samxreT-dasavleT dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi sakiTxebi

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis 

saministro 

niko berZeniSvilis instituti 

samxreT-dasavleT 

saqarTvelos istoriis 

sakiTxebi 

II 

gamomcemloba 

,,SoTa rusTavelis 

saxelmwifo universiteti“ 

2007

winamdebare krebuli niko berZeniSvilis institutis 

istoriis ganyofilebis mier gamocemul naSromTa 

rigiT meore wignia (pirveli gamoica 1991 

wels). masSi asaxulia saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo 

politikis, socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturis 

istoriis calkeuli sakiTxebi uZvelesi droidan 

dRemde. 

krebuli gankuTvnilia specialistebisa da istoriiT 

dainteresebul mkiTxvelTaTvis. 

eZRvneba institutis daarsebis 50 wlisTavs 

r e d a q t o r i _ 

malxaz sioriZe 

istoris mecnierebaTa doqtori 

r e c e n z e n t i _ nodar kaxiZe 

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori 

ISSN 1987-524X 

gamomcemloba 

C ,,SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti“ _ 2007 

2

3 

nana xaxutaiSvili 

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos 

zRvispireTis dasaxlebaTa 

tipebi neoliT-adrerkinis xanaSi 

dasaxlebis tips, mis topografias, rogorc wesi, 

faqtorebis kompleqsi ganapirobebs. Bbunebrivi pirobebisa 

da istoriuli tradiciis Taviseburebebi, sazogadoebis 

sameurneo da socialuri ganviTarebis done, garemocva, 

romelSic mocemul sazogadoebas uxdeba cxovreba, 

_ aris swored is ZiriTadi komponentebi, romlebic 

gansazRvraven rogorc dasaxlebaTa formebs, maT 

tips, ise mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebuli masalebis ragvarobasa 

da samSeneblo xerxebs. 

ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi, samxreT-dasavleT 

saqarTvelos zRvispira zolSi warmoebuli arqeologiuri 

kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi 

saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros warmodgenil region- 

Si, sxvadasxva periodSi, arsebul dasaxlebaTa tipebi, 

maTi topografia, dawyebuli adreneoliTis xanidan. 

neoliTis xanaSi, rogorc cnobilia, xdeba miTvisebiTi 

meurneobis Canacvleba warmoebiTi meurneobiT. axali 

tipis ekonomikuri urTierTobebi sazogadoebis winsvlis 

safuZvels qmnis, sagrZnoblad icvleba cxovrebis 

wesi, adamiani myarad mkvidrdeba miwaze, Cndeba soflis 

tipis dasaxlebebi xelovnuri sacxovreblebiT, iqmneba 

ufro msxvili tomobrivi erTeulebi, romlebic 

garkveul teritoriebs ikaveben. 

Aam periodis Zeglebi gvxvdeba Sesaswavli regionis 

rogorc zRvispira zolSi, ise Sida raionebSi. isini 

ZiriTadad gamovlenilia mdinareebis _ Woroxis, Coloqis, 

kintriSis, Caqviswylis da sxv. auzebSi. namosaxlarebi, 

upiratesad, SemaRlebul adgilebze, bunebriv 

borcvebze, zRvisa da mdinareebis terasebzea warmodgenili 

da Ria tipisaa.

neoliTis xanaSi, aRniSnul regionSi, saxeze gvaqvs 

dasaxlebis ZiriTadad kompaqturi forma.Aamis dasturia 

axali qvis xanis sawyisi etapis samosaxloebi, romlebic 

gamovlinda sof. qobuleTSi, jixanjurSi, makvaneTSi, 

kvirikeSi, xucubansa da maxvilaurSi. Uunda 

aRiniSnos, rom sof. qobuleTis neoliTuri namosaxlari 

warmoadgens Ria terasaze gamarTul, sami mxridan 

kargad dacul Zegls, romelsac 1 heqtaramde farTobi 

ekava. is dReisaTvis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos adreneoliTuri 

xanis erTaderTi Zeglia, sadac gadarCenilia 

uZravi kulturuli fenebi, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs 

realuri warmodgena SevimuSavoT namosaxlaris 

Sesaxeb (n. berZeniSvili, l. nebieriZe, 1979: 7-15; s. gogitiZe, 

1978: 48-66; s. gogitiZe, 1983: 3-39). Zeglze gamovlenilia 

30000 erTeulze meti sxvadasxva saxis iaraRis 

naSTi. masalis aseTi koncentracia garkveul farTobze 

dasaxlebis kompaqturobas unda mowmobdes. Ees gasagebicaa, 

radgan am periodSi gadarCenis meti Sansi gaaCnda 

swored kompaqturad dasaxlebul mozrdil koleqtivs. 

rogorc Cans, adamianTa Tavmoyra garkveuli xelsayreli 

geografiuli ganlagebis mqone punqtebSi gamowveuli 

iyo ara marto koleqtiuri Tavdacvis aucileblobiT, 

aramed sameurneo saqmianobis warmatebulad gaZRolis 

saWiroebiTac (al. kalandaZe, 1970: 77-118; n. xaxutaiSvili, 

1986: 95). 

qobuleTis namosaxlaris teritoria gansakuTrebiT 

mWidrod Canda dasaxlebuli borcvis centralur nawilSi, 

sadac Tavmoyrili iyo sacxovrebeli nagebobebis 

umravlesoba. specialistTa azriT, aq warmodgenil 

sacxovrebel nagebobebs umTavresad momrgvalo an oTxkuTxa 

forma unda hqonodaT (farTobi - 4-6 kv. m.). saxlebi 

ganlagebuli iyo or paralelur mwkrivad da gaaCndaT 

saerTo ezo. rogorc irkveva, es iyo xis karkasze 

mownuli saxlebi, romlebSic gamarTuli iyo sxvadasxva 

daniSnulebis sameurneo ormoebi. dasaxlebas 

gaaCnda sakuTari daxuruli ori wyalsadenic (s. gogitiZe, 

1978: 48-66; s. gogitiZe, 1983: 3-39). “sofels” gamag- 

4

ebis sistemac unda hqonoda (d. xaxutaiSvili, 1995: 25). 

kolxeTis am mxareSi, neoliTis xanaSi ZiriTadad, rogorc 

varaudoben, msubuqi tipis nageboba iyo gavrcelebuli. 

samwuxarod, xis da saerTod, organul nivTierebaTa 

naSTebma kolxeTis nestiani havis pirobebSi Cvenamde 

ver moaRwia. 

rogorc Cans, neoliTeli adamiani sacxovreblis 

gasamarT adgils sagangebod arCevda. iTvaliswinebda 

tyis, mdinarisa Tu Relis siaxloves, zogjer TviT 

terasisa Tu borcvis simaRles da misi dacvis SesaZleblobebs. 

aseTi arCevani adamians uqmnida cxovrebisaTvis 

SedarebiT ukeTes pirobebs. amasTan, TiTqmis 

yvela namosaxlarsa Tu sadgomze fiqsirdeba wyaros 

wylisa Tu wyalsadenis arseboba. 

Aadrebrinjaos xanaSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi 

warmodgenili gvaqvs rogorc xutoruli tipis, 

aseve kompaqturi, mravalkarmidamoiani dasaxlebebi. mag. 

ispanis torfqveSa namosaxlaris masalebi gvidasturebs, 

rom dasaxlebis kompaqturi forma ganagrZobs arsebobas 

adrebrinjaos xanaSic. ispanis namosaxlari zRvis 

sanapirosagan daaxloebiT 2 km-iT aris daSorebuli da 

dRes torfis ormetriani fenis qveSaa damarxuli. gaTxrebis 

sirTulis gamo moxerxda Zeglis mxolod mcire 

farTobis Seswavla.Ggamovlinda ori done. qveda doneze 

aRmoCnda xis Zelebisagan nagebi jargvaluri tipis saxlebi, 

romlebic erTmaneTze mibrjniT iyo ganlagebuli 

da uSualod zRvispira silaze mdgara, zeda doneSi ki 

dadasturda ximinjebze mdgari saxlebi. unda aRiniSnos, 

rom xis ZelebiT nagebi saxlebis qveda nawili 

TiTqmis xeluxleblad iyo gadarCenili. aseve kargad 

fiqsirdeboda xis Zelebis damakavSirebeli Wdeebi (a. 

inaiSvili, 1977: 75-78; d. xaxutaiSvili, 1980: 17-19). amdenad, 

ispanis mosaxleoba samSeneblo masalad iyenebs 

mrgval xis morebs da saxlis kedlebi horizontalurad 

erTmaneTze WdeviT damagrebuli ZelebiT (morebiT) 

amoyavs. samwuxarod, CvenTvis ucnobia am xerxis Seqmnis 

zusti TariRi, Tumca adrebrinjaos xanis amierkavka- 

5

siaSi WdeebiT damagrebis teqniqa Tu sayovelTaod ara, 

ukve cnobilia da gamoiyeneba mSeneblobaSi, gansakuTrebiT 

dasavleT da centralur amierkavkasiaSi. niSandoblivia, 

rom xis Zelebis WdeebiT damagrebis es 

ZirZveli tradicia dRemde SemorCa dasavleT saqarTvelos 

xalxur xuroTmoZRvrebas.Arogorc ispanis masalidan 

irkveva, aqve unda arsebuliyo liTonis damuSavebasTan 

dakavSirebuli saxelosno ubanic. namosaxlarze 

adrebrinjaos xanis Semdeg cxovreba aRar gagrZelebula.Aamis 

ZiriTadi mizezi is geomorfologiuri 

procesebia, romlebsac adgili hqondaT kolxeTis 

zRvispira zolSi. rogorc cnobilia, Zv. w. ІІІ aTaswleulis 

ІІ naxevarSi iwyeba axalSavzRvuri transgresia, 

zRvis done 3-5 metriT maRla iwevs, aWaobebs akumulaciur 

vels da gamousadegars xdis mas sacxovreblad 

(Ч. Джанелидзе, 1980: 27-сл., Д. Хахутаишвили, 1984: 146-151). 

bunebrivia, adamiani tovebs aseT adgilebs da zegnisaken 

inacvlebs. rogorc Cans, am procesebis Sedegad 

ispanis namosaxlaris teritoria daWaobda da cxovrebisaTvis 

uvargisi gaxda. Aaman aiZula adgilobrivi mosaxleoba 

ayriliyo da sxva adgilebi moeZebna dasasaxleblad. 

rogorc fiqroben, maT cxovreba namWeduris 

teritoriaze gaagrZeles (T. Микеладзе, Хахутаишвили, 1985: 

22-cл., d. xaxutaiSvili, 1995: 33-45). 

rac Seexeba Suabrinjaos xanas, am periodSi saqarTvelos 

dasavleT nawilSi, winare xanasTan SedarebiT, 

mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri aRmavloba SeiniSneba. winaurdeba 

miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba. farTod 

saxldeba kolxeTis dablobi, rac xels uwyobs cxovrebis 

saerTo donis amaRlebas. am periodis bolodan 

ufro intensiurad iwyeba mTiswina da mTis regionis 

aTviseba. 

samwuxarod, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira 

zolSi jerjerobiT gamovlenili ar aris am periodis 

namosaxlarebi, rac arTulebs am drois dasaxlebaTa 

formebze saubars. Tumca, SedarebiT kargad 

6

aris cnobili winamorbedi da momdevno xanis viTareba. 

maTi urTierTSedareba avlens garkveul genetikur Zafebs 

da saSualebas gvaZlevs visaubroT tradiciis 

mdgradobaze, dasaxlebaTa formebis garkveul konservatulobaze. 

Tumca, ar aris gamoricxuli Suabrinjaos 

xanaSi dasaxlebaTa formebs garkveuli koreqtireba 

ganecada. es SeiZleba momxdariyo im klimaturi cvlilebebis 

fonze, rasac Suabrinjaos xanaSi vadasturebT. 

gvianbrinjaos xanis adreuli safexuridan iwyeba 

kolxeTis baris ufro intensiuri dasaxleba. Aaq gamovlenil 

namosaxlarebze swored gvianbrinjaos xanis 

kulturuli fenebia yvelaze mZlavri, rac imis maniSnebelia, 

rom am drois mosaxleoba aq didxans mjdara. 

marTalia, kolxeTis dablobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

mZlavri mcenareuli safari did dabrkolebas uqmnida 

mis farTo aTvisebas, magram kolxuri kulturis xanaSi 

liTonis iaraRis farTo gamoyenebam sagrZnoblad gazarda 

tyeze Setevis SesaZlebloba da xeli Seuwyo 

barSi cxovrebis intensifikacias. 

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira zolSi 

gvianbrinjaos xanaSi warmodgenilia rogorc xutoruli 

karmidamoebi, aseve mcire masStabis kompaqturi dasaxlebebi, 

romlebic gvarovnuli, calkeul SemTxvevaSi 

ki teritoriuli Temis sacxovrisebi unda yofiliyo. am 

mxriv gansakuTrebiT saintereso monacemebs iZleva 

Coloq-oCxamuris xerTvisis zolSi arsebuli sakmaod 

mZlavri namosaxlarTa jgufi (namWeduri VІ, namWeduri 

V, Coloqispira namosaxlari). rogorc oT. jafariZe aRniSnavs, 

kolxeTSi “am drois samosaxloebs winare xanasTan 

SedarebiT saxe maincdamainc ar Seucvlia. samSeneblo 

teqnikaSi, sacxovreblis gegmarebaSi da tipSi aq 

grZeldeba Zveli tradiciebi. rogorc Cans, kolxeTis 

dablobze Taviseburi, teniani havis pirobebSi gansxvavebuli 

saxis dasaxleba Camoyalibda, mSeneblobis Taviseburi 

xerxebiT da nagebobis tipiT. nestianobis maRali 

donis pirobebSi, xe-tyiT mdidar kolxeTSi merqans 

wamyvani adgili ekava. sacxovrebeli da damxmare nage- 

7

obebi Sendeboda gruntis doneze xis morebisagan mowyobil 

moednebze, rac saxls gruntis wylisagan da sinestisagan 

icavda.” (oT. jafariZe, 1982: 69-70., oT jafariZe, 

2003: 131). Aam periodSi sacxovreblad xis Zelebisagan 

nagebi saxlia gamoyenebuli. nageboba erTi an meti 

oTaxisagan Sedgeboda.Mmag. namWeduris namosaxlaris 

Tanadroul fenaSi gamovlinda mravaloTaxiani Senobis 

naSTi. mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebulia kargad SerCeuli da 

culiT gaTlil-gasufTavebuli morebi, xolo iataki 

TixatkepniliTaa Sesrulebuli (Т. Микеладзе, Д. Хахутаишвили, 

1985: 22-23). Zeluri konstruqciaa gamoyenebulia 

aseve Coloqispira namosaxlarze. 

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi SedarebiT 

farTodaa warmodgenili adrerkinis xanis dasaxlebebi 

(namWeduri ІV, namWeduri ІІІ, Coloqispira namosaxlaris 

garkveuli fenebi, cixisZiris namosaxlari, 

diunuri dasaxlebebi). am periodis Zeglebis Seswavlis 

Sedegad dasturdeba, rom regionSi Cndeba Tvisebrivad 

axali tipis samosaxloebi - msxvili daburi tipis dasaxlebebi, 

romlebic ramdenime Tems aerTianebdnen. amgvari 

topografiis dasaxlebaSi xSirad warmodgenilia 

rogorc sacxovrebeli, ise sxvadasxva dargSi dasaqmebuli 

saxelosno ubnebi da warmarTuli religiuri ceremonialebis 

aRmasrulebeli moednebi. Mmag. Coloqispira 

namosaxlarze fiqsirebulia cxvris farexi Tu 

qalta, romelsac maRali meseri Semouyveboda. iqve 

warmodgenili iyo meliTonis saxelosnos naSTebi (ir. 

CavleiSvili, 1987: 21-30: 3-26., ir. CavleiSvili, 1991: 3-26). 

garda amisa, dasaxlebebTan axlos, zRvispira diunebze, 

gamarTuli iyo magnetitis mompovebeli sawarmoebi (al. 

ramiSvili, 1964: 119-Smd., al. ramiSvili, 1974: 103-111., g. 

TavamaiSvili, 1991: 27-41., А. Рамишвили, 1975: 136-153), sadac 

mosaxleoba, rogorc varaudoben, sezonurad saqmianobda 

wlis ufro Tbil TveebSi (d. xaxutaiSvili, 2007: 208- 

209). yovel msxvil dasaxlebas gaaCnda nekropoli da 

sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi. 

8

amave dros ganagrZobda arsebobas dasaxlebis tradiciuli 

formebic, xutoruli karmidamoebi da mcire 

kompaqturi dasaxlebebi. 

unda aRiniSnos, rom am periodis samosaxloebi, 

rogorc wesi, erTmaneTis gverdiT mdebare ori, sami da 

meti borcvisagan Semdgari jgufiT arian warmodgenili. 

borcvebis erTian kompleqsSi, rogorc wesi, gamoiyofoda 

ufro didi zomisa da simaRlis borcvi, romelsac 

centraluri adgili ekava da, romelic erTi, zogjer 

ori mzRudavi farTo TxriliT iyo garSemovlebuli 

(oT. lorTqifaniZe, 2002: 136-137). Aamis TvalsaCino magaliTia 

kargad Seswavlili qobuleT-fiWvnaris msxvili 

dasaxleba, romelic amgvari topografiiT swored Zv. w. 

І aTaswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi Cans gaformebuli. igi 

warmoiqmna md. Coloqisa da md. oCxamuris xerTvisis 

zonaSi rigiTi saTemo dasaxlebebis gaerTianebis gziT. 

rogorc fiqroben, aq warmodgenili dasaxlebebi im 

Temis garSemo gaerTiandnen, romelsac namWeduris samosaxlo 

ekuTvnoda da, romelic hegemonis rols asrulebda. 

am dasaxlebebSi farTodaa warmodgenili mTeli 

rigi xelosnuri warmoebis dargebisa: feiqroba, meTuneoba, 

liTonCamosxma, madnis mopoveba da a. S. amasTan, 

sameurneo saqmianobis es mravalsaxeoba warmodgenilia 

SedarebiT gansazRvrul teritoriaze. TiToeul ubans, 

romelic adrindeli rigiTi saTemo dasaxlebisagan ganviTarda, 

Tavisi meurneobrivi xelwera gaaCnda. rogorc 

Cans, namWeduris namosaxlari Zv. w. II aTasw. bolos 

Cveulebrivi kompaqturi dasaxlebidan gadaiqca msxvili 

daburi tipis dasaxlebis centralur, gamagrebul nawilad, 

romelsac gaaCnda sakmaod saimedo safortifikacio 

sistema da sadac hegemoni Temi cxovrobda. Aaqve 

iyo warmodgenili Temis ZiriTadi salocavi. 

adrerkinis xanaSi garkveuli siaxle SeimCneva mSeneblobis 

teqnikaSic. inergeba sacxovrebeli saxlis 

iatakisa da ezos qviT mokirwyvlis tradicia.Kkolxi 

mSeneblebiMzRvis napirze specialurad arCevdnen diskos 

formis, met-naklebad Tanabari zomis qvebs da 

9

sibrtyeze alagebdnen saxlis iatakze, derefansa (soxane) 

da ezoSi. Kkarmidamosa da sacxovrebeli saxlis 

keTilmowyobis es xerxi gvianobamde SemorCa kolxeTis 

zRvispireTSi. mkvidrdeba kidev erTi siaxle, jargvaluri 

nagebobis kedlebis Tixis xsnaris sqeli SriT 

Selesva. Aamdenad, namWeduri III-is periodSi (Zv. w. IX-VII 

ss.) sacxovrebel saxls aSenebdnen vertikalurad mdgari 

msxvili svetebis gamoyenebiT, romelTa Soris sivrce 

wnuli kedlebiT iyo amoSenebuli da Tixis xsnaris 

sqeli SriT Selesili. Kkedlis mSeneblobis aseTive 

xerxia fiqsirebuli vitruviusTanac (l. sumbaZe, 1945: 

491-502; l. sumbaZe, 1968: 201-220; T. Ciqovani, 1966: 211-222). 

samecniero literaturaSi sakmaod didxans mwvave 

dava iyo imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori xerxiT Sendeboda 

kolxuri saxlis kedlebi – Zelebis WdobiT, Tu mis 

gareSe. kolxeTis barSi dadasturebuli masalis mixedviT, 

yvela Zeluri saxlis kedlebi, adrebrinjaos xanidan 

vidre antikur xanamde, mxolod WdobiTaa nagebi (d. 

xaxutaiSvili, 1980: 18-19; Т. Микеладзе, Д. Хахутаишвили, 1985: 

22-23). Uunda iTqvas, rom Wdevis gareSe mSenebloba mSeneblobis 

gacilebiT primitiuli saxea, vidre WdeviT (n. 

xaxutaiSvili, 1986: 108-109). ZiriTad saSen masalad, 

rogorc fiqsirdeba, isev merqani iyo gamoyenebuli. 

rac Seexeba kolxeTis sinamdvileSi mSeneblobaSi 

qvis gamoyenebas, igi elinisturi xanidan Cndeba. Mmag. 

vanis naqalaqaris gaTxrebisas dadasturda elinisturi 

xanis qviT nagebi Senobebi (oT. lorTqifaniZe, 2002). 

fiWvnaris naqalaqarze ki, Zveli welTaRricxvis dasasrulamde, 

e. i. qalaqis arsebobis mTel manZilze, mSeneblobaSi 

mxolod merqani Cans gamoyenebuli. msgavs 

suraTs vadasturebT Cven adreantikuri xanis sxva Zeglebzec, 

romlebic kolxeTis zRvispira zolSia gamovlenili 

(n. xaxutaiSvili, 1986: 111). 

Aamgvarad, Tu warmodgenili regionis dasaxlebis 

formebSi, aRniSnuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, Cven vadasturebT 

garkveul evolucias (mcire kompaqturi dasaxlebebidan 

– msxvili, protoqalaquri dasaxlebebisa- 

10

ken), mSeneblobis xelovnebaSi da samSeneblo masalaSi 

garkveuli konservatizmi ikveTeba. 

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi 

1. berZeniSvili n., nebieriZe l., qvis xanis namosaxlarebi 

kintriSis xeobaSi, kr., sdsZ, VIII, Tb., 1979. 

2. gogitiZe s., samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis 

neoliTuri kultura, Tb., 1978. 

3. gogitiZe s., qobuleTis qvis xanis namosaxlarze 

1980 wels Catarebuli savele kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, kr., 

sdsZ, XII, Tb., 1983. 

4. TavamaiSvili g., zRvispira sadgomebis daniSnulebis 

Sesaxeb, sdsZ, XIX, Tb., 1991. 

5. inaiSvili a., samxreT dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri 

eqspediciis 1974 wlis muSaobis Sedegebi, kr. 

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, VI, Tb., 1977. 

6. kalandaZe al., qvis xana saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos 

istoriis narkvevebi, Tb., 1970. 

7. lorTqifaniZe oT., Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis 

saTaveebTan, Tb., 2002. 

8. miqelaZe T., qsenofontis “anabasisi”, Tb., 1967. 

9. ramiSvili al., fiWvnaris zRvispira sadgomebis da- 

TariRebisaTvis, “macne”,N#2, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiis 

da xelovnebis istoriis seria, Tb., 1974. 

10. ramiSvili al., zRvispira zolis Zveli namosaxlarebi 

Caqvis raionSi (1960 wlis arqeologiuri dazvervis 

masalebi), baTumis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis Sromebi, 

Tb., 1964. 

11. sumbaZe l. Kkolxuri sacxovrebeli saxli vitruvis 

mixedviT. ,,saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe”, t. 

VI, Tb., 1945. 

12. sumbaZe l. Kkolxuri saxli vitruviusis mixedviT 

da qarTuli xalxuri sacxovreblis kvlevis problemebi, 

kr. “macne”, # 4, Tb., 1968. 

11

13. qavTaraZe g., saqarTvelos eneoliT-brinjaos xanis 

arqeologiuri kulturebis qronologia axali monacemebis 

Suqze, Tb., 1981. 

14. CavleiSvili ili ir., mesaqonleoba samxreT-dasavleT 

saqarTveloSi gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi, sdsZ, XVII, 

Tb., 1988. 

15. CavleiSvili ir., kolxuri brinjaos sawarmoo kera 

Coloq-oCxamuris xerTvisSi, sdsZ, XIX, Tb., 1991. 

16. Ciqovani T., gvirgvinian-erdoiani sacxovreblis da 

vitruvis kolxuri saxlis urTierTobisaTvis, saq. mecn. 

akad. sazogadoebriv MmecnierebaTa ganyofilebis “macne”, 

# 6 (33), Tb., 1966. 

17. jafariZe o., saqarTvelos istoriis saTaveebTan 

(pirvelyofili epoqa), Tb., 2003. 

18. xaxutaiSvili d., mSeneblobis xelovnebis uZvelesi 

nimuSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTidan, kr., 

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, 

baTumi, 1980. 

19. xaxutaiSvili d., qobuleTis “qveyana”, I, Tb., 1995. 

20. xaxutaiSvili d., dasaxlebis formebi da protoqalaqebis 

warmoqmna, kr. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos 

istoriis narkvevebi(aWara), I, baTumi, 2007. 

21. xaxutaiSvili n., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos 

zRvispireTi adrerkinis xanaSi, Tb., 1986. 

22. Джанелидзе Ч., Палеoграфия Грузии в голоцене, Тб., 1980. 

23. Микеладзе Т., Хахутаишвили Д., Древнеколхидское 

поселение Намчедури, І, «Памятники Юго-Западной Грузии», ХІV, Тб., 

1985. 

24. Рамишвили А., Раскопки приморских стоянок в Пичвнари 

(Кобулети) в 1960-1964 и 1967 гг, СА, № 1, Москва, 1975. 

25. Хахутаишвили Д., Природа и человек в приморской полосе 

Колхиды в эпоху голоцена, сб., Кавказско-ближневосточный сборник, 

VІІ, Тб., 1984. 

12

Nana Khakhutaishvili 

Types of Settlements in South-Western Georgia 

Littoral in Neolithic and Early-Iron Ages 

Summary 

The Forms of settlement and civil engineering in South-West Georgia 

Littoral have mostly been studied according to the materials revealed 

during the excavations of group of monuments of different epoch in this 

region. 

From small compact settlements towards bigger, proto-city type 

settlements, part of which gradually formed early-class cities – this is the 

way of the settlement development from a Neolith to the end Early-Iron 

Ages. 

Observing the evolution within the types of settlement of this period 

we can point to a certain conservatism in the construction technology 

and construction materials. 

Нана Хахутаишвили 

Типы поселения Приморья Юго-Западной Грузии 

Неолита-Раннежелезной эпохи 

Резюме 

Формы поселения и строительное дело Приморья Юго-Западной 

Грузии изучены, в основном, на материале, выявленном при раскопке 

группы памятников разных эпох данного региона. 

От малых компактных поселении к крупным, протогородского 

типа поселениям, часть которых впоследствии формируется как 

раннекласовые города – таков путь развития поселений от неолита 

до конца раннежелезной эпохи. 

Наблюдая эволюцию в типах поселении рассматриваемого 

периода, можно отметить определенный консерватизм в строительной 

технике и строительных материалах. 

13

irine tatiSvili 

xeTebi qaSqebis Sesaxeb 

sul axlaxan, TbilisSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso 

konferenciaze “argonavtika da msoflio kultura” 

cnobilma xeTologma iTamar zingerma waikiTxa moxseneba 

“vin iyvnen qaSqebi” [Singer 2007]. es moxseneba 

kidev erTxel cxadyofs qaSqebis/qasqebis 1 , mcire aziis 

Crdilo-aRmosavleT raionebis (pontos da misi mimdebare 

olqebis) uZveles mkvidrTa, sakiTxis aqtualurobas 

dRevandel istoriografiaSi da am tomebis 

kvlevis axal perspeqtivebs saxavs. bevri ram dazustda 

mas Semdeg, rac gamoica qaSqebis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili 

pirveli fundamenturi gamokvlevebi [Гиоргадзе 1961; 

von Schuler 1965]. xeTebis samefos centralur raionebSi 

(ziles maxloblad, dRevandel maSaT-huiuqSi/xeT. Tafiga, 

qalaq Corumis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, orTaqoi- 

Si/xeT. safinuva, qalaq amasiasTan, quSaqliSi/xeT. Sarisa) 

warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebi da maT Sedegad 

gamovlenili aTasobiT lursmuli firfita Suqs hfenen 

qaSqebis istoriis, xeTebTan maTi urTierTobis, gansaxlebis 

arealis Tu calkeuli geografiuli punqtis 

zusti lokalizaciis sakiTxebs. bevrs gvpirdeba ukanasknel 

xanebSi dawyebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebi 

CrdiloeT anatoliaSic _ oimaaRaC/vezirqofruSi (savaraudod, 

gaigivebulia xeTuri xanis neriqTan, xeTebis 

1 imis gamo, rom ar viciT, rogor gamoiTqmoda zustad š Tanxmovani 

xeTur enaSi, xeTuri saxelwodeba kaška (/kašqa/gašga/qašqa/ qaška 

da a.S.) SeiZleba orivenairad gavaxmovanoT _ qaSqa, qasqa. Tumca, 

aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvelegviptur enaze, romelic ganarCevs san da 

Sin Tanxmovnebs, es eTnonimi gadmocemulia Sin TanxmovniT (Kškš), 

gansxvavebiT sxva xeTuri saxelebisgan, romlebic san TanxmovniT 

aris gadatanili Zvelegviptur wyaroebSi (magaliTad, Muršiliš / 

mursili, Hattušiliš /xaTusili) [ix. mag. von Schuler 1965: 87; Sdr. 

giorgaZe 2002: 95] 

14

erT-erT did religiur centrTan, xeTebisa da qaSqebis 

sasazRvro zonis mniSvnelovan punqtTan). Tumca, dReisaTvis 

kvlav gadauWreli rCeba sakiTxi qaSqebis vinaobisa 

da enis Sesaxeb. am problemis kvleva, garkveulwilad, 

gadajaWvulia qarTveluri enebis da xaTuri 

enis mimarTebis kvlevasTanac. grigol giorgaZis samarTliani 

SeniSvniT, Tu dadasturdeba hipoTeza qasqebis 

da samxreT kolxuri warmoSobis tomebis genetikuri 

kavSiris Sesaxeb, “maSin gaCndeba kidev erTi argumenti 

dasavlur-qarTveluri tomebis dakavSirebisaTvis 

xaTebTan, rac, cxadia, gulisxmobs xaTuri da 

qarTveluri enebis naTesaobas” [giorgaZe 1999: 172; giorgaZe 

2000, giorgaZe 2002: 94 Smd.]. ramdenadme gansxvavebulad 

svams sakiTxs i. zingeri. is ar ugulebelyofs g. 

giorgaZis varauds samxreT kolxur, megrul-Wanur eneb- 

Tan qaSqebis enis naTesauri kavSiris Sesaxeb, magram, 

misi azriT, aseT SemTxvevaSi problemas qmnis xaTuri 

ena, romelic savaraudod ukavSirdeba dasavlur-kavkasiur 

enebs da amave dros avlens kavSirs qaSqebTanac 

(igulisxmeba Tanxvedrebi xaTur da qaSqur onomastikaSi, 

agreTve xaTur-qaSqur kulturul sferoebs Soris. 

[ix. Singer 2007]. igi, am TvalsazrisiT, ufro Sorsac 

midis da Tvlis, rom qaSqebi SeiZleba yofiliyvnen xe- 

Tebis mier CrdiloeTiT gandevnili xaTuri mosaxleobis 

erT-erTi gadarCenili tomi an tomebis gaerTianeba. 

im dros, rodesac xaTebs xeTebis mTavar urbanul 

centrebSi unda ganecadaT asimilacia xeT/nesit okupantebTan, 

tomobrivma elementebma ufro Soreul regionebSi 

SeinarCunes Tavisi mravalsaukunovani tradiciebi 

da qaSqas saxeliT mogvevlinen ... [Singer 1981: 123]. 

imedia, rom am sakiTxebis kompleqsuri kvleva, momaval 

aRmoCenaTa safuZvelze, gaamdidrebs Cvens codnas 

Cveni uZvelesi winaprebis mezobel Tu monaTesave tomebze. 

qarTvelur-xaTuri enobrivi paralelebis [ix. mag. 

giorgaZe 1999: 168, Smd.; Girbal 1986: 160ff.] Semdgom kvlevasTan 

erTad uaRresad perspeqtiulia agreTve uZveles 

anatoliur da qarTvelur religiur rwmena-warmod- 

15

genebSi gamovlenili Tanxvedrebis Seswavla [Tatishvili 

2007]. am mimarTulebiT warmoebuli kvleva SeiZleba 

marTlac mniSvnelovani rgoli aRmoCndes qaSqebis Tu 

xaTebis Cvens samyarosTan damakavSirebel jaWvSi. 

winamdebare statiaSi mkiTxvels vTavazobT erTi 

xeTuri teqstis [CTH 375 1.2.3.] Targmans. es aris xeTebis 

mefe-dedoflis _ arnuvandasa da aSmuniqalis locva, 

romelic swored qaSqebTan dakavSirebiT aris Sedgenili 

da mimarTulia xeTebis uzenaesi RvTaebisadmi _ 

arinas mzis qalRmerTisadmi. teqsti TariRdeba Zv. w. 

XIV saukunis dasawyisiT. mefe da dedofali wuxan da 

moTqvamen qaSqebis Tavdasxmebis gamo. RvTaebebis gulisxmierebis 

mosaxveWad, isini cdiloben maT guli 

auCuyon, Seaxseneben ra maTi kuTvnili sakulto centrebis 

darbevas mtrebis mier. es “locva”, udavod, sayuradRebo 

Zeglia xeTebis religiuri azrovnebis Sesaswavlad. 

teqsti aRsaniSnavia agreTve imiT, rom Seicavs 

qaSqebisa da xeTebis sasazRvro punqtebis CamonaTvals. 

am dasaxlebuli punqtebis zusti adgilmdebareoba cnobili 

ar aris, magram swored maT CrdiloeTiTa da 

aRmosavleTiT aris sagulvebeli qaSqebiT dasaxlebuli 

teritoria [giorgaZe 2002: 99]. am toponimebis kvleva 

uaRresad mniSvnelovania xeTuri da qaSquri geografiis 

problemebis Sesaswavlad, qaSqebis gansaxlebis teritoriis 

dasazusteblad. 2 

arnuvandasa da aSmuniqalis “locva” sainteresoa im 

TvalsazrisiTac, rom xeTebis TvaliT danaxul qaSqebs 

gagvacnobs. qaSqebi warmogvidgebian rogorc xeTebis 

qveynis amaoxrebeli, agresiuli, uRmrTo, ficis gamtexi 

momxdurebi. cxadia, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es arasaxarbielo 

Sexeduleba qaSqebze, iseve rogorc yvela 

sxva teqstualuri cnoba maT Sesaxeb, xeTuri arqi- 

2 grigol giorgaZem erT-erTma pirvelma miaqcia am toponimebs 

yuradReba da misive survili iyo, rom arnuvandasa da aSmuniqalis 

“locva” mTlianad yofiliyo Targmnili qarTul enaze. 

16

vebidan momdinareobs. amdenad, isini calmxrivia da 

tendenciurad SeiZleba asaxavdes xeTebsa da qaSqebs 

Soris arsebuli mravalsaukunovani daZabuli istoriis 

calkeul epizods. TviTon qaSqebis xma ki Cvenamde ver 

aRwevs. Tu xeTur-qaSqur urTierTobaTa axlebur istoriul 

rekonstruqcias daveyrdnobiT [Glatz/Matthews 2005: 

49], maSin qaSqebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, “rogorc xeTebis 

mxridan agresiisa da maTi tradiciuli sacxovrisis 

dakavebisas Seviwroebuli msxverplni, ...CrdiloeT anatoliis 

avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba, romlis Tavdapirveli 

sacxovrisi TandaTanobiT ifargleboda pontos 

mTiani regionebiT, xeTebis daupatiJebeli mosvlis 

Sedegad” [Singer 2007]. 

arnuvandas da aSmuniqalis 

Targmani 

locva 

§ 1 3 (CTH 375. 2 I) 

(1) [ase (amboben)] “mze” 4 _ arnuvanda, didi mefe da 

[aSmuniqali _ didi dedofali:] 

(2) [“Sen,] arinas mzis qalRmerTo [da Tqven, 

RvTaebebo (),] 

(3) [(SeismineT) es locva (),] romliTac arnuvandam 

[Tqven mogmarTaT ()] 

§ 2’ (CTH 375. 1. A I ) 

(1’) TqvenTvis, RvTaebebisTvis, mxolod xaTi aris 

Sesaferisi 5 (da) wminda 

3 paragrafiT aRiniSneba Tixis firfitaze aRbeWdili lursmuli 

teqstis nawilebis gamyofi xazi. mrgvali frCxilebi Seicaven mi- 

TiTebas Sesabamis lursmuli teqstis aslze, svetis da striqonis 

nomerze. uSualod teqstSi mrgval frCxilebSi mocemulia 

azrobrivi CanarTebi, xolo kvadratul frCxilebSi aRdgenilia 

teqstis dazianebuli nawili. 

4 D UTU ŠI sityvasityviT: “Cemi mze” _ xeTebis mefeTa tituli. 

17

(2’) qveyana. wminda, didebul da saukeTeso Sesawirs 

Tqven 

(3’) mxolod xaTis qveyanaSi gwiravT Cven msxverplad. 

(4’) Tqven, RvTaebebs, mxolod xaTis 

(5’) qveyanaSi gcemT Tayvans. 

§ 3’ 

(6’) mxolod Tqven, RvTaebebo, RvTaebrivi gonierebis 

wyalobiT iciT, 

(7’) rom winaT Tqvens taZrebze CvensaviT 

(8’) aravis uzrunvia. 

§ 4’ 

(9’) Tqven [ritualebs ()] 

(10’) aseTi mowiwebiT aravin gisrulebdaT. 

(11’) Tqvens qonebaze, RvTaebebis vercxlsa (da) 

oqroze, WurWelsa 

(12’) da samosze CvensaviT aravis 

(13’) uzrunvia. 

§ 5’ 

(14’) ufro metic, rodesac Tqveni vercxlis (da) 

oqros RvTaebrivi gamosaxulebebi, 

(15’) romelime RvTaebis qandakeba 

(16’) Zveldeboda an RvTaebebis kuTvnili romelime 

nivTi Zveldeboda, 

(17’) is CvensaviT aravis 

(18’) ganuaxlebia. 

§ 6’ 

(19’) amasTan, Tqveni ritualebis siwmindis dacvis 

saqmes 

(20’) aseTi krZalviT (Cvenamde) aravin mopyrobia. 

(21’) yoveldRiuri, yovelTviuri (da) yovelwliuri 

sezonuri rituali 

(22’) (da) dResaswauli TqvenTvis aseTi (krZalviT) 

aravis 

(23’) daudgenia. 

5 xeT. handant- [ix. tatiSvili 2007: 34 Smd.; Sdr. Lebrun 1980: 143, Singer 

2002: 41]. 

18

§ 7’ 

(24’) metic, isini cdilobdnen, o RvTaebebo, Tqveni 

msaxurebisa da Tqveni qalaqebis 

(25’) Seviwroebas RaliTa da begariT. isini Tqven 

(26’) garTmevdnen Tqvens msaxurebs da moaxleebs 

(27’) da maT sakuTar msaxurebad da moaxleebad 

aqcevdnen. 

§ 8’’ (CTH 375 1.B I) 

(9) [o RvTaebebo,] me _ arnuvandam, didma mefem 

(10) [da aSmuniqalma, didma dedofalma Tqvendami] 

Tayvaniscema 

yvelanairad 

(11) [gamovxateT.] 

§ 9’’ 

(12) (rac Seexeba) pursa 6 da Rvinos 7 , 

(13) Tqven rom gwiravdnen xolme, amis Sesaxeb 

mxolod Tqven iciT, [RvTaebrivi gonierebis wyalobiT.] 

§ 10’’ 

(14) [Cven _ ] arnuvanda, didi mefe da aSmuniqali, 

didi dedofali _ 

(15) nasuqsa da saukeTeso msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa 

saqonels, 

(16) saukeTeso pursa da Rvinos 

(17) kvlav mogiZRvniT xolme (Tqven). 8 

§ 11’’ (CTH 375 1. A II) 

(4’) Tu rogor [utevda()] mteri xaTis qveyanas, 

(5’) Zarcvavda qveyanas da itacebda (mis qonebas), amis 

Sesaxeb 

(6’) mogaxsenebT swored Tqven _ RvTaebebs da Tqvens 

winaSe 

6 Sum. NINDA.GUR 4 .RA /xeT. NINDA harši (sityvasityviT: sqeli puri) 

mTliani (mrgvali puri, puris kveri, funTuSa, (Sesawiri) puri 

(tatiSvili 2007: 52). 

7 xeT. ( DUG) ispanduzzi- Sesawiri (ZiriTadad Rvino an sxv. siTxe, saRvreli); 

WurWeli msxverplSesxurebisTvis (tatiSvili 2007: 112). 

8 firfitaze xarvezia, daaxloebiT 4-5 striqonis moculobis. 

19

(7’) aRvZravT sarCels. 

§ 12’’ 

(8’) am qveynebidan, romlebic TqvenTvis, o cis 

RvTaebebo, 

(9’) Sesawiri puriTa da RviniT xarks ixdidnen, 

(10’) zogierTidan qurumebi 9 _ “RvTaebis dedebi” 10 , 

“wminda” qurumebi 11 , 

(11’) “kurTxeuli” qurumebi 12 , musikosebi, momRerlebi 

(12’) wavidnen (da) aqedan RvTaebebisTvis 

gankuTvnili xarki (da) saritualo nivTebi 

(13’) Tan waiRes. 

