

romelime bankSi mogebuli Tanxis gasanaRdeblad. aRniSnuli procesis dros, 

aravin interesdeba Tu saidan gaCnda gasaTeTrebeli fuli, romelic sabolood, 

mogebul Tanxad ubrundebaT. 

ofSorul centrebs mWidro kavSiri aqvT e.w. xelSemwyob agentebTan romlebic 

Suamavloben klientebTan. xelSemwyobi agentebis SeTavazeba iTvaliswinebs finansur 

konsultaciebs/rCevebs da klientis darwmunebas finansuri centriT sargeblobis 

upiratesobaSi. 

arsebobs uamravi e.w. iatakqveSa sabanko sistema (Underground banking system), romelic 

Tavis mxriv, kompleqsuri ofSoruli zonaa. aseTi tipis bankebia Cinuri „Chip system” 

an „Chop system”, pakistanur-induri „Hundi system” igive „Hawalah system”. aRniSnuli 

sistemebiT klientis kapitalis tranzaqcia xdeba telefonis, faqsis an eleqtronuli 

fostis saSualebiT. iseTi saxis simdidre, rogoricaa oqro da Zvirfasi qvebi erTi 

qveynidan meore qveyanaSi gadadis yovelgvari savaldebulo finansuri dokumentaciis 

gareSe. iqidan gamomdinare, rom e.w. iatakqveSa sabanko sistema finansur tranzaqcias 

axorcielebs saerTaSoriso qselis (Network) meSveobiT, samarTaldamcavi organoebi 

ver uweven kontrols aRniSnul process, rac Tavis mxriv, aadvilebs kriminalebis mier 

fulis gaTeTrebis SesaZleblobas. 3 

gadaxdis axali meTodebis ofSoruli uzrunvelyofa 

potenciuri risk-faqtori, romelic SeiZleba saerTo iyos gadaxdis axali meTodebis 

yvela saxisaTvis, aris iurisdiqcia. zog SemTxvevaSi, gadaxdis axali meTodebis Semqmnelebi 

an momsaxurebis mimwodeblebi SeiZleba imyofebodnen ofSorul finansur centrSi, 

sadac rogorc aRvniSneT, kanonebisa da normatiuli aqtebis naklebad saimedo 

sistemebia. amasTan, procesebi, romlebic gadaxdis axal meTodebTanaa dakavSirebuli, 

xSirad ramdenime iseT iurisdiqcias gaivlis, romelTa gavleniTac ufro kompleqsuri 

produqti iqmneba. ramdenime iurisdiqciis monawileoba qmnis tranzaqciebis dafarvas, 

romelic Tavis mxriv, arTulebs gadaxdis axali meTodebis zedamxedvelobis efeqtianobas 

samarTaldamcavi organoebis mxridan. rodesac gadaxdis axali meTodebi internetiT 

vrceldeba, iurisdiqciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi matulobs. kerZod, Tu 

romel iurisdiqciebs miekuTvnebian momsaxurebis provaiderebi, sad arian isini Car- 

Tulebi, xelisuflebis romeli organoebi ageben pasuxs maT kontrolze da fulis ga- 

TeTrebasa da terorizmis dafinansebasTan brZolis romeli reJimi gamoiyeneba maT 

winaaRmdeg. am SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri im iurisdiqciisaTvis, sadac rigiTi klientebisaTvis 

gadaxdis axali meTodebis gamoyeneba daSvebulia, gansakuTrebiT rTuli xdeba 

aRniSnul ukanono qmedebebSi Careva da maTi SeCereba. problemis naTlad warmoCenisaTvis, 

warmogidgenT gadaxdis axali meTodebis sqemas. 

125


N1 

da 

kanoni 

a) gadaxdis axali meTodebis riskebi fulis gaTeTrebisas 4 

gadaxdis meTodi 

potenciuri 

risk-faqtorebi 

mimdinare da potenciuri 

riskebis Semamcireblebi 

winaswari gadaxdis baraTebi: 

Ria sistema 

(Prepaid cards: open-system) 

baraTis anonimuri 

mflobeli; 

anonimuri dafinanseba 

(Semodineba) da Tanxebis 

anonimuri gatana (gadineba); 

sabaraTe Tanxis maRali 

limiti da/an 

aralimitirebuli baraTebis 

raodenoba, romelic kerZo 

pirs SeuZlia SeiZinos; 

naRdi fulis gatana yvela 

bankomatidan; 

ofSorulma emitentebma 

yvela iurisdiqciaSi 

SesaZloa kanonebi ar 

daicvan. 

baraTis mflobelis 

identifikacia; 

dafinansebis SezRudvis 

variantebi; 

baraTis Sevsebis limiti da/ 

an baraTebis raodenoba, 

romelic kerZo pirs 

SeuZlia SeiZinos; 

erTi tranzaqciis 

Rirebuleba; 

naRdi fulis sazRvargareT 

aRebis SezRudva; 

tranzaqciebis monitoringi 

da saeWvo aqtivobebis Sesaxeb 

angariSebis warmodgena; 

baraTis/angariSis dablokva; 

arasasurveli movaWreebis 

qselisa da bankomatebis 

mimwodeblebis/qselis 

SezRudva 

winaswari gadaxdis baraTebi: 

daxuruli sistema 

(Prepaid cards: closed-system) 

baraTis anonimuri 

mflobeli; 

anonimuri dafinanseba; 

sabaraTe Tanxis maRali 

limiti; 

naRdi fulis masis 

Canacvleba; 

aralimitirebuli baraTebis 

raodenoba, romelic kerZo 

pirs SeuZlia SeiZinos. 



baraTis Sevsebis limiti da/ 

an baraTebis raodenoba, 

romelic kerZo pirs 

SeuZlia SeiZinos; 


variantebi; 




pirdapir bankomatidan naRdi 

fuli moxsnis SezRudva; 

baraTis/angariSis dablokva. 

eleqtronuli safule 

(Electronic Purse) 

baraTis anonimuri mflobeli 

anonimuri dafinanseba da 

Tanxebis anonimurad miReba 

sabaraTe Tanxis maRali limiti 

tranzaqciis Sesaxeb 

Canawerebis ararseboba 



baraTidan baraTze 

gadaricxvis SesaZleblobis 

ararseboba; 

daxarjuli/Senaxuli fulis 

raodenobis SezRudva; 

126

sazRvargareT 

funqcionirebis SezRudva; 


variantebi; 





mobiluriT gadaxdebi 

(Mobile payments) 

anonimuri angariSebi; 


Tanxebis anonimurad miReba; 

maRali an ararsebuli 

angariSis dafinansebis 

SezRudva. 

angariSis mflobelebis 

identifikacia telefonebis, 

rogorc sabanko an sakredito 

baraTis angariSTan damakav- 

Sirebeli mowyobilobis, 

gamoyenebisas an satelefono 

kompaniis mier telefonis 

mflobelis identifikacia; 

sazRvargareT 

funqcionirebis SezRudva 

angariSis an tranzaqciis 

Tanxis SezRudva; 


variantebi; 





qselis gamoyenebis SezRudva. 

Zvirfasi liTonebi 

(Precious metals) 



Tanxebis anonimurad miReba; 

ofSoruli momsaxurebis 

provaiderebma sxva 

iurisdiqciebSi SeiZleba 

kanonebi ar daicvan. 

angariSis mflobelis 


gadamxdelisa da mimRebis 

mier tranzaqciis Sesaxeb 

Canawerebis Senaxva; 





momsaxurebis miRebis SezRudva. 

internetiT gadaxdis 

sistemebi 

(Internet payment system) 



Tanxebis anonimurad miReba 

(bankomatiT); 

maRali an ararsebuli 

angariSis dafinansebis 

SezRudva; 

angariSis mflobelis 


gadamxdelisa da mimRebis 

mier tranzaqciis Sesaxeb 

Canawerebis Senaxva; 




127


N1 

da 

kanoni 

ofSoruli momsaxurebis 

provaiderebma sxva 

iurisdiqciebSi SeiZleba 

kanonebi ar daicvan. 


variantebi; 

baraTis/angariSis 

dablokva; 

momsaxurebis miRebis 

SezRudva. 

xelisuflebis organoebs Soris saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba SesaZloa mniSvnelovani 

instrumenti aRmoCndes am situaciebis gadawyvetisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac 

informaciis gacvlis efeqturi da qmediTi sistemebi arsebobs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, 

germaniis mier 2003 wlis bolos berlinSi Catarebul ASEM-is simpoziumze SemoTavazebuli 

iqna àdreuli gafrTxilebisa da informaciis gaziarebis sistema.~ 5 

adreuli gafrTxilebisa da informaciis gaziarebis sistema 

ofSoruli centrebisa da gadaxdis servisebis emitentebi, romlebic e.w. xelSemwyobi 

agentebis an internetis saSualebiT moqmedeben, yovelTvis rodi icaven kanons im qveynebSi, 

sadac TavianTi biznesis ganviTareba surT. 2003 wlis oqtomberSi, berlinSi Catarebul 