§ 13’’ 

(14’) aqedan gaitaces arinas mzis qalRmerTis 

frTosani diskoebi, agreTve naxevarmTvaris 

gamosaxulebebi _ (damzadebuli) 

(15’) vercxlisgan, oqrosgan, brinjaosgan (da) 

spilenZisgan, saukeTeso tansacmeli, sadResaswaulo 

mosasxamebi () 

(16’) (da) kabebi, Sesawiri puri da Rvino 

(17’) gaitaces aqedan. 

§ 14’’ 

(18’) Sesawiri cxovelebi _ nasuqi xarebi, nasuqi 

Zroxebi, nasuqi cxvrebi (da) nasuqi Txebi 

(19’) gaitaces aqedan. 

§ 15’’ 

(20’) (es yvelaferi gaitaces) neriqis 13 qveynidan, 

xursamas qveynidan, qasTamas qveynidan, 

(21’) serisas 14 qveynidan, ximuvas qveynidan, TagasTas 

qveynidan, 

9 CamoTvlilia kultis msaxurTa sxvadasxva kategoria. 

10 MUNUS MEŠ AMA.DINGIR LIM 

11 šuppaeš LÚ MEŠ SANGA 

12 LÚ MEŠ GUDU 

13 URU Nerik _ savaraudod, mdebareobda dRevandel oimaaRaC/vezirqofrus 

adgilas. 

14 URU Šeriša-/Šarišša- _ dRevandeli quSaqli (amasiasTan). 

20

(22’) qamamas qveynidan, calfuvas 15 qveynidan, 

qafiruxas qveynidan, 

(23’) xurnas qveynidan, danqusnas xurnas qveynidan, 

Tafasavas qveynidan, 

(24’) Tarugas qveynidan, ilaluxas qveynidan, cixanas 

qveynidan, 

(25’) sifiduvas qveynidan, vasxaias qveynidan, 

faTalias qveynidan. 16 

§ 16’’ 

(26’) taZrebi, romlebic am qveynebSi gqondaT Tqven, o 

RvTaebebo, qaSqas kacebma daangries da Tqveni _ 

RvTaebebis, qandakebebi 

(27’) daamsxvries. 

§ 17’’ (CTH 375 1. A III) 

(1) maT miitaces vercxli (da) oqro, vercxlisa (da) 

oqros ritonebi, Tasebi, 

(2) Tqveni brinjaos nivTebi, 

(3) Tqveni tansacmeli da erTmaneTSi gaiyves. 

§ 18’’ 

(4) qurumebi, “wminda” qurumebi, “RvTaebis dedebi”, 

“kurTxeuli” qurumebi, 

(5) musikosebi, momRerlebi, mzareulebi, 

(6) mcxobelebi, miwis mxvnelebi (da) mebaReebi 

(7) erTmaneTSi gaiyves da msaxurebad gaixades. 

§ 19’’ 

(8) Tqveni msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqoneli 

erTmaneTSi gaiyves, 

(9) xolo TqvenTvis Sesawiri puris (momcemi) nasveni 

miwebi, 

(10) Rvinis (momcemi) venaxebi erTmaneTSi gaiyves, 

(11) isini qaSqas kacebma miitaces. 

§ 20’’ 

(12) Tqveni, RmerTebis, saxelebs am 

(13) qveynebSi aravin warmoTqvams. 

15 URUZalpa-/Zalpuwa _ lokalizdeba dRevandeli bafras midamoebSi. 

16 am toponimebis Sesaxeb ix.mag.: [del Monte/Tischler 1978]. 

21

(14) yoveldRiur, yovelTviur, yovelwliur 

(15) ritualebs Tqven aravin giZRvniT. TqveTvis 

saritualo 

(16) ceremonialebs aravin asrulebs. 

§ 21’’ 

(17) da ai, xaTis qveyanaSi xarki 

(18) da saritualo nivTebi aRaravis moaqvs. qurumebi, 

“wminda” 

(19) qurumebi, “RvTaebis dedebi”, musikosebi da 

momRerlebi 

(20) arsaidan aRar modian. 

§ 22’’ 

(21) TqvenTvis (da) arinas mzis qalRmerTisTvis 

(22) mzis frTosani diskoebi, agreTve naxevarmTvaris 

gamosaxulebebi _ 

(damzadebuli) vercxlisgan, oqrosgan 

(23) brinjaosgan (da) spilenZisgan, saukeTeso 

tansacmeli, 

(24) sadResaswaulo mosasxamebi (da) kabebi aRaravis 

moaqvs. 

(25)purs da Rvinos Tqven aravin [giZRvniT]. 

(26) samsxverplo cxovelebs _ nasuq xarebs, nasuq 

Zroxebs, 

(27) nasuq cxvrebsa (da) nasuq Txebs aravin 

mogarTmevT. 

§ 23’’ (CTH 375 1. C III) 17 

(3’) [... w]minda qurumebi [ 

(4’) [...] Semdeg [ 

§ 24’ 

(5’) [... qurumebi,] “RvTaebis dedebi” [...] Cven vzeimobT 

[...] 

(6’) [...] Cven [ 

§ 25’ 

17 firfita dazianebulia da teqsti mxolod nawilobriv aRdgeba. 

22

(7’) [Cven] kvlav dagisaxelebT udanaSaulo qveynebs, 

(esenia:) 

(8’) qasTama, TagasTa, serisa, 

(9’) TasTaresa, Taqufsa, qamama, 

(10’) calfuva, neriqi. 

§ 26’ 

(11’) axlac ki Cven _arnuvandam, didma mefem 

(12’) [da] aSmuniqalma, didma dedofalma, 

(13’) Tqven, RvTaebebs, Tayvani geciT da Tqven 

(14’) mogixmeT. 

(15’) qaSqas kacebi [ 

(16’) Tqven, RvTaebebo [ 

(17’) ar [ 

§ 27’ (CTH 375 1. A IV) 

(1) isini movidnen aq, xaTusaSi [ 

(2) (qalaqi) Tuxasuna daipyres [ 

(3) (qalaqi) TaxanTaria daipyres, [...] WiSkarSi 

(4) Sevidnen da (qalaqi) xum[... (daipyres)] 

§ 28’ 

(5) radganac Cven RvTaebebis mowiweba gvaqvs, 

RvTaebebis dResaswaulebze 

(6) kvlav vizruneT. xolo, radgan neriqi 

(7) qaSqebs aqvT dapyrobili, 

(8) neriqis amindis RvTaebas da neriqis RvTaebebs 

(9) xaTidan xaqmisaSi 

(10) gavugzavneT Sesawiri _ puri (da) Rvino, 

msxvilfexa (da) wvrilfexa saqoneli. 

§ 29’ 

(11) Cven movuxmobT xolme qaSqas kacebs, ZRvens 

(12) gadavcemT maT, Semdeg davaficebT: “Sesawirs, 

romelsac neriqis amindis RvTaebas 

(13) vugzavniT, gaufrTxildiT, 

(14) is gzad aravin miitacos!” 

§ 30’ 

(15) isini modian, iReben ZRvens, Semdeg ificeben, 

(16) magram rodesac Sin brundebian, fics 

23

(17) arRveven, Tqveni _ RvTaebebis sityvebs 

(18) abuCad igdeben da amindis RvTaebis(Tvis 

micemuli) ficis sabeWdavs 

(19) amsxvreven. 

§ 31’ 

(20) xaTis qveyanaSi isini xelT igdeben [...] 

(21) neriqis amindis RvTaebis kuTvnil Sesawirs _ 

purs 

(22) (da) Rvinos, [msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqonels 

[...] 

(23) qaSqas kacebi [...] 

(24) mas [neriqis] amindis RvTaebas [ 

(25) ar [gadascemen() 

§ 32’ 

(26) xolo xaTis qveyanaSi [ 

(27) – (29) [...] qveynebi 

§ 33’ (CTH 375 1. E) 18 

(1) [qalaqi] isquruxa _ mTeli qalaqi [ 

(2) da mmarTvelebi: (saxelad) qanunu, [ 

(3) da fidumuva; 

§ 34’ 

(4) qalaqi fivara _ mTeli qalaqi [da mma]rTvelebi: 

(5) fiqasduili, xirxirisa [da ... 

§ 34’ 

(6) qalaqi fisunufasi _ mTeli qalaqi 

(7) da mmarTvelebi: fixaTaxi 

(8) da fiaxaTaxila; 

(9) qalaqi cixarcia _ mTeli qalaqi 

(10) da mmarTvelebi: figanusa, [ 

(11) qalaqi Talmalia _ mTeli qalaqi 

(12) da mmarTvelebi: 

(13) facici, fisdumuv[a ...]. 19 

18 kvlav CamoTvlilia dasaxlebuli punqtebi Tavis mmarTveleb- 

Tan erTad. 

19 momdevno, daaxloebiT, 10-12 striqoni Zlier fragmentulia da 

ar iTargmneba. 

24

kolofoni (CTH 375 1. D IV) 

meore firfita: “rodesac arinas mzis qalRmerTs 

mimarTaven RvTaebebis winaSe [Tavis marTlebiT ()].” 

dasrulebuli. 20 

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 

1. Laroche, E., Catalogue des Textes Hittites (CTH 375 1/A-H. 2. 3), 

Paris, 1971 (teqstis dReisaTvis cnobili versiebisa da 

aslebis sruli CamonaTvalisTvis ix. katalogis eleqtronuli 

versia www.asor.org/HITTITE/CTHHP.html). 

2. Гиоргадзе Г.Г., К вопросу о локализации и языковой структуре 

каскских этнических и географических названий. Переднеазиатский 

сборник, Москва, 1961, 161-210. 

3. giorgaZe, gr., xaTuri/protoxeTuri ena da xa- 

Tebi/protoxeTebi. xeTologiuri da qarTvelologiuri 

Ziebani. Tbilisi, 1999, 168-172. 

4. giorgaZe, gr., xeTuri da asuruli lursmuli 

teqstebis qasqebis (qaSqebis) da abeSlaelebis eTnikuri 

warmomavlobisaTvis. axalcixe, 2000. 

5. giorgaZe, gr., uZvelesi axloaRmosavluri eTnosebi 

da qarTvelTa warmomavloba. Tbilisi, 2002, 95-113. 

6. tatiSvili, i., xeTur-qarTuli leqsikoni. nakveTi 2: 

E-H-I, Tbilisi, 2007. 

7. Girbal, Ch., Beiträge zur Grammatik des Hattischen, Frankfurt a.M., 

1986. 

8. Glatz, C./Matthewz, R. Anthropology of a Frontier Zone: Hittite- 

Kaska Relations in Late Bronze Age North-Central Anatolia. Bulletin of the 

American Schools of Oriental Research 339, 2005, 21-39. 

9. Lebrun, R., Hymnes et prières hittites, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1980, 

132-154. 

10. del Monte, G. F./ Tischler, J., Répertoire Géographique des Textes 

Cunéiformes VI, Wiesbaden, 1978. 

20 ainar fon Suleris azriT, safiqrebelia, rom es “locva” Tan 

erTvoda xeTebsa da qaSqebs Soris dadebul xelSekrulebas (von 

Schuler 1965: 164). 

25

11. Singer, I., Hittites and Hattians in Anatolia at the Beginning of the 

Second Millennium B.C. Journal of Indo-European Studies 9, 1981, 119- 

134. 

12. Singer, I., Hittite Prayers, Atlanta, 2002, 40-43. 

13. Singer, I., Who were the Kaška Proceedings of the International 

Congress “The Argonautica and World Culture”, Tbilisi, Oct. 2-5, 2007 

14. von Schuler, E., Die Kaškäer. Berlin, 1965. 

15. Tatishvili, I., Aietes – son of Helios. (For the Study of Hittite- 

Georgian Religious Parallels) Proceedings of the International Congress 

“The Argonautica and World Culture”, Tbilisi, Oct. 2-5, 2007 

Irene Tatishvili 

The Kaška according to the Hittites 

Summary 

The paper presents a Georgian translation of the Hittite text of the 

prayer (CTH 375 1.2.3) composed by Arnuwanda and Ashmunikal, the 

Hittite royal couple. The text dates back to the early XIV century B.C. 

This prayer to the Sun-goddess of Arinna, the supreme divinity of the 

Hittite pantheon, is inspired by the ravages of the Kaška tribes upon the 

Hittite cities. The text describes one of the episodes of Hittite-Kaškan 

relationships and acquaints us with the Kaška portrayed by the Hittites. 

The toponyms provide us some valuable information for the study of 

the Hittite and the Kaškan geography and of the territory occupied by the 

Kaška. 

26

Сведения хеттов о кашках 

Татишвили Ирина 

Резюме 

В статье предложен грузинский перевод хеттской молитвы (CTH 

375 1.2.3) царской четы Арнуванды и Ашмуникал. Teкст датируется 

началом XIV в. до н.э. 

Moлитва создана по поводу нашествий кашков и обращена к 

богине солнца Аринны – верховному божеству хеттского пантеона. 

В тексте рассказывается об одном эпизоде хеттско-кашкских 

отношений и содержатся интересные сведения о кашках, увиденных 

глазами хеттов. 

Перечисленные в тексте топонимы представляют собой весьма 

важный источник для изучения вопросов географии хеттов и 

кашков, а также для уточнения ареала расселения этих последних. 

27

simon gogitiZe 

qveyana biani 

qveyana Bbiani daiaen-diaoxis erT-erTi olqi iyo. igi 

urartul wyaroebSi samjer moixsenieba: orjer mefe 

argiSti I-is (786-765 ww.), erTxel ki sarduri II-is (765- 

735 ww.) moRvaweobis periodSi. surb sahakis eklesiis 

stelaze warwera gvamcnobs: `mivedi bias qveynamde... 

xuSanis qveyna[mde]. gavemarTe me (salaSqrod) didis 

qveynis winaaRmdeg, qalaq zuas winaaRmdeg...~ (Г.Меликишвили, 

1960:235). vanis kldeze Sesrulebul amave warweris 

versiaSi igive argiSti gadmogvcems: `...gavemarTe (salaSqrod) 

diauexis (qveynis) winaaRmdeg. diauexis mefe 

mefed davsvi. davipyari Seriazis qveyana, qalaqebi davwvi, 

cixe-simagreebi davangrie; mivedi () qalaq fuTemde... 

marcxniv_qveyana biani, qveyana xuSani, marjvniv Seviwyale 

me Tariunis qveyana” (iqve, 212). 

rogorc vxedavT, 785 wels urartelebs daiaeni isev 

daulaSqravT (pirvelad isini aq menuas mefobis periodSi 

gamoCndnen). samxreTis olqebis dapyrobis Semdeg 

xuSanTan erTad bianis qveyanac gauZarcvavT. biani 

orive warweraSi xuSanis gverdiT moixseneba. argiSti 

ikvexnis, rom am laSqrobaTa Sedegad xarkis saxiT wau- 

Ria garkveuli odenobis oqro, vercxli, spilenZi; 

wauyvania cxenebi, msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqoneli. 

amave dros daiaenis mefisaTvis yovelwliuri xarki 

Seuweria (gvaqvs cifrobrivi monacemebi). gauyvania mosaxleobis 

nawilic: kacebi, qalebi, bavSvebi, nawili ki 

adgilze gauJletia. 

urartelebi sarduri II-is mefobis periodSic (daaxl. 

751-750 wlebSi) swvevian bianis qveyanas. vanis kldeze 

Sesrulebuli warwera mogviTxrobs: `qalaqi edia. 

samefo qalaqi abianis (tomis mmarTvelisa), gamagrebuli, 

brZolaSi davipyari~ (g.meliqiSvili, 1990:289). 

28

am periodisaTvis diaoxi, rogorc erTiani samefo, 

ukve ar arsebobs. es iqedanac Cans, rom arc diaoxi da 

arc misi samefo qalaqi an sxva, adre mis SemadgenlobaSi 

moxseniebuli romelime olqi, lursmul teqstebSi 

aRar figurirebs. Zv.w. 768 wlidan 750 wlamde mxolod 

diaoxis calkeuli olqebi ganagrZoben brZolas damoukideblobisaTvis. 

amis Semdeg isinic qrebian asparezidan, 

Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT xuSanis qveyanas, 

romelic daaxloebiT Zv.w. 750-748 wlebSi ukve kolxas 

Semadgenel nawilad ganixileba (iqve). 

sardur II-is mier Sesrulebul zemoT moyvanil warweraSi 

naxsenebia qalaqi edia. Znelia imis Tqma, rom igi 

abianis tomis sataxto qalaqi iyo, magram es cnoba 

imdenadaa mniSvnelovani da saintereso, rom igi warmoadgens 

orientirs ara marto am qveynis lokalizaciis 

dasadgenad, aramed CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis 

mijnebis gansasazRvravadac. 

abianis qveynis saxelwodeba samive ZeglSi odnav 

saxecvlili formiT gvxvdeba: bia, biani, abiani. es 

cvlilebebi advili asaxsnelia qarTuli enis gramatikuli 

normebis gamoyenebiT. aSkaraa, rom argiStis 

droindel warwerebSi moxseniebuli bia da biani erTmaneTis 

identuria, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi es olqi 

xuSanis gverdiT moixsenieba. am saxelwodebebSi gansxvaveba 

mxolod sufiqsi àni~-a. bia (biani) axlos dgas 

mesame terminTan àbiani~. am SemTxvevaSi biani warmodgenilia 

qarTuli à~ toponimikuri prefiqsiT (Sdr.: 

aWara, aWi, afsarosi, an Woroxi da a.S. sufiqs àni~-iT 

nawarmoebia qarTveluri tomebis saxelwodebebi (xuSani, 

Wani, svani, muSuani da sxva (s.gogitiZe, 2002:102, 105; 

misive, 2002, 53-62; misive, 2006, 43-49). 

maSasadame, qveynis saxelwodebaSi `bia~ fuZea, à~ 

prefiqsi da àn~ sufiqsi. SesaZlebelia, rom `bia~ da 

`biani~ satomo saxelwodebebia, xolo àbiani~ miRebulia 

damoukidebel qveynad, qcevis Semdeg satomo saxels 

daerTo winsarTi à~, romelic geografiuli 

erTeulis (qveynis) gamomxatvelia (mag. tomi Wari, 

29

Sesabamisi qveyana aWara; bazguni-abazguni//abazgia). maSasadame, 

bia-biani satomo saxelwodebebia, xolo abiani 

qveynis aRmniSvneli termini. 

sad mdebareobda qveyana abiani 

akad. g.meliqiSvilis varaudiT, bia diaoxis Crdilo 

olqia (Г.Меликишвили, 1954:60). n.aruTinianis azriT, biani 

unda moTavsdes diaoxidan samxreT-dasavleTiT, evfratis 

zemo welze, sadRac antikuri wyaroebis akilisenas 

aRmosavleT sazRvarTan (Н.Арутюнян, 1970:184,193). biani 

esazRvreboda diaoxisa da Seriazs dasavleTidan (iqve, 

194, 406). SemdegSi gamocemul naSromSi mkvlevari aRniSnavda, 

rom biani saZebaria xasan-yalesa (istoriuli 

Tariuni, olqi basena) da zuans (zivini, erzrumis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT) 

Soris (Н.Арутюнян, 1985;56). sxvagan 

aRniSnulia, rom biani unda moTavsdes kulxas samxre- 

TiT (samxreT-dasavleTiT), diaoxis mezoblad (iqve, 234). 

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT epigrafikuli Zeglebis monacemebs, 

abiani xuSanis siaxlovesaa saZebari (`mivedi bias 

qveynamde... xuSanis qveynamde~ an `marcxniv _ qveyana biani, 

qveyana xuSani~), mdinare olTisis WoroxTan SeerTebis 

axlomdebare raionebSi. Tanac es qveynebi isea ganlagebuli 

warweraSi, rom, rogorc Cans, urartelebi 

jer bias qveyanaSi Sedian, xolo Semdeg _ xuSanis qveyanaSi. 

amitom unda vifiqroT, rom biani ufro axlosaa 

urartusTan teritoriulad, vidre xuSani. wyaroebidan 

agreTve Cans, rom bias qveyana SeSeTis, didinisa da qalaq 

zuas samxreTiT mdebareobda. yvela am garemoebis 

gaTvaliswinebiT, biani xuSanis samxreTiT an samxreTaRmosavleTiT 

unda moTavsdes. xuSani ki ganlagebul 

iyo mdinare olTisis WoroxTan SeerTebis orive mxareze 

(s.gogitiZe, 2001:3; misive, 1999; 145; misive, 2002:63-66). 

saZiebel teritoriaze mogvepoveba toponimebi, romelTa 

saxelwodebebis fonetikuri siaxlove naTlad dagvarwmunebs 

Cveni naazrevis sizusteSi. 

mdinare olTisis xeobaSi feodalur xanaSi arsebobda 

taos politikuri da religiuri (saepiskoposo) centri 

_ bana, romlis identifikacia urartuli wyaroebis 

30

ianTan dasaSvebia, miT ufro, misi samefo qalaqis _ 

edias _ saxelwodeba asocirebas iwvevs strabonis (Zv.w. 

64-ax.w. 24 ww.) mier moxseniebul iberiis qalaqTan _ 

idisa (Страбон, 1964:473), romelic kolxeTis sazRvarTan 

mdebareobda. qarTuli qalaqi idi mdebareobda olTisis 

wylis saTaveebTan. manam, vidre mas Turqebi miitacebdnen, 

igi cnobili iyo idis saxelwodebiT. iqvea olTisis 

Senakadi banas wyali. unda vivaraudoT, rom qalaqi 

biani (bana) unda iyos am qveynis CrdiloeTi, xolo 

edia (idi) _ samxreTi mijnebi. abians dasavleTiT 

esazRvreboda ulTuza da xuSani, CrdiloeTiT _ didini 

da Seriazi, aRmosavleTiT-zabaxa da aniStirgae, xolo 

samxreTiT_qalaq SaSilus qveyana da abnuluani. 

maSasadame, urartuli wyaroebis biana-edias qarTuli 

bana _ idi unda Seesityvebodes. 

imave teritoriaze, romelzec biani igulisxmeba, 

sxvadasxva istoriul sabuTSi damowmebulia am saxelwodebasTan 

axlos mdgomi toponimebi: sofeli abi 

(Crdilis raioni) (gurjistanis... 1941:188), sof. abai 

(Crdilis raioni) (osmaluri... 1989:156), sof. abiari 

(yarsis raioni) (iqve, 198), sof. bieTi (axalcixis raioni) 

(Cildiris.. 1979:130), sof. abi (axalcixis raioni) (iqve, 

188), sofeli bana (qarTlis samxreTiT). sainteresoa 

aRiniSnos, rom ediasTan axlos mdgomi toponimi, sofeli 

edisi damowmebulia javis raionSi (k.gamrekeli, 

1958:58). vaxuSti batoniSvili qarTlSi asaxelebs soflebs_idieTi, 

edoTi. 

rogori iyo abianis qveynis eTnikuri Semadgenloba 

rogorc aRiniSna, termini àbiani~ qarTuli toponimikuri 

prefiqsiT (a) da sufiqsiT (an) aris gaformebuli. 

amave dros, bana iyo qarTuli tomis taos (taonis) 

dedaqalaqi da didi xnis manZilze dakavSirebuli iyo 

saqarTvelosTan. garda amisa, sityvebi bia-abia dadasturebas 

poulobs qarTul leqsikonebSi: magaliTad, àbia~ 

qarTuli satyvaa da niSnavs àbia~_`dabmulia~, an kidev 

àsxia~ (qarTuli... 1961:152). bias eZaxian samxreT-dasavleT 

saqarTveloSi komSs. bia _ gareuli wvrili komSia 

31

(n.CubinaSvili, 1961:152). SesaZloa termini biani qarTuli 

ubanis (banis) an abanos Sesatyvisi iyos. qarTuli ban 

fuZe Semonaxulia qarTul sityvebSi: v-i-ban, gan-i-ban-a, 

da-ban-a, da-i-ban-a da a.S. (h.fenrixi, 1990:43, 44). àbani~ 

arqaul qarTulSi `mxares~ niSnavda. es sityva qarTul 

geografiul saxelwodebebSi sxva saxesxvaobiTac 

gvxvdeba. òbani~, ubani~ (p.ingoroyva, 1954:469, Sen. 4; SeadareT 

И.Дьяконов, 1963:77). àba~ qarTulSi adamianis 

sakuTar saxeladac gvevlineba (i.axuaSvili, 1999:65, 340, 

453). qarTuli gvaria abaiZe. àba~ _uxeSi msxvili Salis 

Zafis saxelwodebaa tao-klarjeTis mosaxleobis metyvelebaSi 

(S.futkaraZe, 1993:373). SeiZleba igi ukavSirdebodes 

indoevropul vinos (qarTuli Rvino; urartuls 

ar gaaCnda `v~ bgeris aRmniSvneli da mas `b~-Ti gadmoscemda). 

bia_ moferebiTi saalerso sityvaa da semantikurad 

niSnavs `kargs, mSveniers, saamos~ (v.iToniSvili, 

1970:107). saxelwodeba abianis (biani, bia) msgavsi 

sityvebi megrul enaSic gvxvdeba, magaliTad: bia_erTgvari 

Citia, abana_abano, abani_adgili (o.qajaia, 2001:162, 

240). 

aseve, qarTvelur samyaros ukavSirdeba abianis qveynis 

samefo qalaqis saxelwodebac. ìdia-ni~ svanuri 

sityvaa da niSnavs `naTxovrobs~ (v.Tofuria, 2000:273). 

idia sakuTar saxeladac gvevlineba qarTulSi. ase erqva 

kolxeTis mefis, aetis meuRles (apolonios rodoseli, 

1975:123, 124). _ edia iyo qalRvTaeba urartul pan- 

TeonSi (g.meliqiSvili, 1999:39), Tumca SesaZlebelia ase- 

Tive mniSvnelobiT yofiliyo qarTulSic da swored 

abianis qveynis sataxto qalaqis saxelwodeba RvTaeba 

ediasTan iyos dakavSirebuli. sofel qoses patronomiaSi 

ramdenime ojaxi Sedioda, romelTa Soris XIX 

saukuneSi saojaxo Temebis arsebobac mowmdeba. erT-erT 

aseT ojaxs meTaurobda edia. misi saxelis mixedviT, 

rogorc am ojaxs, ise gayris Sedegad warmoqmnil naTesaur 

gaerTianebas ewodeba edieni (v.iToniSvili, 1970:25). 

hidesa Woroxis xeobaSi gavrcelebuli adamianis (qalis) 

sakuTari saxeli iyo. edia-ediko dRevandel sa- 

32

qarTveloSi adamianis (qalis) sakmaod gavrcelebuli 

sakuTari saxelia. edi-ediac mamakacis saxeli yofila 

(SeadareT: ediberiZe) (n.berZeniSvili, 1990:455). svanuri 

gvaria _ idiani (i.axuaSvili, 1999:340), igivea rac qalaqis 

saxeli ediani. Temis dRevandel saxelsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT 

da mas gavaformebT qarTveluri sufiqsiT 

àni~-T, maSin urartuli toponimis saxeli zusti 

analogi iqneba qarTuli gvarisa. 

amrigad, qveyana biani taos teritoriaze, aRmosavleT 

nawilSi unda moTavsdes. mis lokalizacias istoriul-geografiuli 

realiebisa da biana-banasa da ediaidis 

identurobis mixedviT vsazRvravT. qveyana biani 

qarTul samyaros unda davukavSiroT da vfiqrobT, rom 

am qveynis mosaxleoba eTnikuri kuTvnilebis mxriv 

qarTveluri (qarTul-svanuri) unda yofiliyo. 

gamoyenebuli literatura: 

1. apolonios rodoseli. argonavtika, Tb., 1975. 

2. g.meliqiSvili. urartus samefo, urartuli wayroebi. 

_ Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis qrestomaTia, 

Tb., 289. 

3. g.meliqiSvili. Ziebani saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da 

axlo aRmosavleTis Zveli istoriis dargSi, Tb., 1999. 

4. gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, w. II, Targmani 

s. jiqiasi, Tb., 1941. 

5. v.Tofuria, m.qaldani. svanuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2000. 

6. v.iToniSvili. moxeveebis saojaxo yofa, Tb., 1970. 

7. i.axuaSvili. qarTuli gvar-saxelebi, Tb., 1999. 

8. k.gamrekeli. dvaleTis toponimikis analizisaTvis, 

iv.javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis institutis Sromebi, IV, 

nakv. I, Tb., 1958. 

9. n.berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, 

Tb., 1990. 

10. n.CubinaSvili. qarTuli leqsikoni, rusuli TargmaniTurT, 

al. Rlontis redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT, Tb., 

1961. 

33

11. o.qajaia. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, I, 2001. 

12. osmaluri dokumenturi wyaroebi saqarTvelosa da 

amierkavkasiis Sesaxeb (XVII-XVIII ss.), w. I, gamosces 

a.volkovma da n.Sengeliam, Tb., 1989. 

13. p.ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954. 

14. s.gogitiZe. daiaeni-diaoxis zogierTi qveynis lokalizaciisaTvis. 

_akad. s.janaSias dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi 

miZRvnili samecn. sesiis moxs. mokle Sinaarsi, Tb., 

2002. 

15. s.gogitiZe. daiaeni-diaoxi (teritoria, sazRvrebi), 

Jurn. literaturuli aWara, 1999, #12. 

16. s.gogitiZe. daiaeni-diaoxi (lokalizaciisa da eTnikuri 

kuTvnilebisaTvis, baT., 2006. 

17. s.gogitiZe. samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelos saistorio 

geografia (Zv.w. XII-IV ss.), baT., 2002. 

18. uZvelesi qarTuli qveyana xuSani, gaz. aWara, 2001, 31 

oqtomberi. 

19. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, rusuli TargmaniTurT, 

al.Rlontis redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT, Tb., 

1961 

20. S.futkaraZe. Cveneburebis qarTuli, BbaT., 1993. 

21. Cildiris vilaeTis jaba davTari, Targmani c.abulaZisa, 

Tb., 1979. 

22. Арутюнян Н.В. Биайнили (Урарту), Ер., 1970. 

23. Арутюнян Н.В. Топонимика урарту, Ер. 1985. 

24. Гогитидзе С.Д. Локализация «стран» Даиаэн-Диаохи.-amirani. 

kavkasiologiis saerTaSoriso samecniero-kvleviTi sazogadoebrivi 

institutis moambe, VI, Tb., 2002. 

25. Дьяконов И.М. Урартские письма и документы , М.-Л., 1963. 

26. Меликишвили Г.А. Анаири-Урарту, Тб., 1954. 

27. Меликишвили Г.А. Урартские клинообразные надписи, М., 

1960. 

28. Страбон. География, перевод Г.Страгoновского, Л., 1964. 

34

Simon Gogitidze 

The country Biani 

Summary 

In the article is investigated the question of localization and the 

etnical belonging of the oldesf georgian country Biani in the structure of 

the state Diaokha. The country Biani probably had been situated there 

where in the period of the feudalizm was situated the georgian province, 

the political, economical and religion center - Bana with the adjoining 

territories. The term Biana-Biani originated from the archaic georgian 

word Abana, that has the meaning- “Land”, ‘Native Land”, or this name 

must be connected also with the georgian word -‘Bana-Dabana”- with the 

meaning ‘Bathing’. 

Страна Биани 

Симон Гогитидзе 

Резюме 

Тщательное исследование и анализ ассирийских и, особенно, 

урартских источников, выводы сделанные исследователями, дали 

нам возможность уточнить локализацию и этническую принадлежность 

входяших в обьединение Даиаэн-Диаохи страна Биани (Абиани). 

Страна Биани располагалась в ущелие река олтиси (приток 

Чороха) и на сопределенные територии на месте раннефеодального 

грузинского города Бана. Его окружили страны - Ултуза, Дидини, 

Забаха, Шериази и Абнулуани. 

Термин Биани (Абиани) - происходит от архаического грузинского 

слова Абиани - означает «край». Если в термине «а» является 

топонимическим префиксом (ср. А-джара), тогда название страна 

биани (Бана) связано с грузинским словом бана - «дабана» (купание). 

35

emzar kaxiZe 

qarTul-berZnuli urTierTobebis 

adreuli etapi 

qarTul-berZnuli urTierTobebis dawyebas, rogorc 

wesi, argonavtebis laSqrobas ukavSireben da Zv.w. XVI 

s. bolo, XIV an XIII s. pirveli naxevriT aTariReben 

[ix.gordeziani l., 1999:^22-27]. oqros sawmisis miTSi asaxul 

aia-kolxeTs, Cveulebriv, rionispireTSi aTavseben 

[ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1986:^44-45; mibCuani,^1989: gv.328,330; 

gogitiZe,^2002: 77-96], magram dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri 

Zeglebi jerjerobiT ar adastureben Cven- 

Tvis saintereso periodisTvis maRalganviTarebuli 

kulturis arsebobas, rac xels uwyobs sxva mosazrebebis 

gaCenasac. sainteresoa T.miqelaZis varaudi daiaenisa 

da aia-kolxeTis identurobis Sesaxeb [miqelaZe, 1974: 

164-168]. rogorc cnobilia, “nairis qveynebis” koaliciaSi 

Semavali daiaeni (diaoxi, taoxi, tao) Zv.w. XII 

s. bolodan dawinaurda. arapirdapir cnobebze dayrdnobiT 

varaudoben,^rom misi gavlenis qveS sxva samxreTkavkasiur 

erTeulebTan erTad jer kidev gvarovnuli 

wyobilebis rRvevis zRurblze myofi kulxac 

moeqca [Меликишвили, 1959: 185]. asureTis samefos dasustebis 

Semdeg, Zv.w. XI s. kolxeTSi TandaTanobiT daiwyo 

klasobrivi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis procesi da 

rogorc g.meliqiSvili varaudobs, ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi 

is im Zlier saxelmwifo warmonaqmnad Camoyalibda, 

romlis Sesaxebac mogviTxrobs miTi argonavtebis 

Sesaxeb [meliqiSvili,^1970: 371-373]. am gaerTianebis 

politikuri centri sadRac mdinare Woroxis auzSi 

unda veZeboT [javaxiSvili, 1950:^12; miqelaZe,^1974: gv.84- 

86; berZeniSvili,^1990:^gv.490; inaZe,^1993: 43; Меликишвили, 

1959: 19,115]. 

gasaTvaliswinebelia werilobiTi wyaroebic. Zv.w. 

XIII s. dasasrulis istoriul-politikur viTarebis ga- 

36

momxatveli “iliadis”@sqolioni (II.B856) haliZonebs 

(momdevno xanis xalibebi, ix. Strabo, XII,III,20-21) aias 

tomad (οι δε εϑνος Αιακων) miiCnevs.^ñeratosTenes mixedviT 

iazonis droindeli kolxeTi armeniasa da midiis dasavleTiTaa 

(Strabo, I,3,2). strabonTan mosxike (e.i. rionispireTis 

samxreTi) friqses TqmulebasTan dakavSirebuli 

qveyanaa (I,2,39). igive avtori sayuradRebo informacias 

gvawvdis argonavtebis TqmulebasTan dakavSirebul eponimebsa 

da toponimebze (sinope,âvtolike,^herakleis 

koncxi,îazonis koncxi,^daba kitorosi). titus liviusis 

Tanaxmad, florusis (ax.w. II s) pirvel wignSi moxseniebuli 

istoriuli Tu legendaruli pirebi (aieti, artabazi, 

miTridati) mbrZaneblobdnen pontospireTis tomebze,^romlebic 

Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiros gaswvriv 

mosaxleobdnen. evsebi kesarieli, romelic imowmebs 

kefalions, gadmogvcems, rom: “argonavtebma saomari xomaldebi 

Seacures mdinare fazisisaken da kolxuri mentesken” 

[georgika, 1961: 31]. fiqroben, rom mente pliniusis 

matiumis,ê.i. baTumis identuria, [yauxCiSvili, 1987: 

gv.109-116; gogiti’e, 2002: 217]. romaeli da bizantieli 

avtorebis nawili medeas Zmis afsirtes veragul sikvdils 

afsarosis midamoebs ukavSirebs (Arrian, PPE,6; 

Anonymi, PPE,41; St.Byz., s.v.‘Αψυρτιδες’; Procopi., BG,VIII,2). 

prokopis TqmiT, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi oqros sawmisis 

adgilsamyofels fasisis samxreTiT mdebare raionebSi 

aTavsebdnen (BG,VIII,2). ”argonavtikaSi” damowmebuli 

saxelebi (afsarosi,^friqse,^kutaia da sxv.) mWidro 

kavSirSia Woroxis auzTan [miqelaZe, 1974: gv.86 da Smd.]. 

sainteresoa,^rom didi mecnieruli intuiciis patroni 

h.Slimani aia-kolxeTs baTumis midamoebSi eZebda da 1883 

w. aq arqeologiuri gaTxrebis nebarTvac ki iTxova [Бич, 

1947: 183-185]. g.meliqiSvilis mixedviTac, Tqmuleba argonavtebze 

mxolod ZvelaRmosavlur wyroebSi moxseniebul 

kulxasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli [meliqiSvili, 

1970: 389]. simarTlesTan ufro axlos unda iyos 

T.miqelaZis odnav dazustebuli Teza: “daiaeni//daia da 

37

kulxa erTsa da imave samefos aRniSnavda sxvadasxva 

dros. rogorc Cans, kulxa diauxis ganuyofeli nawili 

iyo, misi erT-erTi provincia da wyaroebSi samefos 

Zveli saxelis Secvla kulxas saxeliT samefos 

centris gadanacvlebiT unda aixsnas” [miqelaZe, 1974: 

gv.166].@Tu gavixsenebT kolxuri gvianbrinjaos xanis 

(Zv.w. XIV s.) kulturis maRal dones liTonis damuSavebis 

daxvewili teqnologiiTa da dawinaurebuli miwaTmoqmedebiT, 

SesaZlebelia davuSvaT, rom aqeelebi 

dainteresdnen samxreT kolxeTiT, romelic (d)aiaenis 

vasali@ iyo ∗ da TuqulTi-ninurtas (Zv.w. 1249-1208 ww.) 

warweraSi [Weidner, 1959: 7-19] moxseniebuli zemo zRvis 40 

mefeTagan@erT-erTis winapari marTavda. ∗∗ TiTqmis daujerebeli,^magram 

Teoriulad SesaZlebelia kolxeTis 

gavliT berZenTa samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis 

siRrmeSi moxvedra, sadac daiaenis ufro Zlieri gaer- 

Tianeba mdebareobda. magaliTad, eratosTenes mixedviT, 

iasonma kolxeTidan armeniasa da midiaSi ilaSqra 

(Strabo, I,3,2),^rac arsebobis uflebas aZlevs zemoT 

gamoTqmul mosazrebas. *** 

amrigad, kolxuri kultura,^miuxedavad imisa,^rom 

unikalurobiTa da TviTmyofadobiT gamoirCeoda saukuneTa 

ganmavlobaSi, mainc aRmosavluri civilizaciebis 

gavlenis qveS eqceoda,ôRond am TviTmyofadobis, xSi- 

∗ 

Zv.w. XII s. analogiiT am tradicias, SesaZlebelia, regionSi 

jer kidev miTanis hegemoniis pirobebSic hqonda adgili, rodesac 

orive gaerTianeba winaklasobrivi urTierTobebis pirobebSi 

cxovrobda. gaixseneT xalibebis mosinikebebze damokidebulebis 

magaliTi (Xenoph., Anab. V,5,1). 

∗∗ 

araa gamoricxuli, antikur avtorebTan ninosSi tuqulTininurTa 

igulisxmebodes. Cnobilia, rom evsebi kesarielis paninosi 

asureTSi argonavtebis kolxeTSi mosvlis dros mefobda. 

sxva avtorebs Tu davujerebT, mas, ~am SemTxvevaSi ninoss” garkveuli 

drois ganmavlobaSi mTeli samxreTi kavkasia da mezobeli 

pontospireTis tomebi emorCilebodnen [yauxCiSvili, 1976: gv.120]. 

*** arsebobs mtkicebulebebi, rom sakuTriv daiaeni/diaoxi zRvispira 

qveyana iyo [ix.Дьяконов, 1951: gv.300,sq.1]. 

38

ad arqaul tradiciaTa aqtiur dacvas rom gulisxmobda, 

da geografiuli pirobebis xarjze despoturi 

xelisufleba aq ar ganviTarebula. ∗ am ukanasknel faqtors 

gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs g.WeiSvili xalibTa 

qveynis mimarTebaSi [WeiSvili, 1994:^30], romlis materikuli 

nawili istoriuli mesxeTis bunebrivi pirobebis 

msgavsad xels uwyobda mcire^TviTkmari “qveynebis”@Camoyalibebas. 

xevTa Serwymis procesis miuxedavad, 

isini mouSlelni rCebodnen da TavianT saxes inar- 

Cunebdnen [musxeliSvili, 1980: 142, 200]. meore mxriv, 

xalibTa qveynis zRvispira mdebareobam da aqedan 

gamomdinare aqtiurma vaWrobam specifikuri qalaquri 

tipis dasaxlebebi - polisebi warmoqmna. aman, ra Tqma 

unda, liToniT mdidari samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelosa 

da samxreT-aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTis berZnul 

axalSenebTan intensiuri urTierTobebis inicireba gamoiwvia 

[WeiSvili, 1994: 30,34,41]. Tumca,âmas win uswrebda 

antikuri civilizaciis winamorbed - mikenur samyarosTan 

damyarebuli kontaqtebi,^romelic aRmosavleTTan 

urTierTobebis fonze araregularul xasiaTs 

atarebda. 

rogorc cnobilia,âdrebrinjaos epoqaSi (Zv.w. III 

aTaswleulis Sua xanebi) samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi 

mkveTrad winaurdeba kreta da materikuli saberZneTis 

rigi raionebi. pirvelisgan gansxvavebiT, am ukanasknel- 

Si Zv.w. III aTaswleulis bolos CrdiloeTidan SemoiWrilma 

indoevropelma tomebma (aqeelebi) gaanadgures 

kunZulelTa monaTesave,^maTsaviT klasobrivi sazogadoebis 

Camoyalibebis zRurblze myofi pelasguri sazogadoeba. 

mosulma eTnosma winareberZnuli mosaxleobis 

asimilaciisa da minosuri civilizaciis zegavlenis 

gziT SeiTvisa maRalganviTarebuli kultura da oTxsaukunovani 

dekadansis (Zv.w. XX-XVII ss.) Semdeg TviTon 

daasrula winamorbedis mier wamowyebuli saqme – sa- 

∗ 

magaliTad, qsenofonte aRniSnavs, rom karduxebi, taoxebi da 

qaldebi umefoni da saSiSni arian (Anab., V,4,17). 