ASEM-is simpoziumze germaniam warmoadgina àdreuli gafrTxilebisa da informaciis 

gaziarebis sistema~ fulis gadaricxvis alternatiuli sistemebisa da iatakqveSa 

sabanko saqmianobis konteqstSi, iurisdiqciebs Soris koordinaciisa da informaciis 

gacvlis gasaaqtiureblad. ASEM-is 6 eqspertebi `SeTanxmdnen, rom ASEM-is yovel qveyanaSi 

samarTaldamcavi an sazedamxedvelo organosagan, anu finansuri dazvervis samsaxurisagan 

(FIU) koordinaciis gaaqtiurebis mizniT, sakontaqto punqti SeeqmnaT, rac 

moicavs informaciis gacvlas da, SeZlebisdagvarad, erToblivi RonisZiebebis gatarebas 

Sesabamis adgilobriv da ucxouri xelisuflebis organoebs Soris ukanono saqmianobis 

an borotmoqmedebis Cadenis Tavidan asacileblad. ASEM-is qveynebis eqspertebi 

aseve, SeTanxmdnen, rom adreuli gafrTxilebis aseTi sistema xels Seuwyobs ukanono 

saerTaSoriso tranzaqciebis CaSlas erTdroulad yvela dazaralebul qveyanaSi da 

saSualebas miscems samarTaldamcav da sazedamxedvelo organoebs TavianTi iurisdiqciis 

farglebSi aucilebeli koordinirebuli muSaoba ganaxorcielon. eqspertebi miesalmnen 

sxva qveynebis am procesSi monawileobas.~ 7 

adreuli gafrTxilebisa da informaciis gaziarebis sistema mogvianebiT moiwona 

FATF-is ramdenime wevrma, romlebic am sistemas SeuerTdnen. maTTvis es sistema gansaxilvelad 

warmoadgines FATF-is seminarze terorizmis dafinansebis Sesaxeb parizSi, 

2004 wlis TebervalSi. 8 

aRsaniSnavia, rom adreuli gafrTxilebis sistema Tavdapirvelad gamiznuli iyo 

iatakqveSa sabanko saqmianobasTan sabrZolvelad, Tumca mas aseve SeuZlia Zalze efeqtiani 

instrumenti gaxdes gadaxdis axali sistemebis borotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg 

brZolaSi. 

128

gadaxdis aRniSnul axal meTodebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, maTTvis, vinc internets 

iyenebs, TavisTavad Zalian hgavs iatakqveSa sabanko qselebs. gadaxdis axali meTodebi 

SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas Tanxebis gadasaricxad mTeli msoflios masStabiT. ase, 

rom adreuli gafrTxilebis sistema Zalian sasargeblo da efeqtiani instrumentia ara 

marto koordinirebuli muSaobisaTvis, aramed gadaxdis aseTi axali sistemebis borotad 

gamoyenebis Tavidan asacileblad. 

gamoyenebuli literatura: 

1. fulis gadaricxvis alternatiuli servisebisa da iatakqveSa sabanko 

saqmianobis Sesaxeb berlinis simpoziumis saboloo daskvnebi, 2003 

wlis 30-31 oqtomberi, IV paragrafi; 

2. FATF-GAFI Financial Action Task Force, money laundering and terrorist 

financing vulnerabilities of commercial websites and internet payment systems, 

2008; 

3. FATF-GAFI Financial Action Task Force, Report on New Payment Methods 

2006; 

4. Global Financial Crime Terrorism, Money Laundering and Offshore Centres, 

Donato Maciandaro 2004; 

5. Financial havens, banking secrecy and money-laundering Double issue 34 

and 35 of the crime prevention and criminal justice newsletter Issue 8 of the 

UNDCP technique series UNITED NATIONS, New York 1998. 

SeniSvnebi: 

1 

Financial havens, banking secrecy and money-laundering Double issue 34 and 

35 of the crime prevention and criminal justice newsletter Issue 8 of the UNDCP 

technique series UNITED NATIONS, New York 1998. 