39

xelmwifos formirebis procesi [История древней Греции, 

1996: 51-55]. Zv.w. XVI s. iwyeba mikenuri epoqa. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom kretis did gavlenas ganicdida, is TviTmyofad 

kulturas warmoadgenda, romelic aqeelebis mier 

TiTqmis mTeli egeidis xelSi Cagdebis Semdeg (Zv.w. 

XV s. meore naxevari)êrTpirovnulad Cadga dasavluri 

samyaros farvaterSi. Zv.w. XV-XIII ss. mikenuri civilizaciis 

ayvavebis periodi iyo. winareberZnulma mosaxleobam 

sabolood dakarga istoriuli iniciativa, gaiTqvifa 

mosul elementSi an periferiebsa da mcire aziaSi 

gadasaxlda [gordeziani r., 1988: 162]. minosuri civilizaciisgan 

gansxvavebiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli agresiuli 

sulisa da paralelurad misganve memkvidreobiT mi- 

Rebuli zRvaosnobis siyvarulis saSualebiT axal-axali 

gzebis Ziebis swrafvam^ mikenur samyaros mTeli 

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis aTvisebisken ubiZga: “didi berZnuli 

kolonizacia... im sazRvao trasebiT warimarTa, 

romlebic elinTa mikenelma winaprebma gakvales... Tqmulebis 

Tanaxmad, mikenelebs Savi zRvis auzSic SemouRweviaT 

da^Tuki argonavtebis laSqrobis ambebi ramdenadme 

mainc asaxavs realobas, isini TviT kolxeTamde 

mosulan [gordeziani r., 1988: 54]. 

bunebrivia, elinebis yuradReba umTavresad aRmosavleTisken 

iyo mimarTuli. jer kidev minosuri kultura, 

romlis tradiciebsac agrZelebda mikeni,^ sasicocxlo 

impulsebs wina aziidan da egviptidan iRebda. mniSvnelovani 

iyo mcire aziisa da mimdebare teritoriebis 

wiaRiseuliT, gansakuTrebiT spilenZiT mdidari sabadoebi. 

sinopeSi Tesaliel molaSqreTa dasaxleba (Ps. 

Scymn., Peripl., 941-952), friqses, Semdeg ki argonavtebis 

gamoCena aia-kolxeTSi am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabijebis 

yru gamoZaxili unda iyos. 

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,^winareberZnuli civilizaciis 

namsxvrevebma mcire aziisken gadainacvles da, rac 

mTavaria,^gvianbrinjaos xanaSi (Zv.w. XIV s.) samxreTaRmosavleT 

SavizRvispireTSi Camoyalibda egeosuri 

kulturis (sulierad mainc) monaTesave brwyinvale 

40

kolxuri kultura. arqeologiuri monacemebiT Tu vimsjelebT, 

swored es olqi, pirvel rigSi ki misi hinterlandi 

- Woroxis auzi warmoadgenda maRalganviTarebuli 

TviTmyofadi kolxuri brinjaos kulturis uZveles 

da wamyvan keras. Cvens xelT arsebuli masala aSkarad 

miuTiTebs brinjaos iaraRTa arqaulobaze,^ romelTa 

uadresi nimuSebi (culebi) urekidan ordumdea aRmoCenili 

[dawvr.ix. kaxiZe a., mamulaZe S.,, 2000]. 

mokled rom vTqvaT,^mikenuri patriarqaluri sazogadoeba, 

Tavisive bunebidan gamomdinare, TandaTanobiT 

vrceldeboda protoelinuri kulturis ganfenis areal- 

Si, romlis aTvisebac,^rogorc Cans,^pirvelis ganviTarebis 

aucilebeli piroba iyo.àigive ganmeorda aias 

qveyanaSi,^rac argonavtebis laSqrobis saxiT aisaxa. 

aqac, egeosuri samyaros msgavsad, Zlieri iyo qalis 

roli sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da kultSi [dawv.ix. 

kaxiZe e., 1999: 185-186]. kvanZis gaxsna troasTan moxda 

(Zv.w. XIII s. bolo),^roca ori samyaros mTavari Zalebi 

konkretul,^gadamwyvet brZolaSi daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs. 

∗ unda aRiniSnos,^rom antiberZnuli koaliciis 

ganadgurebis Semdeg,^faqtobrivad, dasaRupavad gaiwira 

mTeli brinjaos civilizacia,^romlis nawilsac warmoadgenda 

aqeuri samyaro. balkaneTsa da wina aziaSi 

gza gaexsnaT primitiul tomebs,^romlebmac mravali 

dawinaurebuli regioni miwasTan gaaswores. adreklasobrivi 

saxelmwifoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sinagani 

sisustisa da specifikuri social-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis 

gamo Zveli kondiciebi SedarebiT mSvidobian 

periodSic (Zv.w. XII s.) ver aRdga [Полякова, 1983: 94-106]. 

ra Tqma unda, aseT pirobebSi^berZnul-kolxur urTier- 

Tobebze laparaki uadgilod gveCveneba. 

∗ niSandoblivia, rom herodote troelebis mier elenes motacebas 

medeas gamo elinebisTvis samagieros gadaxdis survils ukavSirebs 

(I,1-4). SemTxveviTi araa, rom qarTveluri tomebi troas Tu berZensparselTa 

omebis dros swored azielebis mxardamxar ibrZvian. 

41

miuxedavad amisa,ûrTierTobebis sawyisma etapma 

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. mas elinur samyaroSi 

samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTze 

garkveuli codnis dagroveba mohyva [lorTqifaniZe, 1986: 

23]. is, Tu rogor iyenebdnen antikuri xanis berZnebi 

winaprebis gamocdilebas,ûkve mogaxseneT. aq davumatebdiT,^rom: 

“aqavelebma... misces klasikur saberZneTs mravali 

is impulsi, romelmac Semdgom berZnuli civilizaciis 

xasiaTi gansazRvra... berZnebi egeosis zRvis 

auzs moevlinen, viTarca didi maswavleblebis (Zvela- 

Rmosavluri civilizaciebi da gansakuTrebiT ki minosur-winaberZnuli 

kultura) uaRresad niWieri moswavleebi” 

[gordeziani r., 1988: 57]. unda aRiniSnos,^rom am 

safexurze qarTuli samyaro, rogorc kretul-protoelinuri 

civilizaciis Semadgeneli Tu monaTesave kulturuli 

areali,^ dasavleli partnioris maswavleblad 

gvevlineba (medea,^sakraluri codnis mflobeliâietis 

davalebebi da sxv.). mogvianebiT yofili mowafeebi 

mTeli xmelTaSuazRvispireTis mentorebad mogvevlinen 

da iseve, rogorc sxva xalxebma,^ kolxebmac bevri ram 

SeiTvises maTgan. 

dasavleTTan Sewyvetili kontaqtebi ar niSnavda,^rom 

qarTveluri samyaro saerTod mowyda imdroindeli 

msoflios mowinave kulturebs,^miT umetes hegemonad 

gvevlineboda jer kidev aRmosavleTi,^romelTanac 

sisxlsavse urTierTobebi grZeldeboda. xanmokle Sesvenebis 

Semdeg, Zv.w. IX s. masTan kvlav aqtiuri urTier- 

Tobebi aRsdga [Дьяконов, 1951: 275-276,284]. VIII s. Sua xanebidan 

iniciativa ukve kulxas xelSi gadavida [Меликишвили, 

1959: 216-217], magram am droisTvis CrdiloeT 

SavizRvispireTidan gamoZevebuli kimerielebi kavkasia- 

Sic Cndebian [Виногродов, 1972: 11 da Smd.]. rogorc 

Cans,âm istoriul gamowvevas susti saxelmwifoebrivi 

organizaciis mqone kulxam ver gauZlo da Zv.w. VIII s. 

bolosTvis Sewyvita arseboba [Меликишвили, 1954: 115; 1959: 

216-217], ramac daaCqara kolxuri kulturis centris 

TandaTanobiT CrdiloeTisken gadaweva da sabolood 

42

ionispireTSi kolxeTis axali samefos Camoyalibeba 

(Zv.w. VI s). 

unda aRiniSnos, rom CvenTvis saintereso regionSi 

uZvelesi civilizaciuri tradiciebi erTbaSad ar amoi- 

Zirkveboda. magaliTad,^Zv.w. VIII s. gonios midamoebSi 

(avgia, Warnali, axalisofeli) funqcionirebda Savi li- 

Tonis mompovebeli msxvili samTo-metalurgiuli kera 

[Хахутаишвили, 1987: 41-60] da masTan dakavSirebuli e.w. 

diunuri dasaxleba,^sadac, mkvlevarTa azriT, rkinis 

metalurgiisTvis aucilebeli magnetituri qviSis mopoveba 

xdeboda [TavamaiSvili, 2000]. am kompleqsis dawinaureba 

gansakuTrebiT Zv.w. VII s. Sua xanebisTvis SeimCneva. 

sakuTriv cixis teritoriaze diunuri sadgomebis 

naSTebi TiTqmis erT zolzea gamovlenili. aq ZiriTadad 

uxeSad naZerwi Tixis abazaniseburi WurWlis fragmentebi 

da kultmsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli sadgarebi 

gvxdeba. diunuri dasaxlebebis sezonuri xasiaTidan 

gamomdinare, ufro mcirea sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis 

keramika [TavamaiSvili, 2000: 140; mamulaZe, xalvaSi, 

kaxiZe e., 2002]. rogorc Cans,^ daaxloebiT am periodidan 

CvenTvis saintereso regions antikur samyaroSic icnoben. 

araa gamoricxuli,^rom Zv.w. VIII s. poet evmeleos 

korinTelis kolxeTis qveyana (Tzetzes ad Lycophr., 174) Woroxis 

auzSi ganlagebul kulxas gulisxmobdes,^xolo 

“TeogoniaSi”@moxseniebul udides mdinareTagan erTerTi 

- fasisi (340) swored WoroxTan gaigivdes [miqela- 

Ze, 1974: 83-84; inaZe, 1982: 7; grigolia, 1994: 33-39]. 

saxelmwifoebriobis dekadansi samxreT-aRmosavleT 

SavizRvispireTze mainc aisaxa da ganviTarebis tempebiT 

is TandaTanobiT CamorCa aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTs,^sadac,^rogorc 

ukve aRvniSneT, Zv.w. VI s. axalkolxuri 

samefo Camoyalibda. swored am periodidan, da 

cota ufro adrec, elinur samyarosTan intensiuri 

kontaqtebi daiwyo,^rasac, centraluri kolxeTisgan 

gansxvavebiT, samxreT kolxeTi socialuri urTierTobebis 

arqauli formebiTa da tomobrivi daqsaqsulobiT 

43

Sexvda. yovelive aman sabediswero roli Seasrula regionis 

Semdgom ganviTarebaze. 


1. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 

1990; 

2. georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos 

Sesaxeb, t. I, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniT gamosces 

da ganmartebebi daurTes al.gamyreliZem da s.yauxCiSvilma, 

Tb., 1961; 

3. gogitiZe s., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos saistorio 

geografia, baTumi, 2002; 

4. gordeziani^l., argonavtebis laSqrobis TariRisaTvis. 

- argonavtika da msoflio kultura, a. uruSaZis 

dabadebidan 80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili Sromebis krebuli,^Tb.,^1999; 

5. gordeziani r., berZnuli civilizacia, nakveTi I, Tb., 

1988; 

grigolia^g., egris-lazikis saistorio geografiis 

problemebi,^Tb.,^1994; 

6. TavamaiSvili g.,ûZvelesi namosaxlarebi samxreTdasavleT 

saqarTvelos axalSavzRvur terasaze (sakand. 

naSr.),^Tb.,^2000; 

7. inaZe m.,^terminebi “kolxi” da “kolxeTi” antikur 

mwerlobaSi. – saqarTvelos da qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli 

ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, Tb., 1993; 

8. inaZe m.,âRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis berZnuli kolonizacia,^Tb.,^1982; 

9. kaxiZe a., mamulaZe S., Woroxis auzi _ kolxuri kulturis 

uZvelesi kera, baTumi, 2000; 

10. kaxiZe e., samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis 

berZnuli kolonizaciis wanamZRvrebisa da zogierTi Taviseburebis 

Sesaxeb. - kulturis istoriis sakiTxebi, VI, Tb., 

1999; 

11. lorTqifaniZe oT., argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi, 

Tb., 1986; 

44

12. mamulaZe S., xalvaSi m., kaxiZe e., afsarosi Zv.w. I 

aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi. – SavizRvispireTis Zveli 

istoriisa da arqeologiis X saerTaSoriso simpoziumi: 

“urbanizmi SavizRvispireTSi arqaulsa da klasikur xana- 

Si: πολις ’Ελλινις δα πολις βαρβαρον” (moxsenebaTa Tezisebi), Tb., 

2002; 

13. meliqiSvili g., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 

uZvelesi gaerTianebebi. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 

t.I, Tb., 1970; 

14. mibCuani T., dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvel mTiel- 

Ta eTnogenezis, gansaxlebis da kulturis istoriidan, 

Tb., 1989;^ 

15. miqelaZe T., Ziebani kolxeTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT 

SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan, 

Tb., 1974; 

16. musxeliSvili d., saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis 

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, II, Tb., 1980; 

17. yauxCiSvili T., saqarTvelos istoriis Zveli berZnuli 

wyaroebi, Tb., 1976; 

18. yauxCiSvili T., antikuri wyaroebi baTumis istoriisaTvis. 

– sdsZ, XVI, 1987; 19) 19) WeiSvili g., samxreTdasavleT 

saqarTvelos ~mesxeTis istoriuli geografiis 

sakiTxebi antikur xanaSi (sakand. naSr.), Tb., 1994; 

20. javaxiSvili iv., saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli 

aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnografiuli problemebi, 

Tb., 1950; 

21. Бич О. Новые материалы о Г. Шлимане. - ВДИ, 2, 1947; 

22. Виногродов В.Б. Центральный и Северо-Восточный Кавказ в 

Скифское время (VII-VI вв. до н. э.), Грозный, 1972; 

23. Дьяконов И.М. Ассиро-Вавилонские источники по истории 

Урарту. - ВДИ, 2, 1951; 

24. История древней Греции, под. ред. В. И. Кузищина, М., 1996; 

25. Меликишвили Г.А. Наири-Урарту, Тб., 1954; 

26. Меликишвили Г.А. К истории древней Грузии, Тб., 1959; 

27. Хахутаишвили Д.А. Производство железа в Древней Колхиде, 

Тб., 1987; 

28. Weidner E. Die Inschriften Tukulti-Ninurtas I und seiner Nachfolger, 

AFO, Beiheft 12, Graz, 1959. 

45

Emzar Kakhidze 

The early stage of Greco-Georgian relationships 

Summary 

The early stage of Greco-Georgian relationships linked with an 

appearance of Argonauts in Colchis, in 14 th -13 th centuries BC. These 

relationships were, off course, only episodic, finished on the end of 13 th 

century BC and renewed in 8 th century BC. 

Эмзар Кахидзе 

Ранний этап грузино-греческих взаимоотношении 

Резюме 

Появление аргонавтов в Колхиде, точнее Кулхе урартийских 

источников в XIV-XIII вв. до н.э. можно считать началом грузиногреческих 

взаимоотношений. Безусловно, это были эпизодические 

контакты, которые прервались с конца XIII в. и возобновились 

только с VIII в. до н.э. 

46

47 

biWiko diasamiZe 

samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo (aWara) 

tbel abuserisZis xanaSi 

(socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba) 

XII saukunis bolo da XIII saukunis pirveli aTwleuli 

uaRresad saintereso xanaa saqarTvelos istoriaSi. 

erTi mxriv, es aris dro, roca saqarTvelo axlo 

aRmosavleTis uZlieres saxelmwifod iTvleba, mas 

emorCilebian da angariSs uweven mosazRvre Tu Soreuli 

muslimanuri qveynebi, da evropel jvarosnebs igi 

mSvelelad, ierusalimis mxsnelad da muslimanTa dammorCileblad 

miaCniaT (z. avaliSvili,1989: 102), magram, 

meore mxriv, sul raRac 10_15 wlis Semdeg, es saxelmwifo 

ver umklavdeba monRolTa ocaTasian marbiel 

laSqars, seriozul winaaRmdegobas ver uwevs xvarazmelebs, 

brZolis velze garnisTan daxmarebis gareSe 

tovebs 4 aTas Tavdadebul mamuliSvils da erTi seriozuli, 

generaluri brZolis gareSe morCilebas ucxadebs 

monRolebs. 

aseT winaaRmdegobriv da saqarTvelosTvis rTul 

periodSi mouwia moRvaweoba rusTavelis umcros Tanamokalmes, 

mecniersa da mwerals, aWaris erisTavTeris- 

Tavebis _ abuserisZeTa gvaris Rirseul warmomadgenels 

_ tbel abuserisZes. 

naSromis mizania saqarTvelosa da mis irgvliv ganviTarebuli 

movlenebis fonze warmoadginos tbel abuserisZis 

xanis aWaris socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba 

mwerlis Txzulebebis da sxva wyaroebisa da literaturis 

gamoyenebiT. 

tbel abuserisZis xanis aWaris istoriis calkeuli 

sakiTxebi, marTalia, ganxilulia l.musxeliSvilis, 

r.mefisaSvilis, x.axvledianis, i.sixaruliZis, S.varSani- 

Zis, S.mamulaZis, n.goguaZis, m.qavTarias, r.Cagunavas, 

r.xalvaSis, g. abuseliZis da sxvaTa naSromebSi, magram

erTianobaSi es problema ar Seswavlila. warmodgenili 

naSromi am xarvezis Sevsebis mokrZalebuli mcdelobaa. 

abuserisZeTa feodaluri saxli dawinaurebuli Cans 

XI saukunis dasawyisidan, roca maT jer ,,xixaTa eris- 

Tavoba,” xolo Semdeg abuser ivanisZis erisTavTerisTavobis 

dros artanujis, cixis juarisa da awyuris cixis 

patronobis uflebac miuRiaT. maTve ekuTvnodaT yvelis 

cixec (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955: 300) 

XI saukunis 40-iani wlebi mZime da warumatebeli 

aRmoCnda abuserisZeebisaTvis. mefe bagrat IV-ze ganawyenebulma 

da artanujis cixis xelSi Cagdebis mosurne 

liparit baRvaSma ,,gamoityuvna anisiT dedoflisagan 

abuseri erisTavi artanujisa, da xixaTa, da cixis 

juarisa, da awyueris cixis patroni... da Seipyrna” (qca, 

1955: 300) magram ,,Ze liparitisi ivane mZevlad darCa 

bagratis xelTa Sina, da iTxova igi bagratisagan, da 

nacvlad gauSua abuseri Tavis cixiTa mSvidobiT (qca, 

1955:300). abuser pirveli mainc ver ascda liparitis 

tyveobas, sasireTis WalaSi momxdar brZolaSi ,,Seipyres 

abuseri da sxvanica didebulni mis Tana.” 

liparitis tyveobas ver gadaurCa abuser pirvelis 

memkvidre grigolic, romelic aryis cixesTan brZolaSi 

Seipyres ,,da sTxoves artanuji sikudilisa qadebiTa” 

(qca,1955:302). ase rom, XI s. 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi 

abuserisZeebma dakarges artanuji da Semdeg cixis 

juaric. igi bagrat IV-m sula kalmaxels uwyaloba 

liparitis Sepyrobisa da misTvis gadacemis sanacvlod. 

rogorc Cans, XII saukuneSi abuserisZeTa samflobelo 

aWariT Semoifargleboda da misi patronebi erTgulad 

idgnen qveynis samsaxurSi. am mxriv wyaroebi 

warmoaCenen mwerlis babuas erisTavTerisTav abusers, 

mis Zmas sananos da mwerlis mamas ivane erisTavTeris- 

Tavs, romelic daiRupa ,,TurqTa xeliTa (abuserisZe 

tbeli, 1998: 67). 

ramdenadac erisTavTerisTav ivanes daRupva unda 

ukavSirdebodes xixanis ,,mterTa zeda gacemis”_RalatiT 

dakargvis periods da mas 1191 wliT aTariReben, amdenad 

48

tbel abuserisZis moRvaweobis xanis dasawyisi XII 

saukunis 80-iani wlebiT aris gansazRvruli da Cveni 

sakvlevi periodis qveda sazRvaric 90-iani wlebis dasawyisi 

unda iyos. 

* * * 

tbel abuseriZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis dasawyisi 

emTxveva Tamaris drois saqarTveloSi feodalopozicionerTa 

gamosvlebis dasrulebisa da sagareo 

politikis gaaqtiurebis wlebs. feodal-opozicionerTa 

bolo gabrZoleba iyo 1191 wels, roca dasavleT da 

samxreT saqarTvelos feodaluri aristokratiis didma 

nawilma moindoma giorgi rusis xelaxla dabruneba Tamaris 

meuRled da amiT sakuTari poziciebis ganmtkiceba. 

am moZraobis saTaveSi aRmoCnda SavSeTisa da 

klarjeTis patroni guzani, samcxis spasalari boco da 

msaxurTuxucesi vardan dadiani, romelmac mTeli dasavleT 

saqarTvelos Zalebi Semoikriba. ismeba kiTxva, ram 

gaaerTiana es Zalebi Tamaris momxreTa winaaRmdeg, ra 

iyo namdvili mizezi ZalTa aseTi dapirispirebisa da 

romel mxareze unda yofiliyvnen abuserisZeebi 

akad. n. berZeniSvilis samarTliani SeniSvniT, daviT 

aRmaSeneblis droidan aSkara gaxda aRmosavleTis upiratesoba 

da afxazTa mefe (lixTimereTis da Tu gnebavT 

tao-klarjeTis mefe) sul ufro da ufro qarTlkaxeTs 

da mis mimdgom qveynebs irCevs centrad... da 

Zveli feodaluri aristokratia ajanyda (n. berZeni- 

Svili, 1974:168). ajanyebulTa erTi nawili xingris 

wyalze Tmogvsa da eruSeTs Sua brZolaSi damarcxda, 

meore nawili, romelic goramde iyo misuli, xingris 

wyalze maTi momxreebis marcxis gagebisTanave ukan 

gabrunda. am ambebis aRwerisas mematianeebi abuseris- 

Zeebs ar axseneben, magram tbel abuserisZis TxzulebaSi 

naTqvami xixanis ,,mterTa zeda gacemis” da Semdeg 

,,RmrTis sworTa patronTa” davalebis Sesruleba imaze 

unda miuTiTebdes, rom guzan abulasnis gandgomisas 

abuserisZeebi mefis momxreTa rigebSi iyvnen da araa 

49

gamoricxuli, rom mwerlis mamis daRupvac am movlenebTan 

(xixanis dakargva) iyos dakavSirebuli (i.sixaruliZe, 

1979:16). 

am ambebis Semdeg qveyanaSi simSvide gamefebula. 

mematianes TqmiT, ,,Seiqmna mSvidoba, sixaruli da erToba, 

romeli arodes sada vis uxilavs” (qca, 1959: 54). unda 

vivaraudoT, rom mSvidoba sufevda abuserisZeTa 

saerisTavoSic, rac imis saSualebas iZleoda, rom 

tbels saeklesio ganaTleba varZiaSi mieRo wm. ioane 

SavTelTan da Semdeg emoRvawa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos 

iseT mniSvnelovan saeklesio centrebSi, rogoricaa 

martyofi da alaverdi (r.xalvaSi, 2006: 9). 

rogorc Cans, XIII saukunis dasawyisidan abuseris- 

ZeTa saerisTavos mWidro urTierToba hqonda qveynis 

sxva mxareebTan. 1216 wels ivane aTabagis mier mowveul 

sasamarTloze memna jayelTan, did WyondidelTan, romelic 

mosuliyo samefodan, varZiis winamZRvarTan, 

bRinZahanqis winamZRvarTan da garejis did mamamTavar- 

Tan erTad monawileobda tbel abuserisZec (r.xalvaSi, 

2006:7). es urTierToba kidev ufro gafarToebula 20- 

iani wlebidan, roca aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mZime 

viTareba Seiqna jalal-ed-dinis Semosevis gamo. mefe 

rusudanTan erTad Tbilisidan quTaisSi gadmovida saqarTvelos 

kaTalikosi arsen bulmaisimisZe da gelaTidan 

marTavda saqarTvelos eklesias. aWara ki am dros 

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan ltolvili mosaxleobis 

TavSesafrad iqca. tbeli gvauwyebs: ,,odes mogebisaTvis 

codvaTa CvenTaisa samcxe da yoveli adgili 

saqarTveloisai ivltoda xiznobad SiSisaTvis xuarazmelTaჲsa, 

gamoqcevasa da mowyuedasa zeda laSqarTasa 

da mravalTa mTavarTa da kacisSvilTasa da mooxrebasa 

dedaqalaqisa tfilisisasa da umetesTa adgilTa lixTa 

amerisa saqarTveloisaTa... aravin daSTa ultolveli 

kerZoTa aWarisaTaca (abuserisZe tbeli, 1998: 65-66). 

aWaras Seafara Tavi 1235 wels, monRolTa Semosevis 

dros, mandaturTuxucesma SanSe mxargrZelmac. 

50

yvelaferi es miuTiTebs imaze, rom tbelis moRvaweobis 

xanaSi aWara, abuserisZeTa samflobelo, qveynis 

sxva mxareebTan SedarebiT, daculi aRmoCnda da aq meti 

pirobebi Seiqmna rogorc ekonomikuri, ise kulturuli 

ganviTarebisaTvis. 

aWara Tavisi mdebareobiT gzaTa SesayarSi aRmoCnda 

erTi mxriv, zRvispireTidan samxreT saqarTvelosaken 

da meore mxriv, axlo aRmosavleT_mcire aziidan Crdilo 

kavkasiisa da samxreT_aRmosavleTis qveynebisaken, 

kerZod artanujisaken, adreSuasaukuneebis am cnobili 

centrisaken. saxmeleTo gza aWariswylis xeobaze, xolo 

samdinaro gza Woroxze gadioda da akavSirebda baTumsa 

da arTvins. am mxaris ekonomikuri mniSvneloba ar 

Semcirebula saqarTvelos erTiani feodaluri monarqiis 

Seqmnis xanaSic. ,,iq modioda saqoneli armeniis da 

siriis yvela qveynidan, trapezunidan (T.yauxCiSvili 

8,1952:4). SemTxveviTi ar iyo isic, rom qvemo aWaraSi 

ganviTarebuli iyo navmSeneblobac, rogorc erT-erTi 

sarfiani dargi (T.Ciqovani, 1958:69-85). aWariswylisa da 

Woroxis xeobebSi savaWro qaravnebis moZraoba moiTxovda 

gzebisa da xidebis wesrigSi moyvanas, mgzavrebisa 

da savaWro saqonlis uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofas. amitomaa, 

rom xalxuri gadmocemebi aWarasa da mis momijnave 

mxareebSi farTod gaSlil aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobas 

Tamaris mefobis xanas ukavSireben. 

aWariswylis xeobaSi gamavali saqaravno gza sami mimarTulebiT 

itoteboda: sxalTa-xixaZiris gziT sofel 

bakoze gavliT miemarTeboda axalcixisaken; aWariswylis 

Senakadis _ Ciruxiswylis (mareTis) xeobis gavliT 

SavSeT-klarjeTisaken, xolo aWariswylis xeobis Semdeg 

goderZis uReltexilis gavliT gza oZrxes mimar- 

TulebiT midioda. yvela am mimarTulebiT, garda Ta- 

Riani xidebisa, igeboda TavdacviTi nagebobebi, romlebic 

am gzebis uSiSroebasac da qveynis, mxaris Tavdacvis 

saqmesac uzrunvelyofda. 

aWariswylis xeobaSi wamomarTuli cixe-koSkebi: 

xixani, varcixe, cixisyeli, wablana, CanCxalo, darCi- 

51

Zeebi, yalaboni, kaviani, Wvana, dandaloscixe, zesofeli, 

saRoreTi, zvare da sxva qmnidnen aWariswylis xeobaSi 

erTiani TavdacviTi sistemis uwyvet jaWvs, romelTa 

meTaur cixes xeobis saTaveSi aRmarTuli xixani warmoadgenda. 

igi mdebareobs zRvis donidan 2635 metris 

simaRleze, arsianis mTis erT-erT ganStoebaze. cixis 

farTobi TiTqmis erT heqtramdea. cixes hqonia galavani 

oTxi koSkiT. koSkebi ramdenime sarTuliani yofila, 

romelTagan pirveli sarTuli dilegebad yofila gamoyenebuli. 

cixis teritoriaze sxvadasxva daniSnulebis 

nagebobebia (Tone, marani, wvimis wylis Sesagrovebi 

rezervuarebi), magram maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania 

wm. giorgis eklesia, romelic Zmis davalebiT 

tbels augia. 

xixanis cixe Tavisi sidiadiT, mSeneblobis sirTuliT, 

konstruqciebiT erT-erTi gamorCeulia Sua saukuneebis 

saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglTa Soris. 

igi maCvenebelia maRali saamSeneblo xelovnebisa da 

kulturis. 

xixaZiris xeobaze gamavali saqaravno-savaWro gza, 

Tavisi xidebiTa da cixeebiT, adasturebs im azrs, rom 

tbelis epoqaSi es xeoba marTlac warmoadgenda umTavres 

da umniSvnelovanes magistrals qveynis rogorc 

saSinao, ise sagareo problemaTa mogvarebisaTvis. 

erT-erTi saintereso da mniSvnelovani magistrali 

Cans mareTis xeobaze gamavali gzac. 

mareTis xeobis erT boloSi darCiZeebis cixe idga, 

meore bolos oqropilauris (yalaboinis) cixe darajobda. 

es ukanaskneli, rogorc Cans, Ciruxiswylisa da 

uCambiswylis Sesayars akontrolebda da am cixis daniSnuleba 

iseTive iyo, rogoric darCiZeebis cixisa. 

aWariswylis xeobis erTian TavdacviT sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli 

funqcia ekisreboda takiZeebis (Wvanis) da 

kavianis (xiWauris) ( 

cixeebs. maTi funqcia am or xeobaze 

gamavali gzebis kontroli da mosalodneli safrTxis 

droze Setyobineba unda yofiliyo. 

52

msgavsive funqciiTa da safortifikacio mSeneblobis 

maRali xelovnebiT, reliefis ostaturi gamoyenebiT 

aris agebuli aWariswylis xeobis sxva cixeebic: zvare, 

saRoreTi, civasula, zesofeli da sxva. yvela isini 

aSkarad miuTiTeben tbelis drois saqarTvelos da misi 

erTi kuTxis–aWaris ekonomikur da samxedro-politikur 

Zlierebaze, maRal saamSeneblo-teqnologiur doneze da 

aq mcxovrebi mosaxleobis amouwurav energiasa da ma- 

Ral sulier kulturaze. 

am TvalsazrisiT kidev ufro met masalas iZleva 

tbelis moRvaweobis xanaSi farTod gaSlili saekle- 

sio_samonastro mSeneblobis sakiTxis Tundac mokle 

mimoxilva. ∗ 

miuxedavad imisa, rom qristes pirvelmociqulTa 

mier qristianuli eklesiis dafuZnebas, qarTuli istoriuli 

tradicia, aWariswylis xeobaSi, kerZod didaWaraSi 

aRiarebs, dRemde IX saukuneze adrindeli saeklesio 

nageboba aq aRmoCenili araa. savaraudoa, ufro 

adre Cveni winaprebi xis eklesiebs agebdnen, amitom 

dRemde maTi nangrevebi ar SemorCa. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis 

Sedegad aRmoCenili masalebis safuZvelze IX_X 

saukuneebiT TariRdeba sacixuris (jvarTnis), sxalTis 

mcire da Tikanauris eklesiebi. 

eklesiaTa mSenebloba ufro intensiuri Cans XII_XIII 

saukuneebSi. TiTqmis araa am mxareSi sofeli, sadac 

eklesia ar yofiliyo, Tumca cnobebi yvelas Sesaxeb ar 

SemorCenila. magaliTad XIX saukunis mkvlevar-mogzaurTa 

(g.yazbegi, T.saxokia) SromebSi daculi cnobebis 

mixedviT, eklesiebi sakmaod didi zomisa, mdgara xixa- 

Ziris centrSi, aseve daba xuloSi, romlis adgilas 

Semdeg meCeTi augiaT (g. yazbegi,1995:37). aseve eklesiebi 

yofila: oladaurSi (T.saxokia, 1985:267), cxmorisSi, 

∗ informacia eklesiaTa Sesaxeb motanilia S.mamulaZis wignidan 

,,aWariswylis xeobis materialuri kulturis Zeglebi”, baTumi, 

2000. 

53

dRvanSi, neniaSi, kviaxiZeebSi, goginaurSi, marwyvalTaSi 

da sxvagan (z.WiWinaZe, 1913:120-130; 176-184). 

Cvens dromde SedarebiT sruli saxiT moaRwia sxal- 

Tis saeklesio kompleqsma. igi X_XIV saukuneebis aWara- 

Si uwyveti, intensiuri kulturuli cxovrebisa da aRm- 

Seneblobis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa. es dro aWaraSi 

abuserisZeTa sagvareulos zeobis xanas ukavSirdeba da 

saeWvo araa, rom taZris ageba da moxatva-Semkoba maT 

saxelTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli (S. mamulaZe, 2000:88). 

miT umetes, rom es gvari gansakuTrebuli siqveliT, 

RvTismosaobiTa da qvelmoqmedebiT gamoirCeoda. 

tbelis epoqis sxva eklesiebma Cvenamde nangrevebis 

saxiT moaRwia. amaTgan mxolod zogierTia arqeologiurad 

Seswavlili. 

Sua saukuneebis materialuri kulturis ZeglTagan 

aWaris teritoriaze yvelaze ukeT Semonaxulia TaRiani 

xidebi, romlebic mdinareebis _ kintriSis, aWariswylis, 

Woroxis da misi Senakadis maWaxliswylis auzis mxareebsa 

da maTze gamaval gzebs aerTebs. am xidebis 

agebis drod mkvlevarebi sxvadasxva periods asaxeleben. 

akad. n. berZeniSvilic im azrisaa, rom ,,yvela isini 

ar SeiZleba iyos Tamaris drois da misi namoRvawari. 

maTSi, ueWvelia, araerTia ufro Zveli xanis, ise rogorc 

nagvianevi xanisac (n. berZeniSvili, 1966:10; S. 

varSaniZe, 1974:53). 

am tipis xidebi bevria aWaris momijnave SavSeT-imerxevis, 

Tu saerTod istoriuli tao-klarjeTis teritoriaze 

(S. mamulaZe, 2000:99). 

aWaraSi TaRiani xidebis raodenobac mkvlevarebs 

gansxvavebuli raodenobiT aqvT dafiqsirebuli. Tu saxokia 

asaxelebs rva xids, x.axvlediani _ aTs, v. lisovski 

_ TerTmets, S. varSaniZe _ Teqvsmets, arqeolog 

S. mamulaZis TqmiT, aWaraSi dRemde sul 25 Zveli 

TaRiani xidia dafiqsirebuli (S.mamulaZe, 2000:99). 

TaRian xidebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba imiTaa gamowveuli, 

rom igi miuTiTebs maTze gamavali gzebis 

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze. aseTi xidebis ageba did 

54

Sromas, gansakuTrebul teqnologiasa da am saqmeSi 

gawaful ostatebs moiTxovda, amitom Cveulebriv, 

sasoflo mniSvnelobis gzebze mas ver aaSenebdnen. amas- 

Tan, am xidebis ganlagebisa da maTze gamavali gzebis 

SeswavliT ama Tu im mxarisa da regionis savaWroekonomikuri 

mniSvnelobis gaanalizebac xdeba. marto 

aWariswyalze dRemde SemorCenili xidebis (maxunceTi, 

dandalo, furtio) Seswavlac aSkarad aCvenebs Cveni 

winaprebis did saamSeneblo kulturas, maRal gemovnebas 

da am mimarTulebiT gamavali gzebis gazrdil 

ekonomikur mniSvnelobas. erTi ram aSkaraa, rom xidebis 

agebis aucilebloba dakavSirebulia am xeobaSi gamavali 

gzebis ara marto ekonomikur, aramed politikur 

mniSvnelobasTan. saqarTvelos erTiani feodaluri monarqiis 

Seqmna xels uwyobda misi saerTaSoriso avtoritetis 

amaRlebas, aseve adgilobrivi bazris, saSinao 

vaWrobis ganviTarebas. yvelaferi es zrdida xidebis 

mniSvnelobas im TvalsazrisiTac, rom erisTavebs 

Tu centralur xelisuflebas sabaJo kontrolis, Semosavlebis 

gazrdis saSualebasac aZlevda. amasTan, axal 

viTarebaSi intensiuri gaxda centrsa da regionebs Soris 

urTierToba, rac moiTxovda sagzao komunikaciebis 

ganviTarebas. 

gaerTianebul da gaZlierebul saxelmwifoSi ekonomikisa 

da vaWrobis ganviTareba bevrad iyo damokidebuli 

fuladi sistemis srulyofaze. erTi SexedviT ucnaur 

movlenas hqonda adgili XI_XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. 

politikuri TvalsazrisiT ,,oqros xanas” 

daviT IV-isa da Tamaris xanis saqarTveloSi, ,,vercxlis 

krizisi” da ,,spilenZis xanis” dawyeba mohyva samoneto 

sferoSi. vercxlis moneta spilenZis monetam Secvala 

Zveli ,,vercxlis” kursiT. es iman gamoiwvia, rom mTel 

aRmosavleTSi es procesi mimdinareobda da Tu saqarTveloc 

am gziT ar wavidoda, Zvirfasi liToni gaedineboda 

qveynis gareT fulis saxiT (d. kapanaZe, 1950: 46). 

saukuneze met xans grZeldeboda e.w. ,,uwesod moWrili” 

fulis mimoqceva saqarTveloSi da mxolod 1230 wlidan, 

55

usudan mefis dros, aRdga tradicia vercxlis monetis 

moWrisa (n.qoiava, 1938: 64; g. abuseliZe, 2004: 40). 

Tamaris mefobis xanaSi iWreboda moneta, romelic 

konvertirebadi iyo mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, rac 

uzrunvelyofda fulis myar da intensiur mimoqcevas, 

qveynis ekonomikur aRmavlobas. am procesebis monawile 

unda yofiliyo aWarac, radgan Cvenamde moRweuli materialuri 

kulturis ZeglTa didi nawili (xidebi, cixeebi, 

eklesia-monastrebi) XI_XIII saukuneebiT TariRdeba. 

am TvalsazrisiT saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis tbel 

abuserisZis Txzulebebi, romlebic iqmneboda XIII saukunis 

20-iani wlebis bolosa da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. 

amitom isini TavianTi paTosiT da mizandasaxulobiT 

gansxvavdebian svebednieri saqarTvelos pirobebSi 

Seqmnili Txzulebebisagan. es is droa, roca ,,kacismWamelTa 

mgelTa otebani sruliad sazRvarTa Sina 

srulisa saqarTveloisaTa” Cveulebrivi ambavi gaxda da 

saWiro iyo RvTismSoblisa da wminda giorgis Tanadgoma. 

sainteresoa, rom tbeli TxzulebaSi ,,axalni saswaulni 

wmidisa giorgisani” mogviTxrobs XII saukunis 

Sua xanebSi agebuli eklesiis mSeneblobis ambebs, 

eklesiis agebidan 80 wlis Semdeg. ram Caafiqrebina 

avtors Txzulebis dawera, ra mizans isaxavda da risi 

Tqma undoda ramdenadac igi saqarTveloSi datrialebuli 

ubedurebis (monRolTa gamoCena, xvarazmelTa 

Semoseva) mizezad qarTvelTa mier Cadenil codvebs 

miiCnevda (,,mogebisaTvis codvaTa CvenTaisa”) romelsac 

aWarac ver gadaurCa, igi Tanamedroveebs Seaxsenebda 

didi mfarveli wmindanis_wminda giorgis saxelsa da 

Zalas da simbolurad mas eklesiis mSenebelTa Semwed 

warmogvidgens. safiqrebelia, aq eklesia qveynis simboloc 

iyos, radgan tbelis nawarmoebebze dakvirvebiT 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avtori misi drois movlenebSi 

Rrmad Caxeduli moRvawea, romelic fiqrobs qveynis 

bedze da cdilobs axsnas momxdari ubedurebebis 

mizezebi. igi qveynis ubedurebagamovlili kacis azrovnebiT 

afasebs movlenebs da eklesiis mSeneblobisas 

56

qviTxuro basilis mier gamoCenili Tavganwirvisa Tu wm. 

giorgis saswaulebis CvenebiT, Tanamedroveebs qveynis 

gadarCenis rwmenasac unergavs. 

mis nawarmoebebsa da im drois cnobil pirTa epistoleebSi, 

romelTa adresatebi abuserisZeebi arian, 

kargad Cans aWaris erisTavTa axlo saqmiani urTier- 

Toba qveynis sxva regionebTan, maTi ekonomikuri da 

kulturuli SesaZleblobani. amasTan, isic Cans, rom 

XIII saukunis dasawyisidan, roca qveyana patronymobidan 

batonymobazea gadasuli da momravlda glexTa iseTi 

kategoriebi, rogoricaa nebieri, Tavdawerili, Tavdauwereli, 

nasyidi, nawyalobevi, Sewiruli (i.javaxiSvili, 

1983:398) da amaT gverdiT mravlad Canan glaxakebi, 

xiznebi, mawanwalebi, yaCaRebi da mZarcvelebi, romel- 

Tac xelisufleba sastikad devnis, mosaxleobis erT 

nawils ,,mosarewlad” saSovarze wasvla Tavis xelobad 

uqcevia. aseTebi umeteswilad sxvadasxva xelobis mcodne 

adamianebi arian. es procesi asaxulia tbelis TxzulebaSic. 

nawarmoebSi moqmedeba viTardeba ZiriTadad samcxesa 

da aWaraSi, pirveli _ metwilad focxovs, xolo meore 

_ sxalTis saTaveebSi (tbel abuserisZe, 1981: 43). 

Txzulebis mTavari personaJi basili qviTxuroa, mas 

sami eklesia auSenebia. erTi ,,somxiTSi,” magram ver dausrulebia 

imis gamo, rom amis saSualeba ar misca mTavarmowamem, 

meore eklesia man sakuTar sofelSi _ SuartyalSi 

aaSena. mas augia agreTve kidev ,,erTi taZari 

sxvaic.” Txzulebis avtori meore eklesiis mSeneblobis 

ambebs mogviTxrobs da aCvenebs im socialur-ekonomikur 

yofas, romelic sufevda im drois aWarasa da momijnave 

mxareebSi. qviTxuro basili ,,mosarewlad” wasula ,,queyanasa 

somxiTssa, maxloblad Tfilissa.” igi ara marto 

xuro-kalatozia, aramed sxvamxrivac ganswavluli pirovnebaa, 

SeuZlia mWedloba da samWedlo iaraRebis 

damzadeba (n. kaxiZe, 2003:140), hyavs uReli xari, aqvs sakuTari 

samSeneblo iaraRebi da maSin, roca misma Svilma 

TavisTvis saxlis Seneba daiwyo, basili eklesiis 

57

mSeneblobas Seudga. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevarebi 

askvnian, rom basili araa didad SeZlebuli, magram arc 

Zalian Raribia (l. musxeliSvili, 1941:12; pr. ratiani, 

1979:177). 

nawarmoebis mixedviT, saSovarze ,,mosarewlad” wasvla 

araa erTeuli SemTxveva. rogorc Cans, ekonomikuri 

pirobebi glexs, xelosans aiZulebda wasuliyo Sors 

samuSaod miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva xifaTisagan 

isini ar iyvnen daculi. ase moxda daba cxmorisidan 

Sors ,,napirsa warmarTTasa” wasuli kuanilisa da ponilis 

mimarTac. isini sparselebma tyved waiyvanes da 

mxolod wm. giorgis SemweobiT daubrundnen ojaxebs. 

sainteresoa is, rom avtori cxmoriss dabad moixseniebs, 

,,sadac ars taZari.” cxmorisis eklesiam Cvenamde 

nangrevebis saxiTac ver moaRwia, amitom am cnobas 

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. 

tbelis TxzulebaSi dasaxelebuli sxva personaJebic 

iqceven Cvens yuradRebas imiT, rom TiToeulTan 

dakavSirebiT avtori im epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel, 

saintereso informacias iZleva. basilis Svili iovanec 

ostatia, dacolSvilebuli da saxls iSenebs calke 

sacxovreblad. am ukanasknelsac vaJi hyolia_iosebi. igi 

mRvdelia, mwerlis ufrosi Tanamedrove. swored basilis 

SviliSvilis ,,netari iosebisa” da misi axloblebis 

monaTxrobia bevri ram, ris Sesaxebac wers avtori. 

gansakuTrebuli siTboTi moixseniebs mwerali dedas 

xaTuTas_ekaterines, romelic bevrs loculobda qveynisaTvis; 

Zmas _ erisTavTerisTav abusers, romelic mTavari 

iniciatori iyo xixanis axali eklesiis agebisa da 

,,mravalni kargni xatni daasuena didruanni,” das_vanens, 

romelsac naTlismcemlis taZari augia da meuRles _ 

bagulis, romelmac ,,paStad waago saSensa Sina wmidisa 

mTavarmowamisa giorgissa” (l. musxeliSvili, 1941:13). 

tbelis TxzulebaSi saintereso cnobebia daculi 

xixanis cixis mimdebare soflebze, romlebic yuradRebas 

iqceven TavianTi geografiuli mdebareobiT, mosaxleobis 

socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobiTa da nawar- 

58

moebSi aRweril ambebSi monawileobiT. am TvalsazrisiT 

yvelaze metad gamokveTilia bakoelTa, sofel 

bakos mcxovrebTa Rvawli xixanis wm. giorgis axali 

eklesiis mSeneblobaSi. TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,mamulisa 

Cuenisa kacTa, wesisaebr, didi Wiri naxes, garna 

bakoelTa metis-metad didi moiWirves, romelTa vazirobiTa 

da SemoxuewiTa xel-vyav eklesiisa mravliTa saxlovnebiTa 

aRSenebai mun Sina misrulTa salocavad 

Widroebisa maTisa nugeSinis_sacemlad” (abuserisZe tbeli, 

1998: 680). 

bakos xseneba TxzulebaSi sxva mxrivac mniSvnelovania. 

masze gadioda is gza, romelic focxovisaken 

midioda. sofeli sakmaod didi yofila da misi mosaxleoba 

im eklesiis mrevls warmoadgenda. amitom iyo, 

rom maTi ,,vazirobiTa da SemoxuewiTa” daiwyo eklesiis 

mSenebloba, radgan mlocvelebs veRar itevda. 

bakodan arc ise Sors, axlandel zemo TxilvanaSi 

abuserisZeebs sasaxle hqoniaT, xolo qvemo TxilvanaSi 

saZvale _ wminda ioane maxareblis eklesiaSi, romelic 

tbelis das _ vanens augia. am eklesiis Sesaxeb cnobas 

gvawvdis tbeli, magram soflis saxeli nawarmoebSi ar 

Cans. TavisTavad abuserisZeTa sasaxlisa da saZvalis aq 

arseboba aCvenebs am soflis mniSvnelobasa da sidides 

tbelis moRvaweobis xanaSi. 

amrigad, tbel abuserisZis xanis samxreT-dasavleT 

saqarTvelo (aWara) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis 

TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos erT-erT mowinave mxares 

warmoadgenda, sadac miuxedavad qveynis sagareo pirobebis 

garTulebisa, intensiurad mimdinareobda aRmSeneblobiTi 

saqmianoba, rac gamoixateboda gzebis, TaRiani 

xidebis, safortifikacio nagebobebisa da eklesiaTa 

mSeneblobiT, romelTa srulyofileba 800 wlis Semdegadac 

aocebs mnaxvels. 

59


1. abuserisZe tbeli, Txzulebani, teqsti gamosacemad 

moamzades, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTes 

n.goguaZem, m.qavTariam da r.Cagunavam, baTumi, 1998. 

2.abuseliZe g., tbel abuserisZis epoqis samxreTdasavleTi 

saqarTvelo (ekonomikuri mdgomareoba), Tb., 

2004. 

3. avaliSvili z., jvarosanTa droidan, Tb., 1989. 

4. berZeniSvili n., gzebi rusTavelis epoqis saqarTveloSi, 

Tb., 1966. 

5. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. 

VII, Tb., 1974. 

6. varSaniZe S., narkvevebi Sua saukuneebis aWaris 

istoriidan, Tb., 1974. 

87. kapanaZe d., qarTuli numizmatika, Tb., 1950. 

8. kaxiZe n., xelosanTa vinaoba da eTnikuri Semadgenloba. 

_,,saistorio macne,” XII, baTumi, 2003. 

9. mamulaZe S., aWariswylis xeobis materialuri 

kulturuli Zeglebi, baTumi, 2000. 

10. musxeliSvili l., abuserisZe tbeli, bolok-basilis 

mSenebloba SuartyalSi da abuserisZeTa sagvareulo 

matiane, Tb., 1941. 

11. ratiani pr., Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi, 

abuserisZe tbelis moTxroba, rogorc saistorio wyaro. - 

Jurn., ,,mnaTobi” # 11, 1979 

12. saxokia T., mogzaurobani, baTumi, 1985. 

13. sixaruliZe i., naTeli dauRamebeli, baTumi, 1979. 

14. tbel abuserisZe, cxovreba qviTxuroisa basilisa, 

gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo 

i.sixaruliZem, baTumi, 1981. 

15. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I. Tb., 1955. 

16. qarTlis cxovreba, t. II. Tb., 1959. 

17. qoiava n., fulis triali rusTavelis epoqis saqarTveloSi, 

Tb., 1983. 

18. yazbegi g., sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, naSromi 

Targmnes, Sesavali werilebi, komentarebi da 

saZieblebi daurTes da gamosces ramaz surmaniZem da mamia 

xarazma, baTumi, 1995. 

60

19. yauxCiSvili s., georgika, t. IV, wig. II, Tb., 1952. 

20. Ciqovani T., nikolaiSvili W., Woroxze naosnobis 

istoriidan, aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis Sromebi, III, 

baTumi, 1958. 

21. WiWinaZe z., muslimani qarTveloba da maTi soflebi 

saqarTveloSi, tf.1913. 

22. xalvaSi r., tbel abuserisZis Rvawli, baTumi, 2006. 

23. javaxiSvili iv., Txz. t. II, Tb., 1983. 

Bichiko Diasamidze 

South-Western Georgia (Adjara) in the Epoch of 

Tbel Abuserisdze 

(Social and Economic Situation) 

Summary 

Despite the external glory, Georgia was experiencing sharp socialeconomic 

and political crisis in the first third of the 13 th century. Since 

the 20es it was worsened by the complicated foreign situation 

(appearance of the Mongols, Jallal-ed-Din’s invasions). 

It is true that all this had a negative influence on all parts of the country 

but Adjara appeared to be comparatively better protected. This period saw 

the construction of the roads and arched bridges, fortification buildings, 

churches and monasteries, development of science and literature. The 

princedom of Adjara had active trade-economic and cultural relations 

with the neighbouring parts of the country as well as relatively distant but 

economically developed cities and provinces where the inhabitants of 

Adjara used to go for temporary earnings. These events are artistically 

depicted in Tbel Abuserisdze’s works. 

61

Диасамидзе бичико 

Юго-западная Грузия (Аджария) в период 

Тбела Абусерисдзе 

(социально-экономическое положение) 

Резюме 

Грузия в первой трети ХIII в., несмотря на внешний блеск, 

переживала острый социально-экономический и политический 

кризис, который сначала 20-ых годов еще и осложнился из-за 

появления монгола-татар и походов Джалал-эд-дина. 

Естественно, все это оказывало отрицательное воздействие на 

все регионы страны, но Аджария оказалась лучше защищенной. В 

этот период здесь проводятся дороги, возводятся арочные мосты, 

фортификационные сооружения и церковно-монастырские комплексы, 

развиваются наука и литература. Аджарское эриставство имеет 

тесные торгово-экономические и культурные отношения, как 

ближными, так и более отделенными, по экономически развитыми 

регионами, куда на «промысел» «ходят» здешние жители. Данные 

события художественно описаны и в произведениях Тбела Абусерисдзе. 

62

63 

SoTa mamulaZe 

memindvreoba, mevenaxeoba ganviTarebuli 

Sua saukuneebis aWaraSi 

Sua saukuneTa aWaris ekonomikuri Zlierebis safu- 

Zvels warmoadgenda mravaldargovani soflis meurneoba, 

guTnur miwaTmoqmedebaze dafuZnebuli memindvreoba, 

mesaqonleoba, ganviTarebuli mevenaxeoba, mexileoba, 

mebostneoba, xelosnoba da sxv. 

amjerad mokled SevCerdebiT meurneobis im dargebze, 

romelTa Sesaxebac bolo wlebSi warmoebuli 

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili masalebis, 

eTnografiuli Tu werilobiTi monacemebis mixedviT 

SesaZlebeli xdeba garkveuli warmodgena SeviqmnaT 

ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis soflis meurneobis 

iseT dargebze, rogoricaa memindvreoba, mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba. 

memindvreoba sxvadasxva sistemas moicavda (nasveni, 

aneuli, Rrmad xvna...) (g. Citaia, 1930: 269, 344). amave 

periodSi met-naklebad arsebobda tyis zonis miwaTmoqmedeba, 

e.w. axooba, romelic saTaves Toxis kulturidan 

iRebda. istoriulad igi guTnurma miwaTmoqmedebam 

Secvala, romelic XX s. dasawyisamde agrZelebda 

arsebobas (n. berZeniSvili, 1956: 282-288). aWaraSi gansaku- 

TrebiT maRal ganviTarebas miaRwia terasulma miwaTmoqmedebam 

(n. CijavaZe, 1976: 98-101). 

memindvreobaSi wamyvani mniSvneloba hqonda pureul 

kulturebs. aWaraSi maT farTod gavrcelebaze metyvelebda 

rogorc arqeologiuri, ise eTnografiuli da 

toponimikuri monacemebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa 

1984 wels Wvanis (takiZeebis) cixis teritoriaze 

warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad 

aRmoCenili marcvleulis naSTebi. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa 

akademiis n. kecxovelis saxelobis botanikis 

institutSi laboratoriuli Semowmebisas aRmoCnda,

om am naSTebis saxiT Cven saqme gvaqvs rbili da 

magari xorblis jiSebis, maT Soris dolis da dikas, 

kulturuli ormarcvala aslis, kulturuli Wvavis, 

agreTve Romis, culispiras, bardas da ospis arsebobasTan. 

dolis puri, rogorc sxva marcvleuli kulturebi, 

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi sakmaod srulyofiladaa 

Seswavlili. Cven mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom igi 

erT-erTi ZiriTadi marcvleuli kultura Cans samxreTdasavleT 

saqarTvelosa (l. beriaSvili, 1973) da gansakuTrebiT 

aWariswylis xeobis Sua zolis mosaxleobisaTvis 

(n. CijavaZe, 1971: 33). dolis puris adgilobrivi 

Rirseba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom is TiTqmis erTnairad 

kargad xarobda rogorc sarwyav, ise urwyav zolSi, 

rogorc noyier, ise mwir niadagebSi. es garemoeba aWaris 

Sua zolisaTvis gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivi unda 

yofiliyo, radgan aq bevria iseTi miwebi, romelTa 

rwyva SeuZlebeli xdeboda. dolis puri, rogorc eTnografiuli 

masalebiT dasturdeba, xulos raionis 

zemo soflebSi iTeseboda me-19 saukunis CaTvliT da 

igi sabolood gandevna simindma (n. CijavaZe, 1966: 122). 

eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT Cans, rom aWaraSi 

XIX s. bolomde gazafxulis pureulidan mxolod dika 

mohyavdaT. igi adreuli periodidan aWaris maRalmTian 

zonaSic unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli, rac misi botanikuri 

TvisebebiT aixsneba. sakmarisia aRiniSnos isic, 

rom dikadan nawarmoebi toponimebi sakmao raodenobiT 

gvxvdeba aWaraSi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ zemo aWarasa da 

mTiswina zolis soflebSi (i. sixaruliZe, 1958, 89, 90, 92, 

103, 105 da sxv.). aWaraSi dika ramdenime saxis iyo, 

romelsac xalxi garkveuli saxeliT aRniSnavda (TeTri 

dika, yirmizi-wiTeli dika, SavTava anu Savfexa dika). 

amaTgan pirveli ori eTnografiulad xelmisawvdom 

periodSi aRar dasturdeba, xolo Savfexa dika iSvia- 

Tobas warmoadgenda. 

arqeologiur monapovarSi marcvleulTa Soris dasturdeba 

Wvavis arsebobac. mas axasiaTebs mwiri niada- 

64

gebis mimarT kargi Seguebisa da garemo pirobebisadmi 

naklebi momTxovneloba (Вавилов Н. И. 1960:291). amave dros 

igi kargad egueba sicivesa da yinvebs. xarobs sxva 

marcvleulTan mezoblobaSi da a. S. Wvavis kultura 

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mTel aWaraSi, gansakuTrebiT 

mTian zolSi, romlis ganviTarebisaTvis metad 

xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi arsebobda. 

ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis aWaraSi marcvleuli 

kulturebidan erT-erTi wamyvani adgili eWira asls 

(kulturul ormarcvalas). igi arqeologiur masalaSi 

sakmao raodenobiTaa warmodgenili. asli da misi warmomadgenlebi 

xorblis erT-erTi uZvelesi saxeobebia, 

romlebic mecnierebaSi SiSvelTeslovanTa prototipad 

aris miCneuli (Жуковский П. М., 1962: 14). asli damowmebulia 

Zveli babilonis, egviptis, kavkasiis da sxva 

civilizaciebis miwaTmoqmedebaSi neoliTuri kulturis 

safexuridan. 

asli sagazafxulo kulturaa. savegetacio periodi 

sxvasTan SedarebiT mokle aqvs da maRalmTis pirobeb- 

Sic droulad aswrebda Semosvlas. igi niadagebis mimarT 

nakleb momTxovnelobas amJRavnebda. amasTan, sicxis 

amtani, gvalvagamZle xorbalia da didi SemgueblobiT 

gamoirCeva (l. dekapreloviCi, 1955: 28). asls 

iyenebdnen rogorc puris gamosacxobad, ise korkotisaTvis. 

aRniSnuli periodisaTvis aslis korkoti erTerTi 

mniSvnelovani sakvebi yofila. amaze miuTiTebs 

giorgi merCules `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ daculi 

cnobebic (g. merCule, 1982: 127) 

Wvanis arqeologiuri masalebi mowmoben, rom aWaris 

Sua zolis meurneobaSi Romis kulturac sakmaod gavrcelebuli 

yofila. igi fetvnairTa meore warmomadgenelia 

da aWaris sinamdvileSi saaxoe miwaTmoqmedebas 

ukavSirdeba. damaxasiaTebelia baris, mTiswina da mTiani 

tipis miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis (g. Citaia, 1959: 151). eTnografiuli 

monacemebiT, aWaraSi Romis jiSebidan gavrcelebuli 

yofila saadreo-wiTeli Romi da sagviano-TeTri 

Romi. Romis TavTavis gasaxmobad ki arsebobda sagan- 

65

gebo WurWeli, romelsac olve erqva. mis gasacexvad 

mxolod fexis sacexvelebi arsebobda, romelsac 

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba saZegvels uwodebs (n. kaxiZe, 

1974: 38). 

arqeologiur nivTier masalebSi gvxvdeba ospis 

nimuSebic, romelsac kacobriobis istoria uZvelesi 

droidan icnobda (Жуковский П. 1961: 277). iyenebdnen 

rogorc adamianis, ise cxovelis sakvebad. mis Sesaxeb 

aWaris eTnografiul masalebSi cnobebi Zalze mwiria, 

samagierod, misi movla-moyvanis kvali toponimikam Semogvinaxa 

naosparis saxiT. 

garda aRniSnuli zogierTi kulturisa, aWaraSi far- 

Tod iyo gavrcelebuli saqonlis gamosakvebad saWiro 

marcvleulic, romelic, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad muSa 

saqonels uzrunvelyofda sazrdoTi. am daniSnulebiT 

unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli swored monapovarSi dadasturebuli 

parkosnebi _ barda, culispira da sxva, 

rac, Tavis mxriv, rogorc adgilobrivi miwaTmoqmedebis, 

ise mesaqonleobis maRalganviTarebul doneze miuTi- 

Tebs. 

sakvlevi periodis aWaris samiwaTmoqmedo iaraRebis 

Sesaxeb arqeologiuri monacemebi TiTqmis ar mogvepoveba. 

gamonakliss Seadgens vernebis samarxeul inventarSi 

napovni rkinis barToxi (XI-XIII saukuneebi) (S. mamulaZe, 

1993: 144), romlis msgavsi iaraRebi aWaris mTianeTisaTvis 

farTod gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo da ZiriTadad 

saaxoe miwaTmoqmedebaSi gamoiyeneboda. bunebrivia, 

am iaraRis gverdiT sxva saxis rkinis Toxebsac, agreTve, 

kavis tipis saxvnelebs iyenebdnen. ar gamovricxavT, 

rom aWaris mTianeTSi puris samkelad Snakvs, salewavad 

kevrs, xolo gasacexvad xisa da qvis sacexvelebs iyenebdnen. 

Sua saukuneebis qvis sacexvelebi mravladaa aRmoCenili 

rogorc aWaris mTian zolSi, ise barSi, 

gansakuTrebiT gonio-afsarosSi. 

arqeologiuri monacemebiT, miwaTmoqmedebis SedarebiT 

farTod dawinaurebuli dargi iyo aseve mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba. 

66

aWaraSi ar moipoveba sofeli, sadac aRniSnuli periodis 

saSualo da didi zomis qvevrebi sakmao 

raodenobiT ar iyos aRmoCenili. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas 

iqcevs marnebisa Tu sawnaxelebis simravle, 

sxvadasxva Zveli xelsawyo-iaraRebi, keramikuli nakeToba 

da a. S. maT dRevandel eTnografiul yofaSic metnaklebad 

Semoinaxes Tavi. 

aWaraSi mevenaxeobis ganviTarebisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli 

bunebriv-sameurneo pirobebi arsebobda barsa 

da mTiswina zonaSi. mTian adgilebSi ki igi iSviaToba 

iyo. ar gamovricxavT, rom sakvlev periodSi aWara 

maRlari vazis simravliTac gamoirCeoda. iv. javaxiSvili 

XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi werda, rom aWaraSi 

maRlaris 14 Savi da 12 TeTri jiSi arsebobda (iv. javaxiSvili, 

1930: 462-467). m. ramiSvilma regionSi sul 40 

aborigenuli jiSis arseboba daadastura (m. ramiSvili, 

1948: 2), xolo n. kecxovels 50-ze meti ZiriTadi jiSi 

aqvs moxsenebuli (n. kecxoveli, m. ramiSvili, d. tabataZe, 

1960, 3). amJamad aWaraSi fiqsirebulia 80 adgilobrivi 

jiSi (k. beriZe, 1975: 25). 

aWaraSi mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis ganviTarebis maRali 

donis maCvenebelia am dargTan uSualod dakavSirebuli 

xis, kldeSi nakveTi da qviTkiriT nagebi sawnaxelebis 

arseboba. 

kldeSi nakveTi da qviTkiriT naSeni sawnaxelebi 

fiqsirebulia qedis raionSi (maxunceTi, Zenwmani, bzubzu, 

axo, aquca...…) (al. daviTaZe, 1966). isini ganviTarebul 

Sua saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. am saxis WurWeli Zv. 

w. IV-III saukuneebidanaa cnobili da ganviTarebis umaRles 

safexurs Sua feodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi 

aRwevs (a. boxoCaZe, 1963: 92-96). qvaSi nakveTi sawnaxelebis 

uZveles tips ganekuTvneba sofel zeniTis sawnaxeli 

(d. xaxutaiSvili, 1982: 63-66). 

Sua feodalur xanaSi saqarTveloSi Cndeba qviTkiriT 

naSeni sawnaxelebic (a. boxoCaZe, 1963: 92-95). aseTi 

aWaraSic SedarebiT didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili 

(orcva, axo, aquca, sxalTa, Wvana da a.S.). am mxriv gan- 

67

sakuTrebiT gamoirCeva maWaxlis xeoba (n. kaxiZe, 1971: 6) 

(SuSaneTi, xerTvisi, kirnaTi, CiquneTi da sxv.). 2001 

wels gonio-afsarosis mudmivmoqmedma arqeologiurma 

eqspediciam kirnaTSi (SuSaneTi) Seiswavla ganviTarebuli 

Sua saukuneebis sameurneo kompleqsi. dadasturda 

didi zomis kargad daculi qviTkiriT naSeni sawnaxeli 

maranTan erTad da sawnaxelze miSenebuli patara zomis 

saydari satrapezoTi. 

Sua saukuneebis aWariswylis xeobaSi mevenaxeobameRvineobis 

dawinaurebaze miuTiTebs SemTxveviTi Tu 

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili maranTa 

simravlec. isini ZiriTadad ori saxisaa: daxuruli da 

Ria. daxuruli tipis `saRvine saxlidan~ calke unda 

gamoiyos Wvanis (takiZeebis) cixis teritoriaze aRmoCenili 

ori marani. aseTi ori marani napovnia cixisyelis, 

xolo erTi darCiZeebis cixis teritoriis SigniT (S. 

mamulaZe, 1993: 153-159). msgavsi Zeglebis arseboba damowmebulia 

xixanis cixe-qalaqis, begoSvilebis, kavianis, 

dandalos, gvaras, Tu sxva safortifikacio nagebobebis 

teritoriazec. am tipis marnebi did raodenobiT cnobilia 

maWaxlis xeobidanac (n. kaxiZe, 1974: 44-46) da 

zRvispira zolSic (cixisZiri _ a. inaiSvili, 1974: 102- 

153, gonio _ a. kaxiZe, S. mamulaZe, 2004: 4-66). 

Ria tipis marnebi umTavresad SemTxveviTaa aRmoCenili 

qedis (varjanisi, axo, abuqeTa, vaio, zvare, gobroneTi, 

dandalo), Suaxevis (Wvana, nenia, furtio), xulos 

(sxalTa, alme) raionebis teritoriaze. qvevrebis didi 

nawili kargadaa daculi, nawilic damtvreulia (S. 

mamulaZe, 1993: 156). 

calke unda gamoiyos is marnebi, romlebic saeklesio 

kompleqsSia moqceuli. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT 

aRsaniSnavia Txilvanis eklesiis SigniT, samxreT-dasavleT 

kuTxeSi aRmoCenili sakmaod kargad daculi qvevrebi, 

aseve vernebis eklesiis centralur nawilSi aRmoCenili 

3 qvevri (ori maTgani kargadaa Semonaxuli) da 

sxalTis kompleqsSi Semavali `saRvine saxli~, romelic 

calke nagebobas warmoadgens. 

68

dasavleT saqarTveloSi cnobilia iseTi marnebic, 

romlebic saxlis kompleqsSi Sedioda (al. fruiZe, 1974: 

105), magram aWaraSi am tipis Zeglebi jerjerobiT 

Seuswavlelia. 

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gvianromaul da adreSuasaukuneTa 

xanaSi _ X saukunemde gabatonebuli unda 

yofiliyo Ria tipis marnebi, xolo Semdeg daxuruli 

tipisa vrceldeba da Ria saxisa aRar arsebobs (a. 

boxoCaZe, 1963: 175). am mxriv aWaraSi, iseve rogorc mTel 

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi 

odnav gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs. aq gvxvdeba rogorc 

daxuruli, ise Ria tipis marnebi. vaSnaris Zeglis 

mixedviT Cans, rom adreuli periodisaTvis aqac Ziri- 

Tadad Ria tipis marnebi unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli 

(a. boxoCaZe, 1963: 175). aseve iTqmis cixisZiris gare 

qalaqis teritoriaze aRmoCenili marnebis Sesaxebac. 

aWaraSi Seswavlili marnebidan Cans, rom maTSi 

qvevrebis nawili dakirulia, nawili daukiravi, rac am 

Zeglebis daTariRebisaTvis ramdenadme sainteresoa. 

cnobilia, rom Zv.w. VI saukunidan mokidebuli, ax. w. X 

saukunemde, marnebSi da calke aRmoCenili qvevrebi 

ukirodaa Cadgmuli (a. boxoCaZe, 1963: 141). maTi dakirva 

Suafeodaluri xanidan, kerZod, XI s-is 80-iani wlebidan 

ikidebs fexs da gavrcelebulia mTel saqarTveloSi (a. 

boxoCaZe, 1963: 142-144). aWaraSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis 

Sedegad Tu SemTxveviT aRmoCenil marnebSi gvxvdeba 

rogorc dakiruli, ise daukiravi qvevrebi. xolo TviT 

Zeglebi da gansakuTrebiT safortifikacio nagebobebi 

Sua feodalur xanas (XI-XIII ss.) ganekuTvneba. vinaidan 

calke XI s. fenis gamoyofa am ZeglebSi jerjerobiT ar 

xerxdeba, amdenad, savaraudoa, rom daukiravi qvevrebi 

XI saukunisaze adreuli unda iyos, xolo dakirulebi _ 

Semdgomi xanisa (S. mamulaZe, 1993: 158). 

Sua saukuneebis arqeologiur masalebSi didi mravalferovnebiTaa 

warmodgenili doqebi, Cafebi, kokebi, 

sasmisebi, jamebi, fialebi da sxva. Rvinis amosaRebi ZiriTadi 

WurWeli aqac umTavresad kope unda yofiliyo, 

69

omlis erT-erTi metadD saintereso nimuSi qvevrebTan 

erTad aRmoCnda xelvaCauris raionis sof. axalSenSi. 

aWariswylis xeobaSi (XI-XIII ss.) marnebis nawili 

(Txilvana, vernebi, kaloTa, xixaZiri) aRmoCenilia mTis 

zonaSi, sadac amJamad venaxi ar xarobs. es mravalmxriv 

sayuradRebo faqti imiT aixsna, rom am eklesiaTa Tu 

safortifikacio nagebobaTa mflobelebs _ aWaris eris- 

TavTerisTavebs Sua zolsa Tu barSi hqondaT savenaxe 

adgilebi da Semdeg xdeboda aqedan yurZnis Tu mza 

wvenis atana da marnebSi Senaxva. amis Tqmis safuZvels 

gvaZlevs vaxuStis aseTi cnoba: `tkbils moitandnen 

baridam, Caasxamdnen aqa da dadgebis Rvino keTili da 

gemoiani~ (vaxuSti bagrationi, 1941: 42). 

werilobiTi wyaroebiT, arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli 

monacemebiT irkveva, rom soflis meurneoba da 

kerZod, miwaTmoqmedeba aWaraSi da mis mosazRvre 

regionebSi istoriulad viTardeboda Tavisebur sameurneo 

garemoSi da Sefardebuli iyo bunebrivi pirobebiT 

(reliefi, niadagebi, mcenareuli safari, rwyvis saSualebani) 

adgilobriv xasiaTs. 


1. bagrationi v. àRwera samefosa saqarTveloisa~, T. 

lomourisa da n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1941. 

2. beriZe k. mevenaxeoba da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi 

aWaraSi, baTumi, 1975. 

3. beriaSvili l. miwaTmoqmedeba mesxeTSi, Tb., 1973. 

4. berZeniSvili n. (kilaZe). pirvelyofili miwaTmoqmedebis 

istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi. iiS II, Tb., 1956. 

5. boxoCaZe a. mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba Zvel saqarTvelo- 

Si arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, Tb.,1963. 

6. daviTaZe al. sawnaxeli kldeSi, gaz. `sabWoTa aWara~. 

14, VIII, baTumi 1966. 

7. dekapreloviCi l. S. rusTavelis epoqis materialuri 

kultura, Tb., 1955. 

70

8. inaiSvili a. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri 

eqspediciis 1972 wlis muSaobis Sedegebi, sdsZ 

IV, Tb., 1974. 

9. kaxiZe n. mevenaxeoba da mexileoba maWaxlis xeobaSi, 

aissys, Tb., 1971. 

10. kaxiZe n. maWaxlis xeoba, baTumi, 1974. 

11. kaxiZe a. mamulaZe S. samxreT karibWisa da abanoTubnis 

teritoriaze 1995-1999 wlebSi warmoebuli 

kvleva-Ziebis umTavresi Sedegebi, gonio-afsarosi IV, 

baTumi, 2004. 

12. kecxoveli n. ramiSvili m. tabataZe d. saqarTvelos 

ampelografia, Tb., 1960. 

13. mamulaZe S. aWariswylis xeobis Suasaukuneebis 

arqeologiuri Zeglebi, baTumi, 1993. 

14. merCule g. cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa, qarTuli 

proza, t. V, Tb., 1982. 

15. ramiSvili m. guriis, samegrelosa da aWaris vazis 

jiSebi, Tb., 1948. 

16. sixaruliZe i. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos toponimika 

I, baTumi, 1958. 

17. fruiZe a. mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba saqarTveloSi eTnografiuli 

masalebis mixedviT (raWa), Tb., 1974. 

18. Citaia g. masalebi saqarTvelos saxvneli iaraRebis 

istoriisaTvis, ssmm V, Tb., 1930. 

19. Citaia g. Toxis kultura dasavleT saqarTveloSi 

(kolxeTSi). iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis institutis 

Sromebi, t. IV, nak. 2, Tb., 1959. 

20. CijavaZe n. samiwaTmoqmedo yofis istoriidan aWara- 

Si, Tb., 1971. 

21. CijavaZe n. terasuli miwaTmoqmedeba saqarTveloSi, 

Tb., 1976. 

22. CijavaZe n. mTuri miwaTmoqmedeba aWaraSi, Tb., 1966 

(sak. dis.). 

23. javaxiSvili iv. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria 

I, Tb., 1930. 

24. xaxutaiSvili d. axali masalebi elinisturi xanis 

qarTlis qalaqebis meurneobis istoriisaTvis. macne 2, Tb., 

1982. 

25. Вавилов Н. Проблемы селекции, М-Л., 1960. 

71

26. Жуковский Б. Земледельческая Турция, М., 1961. 

27. Жуковский П. Происхождения культурных растений, М-Л., 

1962. 

Shota Mamuladze 

Field crop cultivation in Medieval Adjara 

Resume 

Multibranch country thrift was the base of economical power in 

medieval adjara. In the given work the main attention is paid to such 

leading branch as field crop cultivation and viticulture-wine making. 

Based on archaeological and ethnographical and writing inscription the 

kinds of the leading cereals culture are determined. 

Wine-making seemed to be much more promoted branch than land 

tenure in medieval centuries. There is no countries in Adjara not to find 

pitchers of this period. Multiplicity of winepresses, different tools, 

ceramic ware attract great attention . As it turned out country economy, 

mainly land tenure in Adjara and its adjust regions was developing in 

special economical surroundings and was painted by natural conditions ( 

relief, lands, plants, watering system.) 

Шота Мамуладзе 

Полеводство и виноградство в Аджарии периода развитого 

средневековья 

Резюме 

Основной экономической мощи Аджарии периода развитого 

средневековья являлось многоотраслевое сельское хозяйство. В 

статье внимание удаляется таким ведущим отраслям земледелия, как 

72

полеводство и виноградство-виноделие. Опираясь на археологические, 

этнографические и письменные источникиб делается 

попытка определить виды ведущих зерновых культур. 

Видно также, что в развитое средневековье сравнительно 

развитой отраслью здесь было виноградство-виноделие. В Аджарии 

почти нет села, где не были бы обнаружены квеври (чаны для вина), 

относящиеся к указанному периоду. Особое внимание привлекает 

большое число обнаруженных марани и давилен винограда, 

соответствующих изделий, керамики и т.д. 

Делается вывод, что сельское хозяйство, в частности, земледелие 

в аджарии и соседних регионах исторически развивалось в 

своеобразной хозяйственной среде и соответствовало местным 

природным условиям (рельеф, почва, растительный мир, средства 

оромение). 

73

oleg jibaSvili 

saqarTvelos samxedro gzis istoriidan 

XVIII saukunis miwuruls mzardi potencialis mqone 

ruseTis imperia daJinebiT aviTarebda Tavis eqspansiur 

politikas aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT. aRmosavleTisaken 

swrafvas jer kidev petre I-ma Cauyara myari safuZveli. 

`petre _ wers XIX saukunis gamoCenili rusi 

istorikosi sergei soloviovi, _ Tvals ar acilebda 

aRmosavleTs, vinaidan kargad icoda misi mniSvneloba 

ruseTisaTvis, icoda, rogor gamdidrdeboda Rataki 

rusi eri, Tu is savaWro urTierTobebSi Suamavali gaxdeboda 

evropasa da azias Soris~ [Соловьев С., 1989:696]. 

memkvidreebic mizanmimarTulad axorcielebdnen didi 

winapris anderZs da rusuli politikac sul ufro da 

ufro aqtiuri xdeboda am TvalsazrisiT. 

XVIII saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi peterburgis 

saimperatoro karze ukve momwifda samxreT kavkasiaSi 

SeRwevis sakiTxi. ruseTi kazakebis saxiT ukve momdgari 

iyo yubansa da Tergs. amitom, Tundac ar yofiliyo 

iranisa da indoeTis zRapruli simdidreebisaken swrafva, 

transkavkasiuri naxtomis gakeTeba da amierkavkasiaSi 

gabatoneba strategiuli TvalsazrisiT mainc 

aucilebel gardauvalobad isaxeboda. amiT, jer erTi, 

Crdilo kavkasieli mTielebi blokadaSi eqceodnen da 

bevrad ufro advilad dasamorCilebeli xdebodnen, ri- 

Tac usafrTxo ganviTarebis saSualeba eZleodaT novorosiul 

axalSenebsa da kazakur stanicebs; da meorec, 

wydeboda kontaqti kavkasiel da volgispirel muslimanebsa 

da osmaleTis sulTans Soris, rac gamoricxavda 

antirusuli panislamuri koaliciis Seqmnis sa- 

SiSroebas. 

obieqturma realobam da rusulma politikam aRmosavleTSi 

SeWrisaTvis saWiro placdarmis funqcia 

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos arguna. kavkasiis centrSi mdeba- 

74

e, didi rusofiluri midrekilebebisa da erTmorwmune 

eriT dasaxlebuli qveyana saukeTeso variantad moCanda 

amierkavkasiaSi fexis Casadgmelad. ruseTis diplomatiuri 

manqana mTeli simZlavriT amoqmedda, raTa erekle 

II Tavis politikur orbitaSi moeqcia. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom erekles 1768-1774 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis 

omis Semdeg guli gatexili hqonda peterburgze, xolo 

iran-osmaleTis katastrofuli degradaciisa da rusul 

politikaSi aRmosavleTisaken gafarToebis doqtrinis 

mzardi dominaciis pirobebSi qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis bevrad 

ukeTesi iyo e.w. `SeiaraRebuli neitralitetis~ poziciaze 

dgoma, vidre aSkara prorusuli kursis aReba, 

ruseTma mainc miaRwia sawadels, gamoiyena ra amisaTvis 

mis xelT arsebuli faruli Tu aSkara zemoqmedebis 

yvela saSualeba [jibaSvili o., 1998:137]. erekle II iZulebuli 

gaxda kompromisze wasuliyo da ai, 1783 wlisaTvis 

qarTvelobam saCuqrad miiRo rusuli `troas 

cxeni~ _ georgievskis traqtati, romelmac Tbiliss damatebiTi 

problemebi, xolo peterburgs saqarTvelos 

oficialuri mfarvelis iuridiuli statusi moutana. 

movlenebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze udidesi mniSvneloba 

SeiZina Terg-aragvis gzam, rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis 

samefosa da ruseTis imperiis damakavSirebelma umTavresma 

arteriam. aRniSnuli gza, romelsac SemdegSi 

`saqarTvelos samxedro gza~ ewoda, Tavidanve mkveTrad 

figurirebda saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaTa peripetiebSi. 

saTanado Sefaseba misca mas ruseTis armiis 

general-maiorma gotlib-kurt henrix fon totlebanmac, 

romelic misi gavliT 1769 wlis zafxulis miwuruls 

480-kaciani saeqspedicio korpusiT saqarTveloSi Semovida. 

es iyo imperiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis pirveli 

samxedro eqspedicia saqarTvelos teritoriaze didi 

eqspansiis win. totlebenma, rogorc partizanuli brZolebis 

specialistma [Потто В., 1887:83], kargad gaiazra 

am gzis strategiuli Rirebuleba da Sesabamisi moxsenebac 

warudgina saimperatoro kars. 1770 wlis 1 Tebervlis 

relaciiT igi imperatrica ekaterina II-s 

75

atyobinebda: `RvTis SewevniT, davZlie ra, ase vTqvaT, 

yvela stiqia da gadavlaxe kavkasiis kldovani mTebi, 

sadac jer kidev ar yofila arc erTi evropeli, maSinve 

davrwmundi, rom qveynierebis am nawilSi veraviTar 

zomebs ver miviRebT qristianobis mtrebis winaaRmdeg 

manam, sanam saqarTvelo, nebiT Tu ZaliT, damorCilebuli 

ar iqneba Tqveni imperatorobiTi udidebulesobisadmi, 

rameTu am qveyanaSi Sesasvleli gza isea gamagrebuli 

bunebisa da stiqiisagan, rom adamianTa mcire 

raodenobas SeuZlia win aRudges didi armiis msvlelobas~ 

[maWaraZe v., 1988:525; dok. #226]. aRsaniSnavia, 

rom imave relaciaSi totlebeni iTxovda misdami daqvemdebarebuli 

kontingentis 5-6 aTas kacamde gazrdasa 

da saTanado gankargulebebis gamogzavnas, romlebze 

dayrdnobiTac igi erekle mefesa da mis miwebs saukunod 

ruseTis imperias daumorCilebda [maWaraZe v., 

1988:526; dok. #226]. yovelive es xdeboda awyuris cnobili 

incidentis win, rac gvaZlevs saSualebas vifiqroT, 

rom totlebenis mier Cadenili Ralati peterburgidan 

miRebuli swored am gankargulebebis realizebas 

warmoadgenda. 

rogorc aRvniSneT, ruseTis politika amierkavkasia- 

Si gansakuTrebiT 1780-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis gaaqtiurda. 