2 

Financial havens, banking secrecy and money-laundering Double issue 34 and 

35 of the crime prevention and criminal justice newsletter Issue 8 of the UNDCP 

technique series UNITED NATIONS, New York 1998. 

3 

Global Financial Crime Terrorism, Money Laundering and Offshore Centres, 

Donato Maciandaro 2004. 

4 

FATF-GAFI Finacial Action Task Force, Report on New Payment Methods 

2006. 

5 

FATF-GAFI Financial Action Task Force, Report on New Payment Methods 

2006. 

6 

abreviatura ASEM iSifreba, rogorc azia-evropis Sexvedra (Asia- 

Europe Meeting), araformaluri forumi evropul da aziur iurisdiqciebs 

Soris dialogisaTvis. damatebiTi informacia ASEM-is da misi 

wevrebis Sesaxeb ixileT, saitze www.aseminfoboard.org 

7 

fulis gadaricxvis alternatiuli servisebisa da iatakqveSa sabanko 

saqmianobis Sesaxeb berlinis simpoziumis saboloo daskvnebi, 2003 

wlis 30-31 oqtomberi, IV paragrafi. 

8 

FATF-GAFI Financial Action Task Force, money laundering and terrorist 

financing vulnerabilities of commercial websites and internet payment systems, 

2008. 

129


N1 

da 

kanoni 

MONEY LAUNDERING 

THROUGH OFFSHORE 

ZONES 

NINO OSADZE 

Master of Law of the Hamburg University 

Doctoral Candidate of the Law Department, TEUSU 

The article outlines an acute problem such as offshore financial centers 

that are extremely popular worldwide. They are used for illegal money 

laundering and large amount of capital investing, which on their side represent 

to be the international economic crime. 

It should be noted, that these types of centers are used not only in big 

industrial states, but in the ones with developing market economy, where 

cash flow, short-term loans, or currency exchange rates are unsteady. Offshore 

centers encourage the state capital to become less transparent, which naturally 

results in exploitation of the ownership system and make different jurisdictions 

contradictory to each other. Offshore zones, that are also frequently referred 

as offshore banks, envisage keeping assets in the framework of one legal 

jurisdiction, but at the same time these assets are circulated using the other 

jurisdictions as well. 

130

axali wignebi 

gamomcemloba `meridianma~ gamosca samarTlis doqtoris, 

levan darbaiZis monografia àleqsandre amilaxvris 

samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi~, romlis samecniero redaqtoria 

iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, iakob 

futkaraZe. 

naSromi kompleqsuri gamokvlevis Sedegad Seiqmna. monografiis 

Teoriul, meTodologiur da wyaroTmcodneobis 

mTavar baziss warmoadgens zogad-samecniero meTodebi. 

mecnieruli kvlevisas gamoyenebul iqna SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi, 

logikuri da istoriuli meTodebi. 

wigni qarTuli samarTlis istoriis im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis 

mecnieruli analizis Sedegia, romelTac Tanamedrove 

sakonstitucio, administraciuli Tu sisxlis samar- 

Tlis saWirboroto problemebis gadasaWrelad mniSvnelovani 

roli eniWeba. monografiuli naSromis kvlevis Ziri- 

Tadi mizania aleqsandre amilaxvris samarTlebriv SexedulebaTa 

aqtualurobis mecnierulad dasabuTeba da imis 

warmoCena, Tu rogor hqonda mas Camoyalibebuli Tavisi 

mosazrebani sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos mowyobis samarTlebrivi 

safuZvlebis, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis `sazogadoebrivi 

xelSekrulebis~ Sedegad Camoyalibebis, samefo 

xelisuflebis bunebisa da samarTlebrivi farglebis, 

mefis arCevis, xelisuflebis danawilebis, sazogadoebis 

sxvadasxva socialuri fenis uflebaTa dacvis, saxelmwifosa 

da eklesiis urTierTdamokidebulebis, religiuri 

konfesiebis warmomadgenelTa uflebebis dacvis, sakanonmdeblo 

da sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxebis, samarTliani 

sasamarTlos Seqmnis aucileblobis, sasjelis umaRlesi 

zomis _ sikvdiliT dasjis, adamianis bunebiTi uflebebis 

da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. 

131


N1 

da 

kanoni 

saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia 

JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA 

tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 92 34 90 

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo 

THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA 

tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 99 70 01 

132

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