Sesabamisad, gaizarda interesi Terg-aragvis 

gzisadmi. peterburgi cdilobda mTlianad Tavisi kontrolis 

qveS moeqcia esoden mniSvnelovani strategiuli 

obieqti. gamomdinare aqedan, ruseTis mTavrobaze gama- 

Rizianeblad moqmedebda yvela is RonisZieba, romelsac 

SeeZlo raime safrTxe Seeqmna am miswrafebisaTvis. igi 

oficialuri Tbilisis moqmedebebsac ki zRudavda aRniSnul 

regionSi, riTac uxeSad arRvevda saqarTvelos 

suverenitets. moviyvanT erT saintereso magaliTs. 

erekle II-is vaJi, levan batoniSvili, SorsmWvreteli 

diplomati da kargi strategi, SesaniSnavad erkveoda 

mimdinare movlenebSi da Sesabamisadac moqmedebda. rogorc 

q. mozdokis komendant a.ivanovis mier kavkasiis 

samxedro xazis sardlis, general-maior f.fabriciani- 

76

sadmi wardgenil 1780 wlis 11 ivlisis patakidan irkveva, 

ramdenime dRiT adre batoniSvili xevSi asula 

sazRvarze cixesimagris agebis ganzraxviT da am sakiTx- 

Tan dakavSirebiT TavisTan Tagaureli osebic miuwvevia 

[Гамрекели В., 1968:229; док. №70]. levanis es ganzraxva 

(saqarTvelos mxridan Terg-aragvis gzaze mkacri kontrolis 

daweseba) aranairad ar jdeboda ruseTis gegmebSi 

da amis Taobaze ukmayofileba iq xmamaRladac 

gamoiTqva. male ruseTisaTvis arasasurveli batoniSvili 

ruseTidanve marTulma Zalebma mowamles [jibaSvili 

o., 1998:137-148], xolo garkveuli xnis Semdeg erekle 

II iZulebuli gaxda Semdegi Sinaarsis werili miewera 

kavkasiis samxedro xazis axali sardlisaTvis, generalporuCik 

p.potiomkinisaTvis: `Tqvens maRalmsvlelobas 

ebrZana Rranicaze Cvens darialis cixeSi kacebi rom 

gveyena, imaTi gamoyvana im cixidam. Tqvenis brZanebisamebr 

is kacni iqidam gamoviyvaneT da amis Semdgomad, 

rogorc Tqveni maRalmsvleloba inebebs da maTis 

imperatorobis didebulebis samsaxuris samjobinari 

iqneba, ise aRsruldes~ [ioseliani a., 1985:370; dok. #14]. 

sayuradReboa, rom yovelive es jer kidev georgievskis 

traqtatis dadebamde xdeboda, rac TavisTavad mravlismetyveli 

faqtia. 

ruseTis poziciaAam SemTxvevaSi naTelia _ uaxloesi 

momavlis saqmed Tvlida ra amierkavkasiasa da axlo 

aRmosavleTSi SeWras, cdilobda sasurvel mdgomareobaSi 

SeenarCunebina Terg-aragvis gza, rogorc mocemuli 

droisaTvis saamisod yvelaze realuri derefani. 

gamomdinare aqedan, aseT strategiul ubanze qarTvelTa 

Tundac mcirericxovani razmis yofnac ki friad arasasurveli 

faqti iyo rusi samxedroebisaTvis. miT umetes, 

rom imdroindeli SeiaraRebisa da Terg-aragvis xeobebis 

bunebrivi monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tavisi mcirericxovnobis 

miuxedavad, qarTul mecixovne razms advilad 

SeeZlo ruseTis didi Zalebis SeCereba da misi 

eqspansiuri politikisaTvis safrTxis Seqmna. garda 

amisa, Tbilisis mier darialis Caketva antirusuli ten- 

77

denciebis gaZlierebis momaswaveblad aRiqmeboda, xolo 

qarTl-kaxeTis aSkara gandgomas SeeZlo gadaulaxavi 

barieri Seeqmna peterburgis ganzraxvisaTvis amierkavkasiis 

gavliT SeeRwia axlo aRmosavleTsa da indoeTSi. 

amdenad, Terg-aragvis derefanze sruli kontrolis daweseba 

ruseTisaTvis aRmosavleTTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli 

gegmebis warmatebuli realizebis sawindars warmoadgenda. 

amave motivebiT xelmZRvanelobda ruseTis xelisufleba, 

roca cdilobda aRniSnuli obieqti miuwvdomeli 

gaexada metoqe dasavleT-evropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis. 

magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT cnobil faqts _ 1784 

wels saqarTveloSi myof frang oficerTa eqspedicias 

(markizi de laramani, baroni de borti, Sevalie de 

buloni), romelic ruseTis mTavrobis kontrolqveS 

mogzaurobda kavkasiaSi, ufleba ar mieca mimoexila 

saqarTvelos samxedro gza [kiRuraZe g., 1971:116]. 

aRniSnuli masalebidan gamomdinare, advili warmosadgenia 

saqarTvelos samxedro gziT ruseTis dainteresebis 

xarisxi. amgvar fonze gvinda ganvixiloT kidev 

erTi, friad originaluri SemTxveva. 

1785 wlis Semodgomaze erekle II-m garsevan WavWava- 

Zisagan, peterburgSi qarTl-kaxeTis sruluflebiani 

warmomadgenelisagan, SekiTxvaze _ rogor moepovebinaT 

rusebis sruli ndoba da maTi samxedro da finansuri 

daxmareba [cqitiSvili z., 1982:93], miiRo sapasuxo saidumlo 

werilebi, romlebSic qarTveli elCi mas saintereso 

da amave dros Zalian damafiqrebel ideas 

awvdida. kerZod, pirveli weriliT g. WavWavaZe erekle 

II-s auwyebda, rom daebada kargi azri da Tu misi umaRlesi 

nebac iqneboda, sasurveli iyo feldmarSal 

grigol potiomkinisaTvis sargeblobaSi daeTmoT xevisa 

da aragvis sasazRvro provinciebi. amiT, _ ganavrcobs 

Tavis azrs g.WavWavaZe, _ rusebs TiTqmis saxlSi moviwvevT, 

maT ndobas movixveWT, darialsa da ananurSi 

rusis jaris CayenebiT Cvens gaWirvebul mdgomareobas 

gamovasworebT da usafrTxoebas uzrunvelvyofT, q. ana- 

78

nursa da mTel mxares evropulad gardavqmniT da did 

sargeblobasac vnaxavTo [cincaZe i., 1970:39-40; dok., 

#24]. 

momdevno werilSi elCi ufro Sors midis. igi erekle 

II-s acnobebs, rom fedmarSal gr. potiomkins TiTqos 

ganzraxuli aqvs daumoyvrdes qarTl-kaxeTis mefes. `nu- 

Tu Tqveni qaliSvili anastasia axlac gaWirveuldeba 

gaTxovebasTan dakavSirebiT da ar Seicvlis Tavis 

damokidebulebas revazTan mimarTebaSio~ _ imedianad 

kiTxulobs Tavadi garsevani [cincaZe i., 1970:48; dok., 

#30]. 

aq gvinda CavurToT informacia mefis asul anastasiasa 

da werilSi moxseniebuli revazis urTierTobebze. 

akademikos anton iohan giuldenStedtis monacemebiT, 

1772 wlisaTvis princesa anastasia 3 wlisa iyo 

[giuldenStedti, 1962:203]. gamodis, 1785 wlisaTvis igi 

daaxloebiT 16 wlisa iqneboda. rac Seexeba revazs, rogorc 

Cans, igi qsnis erisTavTa Tavadur gvars ekuTnoda. 

am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs pl. ioselianTan 

daculi erTi cnobac, romelic gvauwyebs, rom 

qsnis erisTavTa saxlis wevrma, èrisTavman revaz 1800 

welsa SeirTo colad anastasia, qali iraklisa~ [ioseliani 

pl., 1978:73]. 

1785 wlisaTvis qsnis saerisTao gauqmebuli iyo. 

gauqmebis procesi 1740-iani wlebidan daiwyo, xolo 

sabolood 1777 wels gaformda [saqarTvelos istoriis 

narkvevebi, 1973:525]. `simtkicisaTvis da SeucvlelobisaTvis 

esreTisa ganCinebisa iqmna kreba, daiwera Zeglis 

wera, da moswerda xeli, daesvaT beWedni mefisa da 

samefoisa saxlisa wevrTa, kaTolikosisa da mRvdelm- 

TavarTa rvaTa. kirile mTavarepiskoposman misca xma 

miematos Zeglis weras eseca: ìyavn kruli TviT mefeca, 

romelmanca gaxsnas Sekruleba ese da scvalos ganCineba~ 

[ioseliani pl., 1978:73]. Tavisda samwuxarod, norC 

princesas maincdamainc aseTi dasjili da saxelo 

CamorTmeuli saxlis Svili Sehyvarebia. revaz erisTavi 

79

namdvilad ver iqneboda sasurveli sasiZo samefo karisaTvis. 

swored es hqonda mxedvelobaSi g.WavWavaZes, 

roca imedovnebda, rom fedmarSal gr.potiomkinTan qorwinebis 

brwyinvale perspeqtiva moxiblavda anastasias 

da revazis Tavs daaviwyebda. magram ase ar moxda, 

axalgazrda mefis asuli erTguli darCa Tavisi grZnobebisa 

da miuxedavad xangrZlivi molodinisa, sabolood 

mainc Tavis rCeuls SeeuRla. 

davubrundeT garsevan WavWavaZis werils. 

elCi daJinebiT sTxovs erekle mefes absoluturad 

saidumlod Seinaxos informacia mosalodneli saTuo 

qorwinebis Taobaze da warmatebaSi winaswari darwmunebis 

gareSe anastasiasac ki ar gaumxilos, xolo ideis 

uaryofis SemTxvevaSi, samudamo daviwyebas misces igi. 

amasTan, kvlav urCevs gadasces gr. potiomkins, axla 

ukve mziTevis saxiT, xevisa da saaragvos teritoriebi. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom garsevani pirdapir miuTiTebs im faqtorze, 

ramac ganapiroba ruseTis daintereseba aRniSnuli 

provinciebiT. rogorc bunebrivad, ise cixeebiT 

gamagrebuli es miwebi ruseTisaTvis faseulia maTze gamavali 

gzis gamo, uimisod ki mTeli saaragvoc arafrad 

uRirTo, _ miuTiTebs igi [cincaZe i., 1970:48-49; dok., 

#30]. 

werilebidan ikveTeba friad saintereso momenti. 

ruseTi garsevan WavWavaZis piriT erekle II-s daxmarebisa 

da samxedro-politikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis 

sanacvlod pirdapir sTxovs gadasces mas didi 

strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone qarTuli teritoriebi 

_ xevi da aragvi, da mzad aris aRniSnuli garigebis 

garegnuli gaformebis mizniT gamoiyenos politikuri 

xasiaTis qorwineba imperiis erT-erT pirvel pirs _ 

fedmarSal gr.potiomkinsa da erekle mefis asuls _ 

anastasias Soris. faqtobrivad ruseTis es moTxovna 

iyo mcdeloba _ xelSi Caegdo qarTl-kaxeTis CrdiloeTi 

karibWe, am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, da Tavad 

qceuliyo politikuri viTarebis absoluturi batonpatroni 

regionSi. 

80

qarTul istoriografiaSi potiomkinisaTvis (ruseTisaTvis) 

qarTuli miwebis sargeblobaSi gadacemis ideis 

avtorad uSualod g.WavWavaZea moazrebuli [cqitiSvili 

z., 1982:93-95]. Cveni gansjiT ki igi rusuli politikuri 

wreebis survilebs axmovanebda da maTi SekveTiT moqmedebda. 

aseTi msjeloba eyrdnoba Semdeg argumentebs: 

jer erTi, nakleb sarwmunoa ruseTSi Tavisi pirvelive 

elCobis periodSi (1784-1788 ww.) g.WavWavaZes, rus 

xelisufalTa saTanado miTiTebebis gareSe, damoukideblad 

wamoewyo aRniSnul sakiTxebze konsultaciebi 

erekle mefesTan. winaswar rom ar yofiliyo gaTviTcnobierebuli 

ruseTis miswrafebebsa da mosalodnel 

reaqciaSi, rogor gabedavda igi piradi pasuxismgeblobiT 

dapireboda erekle mefes gr.potiomkinisaTvis princesa 

anastasias miTxovebisa da xev-aragvis daTmobis 

sanacvlod ruseTisagan saTanado daxmarebis miRebis 

Taobaze ras warmoadgenda saamiso TvalsazrisiT garsevan 

WavWavaZis figura saerTaSoriso politikaSi 

mere meorec, msgavsi ambiciuri ideebiT swored gr. 

potiomkini gamoirCeoda. v. potos cnobiT, 1780-iani wlebis 

dasawyisSi igi molaparakebebs awarmoebda ruseTSi 

mcxovreb somexTa arqiepiskopos iosebTan (arRuTiani, 

arRuTinski) ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS somxeTis 

saxelmwifos aRdgenis Taobaze, romlis pirveli mefe 

isev da isev yovlisSemZle Tavadi gr. potiomkini unda 

yofiliyo. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT igi (gr.potiomkini) 

Zveli somexi mefeebis oqrocurvili gerbebiT 

damSvenebul faifuris mdidrul WurWelsac ukveTda 

CineTsa da indoeTSi [Потто В., 1886:718]. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT 

g.WavWavaZis mier miTiTebul faqtebsac, rom 

potiomkins survili hqonda dasiZeboda erekle mefes da 

ruseTis politikuri elita dainteresebuli iyo Tergaragvis 

gziT, ar aris gamoricxuli anastasiasTan 

qorwinebisa da mziTevSi xevisa da saaragvos miRebis 

ideis WeSmariti avtori Tavad potiomkinive yofiliyo. 

da bolos, Terg-aragvis gzaze sruli kontrolis 

mopovebiT rusuli mxare didi xniT adre dainteresda 

81

da amas aSkaradac gamoxatavda. amdenad, sruli ufleba 

gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom aRniSnuli ideebi axlac iqidan 

wamovida, cxovrebaSi maTi realizebisaTvis niadagis 

mosinjvas ki rusi politikosebi g.WavWavaZis saSualebiT 

Seecadnen, rac diplomatiuri TvalsazrisiT swori 

gadawyvetileba iyo. 

saqarTvelos samxedro gzis dauflebis rusuli 

gegma imxanad CaiSala _ qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze 

Wkua eyoT da misi ganxorcielebisaTvis xelSewyoba mizanSewonilad 

ar miiCnies. am gonivrulma nabijma TxuTmetiode 

wliT gaaxangrZliva qarTl-kaxeTis samefos 

arseboba. Tumca, sabolood, 1801 wels, suverenuli qar- 

Tuli saxelmwifo mainc CrdiloeTidan moZalebuli imperiis 

eqspansiis msxverpli Seiqna. 


1. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanuli 

teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da gamokvleva 

daurTo g.gelaSvilma, t.I, Tbilisi, 1962. 

2. ioseliani a., Tvisebrivad axali etapi ruseT-saqarTvelos 

urTierTobaSi, `saistorio moambe~, t. 51-52, Tbilisi, 

1985. 

3. ioseliani pl., cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, Tbilisi, 

1878. 

4. kiRuraZe g., safrangeT-saqarTvelos istoriuli da 

kulturuli urTierTobidan, Jurn. `mnaTobi~, Tbilisi, 

1971, #1. 

5. maWaraZe v., masalebi XVIII saukunis meore naxevris 

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis, naw. III, 

nakv. I, Tbilisi, 1988. 

6. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, n. IV, Tbilisi, 

1973. 

7. cincaZe i., masalebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis 

istoriisaTvis (1782-1791 ww.), `saistorio moambe~, t. 23- 

24, Tbilisi, 1970. 

82

8. cqitiSvili z., garsevan WavWavaZis saxelmwifoebrivi 

moRvaweoba, Tbilisi, 1982. 

9. jibaSvili o., levan batoniSvilis mkvlelobis sakiTxisaTvis, 

Jurn. `Woroxi~, baTumi, 1998, #3. 

10. Соловьев С., Чтения и рассказы по истории России, Москва, 

1989. 

11. Потто В., Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, 

легендах и биографиях, т.I, вып. I, СПБ., 1887. 

12. Потто В., Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, 

легендах и биографиях, т.3, вып. I, СПБ., 1886. 

Something from Georgian Military Road History 

Oleg Jibashvili 

Summary 

The Treaty of Georgievsk, signed on July 24, 1783, placed the 

kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti under the protection of the Russia Empire. The 

significance of Georgian Military Road as the main arterial one between 

Georgia-Russia increased. The main aim of St. Patersburg was to institute 

control over that strategic position. So in 1785 the government of The 

Russia Empire tried to marry the king Erekle’s daughter Anastasia to 

Marshal Gr. Potemkin. Therefore, that marriage intended to be political, 

Potemkin (Russia) would be able to get some Georgian provinces Khevi 

and Aragvi as dowry (the Georgian Military Road was extended on those 

provinces). The Georgian ambassador Prince Garsevan Chavchavadse 

was considered to fulfill that mission. However, for some circumstances 

the attempt of realization of that plan failed. 

83

Олег Джибашвили 

Из истории Военно-Грузинской дороги 

Р е з ю м е 

По Георгиевскому трактату 1783 года, Картл-Кахетинское 

царство, вошло под покривительство Российской империи. В связи с 

этим, возросло значение Военно-Грузинской дороги, как главнейшей 

артерии связывающей Россию с Грузией. Петербург стремился установить 

полный контроль над указанным стратегическим объектом. 

С этой целью, в 1785 году, со стороны русского правительства 

была попытка провести политическую свадьбу, между фельдмаршалом 

Гр. Потёмкиным и дочерью царя Ираклия II, Атастасией. И в 

качестве приданного Потёмкину (т.е.России), царь Ираклий II передал 

бы провинции Хевского и Арагвского ущелья (по территории 

которых проходила Военно-Грузинская дорога). Реализовать данный 

проект, Россия пыталась рукой посланника Картл-Кахетинского 

двора, княза Гарсевана Чавчавадзе. По разным причинам, проект 

сорвался. 

84

85 

Tamaz futkaraZe 

toponimebSi 

gacocxlebuli istoria 

eris xasiaTis, misi eTnikuri iersaxis, fsiqikis, 

sulieri da inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis Secnobis 

umTavresi winapirobaa mis mier ganvlili istoriuli 

gzis gaazreba-gaanalizeba da am gzaze Seqmnil 

sulier memkvidreobaSi CaRrmaveba. warsuli istoriuli 

gzis gacnobiereba dRevandelobis Secnobisa da xvalindelobis 

ganWvretis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. 

saqarTvelos istorias aqvs sakuTari Sinaarsi. misi 

saxiT Cvens winaSea gansakuTrebuli samyaro, romelSic 

bevri ram idumalebiTaa moculi. siZvelisa da istoriuli 

bedukuRmarTobis wyalobiT Cvenamde mouRwevlobis 

gamo warsulis bevri saintereso movlenis karebi daketilia, 

gasaRebi ki _ dakarguli. didaWaraSi arsebuli 

upirvelesi qristianuli samlocvelos arsebobis damadasturebeli 

gasaRebis povna Soreuli warsulis karis 

gasaRebad Tanamedrove istorikos-arqeologTa erT-erTi 

umTavresi amocanaa. 

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom saqarTvelo erT-erTi 

pirveli qveyanaa, sadac gavrcelda qristianoba. ukve I 

saukuneSi aq movidnen pirvelmociqulebi andria pirvelwodebuli, 

simon kananeli, Semdeg _ maTe (mataTa), 

baTlome, iulia, Tadeozi. ,,qc”-is mixedviT andriam 

qristianoba pirvelad didaWaraSi iqadaga (,,Sevida 

queyanasa qarTlisasa, romelsac didaWara ewodebis...”) 

(,,qarTlis cxovreba, 2002: 39). doroTeos tvirelis (III s) 

da epifane kviprelis (IV s.) cnobebiT andria mociquli 

,,movida iq, sadac aris afsaris cixe” (p.ingoroyva, 1954: 

223). sofronis (IV s.) informaciiT, afsaris cixesTan 

moRvaweobda andrias TanamoRvawe maTe (mataTa) da iqvea 

dasaflavebuli (iqve, 1954:223). 

qristianobis gavrceleba da oficialur religiad 

gamocxadeba iyo saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis, politikuri 

kulturis, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri cxov-

ebis maRali donis gamoxatuleba, radgan igi aZlierebda 

feodalizaciis gzaze Semdgari qveynis centralizacias 

da konsolidacias. 

is, rac cnobilia werilobiTi monacemebiT, Semagrebulia 

qristianuli sakulto daniSnulebis ZeglebiT, 

toponimebiTa da xalxuri gadmocemebiT. qristianobis 

gavrcelebis kvaldakval gaiSala taZrebis mSenebloba. 

erT-erTi aseTi taZari didaWaraSic unda yofiliyo. 

jer aSenebdnen patara da primitiul sakulto nagebobebs. 

gvian iwyeben damuSavebuli masaliT mSeneblobas. 

grafinia uvarovas TqmiT religiuri obieqtebi aWaraSi 

ufro meti iyo, vidre afxazeTsa da sxva mxareebSi. 

fiWvnaris ornaviani eklesia, cixisZiris bazilikuri 

taZari, abuserisZeebis sasaxlis eklesia xixanSi, maxaroblis 

eklesia TxilvanaSi, wm. giorgis saxelobis 

eklesia cxmorisSi, sxalTaSi (sxalTis eklesiis Siga 

moxatuloba gamoirCeoda maRali ostatobiT. masze gamosaxulia 

qriste xucurad dawerili wigniT xelSi, 

sulTmofena, xareba, lazares aRdgineba, naTlisReba, 

qristeSoba, mwyemsTa Tayvaniscema, meZavi qali qristes 

winaSe, saidumlo seroba da a.S.), vernebis, kaloTis, 

agaris, zendidis, maWaxlis xeobis soflebis da sxva 

eklesiebi. 

Cveni mxaris istoriis mniSvnelovani movlenebi warmodgenilia 

uZveles toponimebSi. qristianobasTan uSualodaa 

dakavSirebuli Semdegi toponimebi: soflis saxelebi 

xuloSi _ diakoniZeebi, dioknisi, dekanaSvilebi 

(aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gvarebi: dekanosiZe, dekanaZe, 

dekanaSvili); qobuleTSi _ zeda da qveda kvirike; xelvaCaurSi 

_ feria (yvela eseni nawarmoebia kultis msaxurebis 

_ diakonis, dekanozisa da wminda kvirikesagan); 

qobuleTsa da xelvaCaurSi _ sameba; qedisa da xulos 

raionebSi – namonastrevi da a.S. 

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qristianul samlocvelosTan 

dakavSirebuli toponimebi. eklesia hqvia adgilebs 

sxalTaSi, samebaSi, axalSenSi; eklesiagver 

siagverdi 

_ 

saTesi kirnaTSi; naeklesiari _ saTesi zundagaSi, ko- 

86

lotaurSi, vanaZeebSi (Rorjomi), aWyvaSi; naeklesievi _ 

uCqnari Rorjomis uban gorgaZeebSi, tye boboyvaTSi; 

namonastrevi _ tye kvaStaSi, saTesebi ganaxlebasa da 

eleliZeebSi (xulo); xatitye _ adgili kapnisTavSi; xa- 

timamu 

muli 

_ ubani zeda agaraSi (qeda), tye da saTesi 

dologanSi, Cais nakveTi meZibnaSi; xristoqosi _ tye 

fuSrukaulSi; beTlemi (qalaqi, sadac qriste daibada) - 

qedi zeda agaraSi, mTa zesofelSi; saydari _ baRi kapnisTavSi, 

buCqnari maRlakonSi, saTesi xerTvisSi; sayda- 

riyeli 

_ ubani kvaStaSi, saTesi tunaZeebSi; saydarqveSi 

_ saTesi inaSariZeebSi; nasaydrali 

– adgili kaloTaSi, 

dRvanSi, buCqnari takiZeebSi; saZovari kobalTaSi, saTesi 

TxilvanaSi; nasaydrevi _ adgilebi maxunceTSi, ZmagulaSi, 

gegeliZeebSi, ZenwmanSi, saRoreTSi, gundaurSi; 

naqilisvari (nawarmoebia Turquli sityvidan ,,qilise”, 

e.i. naeklesiari) _ kibeSi, JanivrSi, omboloSi, maxvilaurSi, 

zanaqiZeebSi; qili 

lisekari 

– adgilebi WarnalSi, 

sarfSi; qiliseseri - saTibi pantnarSi; saydari - saTibi 

kortoxSi, tye simoneTSi, buCqnari murvaneTSi. 

xucubani - sofeli qobuleTSi; xuciSvilebi - ubani 

didaWaraSi; xurcialebi - saTesi zundagaSi; xucuri - 

saTesi maxalakiZeebSi, saZovari furtiosa da didaWaris 

ubnebSi; xuciqedi - ubani yinCaurSi; xucieri - ubani 

lomanaurSi; xucivake - saTesi davlaZeebSi; xurcauli - 

saTesi RurtaSi; amaRleba - saTesi ZmagulaSi; goraw- 

minda - saTesi qedlebSi; miqelwminda - nakaduli da 

saTesi merisSi; samiqeluri - ubani sxefSi; miqelauri - 

saTesi beselaSvilebSi (miqelwminda, niqalauri, samiqelauri 

momdinareobs mTavarangeloz miqaelidan, romelic 

amarcxebs mtrul sulebs, adamianebs ifaravs ubedurebisa 

da codvebisagan). mTavarangelozi - saTesi da 

saZovari WvanaSi, takiZeebSi, tye neniaSi, saTibi da sa- 

Zovari wablanaSi (xulo), saTesi kvatiaSi (i. beqiriSvili, 

1990: 66-69). 

zogierTi adgilisaTvis Cvens winaprebs Weqa-quxilisa 

da avdris RvTaeba elias (winaswarmetyveli) saxeli 

SeurqmeviaT. es warmarTobidan momdinareobs da mas 

87

ukavSirdeba mikrotoponimebi: elia wminda - saTesi didaWaraSi, 

oqtombersa da SavaZeebSi; eliauri - saTesi 

paqsaZeebSi; imarwminda - saTesi duaZeebSi. 

metad popularuli iyo aWaraSi wminda giorgi. igi 

qarTvelTa erTianobis gamomxatveli sinonimi iyo. TeTr 

cxenze amxedrebuli giorgi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo 

droSasa da beWedzec gamosaxes. igi qarTvelTa warmodgeniT 

mcvel-mfarveli da uZleveli mxedaria, romelsac 

qristianobam 365 saydari augo da 365 saydarze dalocvas 

an dawyevlas uZlevad miiCnevda. warmarTuli RvTaeba-mTvaris 

adgili qristianobis dros wminda giorgim 

daikava (i. javaxiSvili, 1960: 45) 

wm. giorgis saxelobis sakulto dawesebulebebi 

iyo xixanSi, cxmorisSi, WvanaSi, SuSaneTSi da sxvagan. 

tbel abuserisZem 1233 wels xixanSi daweril Txzulebas 

,,saswaulni wmindisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisani“ 

uwoda. mwerali mogviTxrobs, rom ori cxmoriseli 

tyved Cauvarda mahmadianebs. wm. giorgim maT daxmareba 

gauwia. isini aitaca. erTi pirdapir sofelSi _ cxmorisSi 

dasva taZarTan, meore ki _ soflis SemogarenSi. 

wm. giorgisTanaa dakavSirebuli uamravi toponimi. CamovTvliT 

zogierTs: gorgiuli - ubani Suaxevis raion- 

Si, venaxi da saTibi qiziniZeebSi, ubani xaraulaSi (qedis 

r-ni); gorgila qedi - vanSi (Suaxevis r-ni); gor- 

gimeleTi - saTesi tomaSeTSi (Suaxevis r-ni); gorgaule 

le- 

bi – saZovari vaSlovanSi (xulos r-ni); gorgaZeebi – 

sofeli xulosa da qobuleTis raionebSi. 

metad sainteresoa r. erisTavis monacemebi, romlis 

mixedviTac cageris raionis (leCxumi) sofel alpanasa 

da aWaraSi ician wm. giorgis dResaswauli (23 aprili). 

alpanaSi sWamen xorcsac am dResaswaulze, aWaraSi ki 

Seeqcevian pur-Rvino-lobios ,,mravalJamieriT”, ician 

wirva, galoba da a.S. (r. erisTavi, 1986: 23) 

alpanas mezoblad aris sofeli aWara, romelic 

aWaridan wasulebis mier unda iyos daarsebuli (i. 

beqiriSvili, 1990: 74). Tu es asea, maSin imdroindel 

alpanelebs giorgobis dResaswaulis varianti aWaridan 

88

wauRiaT, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom aWaraSi am dRes 

xorcs ar Wamdnen da pur-Rvinos Seeqceodnen. 

aWaraSi mravlad gvxvdeba agreTve jvarTan dakavSirebuli 

toponimebi, saxeldobr: jvari - ubani bara- 

TaulSi, saTesi ganaxlebasa da dekanaSvilebSi, oqrua- 

Svilebsa da ZirkvaZeebSi; sajvareTesi – WerSi; jvarTani 

- buCqnari sacixurSi; qvabijvari - mTa sacixurSi; 

kotajvari - buCqnari CaoSi; jvaredini - saTesi uCxoSi; 

kobijvari - saZovari, romlis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis 

lisovski Rorjomis aRwerisas. aseTi toponimi gvxdeba 

dioknisSic. legendiT aq adre venaxi iyo gaSenebuli, 

magram mters igi auCexia. mterTan brZolaSi daRupuli 

erT-erTi vaJkaci qedze daumarxavT da sasaflaoze jvari 

daudgamT. es saxelic rwmenisa da vazis siyvarulis 

gamoxatulebaa. zogadad jvari warmarTobidan iRebs sa- 

Taves. qristianobam igi Tavi simbolod aqcia. sacixurisa 

da agaris saydarTan 1979 wels aRmoCnda qvis ori 

jvari, romlebzec mzis diskoa gamoxatuli. jvari aris 

buTuraulisa da xulos skolis gverdiT mdebare sasaflaozec. 

xulos raionis sofel agaraSi aRmoCnda 

jvardasmuli buxris jaWvic (n. kaxiZe, IV, 1976: 84). 

sofel almeSi aRmoCnda qvis kubo saxuravze jvriT 

da jixvis figuriT. igi amJamad inaxeba mxareTmcodneobis 

muzeumSi. akad. g. Citaiam mas specialuri naSromic 

ki miuZRvna (ix. mis. ,,qvis kubo almedan”). islamis 

gavrcelebis miuxedavad, aWaraSi qristianuli emblema _ 

jvris gamosaxuleba umniSvnelovanesi ornamenti iyo 

moCuqurTmebisas. igi CuqurTmis wnulSi iyo Caqsovili. 

ase SeniRbulad jvars gamoxatavdnen saxlis karebze, 

Werze da a.S. didaWareli a. demetraZis saxlis sastumro 

oTaxis CuqurTmaSi swored aseTi jvaria Caqsovili 

(i. adamia, 1956: 46). 

igive motivi gvxvdeba Rorjomis sxva soflebis nagebobebis 

interierSi. qarTuli CuqurTmebiTaa Semkuli 

maradidisa da maWaxlispiris jameebic, romelTa Sesaxeb 

aRniSnavda akad. a. pavlinovic (i. beqiriSvili, 

1990:79). 

89

es aris gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis faqtebi, romlebic 

calke axsnas moiTxovs. vazisgan nakeTebi jvari 

qarTvelobis simbolod iqca. TurqeTis agresiis pirobebSi 

misi Semonaxuloba qarTvelobisaTvis aWarelTa 

brZolis naTeli gamoxatulebaa. 

dRemde Semonaxulia osmalobisdroindeli beWedi, 

romelzec Cvens winaprebs jvari da vazi gamousaxavT. 

osmalobis periodSi aWaraSi ra Tqma unda meCeTebsac 

aSenebdnen, magram erovnuli samSeneblo xerxebisa da 

meTodebis gamoyenebiT (unda iTqvas, rom pirveli me- 

CeTebi aWaraSi TanzimaTs ukavSirdebda. 1878 wlisaTvis 

aWaraSi sul 2 aTeulamde meCeTi iyo. maTi raodenoba 

gaizarda rusebis Semosvlis Semdeg). 

islamis ZaldatanebiT gavrcelebis miuxedavad, adgilobrivi 

mosaxleoba win aRudga qristianuli Zeglebis 

wabilwvas. yovelive es kargad aisaxa xalxur gadmocemebSi. 

sxalTis taZris saswaulmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli 

erT-erTi Tqmulebis mixedviT xojebs ganuzraxavT 

taZris meCeTad gadaqceva, magram gagiJebulan da 

tyeSi gaWrilan. erT mwyemss taZarSi cxvari Seuyvania. 

mwyemss 200 suli pirutyvi gawyvetia, TviTon ki gadaCexila. 

sxvaTa Soris, msgavsi gadmocemebi davamowmeT tao- 

Sic. parxalSi gviTxres, rom xojam TeTrad gadaReba 

taZris kedlebi, taZrisa, romelic ,,deda tamaram aaSena“, 

amitom is xoja mokvdao. am da sxva gadmocemebSi 

xazgasmiTaa gamoxatuli protesti qristianuli eklesia-monastrebis 

ngreva-wabilwvisadmi. 

osmalTa batonobis miuxedavad, mkvidri mosaxleoba 

mama-papaTa tradiciebs ar Ralatobda. uvarovas materialuri 

kulturis Zeglebis aRwerilobasTan erTad 

yuradReba gaumaxvilebia tradiciul yofazec. igi Seswrebia 

axalgazrda qalis dasaflavebis ceremonials. 

qals mTeli sofeli miasvenebda. ecvaT sufTa da axali 

tansacmeli. kubos abreSumis qsovili efara. kubos qalebic 

miacilebdnen (rac islamuri normebiT ikrZaleboda). 

qali nigvznarSi daumarxavT. 

90

WeSmaritad qarTuli tradiciebis dacva, erovnuli 

wes-Cveulebebis idumal pirobebSi Sesruleba iyo osmalobis 

winaaRmdeg brZolis gza da emsaxureboda 

erovnuli TviTmyofadobis, qarTvelobis dacvis interesebs. 

sxvaTa Soris, xoja-molaTa Sorisac iyvnen progresulad 

moazrovne adamianebi, romlebic xels uwyobdnen 

da cdilobdnen TavisTavadobis SenarCunebisa da aWaris 

mosaxleobis interesebis dacvisaTvis. maT Soris iyvnen 

nuri beriZe, iskender TavarTqilaZe, xafiz mexeSiZe, 

yedir zaqaraZe, Suqri xalvaSi (begi), dede-aRa niJaraZe, 

mufTi axmed xalifaSvili da mravali sxva. 

iskender TavarTqilaZe iyo Rorjomeli xoja, niWieri 

da ganaTlebuli adamini, romelic mTeli Tavisi 

Segnebuli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelosTan 

erTobas uWerda mxars. im dros sajarod amis gacxadeba 

advili ar iyo, magram igi ar SeuSinda mosalodnel sa- 

SiSroebas da aSkarad gamoxata saqarTvelosTan erTobis 

survili (ap. wulaZe, 1991: 23.). 

xoja xafiz mexeSiZe xulos orklasian skolaSi 

rjulis maswavlebeli iyo, iswavla qarTuli werakiTxva 

da sxvebsac aswavla. 

nuri beriZe (xoja) aSkarad daupirispirda aWarelTa 

osmaleTSi gadasaxlebas da Tavisi gavleniT cdilobda 

xeli SeeSala muhajirobisTvis, axmed xalifaSvili ki 

osmalobis periodSic jameSi qarTulad qadagebda da 

,,yuransac” qarTulad uxsnida mrevls, ris gamoc osmalebma 

stambulSi gaixmes da samarTalSi misces, magram 

man Tavi gaimarTla: ,,Cven qarTvelebi varT da Cveni 

enac qarTuliao”. misma gavlenam xeli SeuSala aWarel- 

Ta masobriv emigracias osmaleTSi. 

warmodgenil toponimebSi zogjer Zunwad, magram 

Seulamazeblad aris gadmocemuli erovnuli TviTmyofadobis 

dacva-SenarCunebisaTvis qarTveli xalxis medgari 

da Seupovari brZolis istoria. yovelive amis 

gaazreba kidev erTxel daafiqrebs mkiTxvels, raTa 

91

saRi gonebiT gadaavlos Tvali Cvens warsuls dRevandelobisa 

da momavlis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT. 


1. adamia i., qarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvreba, aWara, 

Tb., 1956. 

2. beqiriSvili i., qristianoba aWaraSi, baT., 1990. 

3. erisTavi r., folklorul-eTnografiuli werilebi, 

Tb., 1986. 

4 ingoroyva p., giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954. 

5. kaxiZe n., mWedloba aWaraSi,samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos 

yofa da kultura, IV, Tb., 1976. 

6. leonti mroveli, cxovreba mefeTa, qarTlis 

cxovreba, t.I, 2002 (1955 w. gamocemis mixedviT). 

7. wulaZe ap., Zmuri sityva, baT., 1991. 

Tamaz Phutkaradze 

Ghristian toponyms in Ajara 

Summary 

The given work deals with the gwestions on the history of southernwestern 

Georgia-Ajara.The work represents toponyms connected with 

christianity. 

92

История, оживленная в топонимах 

Тамаз 

Путкарадзе 

Резюме 

Аджария древнейший уголок Грузии, население которого уже в 

I-ом веке н.е. приобщилось к христианству. 

В работе на основе письменных источников, литературных данных 

и полевых материалов, проанализированы топонимы, связанные 

с христианством и оживляющие богатейшую историю данного региона. 

93

uCa oqropiriZe 

baTumis SeerTebisaTvis ruseTis brZolis 

istoriidan (XIXs.) 

qarTvel xalxs yovelTvis axsovda Tavisi droebiT 

daSorebuli TanamoZmeni da maT saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi 

dabrunebaze ganuwyvetliv zrunavda. magram 

agresiul muslimanur saxelmwifoTa Soris moqceuli, 

igi eZebda Zlier mokavSires maT winaaRmdeg. dasavleT 

evropis saxelmwifoebTan am mizniT kavSiris damyarebis 

ara erTi uSedego cdis Semdeg, man orientacia erTmorwmune 

ruseTze aiRo. ruseTis Zlier saxelmwifos- 

Tan kavSirSi qarTuli saxelmwifos mesveurni imedovnebdnen 

dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebas. 

XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, rodesac ruseT-osmaleTis 

urTierToba daiZaba da saqme omamde mivida, 

qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle meore imedovnebda ruseTis 

daxmarebiT axalcixe-mesxeTis dabrunebas da amis Sesaxeb 

ruseTis samefo kars TxovniT mimarTavda (А.А. Цагарели, 

1898,: 84). 1769 wlis 4 oqtombers paninisadmi miweril 

werilSi ki erekle meore gamoxatavda survils 

osmalTa batonobisagan gamoexsna yvela qristiani da 

maT Soris ” osmalTa mier dapyrobili Savi zRvis piras 

Cvens miwaze mcxovrebni” (iqve, вип. II, 1902: 244). aq erekles 

aWaris mosaxleobac unda hyavdes mxedvelobaSi 

(megreliZe S. 1963: 13). ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT imereTis 

mefe solomon meoris mier Sorapnis, baRdadis da 

quTaisis cixeebis dakavebis Semdeg erTiani ZalebiT 

ganzraxuli iyo baTumze laSqrobac, magram igi general 

totlebenis mizeziT CaiSala (ИКОИРГО, т.8, 1905, : 

44). qarTveli mefeebisa da xalxis miswrafeba samxreTdasavleT 

saqarTvelos dakarguli qarTuli miwebis 

gasaTavisufleblad dasturdeba ara erTi dokumentiT, 

romlebSic aRniSnulia amisaTvis maTi praqtikuli 

mzadyofna da misi saqmiT damtkicebis survili (А.А. 

94

Цагарели, Грамоты… т.1, 2-3, iqve, вип. II, 1902: 225, т. II, вып. I, 

1898: 92, 405). es miswrafeba aisaxa 1783 wlis ruseTsa da 

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris dadebul giorgievskis 

traqtatSic, romliTac qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mier 

zogierT suverenul uflebebze uaris Tqmis sanacvlod 

ruseTi valdebulebas iRebda osmaleTTan da iranTan 

omebisa da sazavo molaparakebis dros mieRo zomebi, 

rom saqarTvelos dabruneboda is istoriuli teritoriebi, 

romlebic osmaleTs hqonda mitacebuli (saqarTvelos 

istoria, Tb., 1948 : 435). 

1801 wels ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos 

gauqmebis da misi uSualod ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg 

dRis wesrigSi dadga osmalTa uRlis qveS myofi qar- 

Tuli samflobeloebis ruseTis mier dapyroba da mier- 

Teba. pirvel rigSi saWiro iyo Savi zRvis aRmosavleT 

sanapiroebis _ osmaleTis xelSi myofi navsadgurebis _ 

foTis, baTumisa da anakliis dakaveba. baTumis Seer- 

Tebis sakiTxi ruseTis mmarTvel wreebSi jer kidev XIX 

s. pirvel wlebSi daisva. ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri 

Cartoricki miTiTebas iZleoda, rom Tu ruseTi 

foTis, anakliis da baTumis SemoerTebas molaparakebis 

gziT ver miaRwevda, maSin rogorme mieRoT ufleba am 

qalaqebidan saqonlis gatana-Semotanaze da am mizniT 

miemarTaT osmaleTSi Zlier gavrcelebuli moqrTamvisaTvis 

(АКАК, 1868 : 477, Дубровин В., 1887: 171). 1804 wels 

imave Cartorickis winaSe baTumis navsadguris ruseT- 

Tan SeerTebis aucileblobis sakiTxi daayena generalma 

cicianovmac da a.S. (АКАК, т. II, 1868:476). 

saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseT-osmaleTis 

yvela omis dros dRis wesrigSi mwvaved idga baTumisa 

da misi Semogarenis ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxi. aWaris 

samSoblosTan dabrunebis cdas adgili hqonda 1828- 

1829 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omisa da 1853-1856 wlebis 

yirimis omis periodebSic. magram, am ukanasknelSi damarcxebis 

gamo, ruseTi ganidevna Savi zRvis sanapirodan 

da mas aq aekrZala rogorc flotis yola, ise cixesimagreebis 

floba. yovelive aman gamoiwvia mdgoma- 

95

eobis kidev ufro daZabva dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebsa 

(gansakuTrebiT inglisi, safrangeTi da avstria) 

da ruseTs Soris Savi zRvis da misi sruteebis region- 

Si gavlenis ganmtkicebisaTvis brZolaSi. amavdroulad, 

evropaSi Zalebs ikrebs da asparezze gamodis swrafad 

mzardi da energiuli germaniis gaerTianebuli saxelmwifo, 

romlis niWieri da SorsmWvreteli kancleri, 

oto fon bismarki, evropis politikur rukaze Slis 

germaniis axalgazrda saxelmwifos ganmtkicebisa da 

gaZlierebis interesebidan gamomdinare did diplomatiur 

pasianss. man gaTvlili diplomatiuri nabijebiT, 

romelTac Zirs samxedro aqciebiTac umagrebda, 

TandaTanobiT SesZlo evropis Zlieri saxelmwifoebis - 

safrangeTisa da avstriis dasusteba. ruseTTan urTier- 

Tobis gaumjobesebebis mizniT ki mas jer kidev 1866 

wels SesTavaza daxmareba parizis traqtatis im muxlebis 

uarsayofad, romlebic ruseTs Sav zRvaze flotis 

yolas uSlida. 1870 wlis 21 seqtembers, prusia - 

safrangeTis omis msvlelobisas, bismarkma ukve aSkarad 

daadastura am sakiTxis ruseTis sasargeblod gadasawyvetad 

mxardaWerisaTvis mzadyofna (история Дипломатии, 

1941: 521). imave wlis 31 oqtombers ruseTis mTavrobam 

gamosca cirkulari, romelSic CamoTvlili iyo sxva 

saxelmwifoebis mier 1856 wlis parizis traqtatis 

darRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis Semdeg gakeTebuli iyo 

daskvna, rom aseTi darRvevebis gamo ruseTs aRar aqvs 

safuZveli moqmedad cnos parizis aqtis yvela piroba 

da amieridan igi savaldebulod ar Tvlis misi im 

statiebis aRiarebas, romlebic Sav zRvaze ruseTis 

suverenuli uflebebis sakiTxs exeba. 

gorCakovis am cirkularma didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia 

evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT inglisisa da avstriis 

mmarTvel wreebSi da maT miaRwies sakiTxis gansaxilvelad 

saerTaSoriso konferenciis mowvevas. konferencia 

Sedga londonSi 1871 wlis ianvarSi. ruseTma miaRwia 

Sav zRvaze misi suverenuli uflebebis aRdgenas da 

bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis ucxo qveyanaTa 

96

samxedro gemebisaTvis Caketvas (iqve, gv. 521-522). amiT 

ruseTs xelebi gaexsna Savi zRvis auzSi axali eqspansiebisaTvis 

da dRis wesrigSi kvlav dadga osmaleTis 

mier mitacebuli qarTuli teritoriebis, gansakuTrebiT 

ki q. baTumis da misi mimdebare regionebis SemoerTebis 

sakiTxi. 

am droisaTvis e.w. aRmosavleTis sakiTxis ZiriTad 

Sinaarss Seadgenda brZola “osmaleTis memkvidreobisaTvis”, 

romelSic yvela monawile Tavisi poziciebis 

ganmtkicebas cdilobda, Tuki osmaleTis danawilebis 

sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi dadgeboda. aRniSnulma 

brZolam metad daZaba urTierToba evropis mowinave 

saxelmwifoebsa (inglisi, safrangeTi, germania) da ruseTs 

Soris. inglis-safrangeTi mxars uWerdnen osmale- 

Tis imperiis mTlianobas (Гурко-Кряжин В.А.б 1925 : 13-14), 

radgan maT kargad icodnen, rom am sakiTxis dasmisTanave 

(osmaleTis danawileba) ruseTi moiTxovda 

konstantinepols, sruteebsa da osmaleTis somxeTs, rac 

maTTvis miuRebeli iyo da aranakleb aSinebdaT, vidre 

germaniis TviT maqsimaluri programa osmaleTis mimarT 

(iqve: 32) da yvelanairad cdilobdnen win aRdgomodnen 

mas. am brZolaSi aWara da, gansakuTrebiT, q. baTumi 

strategiulad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda. faqtobrivad 

baTumi warmoadgenda gasaRebs dainteresebuli ZalebisaTvis 

amierkavkasiaSi TavianTi politikis gasatareblad. 

amasTan, igi moiazreboda, rogorc kargi placdarmi 

Savi zRvis osmaluri sanapiroebisa da sruteebisaken 

ruseTis eqspansiuri gegmebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. 

amitomac ruseTis brZolam baTumisa da misi Semogarenis 

(aWara) SemosaerTeblad metad mwvave xasiaTi 

miiRo. 

did saxelwifoebs Soris gansakuTrebiT daiZaba vi- 

Tareba 1875-1878 wlebis àRmosavleTis krizisis~ dros, 

rodesac gaaqtiurda Zalisxmevani ruseT-osmaleTis mosalodneli 

omis SemTxvevaSi saerTo evropuli afeTqebis 

Tavidan asacileblad, xolo omis gardauvalobis 

97

SemTxvevaSi sakuTari interesebis dakmayofilebis uzrunvelsayofad. 

evropis sami did saxelmwifos _ ruseTis, avstriisa 

da germaniis mier 1876 wlis 13 maiss berlinis Sexvedraze 

xelmowerilma memorandumma, romelic bosniahercogovinis 

problemis gadaWrasa da balkaneTis sakiTxis 

mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas exeboda, Sedegi ver 

gamoiRo. am SemTxvevaSi evropis am sami saxelwifos mizans 

Seadgenda osmaleTis imperiis mTlianobis Senar- 

Cuneba masSi mcxovrebi qristianebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis 

pirobiT (история дипломатии, 1945, : 25-26). safrangeTi 

da italia daeTanxmnen sami imperatoris am 

programas, magram inglisis mTavrobam arasasurvelad 

CaTvala axali Careva osmaleTis saqmeebSi, radgan mas 

ar surda rusuli gavlenis gaZliereba arc sruteebze 

da arc balkaneTSi, saidanac igi konstantinepols 

uSualod daemuqreboda (iqve: 26). amave problemis 

gadawyvetis mcdelobas adgili hqonda reixStadtis 

Sexvedraze 1876 wlis 8 ivliss, erTi mxriv _ ruseTis 

imperator aleqsandre II-sa da sagareo saqmeTa ministr 

gorCakovs, meore mxriv _ avstriis imperator franciosebsa 

da andraSs Soris. am Sexvedridan CvenTvis 

sainteresoa is, rom ruseTma miiRo avstriis Tanxmoba 

zogierTi, 1856 wels dakarguli, teritoriisa da baTumis 

SeerTebaze (iqve: 30). diplomatiuri manevrebis 

miuxedavad, ruseT-osmaleTis omi gardauvali gaxda da 

1877 wlis 24 aprils ruseTis imperatorma xeli moawera 

manifests misi dawyebis Sesaxeb. 

ruseT-osmaleTis am omSi osmaleTi damarcxda da 

konstantinepolis maxloblad, san-stefanoSi xeli moawera 

samSvidobo xelSekrulebas (1878 wlis 1 marti), 

romliTac ganmtkicda ruseTis poziciebi balkaneTsa 

da sruteebis zonaSi. es ki xels ar aZlevda evropis 

arcerT did saxelmwifos. amitomac 1878 wlis 6 marts 

andraSi oficialurad gamovida konferenciis mowvevis 

winadadebiT, sadac ganixilavdnen ruseT-osmaleTis za- 

98

vis yvela pirobas. ruseTis xelisufleba iZulebuli 

gaxda daTanxmeboda am moTxovnas. 

kongresi gaixsna berlinSi 1878 wlis 13 ivniss. 

balkaneTis problemis daregulirebaSi kongresze raime 

gaugebrobas adgili TiTqmis ar hqonia da SeTanxmeba 

miRweuli iqna, magram ruseTis teritoriulma SenaZenma 

aziaSi ruseTi kinaRam krizisamde miiyvana. ruseTinglisis 

1878 wlis 30 maisis saidumlo separatul Se- 

TanxmebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom ruseTi “daikavebs” baTums. 

solsberma da bikonsfildma es formulireba gamoiyenes 

imisaTvis, rom TiTqos ingliss ar miucia Tanxmoba ruseTisaTvis 

baTumis mierTebaze da daTanxmdnen mxolod 

mis okupaciaze. magram sabolood isini iZulebuli 

gaxdnen ecnoT baTumis, yarsisa da artaanis ruseTisaTvis 

gadacema. inglisma mxolod is moaxerxa, rom 

ruseTs Tavs moaxvia baTumis porto-frankod gamocxadeba 

(iqve: 50). 

amrigad, 1878 wlis berlinis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT, 

saqarTvelos kidev erTi, ZirZveli istoriuli 

kuTxe _ aWara dedasamSoblos wiaRs daubrunda. aravi- 

Tari mniSvneloba ara aqvs imis mtkicebas, rom baTumi 

da aWara, amierkavkasiis sxva teritoriebTan erTad, 

ruseTma kontribuciis saxiT miiRo (esen dai, 2001 : 89). 

es iyo qarTveli xalxis samsaukunovani ocnebis, amas- 

Tan, istoriuli samarTlianobis _ SeeerTebina TanamoZme 

qarTveli mahmadianebiT dasaxlebuli dakarguli 

istoriuli teritoriebi, _ aRsruleba. am saqmeSi, ra 

Tqma unda, didi roli Seasrula ruseTis samxedro Zalam 

da diplomatiam, magram am SemTxvevaSi ruseTic, 

rogorc Tavis droze osmaleTi, Tavisi samflobeloebis 

gafarToebasa da Savi zRvis auzSi gavlenis gaZliereba-gamtkicebas 

isaxavda miznad da ara saqarTvelos 

istoriuli teritoriebis gaerTianebas. es iyo misi bunebrivi 

ganvrcobis Cveulebrivi procesi, romelsac raime 

keTilSobiluri miswrafebani ar warmarTavda da amierkavkasiaSi 

ruseTis imperiul-aneqsionisturi politikis 

ganxorcielebis Sedegs warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli 

99

procesi, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, mxolod iribad daemTxva 

qarTveli eris swrafvas _ hqonoda erTiani samSoblo 

erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi. aWaris samSoblosTan 

dabrunebac am istoriuli swrafvis logikuri daboloebaa. 

xolo misi bedukuRmarToba swored imaSi mdgomareobda, 

rom igi or dampyrobels Soris aRiqmeboda, 

rogorc diplomatiuri manevrebis sagani da sakontribucio 

obieqti; amasTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 

saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriebis ruseTis skiptris 

qveS gaerTianebam xeli Seuwyo qarTveli eris konsolidacias 

da masSi erTiani erovnuli TviTSegnebis 

Camoyalibebas, ramac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula 

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi. 

am mxriv didi muSaoba gaiSala axlad SemoerTebul 

baTumis olqSic. ilia WavWavaZem ,,qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis 

gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasTan” erTad daiwyo 

zrunva am kuTxeSi skolebis, biblioTekebisa da 

sxva kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa gaxsnisaTvis. 

qarTvelma sazogadoebam gulTan axlos miitana 

musliman moZmeTa gaWirveba da daiwyo aqtiuri 

moRvaweoba osmalTa batonobis Sedegad regionSi damkvidrebuli 

umecrebisa da sibnelis swavla-ganaTlebis 

SuqiT gasafantavad. ukve 1878 wlidan daiwyo samzadisi 

aWaraSi qarTuli skolebis gasaxsnelad. regionSi qar- 

Tuli skolebis gaxsnas did mniSvnelobas aZlevda 

iakob gogebaSvilic (i. gogebaSvili, 1940: 270). amave saqmiT 

Zlier iyvnen dainteresebulni da did mzrunvelobas 

iCendnen al. yazbegi, an. furcelaZe, n. cxvedaZe da 

sxvebi (x. axvlediani, 1956 : 152-153). 

qarTvelma sazogadoebam gulTan axlos miitana am 

kuTxis yvela satkivari da cdilobda mxarSi dadgomoda 

aWaras tkivilebis gadatana-moSuSebaSi. gansakuTrebiT 

es gamJRavnda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis muhajirebad 

wasvlis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. qarTvelma moRvaweebma 

didi yuradReba dauTmes ara marto muhajirobis 

mizezebis kvlevas da mis winaaRmdeg agitacias, aramed 

am saqmeSi ruseTis carizmis koloniuri politikis aq- 

100

tiur mxilebasac. unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis carizmis 

koloniuri politika sruliad Seesabameboda rusuli 

mmarTvelobis bunebas, mis imperiul cnobierebas. 

igi ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo SemoerTebul mxareebSi 

imperiuli mmarTvelobis ganmtkicebisaken, rac, upirveles 

yovlisa, iq rusebis dasaxlebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. 

koloniur administracias sruliadac ar adardebda 

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Taviseburebani da TviTmyofadi 

xasiaTi. igi adgilobriv “tuzemcebs” yofda or 

kategoriad _ e.w. “mSvidobiani” (romlebic ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen 

rusul mmarTvelobas, swavlobdnen rusul 

enas, Svilebs rusul skolebSi abarebdnen aRsazrdelad 

da a.S.) da “mSfoTvareni” (vinc ewinaaRmdegebodnen 

rusTbatonobas) (buxraSvili p., 2000: 75). ruseTis koloniuri 

administracia sruliadac ar zrunavda SemoerTebuli 

teritoriebis mkvidri mosaxleobis ganviTarebasa 

da kulturul dawinaurebaze; rogorc cnobilia, 

ruseTis imperia ZiriTadad samxedro Zalas efuZneboda 

da sakuTari rusi xalxic ki mouvlel-miuxedavi hyavda. 

TviT rusi publicistebic ki aRiarebdnen, rom rusTxelmwifebas, 

Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, araviTari 

ganmanaTleblur-kulturuli funqciis Sesruleba ar 

SeeZlo (iqve: 77). aseT pirobebSi ki udidesi mniSvneloba 

hqonda qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa im Zalisxmevas, 

romelsac isini samuslimano saqarTvelos am nawilSi 

eweodnen kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kerebis daarsebisa 

da qarTuli erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebis, 

gaRvivebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis. Tavisi moZmisaTvis 

“ganwirulis suliskveTebas” uqmad ar Cauvlia da 

rodesac saamiso dro dadga, aWaraSi ukve momzadebuli 

iyvnen saTanado Zalebi, raTa gverdSi amodgomodnen 

zogadqarTul satkivars da Tavisi wvlili SeetanaT 

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenaSi, erTiani da ganuyofeli 

saqarTvelos ideis ganxorcielebaSi. patriotuli 

idealebiT gamsWvaluli samahmadiano saqarTvelos 

progresulad moazrovne mamuliSvilebi am did 

saqmeSi mxarSi amoudgnen TavianT qristian Zmebs da 

101

SesZles aWaris regionSi aRorZinebuli, didi qarTuli 

sasicocxlo energiis saerTo qarTuli interesebis 

samsaxurSi Cayeneba. 

gamoyenebuli literatura da saarqivo masalebi: 

1. Цагарели А.А., Грамоты и другие исторические документы 

XVIII столетия относящиеся к Грузии т. I, (1768-1770), СПБ, 1891. 


XVIII столетия относящиеся к Грузии т. II, вып. 1, СПБ, 1898. 


XVIII столетия относящиеся к Грузии (1760-1911), т. II, вып. 2, СПБ, 

1902. 

4. Известия кавказского отдела истории русского географического 

общества (ИКОИРГО), т. 8, 1905. 

5. Акты, собранные Кавказской Археологической Комиссией 

(АКАК), т. II. 1868. 

6. Дубровин В., история воин и владычества русских на Кавказе, 

т. V, С.- Петербург, 1887. 

7. История Дипломатии, под редакцией В.П. Потемкина, т. I, 

ОГИЗ, Москва, 1941. 

8. История Дипломатии, под ред. В.П. Потемкина, т. II, ОГИЗ, 

Москва, Ленинград, 1945. 

9. Груко-Кряжин В.А., Ближний восток и державыа, Научн. ассоц. 

восточновед. при ЦИК СССР, Москва, 1925. 

10. megreliZe S., samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriidan, 

Tb., 1963. 

11. saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 1948. 

12. esien-dai, elvie-i selase/sami sanjayi (yarsi, baTumi, 

artaani), axalcixe, yarsi, (simpoziumis Sromebi), V, 2001. 

13. gogebaSvili i., Txz., t. II, Tb., 1940. 

14. axvlediani x., saxalxo ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis 

istoriidan samxreT saqarTveloSi, baT., 1956. 

15. buxraSvili p., rusuli koloniuri cnobiereba da 

amierkavkasiis eTnopolitikuri realoba, Jurn., „amirani“, 

monreali-Tbilisi, 2000. 

102

Ucha Okropiridze 

The question of Batumi in the International Relations Befor 

Addition of Adjara 

Summary 

In the issue it is said about the interest of the international diplomacy 

by the questions of the relations toward Batumi and the tendention of the 

Russian side to join this important harbour of the Eastern seacoast of 

Black Sea. It is investigated the events after Russian-Turkisch war of the 

1828-1829 and Crimian war of the 1853-1856 in the relationship to this 

problem, so called Batumi question in the time of joining of Adjara and 

the incorporation of this region into Russian Empire 

Уча Окропиридзе 

Батумский вопрос в международных отношениях до 

присоединения Аджарии 

Резюме 

В работе рассказано о заинтересованности международной дипломатии 

вопросами отношения к Батуми и стремления Российской 

стороны, присоединить этот значительный порт восточного побережья 

Черного моря. Исследованы события после Русско-Турецкой 

войны 1828-1829 г.г. и Крымской войны 1853-1856 г.г., которые 

относятся к данной проблеме о так называемом Батумском вопросе 

при присоединения Аджарии и передаче этого региона Российской 

империи. 

103

merab megreliSvili 

zogierTi cnoba profesor a.n. krasnovis 

narkvevze „samxreT 

kolxeTi“ 

petrogradSi 1915 wels gamocemuli botanikosi, 

profesoris a. n. krasnovis narkvevi „samxreT kolxeTi“ 

mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis kavkasiis samxreT regionis 

uZvelesi istoriis Sesaxeb. aqve warmodgenilia mdidari 

fotomasala da samxreT kavkasiis ruka. 

udavod didi wvlili miuZRvis prof. a. krasnovs 

baTumis botanikuri baRis daarsebaSi, Tumca isic unda 

iTqvas, rom mis Camosvlamdec aTvisebuli da ayvavebuli 

iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier mwvane koncxi, rasac 

TviTonac aRniSnavs. prof. krasnovma mwvane koncxze 

safuZveli Cauyara samecniero keras. 

a.n. krasnovi naSromSi anviTarebs herodotes Sexedulebas 

kolxTa da egviptelTa erTiani warmomavlobis 

Sesaxeb. iziarebs ra am Tvalsazriss, igi paralels avlebs 

egviptur da kolxur kulturebs Soris, naxulobs maT 

Soris did msgavsebas. prof. a.n. krasnovi erTgan aRniSnavs, 

rom kolxebi da egviptelebi didxans inarCunebdnen azrs 

naTesauri kavSirebis Sesaxeb. meomari egviptelebi, - wers 

igi, - eziarnen kolxur kulturas, SeeTvisnen adgilobriv 

mosaxleobas da ojaxebic ki Seqmnes. didi xnis manZilze 

kolxebSi SenarCunebuli iyo egvipturi kulturis niSnebi. 

aqve igi dasZens, rom CrdiloeT kolxeTSi kulturis 

pirveli gamavrcelebelni iyvnen egviptelebi (Краснов, 1915: 

8). SevniSnavT, rom misi mosazreba kolxTa warmomavlobis 

Sesaxeb ar Seesabameba realobas. 

aseve mcdarad miakuTvnebs igi aRniSnul regions 

ruseTs. CamoTvlis ra kolxeTis sazRvrebs, aWaris mTis 

ferdobidan Woroxis iqiT zRvamde da mdinare Coloqamde, 

aseve qobuleTsa da TurqeTis sazRvrebamde da Semdeg 

104

trapizonisaken, iqve dasZens, rom swored im qveyanas, 

romelsac ukavia grZeli sanapiro xazi, ewodeba samxreT 

kolxeTi da igi ekuTvnis ruseTs. ar Seesabameba sinamdviles 

mis mier warmodegenili argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom 

TiTqosda ruseTis samflobeloebi amierkavkasiis CaTvliT 

miekuTvnebian civi zamTris qveynebs. sxvadasxva dros 

xan erTi da xan meore dampyroblis mier mitacebuli 

samxreT kolxeTi yovelTvis saqarTvelos istoriul miwawyals 

warmoadgenda. 

ver daveTanxmebiT prof. a.n. krasnovis mosazrebas 

imasTan dakavSirebiTac, rom berZnul-romauli kulturis 

ayvavebis periodSi kolxeTi warmoadgenda velur adamian- 

Ta TavSesafars, romlebic aocebdnen Tanamedroveebs TavianTi 

uxeSi da dauxveweli zne-CveulebebiT. am azris 

gasamyareblad igi imowmebs ”qarTlis cxovrebas“, sadac 

saubaria aleqsandre makedonelis mmarTvelobis xanaSi 

mtkvaris zemo sanapiroze mcxovrebi barbarosebis Sesaxeb, 

romlebic ki ar asaflavebdnen, aramed Wamdnen gardacvlilebs 

da ar cnobdnen gvarovnul samarTals. laSqrobaTa 

monawileni (gulisxmobs qsenofontes laSqrobebs Zv. w. 401 

w.) kolxebs maT mier naxul xalxTa Soris yvelaze velurebad 

miiCnevdnen. profesori krasnovi aseve imowmebs 

strabons, romelic igive azrisaa am xalxze. igi aRniSnavs, 

rom kolxebi xeebze cxovroben, iq Casulebs sasmeliT 

abrueben da advilad klaven. am gziT, - dasZens igi, - maT 

gaanadgures pompeusis ramdenime kohorta. qsenofontes 

jarmac izarala am sasmelis gamo. misi azriT, kolxebi 

msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mcxovreb velurTa msgavsia 

(albaT, gulisxmobs velurobis periodis ruseTs, roca 

sasmeliT gabruebuli da sulwarTmeuli TaTruli 

modgmis rusi gaeTxlarSeboda miwaze. es Tviseba hqoniaT 

TaTrebsac. isini ver eguebodnen sasmels). 

erTgan profesori a.n. krasnovi miuTiTebs samxreT 

kolxeTis sanapiroze mcxovrebi xalxis ukulturobaze. 

105

amis mizezad igi asaxelebs antropo-geografiul faqtors, 

kerZod, eklian da gauval tyeebs, romelic yovel- 

Tvis iyo kulturulad CamorCenil xalxTa TavSesafari. 

igi analogiad asaxelebs jujebiT dasaxlebul ekvatorul 

afrikas da kaciWamiebiT savse braziliisa da axali 

gvineis tyis masivebs (Краснов, 1915.: 8). ver gamodgeba 

argumentad tyisa da zRvis sanapiro adgilebis jujebis, 

velurebis da kaciWamiebis sacxovrisad gamocxadeba. 

prof. a.n. krasnovis zemoT moyvanili argumentebis 

gasabaTileblad sakmarisia davasaxeloT berZeni mwerlis 

qsenofontes ”anabazisi”, sadac igi gvesaubreba Savi zRvis 

samxreTiT mcxovrebi qarTveli tomebis karduxebis, taoxebis, 

mosinikebis, xalibebis da sxvaTa yofa-cxovrebis 

Sesaxeb da xazs usvams maT did kulturas. aseve sayurad- 

Reboa berZeni geografis strabonis (Zv. w. 64 ax. w.84) mier 

aRniSnuli didi savaWro gza (md. rioni, md. mtkvari, 

kaspiis zRva), romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda 

Zveli saberZneTis aRmosavleTis qveynebTan vaWrobis 

saqmeSi. 

bolos warmogidgenT nawyvets prof. a.n. krasnovis wignidan: 

,,jer kidev Soreul warsulSi, mSvidobismoyvare, miwaTmomqmedi 

egvipteli xalxi faraon sezotrisis meTaurobiT 

keTili zraxvebiT awarmoebs laSqrobas CrdiloeTis 

qveynebSi. sezostrisis floti gars uvlis Savi 

zRvis sanapiros qveynebs. suptropikuli samxreTis qveynis 

Svilebs ar moewonaT TovliT dafaruli skviTebis stepebi 

da mTagoriani kavkasiis sanapiro. 

uCveulo stepebisa da mTebis gadalaxvis Semdeg egviptelTa 

Tvalwin gadaiSala qarebisa da yinvebisagan kavkasioniT 

daculi rionis dablobi, romelmac maT samSoblo 

gaaxsena, nilosis dablobi. egzotikuri mcenareuli 

safaris miuxedavad es ori qveyana Zalian hgavda erTmaneTs. 

hiqsosebisa da egviptelTa STamomavlebis erT nawils 

Zalian moewonaT es adgilebi. isini ukan aRar gahyvnen 

106

faraons, aq darCnen da Savi zRvis sanapiroze meore 

egviptes Cauyares safuZveli. 

didi gamocdilebis mqone egviptelebma xeli mihyves 

tilosa da qsovilebis warmoebas. msoflioSi ganTqmuli 

iyo sardiniuli da egvipturi tilos qsovilebi. meomari 

egviptelebi eziarnen kolxur kulturas, SeeTvisnen 

adgilobriv mosaxleobas da ojaxebic ki Seqmnes. didi 

xnis manZilze kolxebSi SenarCunebuli iyo egvipturi 

kulturis niSnebi. dRes es msgavseba SeiniSneba zogierT 

sityvaSic. ase magaliTad, sityva keri, romelic aRniSnavs 

qars, kars. egvipteSi kari iyo erTaderTi saSualeba qarisa 

da haeris samoZraveblad, rac ar SeiZleba iTqvas megruli 

saxlis karis Sesaxeb. egviptelTa totemma katam aRiareba 

hpova kolxebSi. herodotes TqmiT, uZvelesi droidan 

egviptelebsa da kolxebSi iyo winadacveTis Cveuleba, 

romelTagan SeiTvises mezobelma makronebma da Wanebma, 

Semdeg ki siriisa da sxva qveynis xalxma. herodote aRniSnavs, 

rom egviptelebi didxans inarCunebdnen azrs 

kolxebTan naTesauri kavSirebis Sesaxeb. es warmodgena 

SemorCaT mcire aziaSi mcxovreb xalxsac. 

avantiuristebi dainteresebulni iyvnen mdidari kulturis 

mqone rionis (Zveli fazisi) sanapiroebiT. erT-er- 

Ti aseTi mZarcvelur-avantiuristuli eqspedicia ganaxorcieles 

argonavtebma. miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb istoriuli 

xasiaTisaa da sinamdviles Seicavs. kolxeTis mefe 

aieti qalaq quTaisidan zRviT daedevna oqros sawmisis 

gamtacebel iazons. mdevaris Sekavebisa da gaqcevis mizniT 

iazonma mohkla aietis Svili afsirte da nawil-nawil 

gadahyara zRvaSi. zRvidan amoRebuli Svilis neSti aietma 

daasvena uaxloes napirTan, sadac mogvianebiT gaSenda 

Teatri, ipodromi da sxva faseulobebis mqone mdidari 

cixe-qalaqi afsarosi. strabonis droSi misgan mxolod 

naSTebiRa darCa. strabonis cnobiT, afrsarosi mdebareobda 

TurqeTis lazistanis sofel aTinadan mcireodeni 

107

daSorebiT, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. eWvi ar aris, rom igi 

mdebareobda makrialTan axlos mTebSi, sadac dResac 

mosCans cixis nangrevebi da SesaZlebelia afsirtes samarxic 

aq iyos. Zneli dasajerebelia, rom aietma Svili ucxo 

qveyanaSi damarxa. es maT Cveulebas ar Seefereboda. amis 

gakeTeba arc iyo aucilebeli, radgan samSoblo axlos 

iyo. bunebrivia, rom am sanapiroebze dasaxlebuli iyo misi 

sagvareulo, Wanebis mezoblebi, dRemde aq mcxovrebni, 

romlebmac kolxebisagan SeiTvises winadacveTis Cveuleba. 

aq mcxovrebi xalxis ena Zalian axlos dgas megrulTan. 

umravlesoba megrelebSi SeiZleba davinaxoT kolxTa 

STamomavlebi. kolxebs mogvianebiT uwodes lazebi, xolo 

qveyanas ki lazeTi. amJamad lazebs uwodeben Woroxs iqiT 

mcxovreb xalxs, romelTa umravlesoba iwodeba Wanebad. 

„Wani“ qarTulad niSnavs dablobis mcxovrebs. amitomac 

usafuZvloa Wanebis moxsenieba gansakuTrebul xalxad. 

Zvelad kolxebis, igive lazebis qveyanas ekava sanapiro 

samegrelodan trapizonis misadgomamde. es qveyana Rebulobs 

saxelwodebas imisda mixedviT, Tu vis mflobelobaSi 

gadadioda _ lazeTis, imereTis, guriis, quTaisis 

guberniis Tu baTumis olqis, magram istorikosebisaTvis 

igi yovelTvis kolxeTis qveyana iyo. is nawili, romelic 

ukavia rionis dablobs, Seadgens CrdiloeT kolxeTis 

regions, xolo misi samxreTi nawili moicavs teritorias 

aWaris mTis ferdobidan Woroxis iqiT zRvamde da mdinare 

Coloqamde, qouleTsa da TurqeTis sazRvrebamde da 

Semdeg trapizonisken. swored am qveyanas, romelsac ukavia 

grZeli sanapiro xazi, Cven vuwodebT samxreT kolxeTs da 

SemovifargelebiT mxolod im nawilis aRweriT, romelic 

ekuTvnis ruseTs“. 

108


1. А.Н. Краснов, Южная Колхида, П. 1915. 

2. qsenofonte ”anabazisi”. Tb., 1967. 

3. T.yauxCiSvili. „strabonis geografia“. Tb., 1957. 

Some information on about “South Kolkhida” 

by professor A.N. Krasnov 

Merab Megrelishvili 

Summary 

The article deals with different extracts from “South Kolkhida” by 

professor A.N Krasnov. Here are also given hte translation of some 

extracts from this book. 

Мераб Мегрелишвили 

Некоторые сведения об очерке «Южная Колхида» 

профессора А.Н. Краснова 

Резюме 

В статье освящены разные аспекты очерка А.Н.Краснова 

«Южная Колхида». Также представлен перевод отдельных частей 

данной книги. 

109


baTumi antantis saxelmwifoebis gegmebSi 

parizis sazavo konferenciis periodSi 

parizis samSvidobo konferencia mimdinareobda 1919 

wlis 18 ianvridan _ 1920 wlis 21 ianvramde (SesvenebebiT). 

misi mowvevis iniciatorebi iyvnen pirvel msoflio 

omSi gamarjvebuli antantis blokis wamyvani saxelmwifoebi: 

didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, aSS, italia da 

iaponia. konferenciis amocanas Seadgenda omSi damarcxebul 

germaniasTan da mis mokavSireebTan sazavo 

xelSekrulebebis SemuSaveba da xelmowera, rac ganxorcielda: 

germaniasTan (versalis sazavo xelSekruleba) - 

1919w. 28 ivniss, avstriasTan (sen-Jermenis) - 1919w. 10 

seqtembers, bulgareTTan (neis) - 1919 w. 27 noembers, 

ungreTTan (trianonis) - 1920 w. 4 ivniss da osmaleTTan 

(sevris sazavo xelSekruleba) - 1920 w. 10 agvistos. es 

sazavo xelSekrulebebi gaxda safuZveli versalis sistemisa, 

romlis mizani iyo omis Semdgomi msoflios 

gadanawilebis SenarCuneba. 

parizis sazavo konferenciaze 1919 w. 28 aprils, 

agreTve Seqmnes saxelmwifoTa politikuri TanamSromlobis 

pirveli saerTaSoriso organizacia _ ,,erTa 

liga“ (iarseba 1946 wlamde). misi wesdebis ZiriTadi 

principebi aisaxa yvela zemoaRniSnul sazavo xelSekrulebaSi. 

versalis sistemam ver moitana sasurveli stabiluroba 

da TanamSromloba. TviT antantis qveynebs Soris 

warmoiSva seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi da metoqeoba 

gavlenis sferoebisaTvis. erT-erT aseT regionad iqca 

amierkavkasia, romlis gasaRebadac baTumi iTvleboda. 

es qalaqi-navsadguri iyo agreTve baqos navTobis 

dasavleTSi eqsportis baza da kaspia-iran-Sua aziisaken 

satranzito gzis sawyisi punqti. amitom, mas Semdeg, rac 

1918 w. dekembris damlevs baTumi didi britaneTis sao- 

110

kupacio Zalebma daikaves, es qalaqi iqca antantis mTavar 

qveynebs Soris qiSpobisa da uTanxmoebis obieqtad. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom parizis konferenciaze calke ganxilvis 

sagani ar gamxdara baTumis da saerTod saqarTvelos 

sakiTxi. amis miuxedavad, maTze msjeloba araerTxel 

warimarTa antantis umaRlesi sabWos mier ruseTis 

sakiTxisa da osmaleTTan zavis pirobebis ganxilvis 

dros. 

cnobilia, rom amierkavkasiis okupacia ingliselebma 

moaxdines safrangeTTan jer kidev 1917 wlis 23 dekembers 

xelmowerili gavlenis sferoebis Sesaxeb konvenciis 

safuZvelze da 1918 wlis 30 oqtombers osmaleTTan 

gaformebuli mudrosis droebiTi zaviT, romlis 

me-15 muxliT ,,mokavSireebs ufleba eniWebodaT 

daekavebinaT baTumi da baqo“ (RambaSiZe, 1964 : 12). mudrosis 

zavi mokavSireebma Seafases maTi interesebis 

Selaxvad, maTTan SeuTanxmeblad gaformebul separatul 

zavad, romelic ingliss ganusazRvrel uflebebs 

aZlevda TurqeTSi da saerTod maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. 

frangi istorikosis, m. golis azriT, mudrosis 

zavi ,,es iyo pirveli dartyma safrangeTis gavlenisaTvis 

TurqeTSi“ (M. Gaulis, 1931:5). mtkivneulad aRiqves es 

faqti amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic, sadac kavkasias 

aseve ganixilavdnen ,,TurqeTis problemis nawilad“ 

(Архив полковника Хауза, 1944 : 152). 

inglisis mTavrobam, mokavSireTa ukmayofilebis 

miuxedavad, mtkiced gadawyvita amierkavkasiis okupacia. 

mTavrobas amisken mouwodebda inglisis samrewvelofinansuri 

wreebic. navTobis erT-erTi kompaniis Tavmjdomare 

Hherbert alenma 1918 wlis dekemberSi londonSi 

sajarod ganacxada: ,,britaneTis kunZulebis istorias 

CvenTvis arasodes moucia aseTi xelsayreli 

SemTxveva britaneTis samflobeloebisa da britaneTis 

vaWrobis mSvidobiani gafarToebisaTvis, meore indoe- 

Tis an meore egviptis SeqmnisaTvis. ruseTis navTis 

mrewveloba, farTod dafinansebuli da kargad organizebuli 

britanul sawyisebze, imperiis uZvirfasesi Sena- 

111

Zeni iqneboda“ (Енукидзе, 1954 : 138-139). baqos navTobis 

sazRvargareT gatanis erTaderTi xelsayreli punqti ki 

iyo baTumi. amdenad, inglisis savaWro-samrewvelo 

interesebic moiTxovda mis uswrafesad okupacias, rac 

ganxorcielda kidec 1918 wlis 22 dekembers. amitomac 

iyo, rom safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma pinoSma 

1918 wlis 28 dekembers deputatTa palataSi warmoTqva 

sityva, romelSic xazgasmiT Seexo inglisis mier 

baTumis okupaciis sakiTxsac (avaliSvili, 1929 : 138). 

ingliselebi, iTvaliswinebdnen ra TavianT mokavSireTa 

Zlier interess baTumis olqisa da saerTod kavkasiisadmi, 

yoveli RonisZiebiT cdilobdnen ar daeSvaT 

aq isini. jer kidev 1918 wlis 7 dekembers henri uebsteri 

* baTumSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 

mTavrobis warmomadgenel diomide TofuriZesTan saubarSi 

aRniSnavda, rom miuxedavad inglisis, safrange- 

Tisa da aSS-is mokavSireobisa da megobrobisa, TiToeul 

maTgans aqvs sakuTari miswrafebani, magram vinaidan 

,,ingliss samxreT aziaSi didi interesebi aqvs, igi ar 

dauSvebs, rom kavkasiaSi sxva romelime saxelmwifos 

hqondes gavlena“ (maRlakeliZe, 1953:24). 

aSS-isa da safrangeTis mTavrobebi ar scnobdnen 

didi britaneTis pretenziebs amierkavkasiis mimarT da 

TviTonac cdilobdnen aq wilis dadebas. amitomac iyo, 

rom amierkavkasiidan germanelTa da osmalTa jarebis 

wasvlis Semdeg ingliselebTan erTad kavkasias moaSures 

amerikis (jedsoni) da safrangeTis (Sardini) misiebma. 

aman ingliselebi Zlier gaaRiziana. TbilisSi denikinis 

emisari itkini 1918 wlis 30 dekembers general a. 

dragomirovs ** moaxsenebda: ,,britaneTis gavlenis sfe- 

* henri uebsteri _ inglisis armiis kapitani, erTi im oficerTagani, 

romelic generalma tomsonma baqos dakavebis Semdeg 

gagzavna amierkavkasiis msxvil qalaqebSi inglisis saokupacio 

jarebis daxvedris organizaciisaTvis (acsa, f.67, s.15, furc. 220). 

** generali dragomirovi _ denikinTan arsebuli ,,gansakuTrebuli 

sabWos“ (mTavrobis organo) Tavmjdomare. 

112

oSi mokavSireTa saqmianobis yovelgvar gamovlinebas 

britaneTis sardloba Zlier nerviulad ekideba“ 

(ЦГАНИ РФ. 446, оп. 2, д. 35, л. 132). ingliselebs gansakuTrebiT 

afiqrebdaT amerikelTa misiis aq yofna. miT 

umetes, rom aSS ar malavda axlo aRmosavleTisadmi 

Tavis interess. amitom, inglisi da safrangeTi, urTierTSoris 

arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, umetes 

SemTxvevaSi erTad gamodiodnen am regionSi aSS-is 

miswrafebebis asalagmad. 

amerikelebisagan damoukideblad amierkavkasiaSi 

inglisis gavlenis winaaRmdeg gamodioda safrangeTic. 

safrangeTis misiis xelmZRvanelma polkovnikma Sardinim 

TbilisSi daufaravad ganacxada, rom inglisi gegmavs 

TavisTvis ,,Seqmnas axali egvipte _ baTumi, amierkavkasia, 

taSkenti, irani“. amitom ,,aucilebelia amierkavkasia 

daikavos saerTaSoriso armiam _ urTierTkontrolisa 

da am mxaris ruseTisaTvis SenarCunebis mizniT“ 

(acsa, f. 67, s. 15, furc. 262). ingliselTa SeuzRudavi 

gavlenis gawonasworebas iTvaliswinebda, agreTve, 

amierkavkasiis administraciuli mowyobis Sardiniseuli 

gegma, romlis mixedviT es mxare unda dayofiliyo Statebad, 

romlebzedac mandatebi erTmaneTs Soris Tanasworad 

unda gaenawilebiaT mokavSireebs (Чохели, 

1980:121-122). 

okupaciis pirveli dRidanve ingliselebi acxadebdnen, 

rom amierkavkasiaSi maTi mosvlis mizani iyo bol- 

Sevizmis winaaRmdeg brZola da am mxaris ,,aRdgenili 

da ganuyofeli ruseTisaTvis SenarCuneba“. magram male 

aSkara gaxda, rom ingliss amierkavkasia TavisTvis undoda. 

am mxriv sayuradReboa ruseTis uaxlesi istoriis 

saxelmwifo arqivSi daculi dokumentebi, kerZod, 

amierkavkasiaSi general denikinis Stabidan movlinebuli 

oficialuri Tu araoficialuri warmomadgenlebis 

Setyobinebebi da moxsenebiTi baraTebi. 

denikinis emisari Tavadi golicini 1919 wlis 12 ianvars 

baTumidan gagzavnil moxsenebiT baraTSi SeniSnavda, 

rom inglisi bolSevizmTan brZolis momizezebiT 

113

axdens mTeli amierkavkasiis okupacias (ЦГАНИ РФ, ф. 

446, оп. 1, д. 11, л. 3), xolo generali erdeli mTavarsardals 

atyobinebda _ ingliselebi amierkavkasias sakuTriv 

iCemeben da ,,araviTar angariSs ar gviweven arc Cven 

da arc ruseTis uflebebs am mxareze“ (iqve, оп. 2, д. 40, 

л. 11). denikinis safinanso uwyebis warmomadgeneli ki 

1919 wlis 27 Tebervals Tavis vrcel moxsenebiT baraT- 

Si a. dragomirovisadmi aRniSnavda, rom baTumSi ingliselebma 

gaxsnes samxedro saWurvelisa da sursaTis 

sawyobebi, romelTa Sevsebasac intensiurad awarmoebdnen 

zRviT. aqedan gamomdinare, avtori daaskvnis: ,,yvelaferi 

es miuTiTebs imaze, rom baTumSi ewyoba kavkasiaSi 

inglisis batonobis myari baza“. imave moxsenebiT baraT- 

Si kargadaa SeniSnuli, rom inglisis mizani iyo amierkavkasiaSi 

SeenarCunebina erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli 

saxelmwifoebi, romlebic ver SeZlebdnen damoukidebel 

ekonomikur arsebobas da am mxrivac mTlianad inglisze 

iqnebodnen damokidebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofili 

iqneboda amierkavkasiaSi inglisis batonoba. 

amitomac, _ daaskvnis avtori, _ ingliselebisaTvis 

xelsayrelia ganxeTqileba da mudmivi uTanxmoebis arseboba 

erTis mxriv amierkavkasiis respublikebs Soris, 

xolo meores mxriv amierkavkasiis respublikebsa da 

moxaliseTa armias Sorisac (iqve, д. 35, л. 80-84). 

pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg saqarTvelos 

axalbeda respublikis mTavrobis mTavari sagareopolitikuri 

amocana iyo qveynis damoukideblobis saer- 

TaSoriso aRiarebis mopoveba, ris Sesaxebac oficialuri 

TxovniT mimarTa antantis qveynebis mTavrobebs. 

1919 wlis 14 marts ki saqarTvelos diplomatiurma misiam 

akaki Cxenkelis xelmZRvanelobiT parizis konferencias 

warudgina eqvsi paragrafisagan Semdgari vrceli 

moxseneba. am dokumentSi dasabuTebuli iyo me-19 saukunis 

dasawyisSi ruseTis mier xelovnurad Sewyvetili 

da 1918 w. aRdgenili uZvelesi saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebis 

matarebeli saqarTvelos respublikis aRiarebis 

aucilebloba da samarTlianoba (ix. vadaWkoria, 2006 : 

114

427-428). Tumca uSedegod, saqarTvelos kanonieri interesebi, 

agreTve, baTumis dabrunebis Sesaxeb samarTliani 

moTxovna inglisma da safrangeTma mxedvelobaSi ar 

miiRes. 

saqarTvelos cnobas xels uSlida parizis konferenciaze 

aSS delegaciis poziciac, rac mxolod somex- 

Ta interesebis dacviT da lobirebiT Semoifargleboda. 

magaliTad, 1919 w. 18 ivliss herbert huveris mier 

antantis umaRlesi sabWos sxdomaze gakeTebuli informaciiT, 

saqarTvelos mTavroba aferxebda somxeTis sursaTiT 

momaragebas da tranzitis safasurad iTxovda am 

tvirTis naxevars. huversis TqmiT, ,,qarTvelebs hqondaT 

sursaTi, magram amas akeTebdnen spekulaciis mizniT“ 

(DBFP, v. I, 1947:145). miuxedavad imisa, rom es gancxadeba 

sinamdvilis damaxinjeba iyo, parizis samSvidobo konferenciis 

Tavmjdomare klemansom saqarTvelos mTavrobas 

gaugzavna gamafrTxilebeli telegrama, rom gaetarebiaT 

somxeTisaTvis gankuTvnili tvirTebi normaluri 

gadasaxadis safasurad (iqve). 

inglisma, mokavSireTa Zlieri winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, 

pirvel xanebSi SeZlo amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobis 

SenarCuneba. magram 1919 wlis gazafxulze TviT 

inglisis mTavrobaSi daisva amierkavkasiis da saerTod 

ruseTis Siga raionebidan jarebis gamoyvanis sakiTxi. 

amierkavkasiidan jarebis gayvanis win ingliselebi 

iTvaliswinebdnen am regionSi sakuTari gavlenis dakargvis 

saSiSroebasac, rac uciloblad mohyveboda inglisis 

nacvlad aq aSS-is saokupacio jarebis Semoyvanas. 

amitom ingliselebi cdilobdnen SedarebiT susti 

,,memkvidre“ moenaxaT, romelic maT amierkavkasiaSi seriozul 

sirTuleebs ver Seuqmnida da amasTan, win 

aRudgeboda am mimarTebiT amerikis miswrafebebs. aseT 

memkvidred safrangeTi ar gamodgeboda, radgan 1919 

wlis gazafxulze frangTa damarcxebam ukrainaSi SesamCnevad 

dasca maTi avtoriteti mokavSireTa da ruse- 

Tis antibolSevikuri Zalebis TvalSi. amasTan, ingliselebi 

iTvaliswinebdnen, rom amierkavkasiaSi safrange- 

115

Tis jarebis Semosvlis Semdeg maT SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT 

ganexorcielebiaT Sardinis zemoxsenebuli gegma. 

amis gamo ingliselebma yuradReba ,,SedarebiT sust 

konkurentze“ – italiaze SeaCeres. 1919 wlis 8 aprils 

inglisisa da italiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomareebs Soris 

xelmowerili iqna SeTanxmeba, romliTac amierkavkasiaSi 

inglisis jarebs italielebi Secvlidnen (jojua, 1997 : 

68-69). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom inglisi amierkavkasias 

mTlianad ar tovebda. misi garnizoni rCeboda baTumSi 

da mis olqSi, rac ingliss saSualebas miscemda kontrolqveS 

hyoloda amierkavkasiaSi misi Semcvleli 

qveynis warmomadgenlebi. 

inglisTan SeTanxmebidan ori kviris Semdeg, romidan 

TbilisSi gagzavnes italiis samxedro da samoqalaqo 

misia polkovnik gabas meTaurobiT. italiis saxelmwifo 

mesveurebi (orlando, sonino) aqtiurad Seudgnen saqarTvelos 

da Aazerbaijanis okupaciisaTvis mzadebas. 

am gegmis ganxorcielebisaTvis italielebi did mniSvnelobas 

aniWebdnen baTums. amitom baTumis navsadgurSi 

Sevidnen italiis gemebi. ufro metic, italielebi varaudobdnen, 

rom ingliss aiZulebdnen baTumis datovebasac. 

1919 wlis 24 ivniss Tbilisidan romSi gagzavnil 

erT-erT depeSaSi polkovniki gaba italiis mTavrobis 

pirvelxarisxovan amocanad miiCnevda: ,,inglisis 

kontrolis SesaZlebeli SenarCunebisagan baTumis 

gaTavisuflebas“, iq da ,,saqarTvelos meore navsadgur 

foTze italiis gavlenis gavrcelebas“. sxva adgilas 

gaba werda: ,,saqarTveloSi didi masStabiT ekonomikuri 

eqspansiis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia Cvens gankargulebaSi 

iyos baTumis navsadguri, sadac SeiZleba 

sazRvao baza aSendes. aqedan SeiZleba rkinigzasac 

gaewios kontroli“ (tabaRua, 1982, #3 : 89). 

1919 wlis ivnisSi italiis mTavrobam gadawyvita amierkavkasiaze 

mandatis aReba. aq gamosagzavnad gaamzades 

kidec ori qveiTi divizia da samTo msrolelTa razmi. 

magram es eqspedicia CaiSala. 1919 wlis zafxulSi italia 

moicva mZlavrma politikurma gaficvebma. gaficul- 

116

Ta moTxovnebSi centraluri adgili antisaomar lozungebs 

eWira. orlandos kabineti gadadga. axal mTavrobas 

saTaveSi Caudga franCesko niti, romelmac gaiTvaliswina 

ra italiis saSinao politikuri da finansuri 

mdgomareoba, ugunurebad CaTvala mcire aziisaken 

italiis swrafva da ,,saqarTveloSi samxedro eqspediciis“ 

gagzavna. nitis azriT, am aqcias SeiZleboda 

mohyoloda ,,TurqebTan an bolSevikebTan Sejaxeba, rac 

ueWvelad dasruldeboda italiis ekonomikuri ngreviT“. 

amitomac niti Tavis damsaxurebad Tvlida, rom 1919 

wlis zafxulSi ,,gaauqma saqarTveloSi samxedro eqspedicia“ 

(Нитти, 1923:182-183). loid jorji wers, rom nitis 

mTavrobam kursi aiRo ,,savaWro eqspansiaze“ da dapyrobis 

politikis nacvlad daiwyo ,,gasaRebis bazrebis da 

nedleulis wyaroebis Zebna“ (Ллойд Джордж, т. II, 1957:409). 

inglis-italiis 8 aprilis SeTanxmebas ukmayofilebiT 

Sexvdnen aSS-is da safrangeTis mmarTveli wreebi. 

es aqti vaSingtonSi aRiqves, rogorc amerikisadmi mtruli 

moqmedeba. amitom aSS-is saqmianma wreebma sakuTari 

mTavrobisagan energiuli sapasuxo aqciebis gatareba 

moiTxoves. ukmayofilebis xmebi gaismoda aSS-is samxedro 

wreebSic. somxeTSi amerikis samxedro misiis wevri 

generali jorj mosli moiTxovda: ,,baTumi unda gaxdes 

amierkavkasiaSi amerikis baza“ (Кунина, 1954 : 111). 1919 

wlis aprilis damlevs aSS genStabSi ukve gegmavdnen 

daekavebiaT TurqeTis navsadguri aleqsandreta da am 

gziT somxeTSi SeeyvanaT 70-aTasiani armia. amasTan ganixilavdnen 

baTumis da baqos okupaciis sakiTxs, risTvisac 

varaudobdnen baTumSi gaegzavnaT naRmosnebi (iqve: 

111-112). 

amerikelTa gaaqtiureba mokavSireebs ar gamohparviaT. 

amitomac daTmes da parizis konferenciis 14 

maisis sxdomaze aSS-s miakuTvnes mandati somxeTze da 

Savi zRvis sruteebze (RambaSiZe, 1964 : 148). male amerikelebma 

moiTxoves somxeTSi mokavSireTa umaRles 

komisrad amerikeli polkovnikis v. haskelis daniSvna. 

sabWo am daTmobazec wavida da 1919 wlis 5 ivliss 

117

daamtkica haskelis kandidatura (iqve : 158). ingliselebma 

gaiTvaliswines saSiSroeba, rom haskeli SeiZleboda 

somxeTSi mokavSireTa umaRlesi komisridan _ 

mTeli amierkavkasiis umaRles komisrad gadaqceuliyo. 

amitomac izrunes, rom sabWos amierkavkasiaSi (somxeTis 

gamoklebiT) umaRles komisrad daeniSna aq kargad cnobili 

pirovneba, ingliseli qarTvelologi oliver 

uordropi. am misias londonSi did mniSvnelobas 

aniWebdnen. 

1919 wlis agvistoSi v. haskeli da o. uordropi amierkavkasiaSi 

Camovidnen. 

haskelis misiis Camosvlis Semdeg amerikelTa 

daintereseba baTumiT gaizarda. 1914 wlis 14 seqtembers 

italiis umaRlesi komisari TurqeTSi karlo sforca 

roms atyobinebda: ,,saqarTveloSi ingliselTa okupacia 

amJamad mxolod baTumis olqze vrceldeba. aq saalyo 

mdgomareobaa gamocxadebuli ... SeimCneva amerikelebis 

aqtiuroba. xmebi dadis amerikis jarebis male Camosvlaze“ 

(tabaRua, 1982, #3 : 89). imave wlis 19 oqtombers 

karlo sforca Tbilisidan polkovnik gabasagan miRebuli 

cnobebis safuZvelze Tavis mTavrobas acnobebda: 

,,amboben, rom rkinigzaze kontroli amerikis xelSi 

gadadis. Tu es cnoba zusti aRmoCnda, am raionSi Cveni 

momavali gegmebis ganxorcielebis yvelaze did saSualebas 

davkargavT“. oqtombris damlevs ki polkovniki 

gaba Tbilisidan ityobineboda: ,,22 oqtombers inglisis 

mTavarsardalma Tavisi StabiT baTumi datova. amJamad 

am raionSi inglis-indoeTis Sereuli brigada darCa. 

fiqroben, rom ingliselebs ganzraxuli ar aqvT Seasuston 

baTumis okupacia. meores mxriv, bevri amerikeli, 

romelic aq imyofeba, avrcelebs xmebs, rom isini male 

am raionSi ingliselebs Secvlian“ (tabaRua, 1982, #3 : 

90). 

italiis uaris Semdeg, mokavSireTa umaRlesma sab- 

Wom amerikas SesTavaza Seeyvana Tavisi jarebi somxeTSi. 

magram marto somxeTiT Semofargvla aSS politikosTa 

interesebs ar Seesabameboda. amitom maT jarebis 

118

Seyvanis sakiTxi gadades manam, sanam mokavSireTagan ar 

miiRebdnen Tanxmobas mTeli amierkavkasiis okupaciis 

Taobaze. am mizniT amerikelebma niadagi mosinjes parizis 

konferenciis 1919 wlis 11 agvistos sxdomaze, magram 

uSedegod (Штейн, 1949:332). 14 da 15 noembris sxdomebze 

ki pirdapir daayenes sakiTxi, rom polkovnik haskelisaTvis 

somxeTis damatebiT miecaT mandati saqarTvelosa 

da azerbaijanze, magram amerikelTa es cdac 

warumateblad damTavrda (Documents … v.II, 1948 : 321-322, 

328). 

marTalia, safrangeTi da italia amierkavkasiisTvis 

inglis-amerikas Soris gamwvavebul brZolaSi inglisis 

mxares gamodiodnen, magram maT srulebiTac ar auRiaT 

xeli am mxaris mimarT TavianT zraxvebze. amjeradac 

upiratesi roli baTums eniWeboda. 

samxedro eqspediciis CaSlis miuxedavad, italiis 

warmomadgenlebi Tbilissa Tu konstantinopolSi TavianT 

mTavrobas dawvrilebiT moaxsenebdnen baTumis olq- 

Si mimdinare movlenebs, ayenebdnen baTumis sakiTxis 

italiis sasargeblod gadawyvetis winadadebebs. magali- 

Tad, 1919 wlis 14 seqtembers TurqeTSi italiis umaRlesi 

komisari karlo sforca roms dawvrilebiT ganumartavda 

baTumSi inglisis mdgomareobas, aRniSnavda 

amerikelTa gaaqtiurebas da ayenebda baTumis problemis 

gadaWris farTo programas. ,,Tu (parizis) sazavo 

konferencia gadawyvets, _ werda k. sforca, _ rom 

baTumis olqi saqarTvelos gadaeces, sasurveli iqneba: 

baTumis navsadgurze, sabaJosa da rkinigzaze darCes 

mokavSireebis kontroli. es kontroli ganxorcieldeba 

saTanado raodenobis oficialuri pirebis _ mezRvaurebis, 

karabinerebis, gvardielebisa da sxva saSualebebiT... 

garda kontrolisa, sasurvelia Seiqmnas baTumis 

olqis samxedro mTavroba, jaris saTanado nawilebiT 

(sami batalioni, ramdenime batarea da zurgis saTanado 

samsaxuri radio-telegrafis sruli momsaxurebiT). parizis 

sazavo konferenciaze, amerikis SeerTebul Sta- 

119

tebTan SeTanxmebiT, es misia erTa ligas unda daevalos“ 

(tabaRua, 1982, #3 : 89). 

aRniSnuli dokumentidan Cans, rom italielebi 

baTums ganuzomlad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. amitomac 

pirdapiraa miniSnebuli, rom baTumSi italiis gavlenis 

uzrunvelsayofad saWiro iyo bolo moeRoT aq 

inglisis erTpirovnuli gavlenisaTvis da erTa ligis 

mandatiT SeeqmnaT damoukidebeli qalaq-saxelmwifo da 

mTavroba, romelSic italiasac iseTive Tanabari wili 

eqneboda, rogoric sxva mokavSireebs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT 

imasac, rom aRniSnul periodSi am mimarTulebiT 

Tavis saqmianobas amerikac aaqtiurebda, maSin, baTumis 

sakiTxis zemoaRniSnuli gadawyvetis Sedegad, Tavidan 

iqneboda acilebuli baTumis olqSi aSS-is mosalodneli 

SeRwevac. 

baTumisadmi interesi arc safrangeTs daukargavs. 

frangebs baTumSi kvlav hyavdaT Tavisi warmomadgenelebi. 

isini fxizlad adevnebdnen Tvals adgilze Seqmnil 

viTarebas, xolo TbilisSi kvlav imyofeboda samxedro 

misia. 

baTumis sakiTxi ixileboda antantis saxelmwifo 

mesveurTa kerZo Sexvedrebsa da TaTbirebze. am mxriv 

sayuradReboa inglisis da safrangeTis mTavrobis meTaurTa 

da sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis TaTbiri, romelic 

gaimarTa londonSi 1919 wlis 11 dekembers. TaTbirze 

sxva sakiTxebTan erTad daisva kavkasiis da ruseTis 

sakiTxi, romelTa ganxilvis drosac warmoCnda baTumis 

sakiTxSi inglis-safrangeTs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobani. 

TaTbirze safrangeTis premierma klemansom 

ganacxada, rom ,,britanelebi arian baTumSi da baqoSi 

da faqtobrivad marTaven qveyanas“. ingliselebma daiwyes 

TavianTi jarebis iq yofnis gamarTleba. inglisis 

premierma loid jorjma Seaxsena klemansos, rom 

mokavSireTa umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebiT amierkavkasia 

unda daekavebina italiis jarebs, magram italielebi 

iq mxolod misiis gagzavniT dakmayofildnen. 

didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma kerzonma ki 

120

ganacxada, rom klemanso arasworad iyo informirebuli, 

rom britaneTis mTavrobam Tavisi jarebi gamoiyvana 

mTlianad amierkavkasiidan ,,garda brigadisa, 

romelic droebiT rCeboda baTumSi“. xolo baTumSi 

inglisis jarebis yofnas kerzoni bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg 

brZolis saWiroebiT xsnida. ,,Znelia imis warmodgena, 

Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes mas Semdeg, rodesac Cven 

aRar gamoviCenT interess antibolSevikuri saxelmwifoebisadmi 

(amierkavkasiaSi _m.s.)“ _ ganacxada kerzonma. 

pasuxad klemansom Tqva, rom is srulebiTac ar aris 

,,aseTi dainteresebis“ winaaRmdegi, magram amave dros 

,,is aris ruseTSi nebismieri separatuli saxelmwifos 

Camoyalibebis winaaRmdegi. (radganac_m.s.) aseT SemTxvevaSi 

rusi xalxi ityvis, rom Cven ruseTis dayofisken 

miviswrafviT“ (DDocuments …v.II, 1948:735-736). 

amasTan dakavSirebiT aucileblad migvaCnia aRvniSnoT 

Semdegi: Tavidan antantis saxelmwifoebs, maT 

Soris ingliss, ar hqondaT araviTari survili ruseTis 

dasustebisaTvis gamoeyenebiaT misi yofili ganapira 

mxareebis separatizmi. magram mas Semdeg, rac bolSevizmma 

warmatebebi moipova da mokavSireTa yvela cda _ 

fexze wamoeyenebiaT ,,Zveli ruseTi“ _ warumateblad 

damTavrda, antantis saxelmwifoebis calkeuli politikosebi 

sxva orientacias daadgnen. maTi azriT, ruseTis 

aRdgena ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. amitom saWiro gaxda 

yuradRebis gadatana ruseTis ganapira mxareebze, risTvisac 

aucileblad miiCnies maTi damoukideblobisken 

swrafvisTvis mxardaWera. am mxriv mniSvnelovani Semobruneba 

mokavSireebs Soris daiwyo parizis samSvidobo 

konferenciis muSaobis bolo etapze, roca intensiurad 

ixilavdnen e.w. ,,ruseTis sakiTxs“ (Штейн, 1949 : 330 ). 

1920 wlis 10 ianvars parizSi gaimarTa xuTi didi 

saxelmwifos (aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, 

iaponia) delegaciebis meTaurTa TaTbiri, romelzedac 

inglisis premierma loid jorjma sabWos auwya ,,SemaSfoTebeli 

informacia“, rom ,,bolSevikebi amarcxeben 

denikins da kaspiis zRvisken midian“. amitom man dasva 

121

sakiTxi ,,bolSevikuri agresiisaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi“ 

win daeyenebiaT amierkavkasiis respublikebi, 

risTvisac saWiro iyo maTi SeiaraReba (Documents… v.II, 

1948:725). didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris 

lord kerzonis azriT ki _ bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg 

amierkavkasiis respublikebis darazmvisaTvis, sabrZolo 

iaraRiT momaragebis garda, saWiro iyo mokavSireebs 

gadaedgaT ,,politikuri nabiji“. kerZod, ecnoT ,,de 

faqtod“ saqarTvelo da Aazerbaijani. maTi ,,mTavrobebi, 

_ ganacxada kerzonma, _ socialisturebi arian, magram 

Zalian antibolSevikurebi“ (Documents… v.II, 1948 : 796). 

kerzonis winadadebas yvela daeTanxma. umaRlesma sab- 

Wom daadgina ecnoT amierkavkasiis respublikebis ,,de 

faqto“. 

,,kavkasiis sakiTxis“ ganxilva Semdgom sxdomebzec 

didi intensivobiT mimdinareobda. 16 ianvars loid 

jorjma daayena winadadeba, rom kavkasielebisaTvis gadaecaT 

denikinisTvis gankuTvnili iaraRi. amasTan, inglisis 

delegacia xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom aucilebeli 

iyo ,,samxedro ZaliT daxmareba baTumisa da baqos 

usafrTxoebisaTvis“ (Documents… v.II, 1948 : 898, 927). imave 

azrisa iyvnen mokavSireTa gaerTianebuli samxedro 

komitetis eqspertebic. maTi daskvniT ,,bolSevizmis 

winsvlis SeCerebisaTvis“ saWiro iyo kavkasiis xazze 

SeeqmnaT samxedro barieri da am saqmeSi farTod gamoeyenebiaT 

amierkavkasiis respublikebis SeiaraRebuli 

Zalebi (Documents… v.II, 1948:926). am mizniT parizis 

konferenciis 19 ianvris sxdomaze miiwvies ukve ,,de 

faqtod“ cnobili saqarTvelos da Aazerbaijanis delegaciebi. 

amave sxdomaze marSalma foSma wamoayena antibolSevikuri 

frontis Seqmnis farTo gegma. misi azriT, 

aucilebeli iyo poloneTis, rumineTis, litvis, latviis, 

estoneTisa da fineTis respublikebisagan antantis 

Camoyalibeba. ,,am kavSirs SeuerTdebodnen amierkavkasiis 

respublikebic da, amnairad, bolSevizmi garSemortymuli 

iqneboda“ (Documents… v.II, 1948:922). 

122

miuxedavad imisa, rom bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi 

antantis saxelmwifoebi erTiani frontiT moqmedebdnen, 

maT Soris arsebobda mwvave winaaRmdegobani. 

swored amitomac mokavSireebi ver SeTanxmdnen kavkasia- 

Si jarebis gagzavnis sakiTxSi da gadawyvites amierkavkasiis 

respublikebisaTvis iaraRis, aRWurvilobisa da 

sursaTis gagzavniT dakmayofilebuliyvnen (Documents… 

v.II, 1948: 925), Tumca arc es gaukeTebiaT. 

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura: 

1. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi (acsa), fondi 

67, anaw.1, saqme # 15. 

2. Центральный государственный архив новейшей истории 

Российской Федерации (Semokl. ЦГАНИ Рф), фонд 446, опысь 1. 

дело № 11. 

3. Там же, фонд 446, опысь 2. дело №35, № 40. 

4. Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, ser. I, volum I, 

London 1947. 

5. Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, ser. I, volum II, 

London 1948. 

6. avaliSvili z. saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 

wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi (mogonebebi, narkvevebi), 

tf., 1929. 

7. vadaWkoria S., saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis 

sakiTxebi (XX saukune), wigni II, Tb., 2006, 

8. maRlakeliZe s. inglis-amerikeli interventebi saqarTveloSi, 

(dokumentebi), _ ,,saistorio moambe“, #7, 1953. 

9. RambaSiZe g. inglisisa da aSS agresiuli politika 

saqarTvelos da amierkavkasiis mimarT (1919w.), Tb., 1964. 

10. tabaRua i. baTumis sakiTxi san-remos konferenciaze 

_ ,,macne“ (istoriis seria), #3, 1982. 

11. jojua d. saqarTvelo-italiis urTierToba 1919-1921 

wlebSi, Tb., 1997. 

12. Архив полковника Хауза, т.IV, М., 1944. 

13. Gaulis M. B. – G. La Question torque, Paris, 1931. 

123

14. Енукидзе Д. Крах империалистической интервенции в Закавказье, 

Тб., 1954. 

15. Кунина А. Е. Провал Американских планов завоевания 

мирового господства в 1917-1920 гг. М., 1954. 

16. Ллойд Джордж, Правда о мирных договорах, т.II, М., 1957. 

17. Нитти Ф., Европа над бездной, изд-во „Мысль“, Петроград, 

1923. 

18. Чохели А. И. Политика Франции в отнашении Грузии 1917- 

1921 г.г. Тб., 1980. 

19. Штеин Б., „Русский вопрос“ на Парижской мирной конференции 

(1919-1920 гг), М., 1949. 

Malkhaz Sioridze 

Batumi in Antant States plans during Paris Peace Conference 

S u m m a r y 

Questions of Batumi and in general of Georgia were not objects of 

separate discussion at the Paris Peace Conference (18/I. 1919 – 21/I. 

1920). Although they have been discussed several times the Supreme 

Council of Antant would consider the subject of Russia or peace 

conditions with Osmaleti. 

After gaining victory in the First World War in the main States of 

Antant appeared contrast in distributing spheres of influence in the East. 

One of such regions was Caucasus, key of which was considered to be 

Batumi. This town-port was also the base of oil export and the first port 

point of the Caspian-Iran-middle Asia transit way. That’s why the town 

was occupied by Great Britain (at the end of 1918). Batumi became the 

object of diplomatic struggle in the main states of Antant. The legal 

interests of Georgian republic were not taken into consideration. 

According to the primary sources the represented work shows the 

plans of the governments of the Unites States of America, France and 

Italy towards Batumi and especially Caucasus, it was directed against the 

influence of Great Britain here. The reasons and conditions of taking 

Georgia De-Facto by the Paris Conference are also explained. 

124

Батуми в планах держав Антанты в период 

Парижской мирной конференции 

Малхаз Сиоридзе 


Вопрос Батуми и вообще Грузии не был предметом отдельного 

обсуждения Парижской мирной конференции (18.01.1919- 

21.01.1920). 

Однако, о нём неоднократно рассуждали когда Верховный Совет 

Антанты рассматривал «Русский вопрос» или условия мирного 

договора с султанской Турцией. 

После победы в Первой мировой войне среди главных держав 

Антанты выявились противоречия в вопросе раздела сфер влияния 

на Востоке. Одним из таких регионов стало Закавказье, стратегическим 

ключом которого всегда считался г. Батуми. Этот город-порт 

был так же экспортной базой Бакинской нефти и начальным пунктом 

Каспия – Ирана - Средней Азиатской транзитной магистрали. 

Поэтому, после занятия Батуми Английскими оккупационными 

силами (конец 1918 г.) этот город стал объектом противоречия и 

распрей между ведущими странамы Антанты. Что касается законных 

интересов молодой Республики Грузия в отношении признания 

её независимости и о возврате ей Батуми, - они во внимание не 

принимались. 

В данном труде на основе первоисточников показаны планы 

правительств США, Франции и Италии в отношении Батуми и 

вообще к Кавказу, которые были направлены против единоличного 

влияния Англии в этом регионе. Также рассматриваются причины и 

обстоятельства признания де-факто Грузии странами Антанты. 

125

nino vaSaymaZe 

irakli baramiZe 

karl kaucki saqarTvelos 

demokratiuli respublikis Sesaxeb 

(1918-1921 1921 ww.) 

samxreT kavkasiis geostrategiuli 

mniSvneloba yovelTvis 

gansazRvravda aq mcxovreb 

xalxTa istoriul beds. msoflioSi 

momxdari politikuri 

procesebi mniSvnelovan ryevebs 

axdendnen regionze. saqarTvelos 

uaxles istoriaSi orgzis 

hqonda adgili precedents, rodesac 

imperiaTa ngrevam erovnul 

saxelmwifoTa aRmocenebas 

Seuwyo xeli. mxedvelobaSi 

gvaqvs I msoflio omisSemdgom 

movlenaTa Sedegad saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 

Seqmna (1918-1921 ww.) da sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis 

Semdeg aRmocenebuli damoukidebeli saqarTvelo. 

istoriuli procesebi absoluturi identurobiT ar 

meordeba, Tumca, garkveuli paralelebis Zieba, istoriis 

gakveTilebis gaTvaliswineba yovelTvis SeiZleba 

da Zalzed mniSvnelovania. am TvalsazrisiT CvenTvis 

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa saqarTvelos demokratiuli 

respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) aRmSeneblobis samwliani 

gamocdileba. 

axlad formirebuli saxelmwifosTvis umniSvnelovanesia 

saerTaSoriso aRiarebis, mxardaWeris mopoveba da 

saqarTvelos mTavrobac cdilobda aqtiurad gamoeyenebina 

mis xelT arsebuli berketebi, maT Soris saerTa- 

126

Soriso socialisturi moZraoba II internacionalis saxiT. 

II internacionalisa da saqarTvelos demokratiuli 

respublikis mesveurTa urTierTkavSiri Cvens mier ukve 

Seswavlilia.*22amjerad gvsurs ufro detalurad Seva- 

CeroT yuradReba marqsizmis saukeTeso Teoretikosis, 

“mecnieruli socializmis” klasikosis karl kauckis 

(1854-1938) vizitze saqarTveloSi. Cvens qveyanaSi stumrobis 

Sesaxeb winadadeba man jer kidev 1920 wlis TebervalSi 

miiRo, roca berlinSi saqarTvelos elCma 

v.axmetelaSvilma adgilobrivi qarTuli koloniis warmomadgenlebTan 

Sexvedra mouwyo. k.kauckim winadadeba 

kmayofilebiT miiRo da ganacxada: “qarTvelma amxanagebma 

Jordaniam, wereTelma da CxeiZem SeZles marqsistuli 

gziT siaruli, magram Tqvens qveyanaSi socializmis 

ganxorcielebis gzaze SegxvdebaT bevri siZnele, umTavresad 

ekonomikuri xasiaTis. aRmosavleTidan ar unda 

velodoT socializms, me axla inglisidan veli mas. 

socializmi daiwyeba dasavleTiT... da Tu manamdis 

janmrTeloba SemrCa da SeZleba meqneba saqarTveloSi 

wamosvlis, sadac Cemi namdvili megobrebi moRvaweoben, 

amas me did bednierebad CavTvli” [“erToba”, 1920, #78]. 

avadmyofobis gamo k.kaucki saqarTveloSi Camovida II 

internacionalis delegaciis (vandervelde, makdonaldi, 

Sou, renondeli, debriukeri da sxv.) gamomgzavrebis 

Semdeg 28 seqtembers da 1921 wlis ianvris pirvel ricxvebamde 

darCa. aq mas pompezuri daxvedra mouwyves. saqarTveloSi 

yofnisas man daiwyo qarTuli enis Seswavla, 

imogzaura qveyanaSi, Sexvda oficialuri xelisuflebis, 

opoziciis, muSaTa klasis, saqmiani da inteleqtualuri 

wreebis warmomadgenlebs. 

∗ ix. n.vaSaymaZe, II internacionali da saqarTvelos demokratiuli 

respublika (1918-1921 ww.), baTumis saxelmwifo universiteti, 

“saistorio macne”, 2005, #15 

127

saqarTveloSi Camosvlamde k.kaucki socializmis 

gamarjvebas dasavleT evropaSi winaswarmetyvelebda, 

magram menSevikuri mTavrobis mier agrarul, CamorCenil 

qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebani man warmatebul 

eqsperimentad miiCnia: “praqtika kidev ufro mravalferovania, 

vidre Teoria. marqsizmi aRmocenda dasavleT 

evropis niadagze, axla is unda gavamdidroT 

Cven aRmosavleTis gamocdilebiT, sadac kapitalisturi 

da socialisturi tendenciebi sakvirvelad gadaxlar- 

Tulan feodalur da barbarosul niSnebTan” [kaucki, 

1920:25]. 

evropaSi dabrunebis Semdeg k.kaucki saqarTvelos 

damoukideblobis mxurvale damcveli gaxda da politikuri 

tribunisa da beWdviTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT 

ilaSqrebda bolSevikuri ruseTis mier ganxorcielebuli 

okupaciis winaaRmdeg. “sabWoTa ruseTis mier 

Cadenil samarcxvino saqmeTa Soris yvelaze ufro 

samarcxvinoTagania misi moqmedeba saqarTvelos mimarT” 

– werda igi d.SaraSiZis wignis – “h.barbiusi, sovetebi 

da saqarTvelo” – winasityvaobaSi [WumburiZe, 2003:74]. 

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb k.kauckis mier evropaSi daweril 

naSromTagan aRsaniSnavia: “saqarTvelo, glexTa 

social-demokratiuli respublika” (londoni, 1921). bunebrivia, 

sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi 

igi negatiuri kuTxiT aris gaSuqebuli. “saqarTvelo, 

glexTa social-demokratiuli respublika erTTavad 

menSevikuri saqarTvelos qebis Sesxmas warmoadgenso”, – 

werda Tedo Rlonti [Глонти, 1925:9]. 

mogvianebiT, saqarTvelos erovnuli saxelmwifos 

aRdgenisa da istoriul movlenaTa gadafasebis Semdeg 

k.kauckis wignidan citirebas axdens mkvlevari l.ToiZe 

da askvnis, rom: “calkeul evropel sazogado moRvaweTa 

TvaliT danaxuli damoukidebeli saqarTvelo 

demokratiul sawyisebze iyo agebuli. misi saSinao da 

sagareo politika maT mowonebas imsaxurebda” [ToiZe, 

128

1991:85]. mkvlevari dasZens, rom k.kauckisa da sxva evropel 

socialistTa gamonaTqvamebi damowmebuli aqvs 

karlo inasariZis wignidan “patara oqros xana”. 

Cvens xelT aRmoCnda k.kauckis mier inglisurad dawerili 

zemoT moxseniebuli naSromi. SevecdebiT ufro 

detalurad ganvixiloT da gavaanalizoT masSi gamoTqmuli 

mosazrebani. 

winasityvaobaSi k.kaucki saqarTveloTi misi dainteresebis 

mizezebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: “saqarTvelo- 

Si yvelaze ufro mizidavda ara misi geografiuli, 

aramed socialuri sakiTxebi, kerZod is, Tu ramdenad 

iyo SesaZlebeli socialisturi respublika iseT qveyanaSi, 

romelic ruseTze ufro CamorCenilia ekonomikuri 

ganviTarebis mxriv, rogor SeuZlia aseT xelisuflebas 

SeinarCunos Tavi diqtaturisa da terorizmis 

gareSe mxolod demokratiuli meTodebisa da saSualebebis 

gamoyenebiT. da bolos, risi miRweva SeeZloT 

socialistur xelisuflebas aseT pirobebSi”, – wers 

igi [Kautski, 1921:9]. 

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samwliani 

gamocdileba rusuli bolSevizmis sapirispiro iyo. 

marqsimis Teoretikosis azriT, am gamocdilebis Seswavla 

evropel socialistebs mZlavr iaraRs miscemda 

bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg gasaerTianeblad da sabrZolvelad. 

k.kaucki aRtacebuli iyo saqarTvelos bunebis silamaziT, 

sasargeblo wiaRiseulis simdidriT, magram 

imavdroulad kargad xedavda teqnikuri saSualebebis 

primitiul dones, mrewvelobis ganuviTareblobas da 

ekonomikur CamorCenilobas. yvela socialuri fenis 

ukmayofilebis safuZvlebis arsebobis pirobebSic ki xelisuflebisadmi 

loializmi mas socialisturi xelisuflebis 

damsaxurebad miaCnda da bolSevikuri ruse- 

Tis sinamdvilesTan avlebda paralels: “reJimis socialistur 

xasiaTze mowmobda is faqti, rom qveyanas 

129

marTavda samrewvelo proletariati. SeiZleba aq gamoviyenoT 

fraza – “proletariatis diqtatura”. es iyo 

umciresobis diqtatura, iseve rogorc ruseTSi, magram 

sruliad gansxvavebuli misgan. es diqtatura emyareboda 

demokratiul principebs da yovelgvari teroris gareSe 

yvela klasi mas eTanxmeboda” [Kautski, 1921:30]. 

k.kaucki saqarTveloSi demokratiis arsebobis damadastureblad 

miiCnevs politikuri partiebis, profesiuli 

kavSirebis saqmianobis srul Tavisuflebas, propagandis, 

koaliciebisa da organizaciebis SeuzRudav arsebobas. 

“ukanasknel wlebSi, – wers igi, – rodesac reinidan 

wynar okeanemde TiTqmis yvelgan sisxliani ajanyebebi 

ewyoboda, saqarTvelo iyo erTaderTi qveyana 

avstriasTan erTad, sadac msgavs movlenebs adgili ar 

hqonia” [iqve]. 

demokratiul safuZvelze proletariatis diqtaturis 

eqstraordinaluri fenomenis arsebobis Tavisebur 

axsnas gvTavazobs k.kaucki. misi azriT, politikuri 

cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli Zala saqarTveloSi mxolod 

erTi arsebobda. “1918 wlis agraruli reformis Semdeg 

aRar iyvnen msxvili miwaTmflobelebi, arc kapitalistebi. 

fuladi da savaWro kapitali mxolod ucxoeli 

kapitalistebis xelSi iyo. maT ki ar SeeZloT Careuliyvnen 

partiul brZolaSi. amgvarad, darCa mxolod 

proletariati, romelsac SeeZlo damoukidebeli politikis 

warmoeba” [Kautski, 1921:32]. 

k.kaucki iwonebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier 

ganxorcielebul agrarul reformas: “demokratiul safuZvelze 

damyarebuli socialisturi reJimis momavali 

damokidebulia glexobaze, romelic Seadgens mosaxleobis 

umravlesobas. am mxriv, saqarTveloSi kargi 

pirobebia, radgan saqarTvelos social-demokratebis 

agrarulma reformam glexoba gaaTavisufla feodalizmis 

marwuxebisagan” – aRniSnavs igi [Kautski, 1921:75]. 

130

saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobis muSaobis meTodebi 

k.kauckis samagaliTod miaCnia. “iq, sadac socialdemokratebi 

movlen xelisuflebaSi, – wers igi, – unda 

gaataron igive principebi, romelsac axorcielebda 

saqarTvelos mTavroba – maT unda iswavlon qarTuli 

gamocdilebidan” [iqve]. 

xelisuflebis mier miRweul warmatebebTan erTad 

k.kaucki SesaniSnavad xedavda saqarTveloSi arsebul 

problemebs, kerZod: gadasaxadebis akrebis mouwesrigeblobas, 

siRaribes, inflacias, importsa da eqsports 

Soris balansis uqonlobas. misi azriT, am siZneleTa 

mogvarebis mniSvnelovani winapiroba iyo mezobel qveynebSi 

stabiluri viTarebis arseboba, soflis meurneobisa 

da mrewvelobis ganviTareba, rasac dasWirdeboda 

ucxouri kapitalis mozidva usafrTxoebis myari 

garantiis Seqmnis pirobiT. 

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave 

saxelmwifos mier aRebuli neitralitetis sagareo politikuri 

kursi evropel socialists ganuxorcieleblad 

miaCnda. TurqeTis ultimatumis pirobebSi qveyanam 

naklebi boroteba airCia – germaniis jarebis mier okupacia. 

Tumca, misi azriT, “germanelebma saqarTveloSi 

moitanes is, rac am ukanasknels sWirdeboda – ekonomikis 

organizacia... saqarTvelo aris ramdenime qveynidan 

erT-erTi, sadac germaniis armiam gaswia propagandistuli 

samuSao germaniisaTvis”, – aRniSnavs igi [Kautski, 

1921:89]. 

pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis marcxisa da antantis 

jarebis mier samxreT kavkasiis saokupacio zonad 

gamocxadebis Semdeg neitralitetis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelosaTvis 

rTuli aRmoCnda. erTiani ruseTis aRdgenis 

imediT antantis Zalebi mxardaWeras ucxadebdnen 

TeTr generlebs da cdilobdnen ruseTis samoqalaqo 

omSi saqarTvelos Cabmas. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTac 

gamoxatavda Tavis pozicias k.kaucki: “saqarTvelos 

131

demokratiuli respublika, romelmac moaxdina msxvili 

miwaTmfobelebis eqspropriacia, TvalSi eCxireboda 

kontrrevoluciur generlebsa. sZuldaT is bolSevikebsac. 

orive (TeTrebi da wiTlebi), aseve saxalxo komisrebi 

ver eguebodnen imas, rom maT sferoSi iyo patara, 

damoukidebeli erToba, romelic ar emorCileboda moskovis 

diqtats,” – wers igi [Kautski, 1921:88]. 

marqsizmis evvropeli Teoretikosis TvalsazrisiT, 

saqarTveloSi momxdari bolSevikuri ajanyeba ruseTis 

mier ganxorcielebuli okupacia iyo, radgan, misi 

azriT, revoluciuri muSebis ajanyeba pirvelad xdeba 

samrewvelo centrebSi da Semdeg vrceldeba soflebSi. 

1921 wels “revolucioneri” mSromelebis komunisturi 

amboxeba ki moxda ara TbilisSi, sadac Tavmoyrili iyo 

samrewvelo muSebis naxevari, aramed moicva gaunaTlebeli 

glexobiT dasaxlebuli soflebi” [Kautski, 1921:101]. 

k.kauckis saqarTvelos dapyroba miaCnda inglisis 

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ruseTis aRmosavluri politikis 

nawilad [iqve]. aq aSkarad cdeba “mecnieruli socializmis” 

klasikosi, radgan sayovelTaod aRiarebuli 

faqtia, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi bolSevikebis gavlenis 

sferos gareT darCenili saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg moqmedebis 

Tavisufleba ruseTs swored inglisma misca. 

k.kaucki sinanuls gamoTqvams, rom II internacionali 

ver aRmoCnda sakmaod qmedunariani bolSevikebis mier 

saqarTvelos dapyrobis faqtze reagirebis mosaxdenad, 

radgan “Tavad kongresi krizisSi imyofeboda, misi 

interesebis sferos dasavleTis politika ufro warmoadgenda, 

vidre aRmosavleTis,” – aRniSnavs igi [Kautski, 

1921:100]. 

k.kauckis wigni “saqarTvelo, glexTa social-demokratiuli 

respublika” avtoris mier saqarTvelos Sesaxeb 

daweril sxva naSromebTan erTad socialisturi 

qveynisadmi gulwrfeli Tanadgomisa da mxardaWeris 

suliskveTebiT aris gaJRenTili. evropeli social-de- 

132

mokratebisTvis saqarTvelo warmoadgenda demokratiul 

oaziss mis irgvliv arsebuli anarqiisa da diqtaturis 

pirobebSi... saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 

praqtika Tavdayira ayenebda marqsizmis mTavar dogmas, 

rom socializmi unda aSendes maRalganviTarebul, industriul 

qveyanaSi, sadac Zlieri aris proletariati. 

saqarTvelo agrarul, CamorCenil qveyanas warmoadgenda 

[vaSaymaZe, 2005:198]. 

evropel socialistTa mimarT qarTuli politikuri 

speqtris araerTgvarovani, zogjer skeptikuri damokidebulebis 

miuxedavad, “imxanad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 

stumarTa politikur msoflmxedvelobriv mimar- 

Tulebasa da partiul kuTvnilebas ki ar eniWeboda, 

aramed ufro mTavars – damoukidebeli saqarTvelos 

prodasavlur orientacias da saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis 

brZolas” [guruli, 2003:75]. 

im istoriul situaciaSi saqarTvelos prodasavlur 

orientacias Semxvedri nabijebi ver mohyva. parizis 

samSvidobo konferenciis muSaobam da misma Sedegebma 

TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom “samxreT kavkasiaSi teritoriebis 

gadanawileba, am regionis gaTavisufleba ruseTis 

imperiuli sivrcidan sxvadasxva xasiaTis mniSvnelovan 

siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli da ruseTTan dapirispirebas 

niSnavda. mokavSire saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi 

ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse samyaroSi 

Carevas ki didi sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen” [vaSaymaZe, 

2002:129]. 

amgvarad, marqsizmis aRiarebuli Teoretikosis mxridan 

socialisturi tribunisa da sxva saSualebebis gamoyenebiT 

energiuli mxardaWeris miuxedavad, saqarTvelos 

demokratiuli respublikisaTvis ganmsazRvreli 

aRmoCnda did saxelmwifoTa politikuri pragmatizmi. 

133


1. saqarTvelos istoria, XX saukune, v.gurulis redaqciiT, 

Tb., 2003. 

2. n.vaSaymaZe, saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebis sakiTxi 

saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobaSi 1917-1921 ww., quTaisi, 

2002. 

3. n.vaSaymaZe, II internacionali da saqarTvelos demokratiuli 

respublika 1918-1921 ww., baTumis saxelmwifo 

universiteti, “saistorio macne”, 2005, #15. 

4. l.ToiZe, intervenciac, okupaciac, ZaldatanebiTi 

gasabWoebac, faqtobrivi aneqsiac, Tb., 1991. 

5. karl kaucki, socializmis problemebi da perspeqtivebi 

saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1920. 

6. d.WumburiZe, qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli 

brZola XX s-is dasawyisSi, 1918-1921 wlebi, 

Tb., 2003 

7. gaz. “erToba”, 1920, #78. 

8. Т.Глонти, Меншевистская и советская Грузия, Тб., 1925. 

9. Karl Kautski, Georgia a Social-Democratic Peasant Republic, 

London, 1921. 

Nino Vashakmadze, Irakli Baramidze 

Karl Kautski 

About Georgian Democratic Republic 

(1918-1921 years) 

S u m m a r y 

In this work it is examined the book of the well-known European 

social-democrat, theorist of Marxism Karl Kautski – “Georgia a Social- 

Democratic Peasant Republic” (London, 1921). Author was trying 

actively to protect Georgian Democratic Republic from the occupation of 

134

Bolshevik Russia in whole Europe. In spite of his dynamism decisive for 

Georgia proved the political pragmatism of the great European countries. 

Нино Вашакмадзе, Ираклий Барамидзе 

Карл Каутский 

О Грузинской Демократической Республике 

(1918-1921 гг.) 


В работе рассмотрена книга известного европейского социалдемократа, 

теоретика марксизма Карла Каутский – ”Грузия, социалдемократическая 

республика крестьян”, напечатанная в Лондоне в 

1921 году. Автор подвизался на европейском поприще для зашиты 

Грузинской Демократической Республики от оккупации большевистской 

России. Несмотря на его активную деятельность, решающим 

для Грузии оказался политический прагматизм больших 

европейских государств. 

135

kaxaber surgulaZe 

irakli manveliZe 

kavkasiis damoukideblobis komiteti 

da aWara 

sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg 1924 wlis warumatebeli 

ajanyebis Semdeg, emigraciaSi myofma saqarTvelos 

erovnulma partiebma gaiTvaliswines warsuli Secdomebi 

da arsebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad 

daiwyes SekavSireba erTiani kavkasiuri frontis Sesaqmnelad. 

1924 wlis noemberSi, stambolSi, erovnul-demokrat- 

Ta iniciativiT daarsda ,,kavkasiis ganmaTavisuflebeli 

komiteti“, igive ,,kavkasiis konfederaciuli komiteti“. 

aqts xeli moaweres qarTvelebis mxriv: m. wereTelma, d. 

vaCnaZem, a. asaTianma; AazerbaijanelTagan: e. xosrov 

sulTan zadem, abdul ali emirijanma, Seix-ulist zadem; 

Crdilo kavkasielTagan: hasan gireim, jabagim 

(CeCeni), alisan kantemirovma (osi), haitek namitovma (Cerqezi) 

[d. vaCnaZe, 1992:188]. kavkasiis konfederatTa komitetis 

Seqmnas mxari dauWira poloneTma. kerZod, mis 

CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis TurqeTSi myof 

poloneTis elCs roman knolius da samxedro ataSe 

Setcels [spa. f. 14, an. 3, s. 339, f. 4]. 

komitetisaTvis finansuri daxmarebis sanacvlod poloneTma 

moiTxova sruli informaciis miwodeba kavkasiaSi 

samxedro da samoqalaqo viTrebis Sesaxeb. komitets 

daevala kavkasiis sazRvris gaswvriv (TurqeTsparseTis 

monakveTze) sagangebo punqtebis mowyoba da 

amierkavkasiaSi moqmed politikur partiebTan kavSiris 

damyareba, ajanyebis ganxorcielebis mizniT kavkasiaSi 

samxedro jgufebis Camoyalibeba da momzadeba [spa. f. 

14, an. 3, s. 339, f.:5]. 

farTo amocanebis miuxedavad, komitetis muSaoba 

sakmaod sustad mimdinareobda. igi ganpirobebuli iyo: 

136

1. komitetSi Semavali partiuli jgufebi organizaciuli 

da ricxobrivi TvalsazrisiT susti iyvnen TviT 

amierkavkasiaSic; 2. saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili pirebi 

an sazRvrebze iRupebodnen, an Cekas uvardebodnen da 

arsebiTad am ukanasknelma icoda yvela moqmedeba; 3. 

komitetSi ar iyo warmodgenili gavleniani socialdemokratiuli 

partia. am xarvezis gamosworeba scada d. 

vaCnaZem. kerZod, 1925 wlis 12 agvistos, stambolSi, misi 

iniciativiT Sedga partiebis warmomadgenelTa TaTbiri. 

miRebul rezolucias xels awerdnen: d. vaCnaZe (erovnul-demokrati), 

s. mdivani (soc.-federalisti), v. wulaZe 

(soc.-demokrati). amis Semdeg parizSi moewyo partiebis 

delegaciebisagan Semdgari erovnuli centri [d. vaCnaZe, 

1992:177]. 

poloneTmac gaaaqtiura Tavisi mxardaWera komitetisadmi. 

kerZod, imave wlis agvistoSi, TurqeTSi, roman 

knolius finansuri mxardaWeriT, komitetis sami wevri 

gaigzavna kavkasiis sazRvrebTan garkveuli davalebebis 

Sesasruleblad: d. vaCnaZe _ artaanSi, a. kantemirovi _ 

yarsSi, xosrov-sulTanovi _ sparseTSi [d. vaCnaZe, 

1992:169]. 

artaanSi moRvaweobisas d. vaCnaZe daukavSirda aWaridan 

emigrirebul ximSiaSvilebs da maT SesTavaza Tanam- 

Sromloba momaval saajanyebo saqmianobaSi [acsa f-p-1, 

s. 894:177]. d. vaCnaZe daaxloebiT erT wels imyofeboda 

artaanSi. 1926 wlis Sua xanebSi man moulodnelad datova 

TurqeTi da parizSi dabrunda, ris mizezadac dasaxelda 

poloneTSi momxdari politikuri cvlilebebi 

[d. vaCnaZe, 1992:177], arada realuri mizezi sul sxva iyo. 

kerZod, 1926 wlis dasawyisSi kavkasiis konfederatTa 

komiteti daiSala da Seiqmna axali kavkasiis damoukideblobis 

komiteti. komitetis daSla poloneTis mxridan 

finansuri daxmarebis Sewyvetam gamoiwvia. 

erovnul-demokratebis iniciativiT Camoyalibebulma 

kavkasiis konfederatTa komitetis moRvaweobam qarTveli 

menSevikebis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. komitetis saxiT 

maT seriozuli metoqe dainaxes kavkasiis antisabWoTa 

137

Zalebze hegemonobisaTvis. amitom, yuradReba gadaitanes 

yvela politikuri partiis saqarTvelos emigrirebuli 

mTavrobis garSemo Semokrebisaken. am mxriv garkveuli 

Sedegebic iqna miRweuli. 1926 wlis ianvarSi menSevikebma 

gadaibires erovnul-demokratebis nawili (e.w. amirejib-gvazavas 

jgufi) da isini Seiyvanes saqarTvelos 

mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi. amave dros, Camoyalibda 

,,damfuZnebeli krebis delegacia“ Semdegi partiebis 

warmomadgenlebisagan: menSevikebidan _ k. CxeiZe (misi 

TviTmkvlelobis Semdeg – s. menaRariSvili); erovnuldemokratebidan 

_ S. amirejibi da g. gvazava. socialist-federalistebisagan 

_ s. fircxalava, xolo eserebidan 

– i. gobeCia [spa. f. 14, an. 3, s. 402, f. 86]. Sesabamisad, 

reorganizebuli iqna ucxoeTSi moqmedi politikuri 

partiebis biuroebi. menSevikebma mTeli yuradReba 

gadaitanes saerTo kavkasiuri Ppolitikuri organizaciis 

Camoyalibebaze. am ideis realizaciaSi maT mTavar 

mokavSired poloneTi egulebodaT. am mizniT noe rami- 

Svili ramdenjerme gaigzavna varSavaSi. 

1926 wlis zafxulSi, stambolSi, poloneTis axal 

elC baderas, samxedro ataSes Setcelsa da noe rami- 

Svils Soris miRweuli SeTanxmebiT Camoyalibda axali 

politikuri organizacia ,,kavkasiis damoukideblobis 

komiteti,“ romelSic kavkasiis TiToeuli respublikidan 

or-oriQwevri Sevida. saqarTvelos mxriv ak. Cxenkeli 

da g. gvazava, azeirbajanidan _ TobCibaSevi da magemarovi, 

CrdiloeT kavkasielTagan _ Cermoevi da bamatovi. 

daSnakuri partiis Qwevrebi musavatebTan da mTielebTan 

konfliqtis gamo komitetSi ar gaerTiandnen 

[spa. f. 14, an. 3, s. 339, f. 5]. swored aseT pirobebSi datova 

d. QvaCnaZem TurqeTi. misi ganawyenebis mizezi gasagebia. 

erT-erT saarqivo dokumentSi d. vaCnaZe dasaxelebulia 

kavkasiis damoukideblobis komitetis wevradac, 

rac marTebuli ar aris. sxvaTa Soris, am faqts ar 

adasturebs Tavad vaCnaZe Tavis memuaruli xasiaTis 

naSromSi [d. vaCnaZe, 1992:177]. poloneTis miTiTebiT kavkasiis 

damoukideblobis komitets unda eTanamSromla 

138

evropaSi emigrirebul ukrainis, TurqmeneTis da yazaxe- 

Tis politikur wreebTan [spa. f. 14, an. 3, s. 339, f. 87-88]. 

kavkasiis damoukideblobis komitetis mTavari amocanebi 

iyo: popularizacia gaewia kavkasiis konfederaciis 

ideisaTvis, kavkasiis, ukrainis, TurqeTis da sxva regionebis 

rusuli bolSevizmisagan ganTavisuflebis 

saqmisaTvis. am mizniT gadawyda aRedginaT an SeeqmnaT 

axali aralegaluri organizaciebi kavkasiis teritoriaze 

da daemyarebinaT maTTan farTo kavSiri. dagegmes 

kavkasiaSi antisabWoTa ajanyebis mowyoba 1927 wlis 

gazafxulze an Semodgomaze. TavianTi ideebis popularizaciisaTvis 

maT daaarses specialuri beWdviTi organo 

,,promeTevsi“ (spa. f. 14, an. 3, s. 339, f. 244). 

kavkasiis damkoms mudmivi kavSiri hqonda poloneTis 

xelisuflebasTan. varSavaSi n. ramiSvilis xSiri vizitebisas 

ganixileboda ajanyebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. 

pilsudskis mTavroba kavkasiis damkoms kavkasia 

– ukrainis erToblivi ajanyebis SemTxvevaSi fuliT da 

iaraRiT daxmarebas hpirdeboda. molaparakebis dros 

gamoikveTa ZiriTadi monacemebi: ajanyeba unda daewyoT 

1927 wels ukrainaSi, rac signali iqneboda saerTo kavkasiuri 

ajanyebisaTvis. poloneTis samxedro samsaxurSi 

myofi 125 qarTveli oficeri ukrainaSi gamosvlis momentSi 

miiRebda samxedro davalebas da CaerTveboda 

kavkasiis ajanyebaSi. poloneTis genStabSi kavkasiis 

sakiTxebis kurireba daevala general zaqariaZes. iqve 

imyofeboda n. Jordanias yofili mdivani kote imnaZe 

[spa. f. 14, an. 3, s. 339, f. 7]. 

1926 wlis noemberSi gaimarTa qarTuli emigrantuli 

mTavrobis sagangebo sxdoma. mas eswrebodnen: n. Jordania, 

ev. gegeWkori, n. ramiSvili, ak. Cxenkeli, k. kandelaki, 

S. amirejibi, k. gvazava, s. fircxalava da i. gobe- 

Cia. sxdomaze ganixiles ajanyebasTan dakavSirebuli 

sakiTxebi. Tumca, saWirod scnes rigi sakiTxebis dazusteba, 

ris gamoc ir. wereTeli poloneTSi miavlines. 

TurqeTis garkveuli wreebi mxars uWerdnen antisab- 

WoTa saqmianobas. kavkasielTa politikuri partiebis 

139

calkeuli warmomadgenlebi, romlebic sazRvrebTan antisabWoTa 

muSaobas eweodnen, TurqeTis maRalCinosanTa 

mier gacemuli sagangebo nebarTvebiT iyvnen aRWurvilni, 

rac maT TurqeTis teritoriaze Tavisufal gadadgilebas 

uadvilebda [d. vaCnaZe, 1992:186-200; acsa f-p-1, s 

894, f. 177; Sdr. spa. f. 14, an. 3, s. 339, f. 11]. 

kavkasiis damkomis mizani iyo amierkavkasiis antisabWoTa 

ZalebTan mWidro kavSiris damyareba. 1924 wlis 

ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier 

warmoebuli permanentuli represiebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos 

erovnuli partiebi kvlav gangrZobdnen iataqveSa 

muSaobas. maT Soris aqtiurobiT kvlav socialdemokratiuli 

partia gamoirCeoda. mas saolqo komitetebi 

hqonda quTaisSi, aWarasa da afxazeTSi, samazro 

komitetebi _ guriaSi, senakSi, zugdidSi, WiaTuraSi, 

gorSi. warmoebda pirveladi organizaciebis aRdgena 

foTSi, lanCxuTSi, raWaSi, axalcixeSi, duSeTSi, TelavSi, 

kaxeTSi da manglisis raionebSi [4:88]. 

samwuxarod, jer konfederatTa, xolo Semdeg kavkasiis 

damkomis nebismieri mcdeloba, ucxoeTidan sagangebo 

pirebis gamogzavniT saqarTveloSic gaeaqtiurebinaT 

TavianTi saqmianoba, warumateblad mTavrdeboda. 

saqarTvelos mTavari politikuri sammarTvelo Tavidanve 

iyo informirebuli ucxoeTSi gaaqtiurebuli antisabWoTa 

partiebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb da sagangebo zomebsac 

iRebda. bunebrivia, bolSevikuri saxelmwifo aparatis 

moqnili da mizanmimarTuli muSaoba xels uSlida 

qveyanaSi antisabWoTa saajanyebo muSaobis ganxorcielebas. 

emigrantulma komitetebma imTaviTve mniSvnelovnad 

miiCnies Tavisi saqmianobis warmarTva aWaraSic. jer 

iyo da kavkasiis konfederatTa komitetma d. vaCnaZis 

meSveobiT artaanSi urTierToba daamyara aWaridan 

TurqeTSi emigrirebul ximSiaSvilebTan da daiTanxmes 

momaval saajanyebo saqmianobaSi daxmarebaze. Semdeg 

iyo da kavkasiis damkommac aWarel begebTan urTierToba 

moaxerxa rizeSi myofi Tavisi warmomadgenlis iese 

140

keWeymaZis meSveobiT. es ukanaskneli daukavSirda xusein 

beg bibinzades (bibineiSvili), xolo misi saSulebiT _ 

ximSiaSvilebs. gadawyda, zemo aWaraSi xelmZRvanelad 

daniSnuliyo jafar ximSiaSvili, xolo qvemo aWaraSi _ 

xusein bibineiSvili. 

aWaraSi momavali ajanyebis ganxorcielebaSi ximSia- 

Svilebs did daxmarebas uwevda TurqeTSi, sazafxulo 

saZovrebze gadasuli aWaris mkvidrni. 1927 wels, ukan 

dabrunebul moialaReebs ximSiaSvilebma TavianT sando 

xalxTan sadireqtivo werilebi gamoatanes ajanyebis 

mosamzadeblad [acsa f-p-1, s 894, f. 178]. 

1927 wlis 8 noembers jafar ximSiaSvilma xusein 

bibineiSvilisagan miiRo morigi werili. masSi aRniSnuli 

iyo: ,,Zvirfasi jafar da jalil begno! didi xnis 

lodinisa da imedis Semdeg dadga momenti Cveni ganTavisuflebisa. 

SeatyobineT Tqvens saimedo xalxs, rom 

moamzadon mosaxleoba ajanyebisaTvis sabWoTa xelisuflebis 

winaaRmdeg...……CvenTvis mTavar wyarodan cnobilia, 

rom dRe dReze TbilisSi da mTel saqarTveloSi 

daiwyeba ajanyeba inglisis daxmarebiT. adre Cven menSevikebis 

winaaRmdeg vmuSaobdiT. axla dadga dro.... 

davimsaxuroT momavali ndoba da pativiscema... amJamad 

me qvemo aWaraSi vmuSaob ajanyebis mosamzadeblad. Tuki 

gadawyvetT aWaraSi iaraRis gamogzavnas, dauyovnebliv 

SematyobineT. TurqeTis sasazRvro punqtebi xelisuflebisagan 

miiReben nebarTvas iaraRis Seuferxebel 

gatarebaze” [acsa f-p-1, s 894, f. 179]. 

9 noembers jafar ximSiaSvilis saxlSi gaimarTa 

kreba, romelsac daeswrnen dursun, devriS, ibragim da 

selim ximSiaSvilebi. ganixiles miRebuli werili. krebam 

momaval ajanyebaSi xelmZRvanelis roli jafar 

begs daakisra. 

ajanyeba 1928 wlis adre gazafxulze unda dawyebuliyo. 

iqve Seadgines oTxi werili zemo aWaraSi saimedo 

xalxTan gasagzavnad. amasTan, ximSiaSvilebis nawils 

daevala adgilze ajanyebis momzadeba [acsa f-p-1, s 894, 

f. 180]. 

141

gagzavnili werilebidan ori, noembris bolos, aWaris 

,,Cekas“ Cauvarda xelSi. werilSi aRniSnuli iyo: 

,,Tuki mosaxleoba iqneba sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdegi, 

begebi gauwevdnen yovelgvar daxmarebas. moxdeba 

ajanyeba da daemxoba sabWoTa xelisufleba“ [spa. f. 

14, an. 4, s. 8, f. 19]. 

aWaris centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma (caki) 

miiRo sagangebo zomebi. baTumSi daapatimres menSevikuri 

organizaciis wevrebi [spa. f. 14, an. 4, s. 339, f. 

6]. zemo aWaraSi aRricxvaze aiyvanes ,,60 antisabWoTa 

elementi“, romelTagan umetesoba daapatimres da TbilisSi 

gadagzavnes [acsa f-p-1, s 894, f. 180]. cxadia, permanentuli 

represiebis pirobebSi yovelgvari ajanyebis 

ganxorcielebas niadagi ecleboda. 

samwuxarod, saarqivo masala metis saubris saSualebas 

ar gvaZlevs. faqtia, rom Cvens mier moZiebuli es 

werilebi naTlad gviCvenebs aWaris kuTvnil rols 

saerTo qarTuli ajanyebis saqmeSi. 


1. d. vaCnaZe, samSoblos samsaxurSi, Jur. ,,iveria”, 

Tb_parizi, 1992, #133; 

2. saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi (spa); 

3. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi (acsa). 

142

Kakhaber Surguladze 

Irakli Manvelidze 

Adjara and the Independence Committee of Caucasus 

Summary 

After the riot against Soviet authorities had failed in 1924, Georgian 

national parties operating in immigration, having taken into consideration 

the mistakes of the past, decided to make an alliance. Thus the United 

Caucasus Front had been formed. 

Later, in November 1924, on the initiative of National-Democrats, 

the “Liberation Committee of Caucasus” (referred to as “Caucasus 

Confederation Committee”) was established in Istanbul. After its dissolution 

in 1926, the new “Independence Committee of Caucasus” was 

established on the initiative of Mensheviks. The main goal of the 

Committee was to promote the idea of confederation of Caucasus in order 

to foster liberation of Caucasus, Ukraine, Turkey and other regions from 

Russian Bolshevism. It was decided to restore or establish new illegal 

organizations in Caucasus and cause a riot probably in spring or autumn 

of 1927. The publishing house “Prometheus” was set up to divulge 

information in the mentioned regions. The committees had their 

representatives to keep in touch with anti-Soviet forces from Adjara. 

National parties in immigration continued their actions against the 

Soviet Regime, but it was too difficult to incite a riot as far as the power 

of Bolsheviks got stronger and stronger leaving fewer chances for 

national parties to fulfill their aims. 

143

Кахабер Сургуладзе 

Ираклий Манвелидзе 

Кавказский независимый комитет и Аджария 

Резюме 

После неудачного восстания в 1924 году против Советского 

правительства, находящиеся в эмиграции грузинские политические 

партии, учтя прошлые ошибки и промахи, начали объединяться для 

создания единого Кавказского фронта против существующего 

режима. 

С этой целью в ноябре 1924 года в Стамбуле по инициативе 

национал-демократической партии был создан «Кавказский освободительный 

комитет» («Кавказский конфедеративный комитет»). По 

инициативе меньшевиков в начале 1926 года, после того, как 

перестала существовать данная организация, был создан новый 

«Независимый кавказский комитет». Главной задачей этого комитета 

было распространение идеи популяризации кавказской конфедерации 

на Кавказе, на Украине, в Турции и других регионах в деле 

освобождения от русского большевизма. С этой целью было решено 

восстановить или создать новые нелегальные организации на всей 

территории Кавказа и установить с ними тесные связи. Было решено 

провести на Кавказе весной или осенью 1927 года антисоветское 

восстание. Для распространения своих идей эти организации создали 

печатный орган «Прометей». При содействии специальных 

агентов комитеты имели тесные связи с эмигрировавшими из 

Аджарии антисоветскими силами. 

Находящиеся в эмиграции кавказские политические партии 

продолжали борьбу против советского режима, но в условиях 

растущего усиления коммунистического режима для подготовки 

народного восстания были минимальные возможности и силы. 

144

vaJa SubiTiZe 

mixeil javaxiSvili saqarTvelos 

geopolitikuri mdebareobis da 

civilizaciuri ganviTarebis 

Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb 

mixeil javaxiSvils sagangebo naSromi ar dauweria 

saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareobis Sesaxeb, magram 

mas aqvs narkvevi `masalebi leqciebisaTvis~ (t.6. 

gv.51-70, Tb., 1980), sadac is gamoTqvams Sexedulebebs 

msoflio geopolitikis, masSi saqarTvelos adgilisa 

da misi civilizaciuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. 

ra Teoriuli codna SeiZleboda hqonoda mixeil 

javaxiSvils am SemTxvevaSi, icnobda Tu ara igi klasikur 

geopolitikur Teoriebs statiis daweris dros 

(1927). 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom man uTuod kargad icoda 

napoleonis cnobili fraza _ `saxelmwifos politika 

mis geografiaSi Zevs~. m. javaxiSvilis statiidan SeiZleba 

aseve vivaraudoT, rom mas unda scodnoda cnobili 

mogzaurisa da Jurnalistis l. meCnikovis wigni 

`civilizacia da didi istoriuli mdinareebi~, sadac 

avtori aRniSnavs, rom didi mdinareebis dablobebSi 

uZvelesi civilizaciebis Casaxva da ganviTareba kanonzomier 

movlenas warmoadgenda. m. javaxiSvils aseve 

unda waekiTxa cnobili germaneli geografisa da eTnografis 

fridrix ratcelis naSromebi _ ànTropogeografia~ 

(1891) da `politikuri geografia~ (1897), romleb- 

Sic avtori ar iziarebda evolucionizmis ideas da 

cdilobda daedgina sxvadasxva geografiul zonaTa 

bunebrivi pirobebis gavlena saxelmwifo politikaze. 

aqve ratceli afasebs TiToeuli xalxis wvlils msoflio 

kulturis ganviTarebaSi. 

145

mixeil javaxiSvilma kargad icoda geopolitikis 

mTavari kanoni _ fundamenturi dualizmi, romelic gamoixateba 

saxmeleTo (`Telurokratia~) da sazRvao 

(`Talasokratia~) mmarTvelobaTa dapirispirebaSi. 

`Telurokratia~, anu `saxmeleTo mmarTveloba~ dakavSirebulia 

sivrcis mdgradobasTan, misi Tvisebrivi 

orientaciebisa da maxasiaTeblebis simyaresTan. civilizaciur 

enaze es gamoixateba mkvidrobiT, konservatizmiT, 

mkacri iuridiuli normativebiT, romlebsac emor- 

Cileba adamianTa gaerTianebebi _ gvarebi, tomebi, saxelmwifoebi, 

imperiebi. xmeleTis mdgradoba, kulturul 

aspeqtSi, mJRavndeba eTikisa da socialuri tradiciebis 

simtkiceSi. xmeleTis (gansakuTrebiT _ mkvidri) 

xalxebisaTvis ucxoa individualizmi, samewarmeo 

suliskveTeba, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia koleqtivizmi 

da ierarqizmi. 

`Talasokratia~, anu `sazRvao mmarTveloba~ warmoadgens 

sapirispiro Rirebulebebze dafuZnebul civilizaciur 

tips. igi gamoirCeva dinamiurobiT, moZravia da 

axasiaTebs teqnikuri ganviTarebisaken swrafva. misi 

prioritetebia _ momTabareoba, gansakuTrebiT _ 

zRvaosnoba, vaWroba da individualuri samewarmeo suliskveTeba. 

individi, rogorc koleqtivis yvelaze 

moZravi nawili, aRiarebulia umaRles faseulobad, 

xolo eTnikuri da iuridiuli normebi fermkTaldebian, 

xdebian fardobiTni da xSirad icvlebian. civilizaciis 

aseTi tipi swrafad viTardeba, advilad icvlis garegan 

kulturul niSnebs da ucvlelad inarCunebs mxolod 

saerTo Sinagani ganwyobis identurobas. 

savaraudod, mixeil javaxiSvils unda scodnoda 

udidesi ingliseli geopolitikosis _ helford makinderis 

naSromebi (ìstoriis geografiuli sayrdeni wertili~ 

_ 1904 w. da `demokratiuli idealebi da sinamdvile~ 

_ 1919w.). 

1. Sidakontinenturi sivrceebi warmoadgenen ùZrav 

platformas~, Suaguli miwa harTlendi ìstoriis geografiul 

RerZs~, romelic myarad inarCunebs saxmeleTo 

146

civilizaciis specifikas (swored aq Sedis saqarTveloc). 

2. `Sida anu kontinenturi naxevarmTvare~, `sanapiro 

zona~ (rimlandi) warmoadgens intensiuri kulturuli 

ganviTarebis sivrces, sadac cxadad Cans `sazRvao 

mmarTvelobis~ (Talasokratiis) niSnebi, romlebic gawonasworebulia 

`saxmeleTo mmarTvelobis~ (Telurokratiis) 

mravali tendenciiT. 

3. `gare anu kunZulovani naxvarmTvare~ warmoadgens 

`Seuswavlel miwebs~, romelTan dakavSirebac SesaZlebelia 

mxolod sazRvao saSualebebiT. 

makinderis mixedviT: is, vinc akontrolebs aRmosavleT 

evropas, batonobs harTlendSi (sadac Sedis saqarTveloc); 

is, vinc marTavs harTlends, batonobs 

msoflio kunZulze; is, vinc batonobs msoflio kun- 

Zulze, batonobs mTel msoflioze. 

jerjerobiT dapirispireba sazRvao da saxmeleTo 

civilizaciebs Soris sazRvao civilizaciis (aSS da 

misi mokavSireebi), anu Talasokratiis gamarjvebiT dam- 

Tavrda, romelTanac SeerTebas, savsebiT sworad, 

cdilobs Tanamedrove saqarTveloc. 

am narkvevSi mixeil javaxiSvili akritikebs nikolo 

miwiSvils, romelsac sakuTari Tavis urwmunobis da 

nihilizmis seni Sehyria da wers: `me mas (saqarTvelos) 

ver vxedav, ver vnaxulob da meSinia: nuTu saqarTvelo 

marto eTnografiulo movlenaa, TandaTan gadagvarebaSi 

gadasuli.. Cveni warsulic sruli ubadrukebaa: iq (saqarTveloSi) 

me RvTis xels ver vnaxulob. Cveni arseboba 

dacinvaa gangebisa da Cvens Tavze~ da a.S. 

mixeil javaxiSvili mkveTrad emijneba aseT nihilistur 

ganwyobilebas da xazgasmiT aRniSnavs: `miwiSvili 

marto ar aris, urwmunobiT mravalia Sepyrobili da 

aseTi sulieri moduneba gadamdebi seniviT edeba Cveni 

xalxis mCate nawils... 

tyuilad ki ar amboben frangebi: TviTrwmena gamarjvebis 

naxevariao. igive iTqmis socialur fsiqikazec. Tu 

daajereT xalxi, rom arc misi winaparni vargebulan, 

147

arc TviTon aqvs raime da arc mis Camomavloba Sehqmnis 

rasmes Tavad saCinos, misi dReni daTvlilia. isic im 

erT pirovnebasaviT male moiSleba, moiRuneba da Seebmeba 

aRmosavlur uRelSi: garindeba, pasiuroba, bedis 

morCileba _ ai misi momavali~. 

mwerali aqve damajereblad xsnis, rom `ridi, morcxvoba, 

urwmunoeba sakuTari Zalebisa _ aseTia bunebrivi 

fsiqika patara xalxisa da am kanons verc Cven wauvalT.... 

aseTia bedi istoriulad daCagruli xalxisa~. 

mixeil javaxiSvili Tvals miadevnebs Cveni qveynis 

istoriul warsuls. igi iwyebs anTropologiuri tipebidan 

da miuTiTebs, rom qarTvelebi, udavod, anTropologiis 

klasifikaciaSi pirvel rigSi dganan, rom 

,,ucxoelTa (blumenbaxi da sxv.) aRiarebiT iSviaTia qveyanaze 

CvenisTana mosruli, natifi, jiSiani xalxi” da 

rom daxvewili jiSic didi kulturis Sedegia. mwerlis 

azriT, `Cvens fizikur aRnagobaSi ganuyrelad CaRvrilia 

biologiuri gamZleobac. marto wina aziaSi, 

Cvens gverdiT da garSemo ociode didi eri da saxelmwifo 

daiRupa, Cven ki isev fexze vdgevarT da Cveni 

gziT mivabijebT xalxTa ulevel WidilSi. qarTvel 

xalxs ebraelTa ukvdaveba da WianWvelis Zala aRmoaCnda. 

vinc Cveni SeWma daapira, Cveni SxamiT moiwamla~. 

mixeil javaxiSvili aq ukve exeba geopolitikur 

faqtorebs da wers: `yoveli eris istoria _ warsuli, 

awmyo da momavalic _ ganuwyveteli jaWvebiT aris 

gadabmuli misi qveynis geografiul mdebareobasTan. am 

faqtors yovlad uZleveli da gardauvali Zala aqvs. 

mas Tanabrad erTvis amave eris xasiaTi da potencialuri 

wona. ai, es faqtorebi hqmnian da xsnian ama Tu 

im eris warsulsac da myobadsac. 

Zveli berZnebi pamiris mTianeTze ver Sehqmnidnen 

brwyinvale elinur kulturas. samagierod, verc mongolebi 

gaswevdnen ingliselobas. romaelebis kanoniereba 

da imperia ver daarsdeboda solomonis kunZulebze, 

xolo evropaSi indogermanelebis nacvlad Cinelebi 

148

om mosuliyvnen, msoflio istoria sul sxva gzebiT 

wavidoda~. 

mwerali aanalizebs saqarTvelos geopolitikur 

mdebareobas da savsebiT sworad miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos 

_ am patara, lamaz qveyanas umZimesi geopolitikuri 

adgili xvda wilad, rom RmerTma Tavisi risxva 

swored Cvens qveyanas daabertya: 

àm mxriv Cveni bedi sazarelia. gadaavleT Tvali 

Cveni mnaTobis rukas da gaixseneT msoflio kulturis 

mTavari gza. yovelive aRmosavleTidan wamovida _ mecniereba, 

xelovneba, religiebi, socialur-saxelmwifoebrivi 

institutebi da sistemebic. es didi mdinare CineTindoeT-Sua 

aziidan jer mcire aziaSi Camovida, Semdeg 

xmelTaSua zRvis napirebs moedo (saberZneTi, egvipte, 

romi, karTageni, arabeTi), Semdeg laTinTa qveynebi 

aayvava da dasasrul evropis Crdilo-dasavleTsa da 

CrdiloeTisken Seuxvia. 

es mdinare saqarTvelos ascda. Cven gvergo mxolod 

sanapiro talRebi. am winwklebiTac ki, rogorc 

davinaxavT, uxvad visargebleT. da Tu Cveni kulturis 

taZari zecas ver mivabjineT, arc es aris Cveni brali: 

mudam gvangrevdnen, gvmusravdnen, gvaxrCobdnen~. 

amis Semdeg m. javaxiSvili aviTarebs Talasokratiul 

(`sazRvao mmarTvelobis~) Tvalsazriss da aRniSnavs, 

rom `msoflio kulturis mdinare mudam zRvis 

napirebs misdevs. ramdenadac ufro grZelia romelime 

qveynis sazRvao xazi, imdenad ufro Zlieria am xalxis 

kultura an warsulSi, an exlac, an momavalSi. gaixseneT 

Zveli saberZneTi, romi, CineTi, an exlandeli 

inglisi, amerika da iaponia. roca kolumbma axali qveyana 

aRmoaCina da kulturis centri Caketili zRvebidan 

okeaneSi gaitana, italiis sazRvao qalaqebma sajarod 

igloves TavianTi momavali daqveiTeba. da maTi glova 

da SiSi male gamarTlda. bevrma xalxma Seakla Tavi 

zRvisaTvis da sazRvao gzebisaTvis brZolas: saberZneTma, 

finikeTma, karTagenma da mravalma sxvamac. inglisma 

rigrigad mouWra es gzebi Tavis mezoblebs holandias, 

149

portugalias, espaneTsa da safrangeTsac _ da mxolod 

zRvebis wyalobiT daimkvidra dRevandeli adgili. 

ukanaskneli msoflio omis (laparakia I msoflio omze) 

saTavec aq aris. germaniasac isev inglisma mosWra zRvebisaken 

_ didi bazrebisaken gawvdenili marjvena da 

ruseTis gazrda da ganuwyveteli omebic _ petre didan 

moyolebuli ukanasknel did omamde _ gamowveuli iyo 

jer zRvis mopovebis, Semdeg sazRvao xazis gafarToebis 

da bolos Savi zRvidan gasvlis uZleveli wyurviliT~. 

mwerali sworad miuTiTebs Savi zRvis dabal geopolitikur 

mniSvnelobas da mis kidev ufro gafermkrTalebaze 

TurqTa mier bizantiis dapyrobis Semdeg, rac 

Zalze tragikuli aRmoCnda evropas mowyvetili saqarTvelosTvis. 

`Savi zRvis napirebze ar gaSlila da verc gaiSleboda 

msoflio masStabis civlizacia. mxolod berZnebma 

da genuelebma odnav STaberes mas sasicocxlo 

suli, radgan xelSi eWiraT misi gasaRebic _ bosfori 

da dardaneli. am mxriv porta zRvas udris _ visac es 

gasaRebi xelSi aqvs da Caketil tbad unda CaiTvalos 

imisTvis, vinc mis napirebze mosaxleobs. 

jer erTi: es zRva mikunWulia Tagvis sorosaviT, 

mowyvetilia msoflio gzebs. meore: misi gasaRebi mudam 

sxvis jibeSi ido. mesame: saqarTvelos aq mxolod erTi 

mtkaveli alagi qonda. da meoTxec: Cvenda saubedurod, 

qarTvelsac, ebraelsac eSinoda wylisa. ase avcdiT 

msoflio kulturis gzebs, radgan TviT es gzebic 

ascdnen saqarTvelos. ara mjera, viTom saqarTveloze 

didi savaWro gza gavidoda, viTom aRmosavleT _ dasavleTis 

aReb-micemoba aq ixlarTeboda... ra Tqma unda, 

aseTi gza arsebobda, magram igi ufro mTis biliks 

hgavda, vidre savaWro gzas da am daxlarTul-dawyvetili 

milebiT erTi muWa saqonlis datrialebac Zlivs 

SeiZleboda. 

didi savaWro gzebi ascda saqarTvelos. samagierod 

_ da Cvenda sabediswerod _ didi politikur-strate- 

150

giuli gzebi ar agvcdenia. da Cvenc mudam amis gamo 

viRupebodiT, vingreodiT im sofeliviT, romlis Tavze 

da garSemo ganuwyvetliv ibrZvian Zlieri mezoblebi~. 

m. javaxiSvili CamoTvlis im urdoebs, romlebmac 

saukuneebis manZilze saqarTveloze gadaiara, an ilaSqra 

da daaqcia, gaZarcva Tu mostyvevna. yvela Cvens 

sulze da naSromze nadirobda. magram Cvens winaprebs 

TavianTi sulic, naSromic da miwa-wyalic TavisTvis 

undodaT, amitom dava yovelTvis iaraRiT swydeboda. 

aq mwerals mohyavs sorbonis cnobili profesoris, 

ganTqmuli arqeologisa da aRmosavleTmcodnis kolinionis 

misTvis naTqvami sityvebi: `qarTveli xalxi 

sxvagan sadme rom yofiliyo dasaxlebuli da normalurad 

ganviTarebuliyo, exla as milionze meti iqneboda. 

am patara kunZuls metad didi sazRvrebi sWamdneno~. 

da kinaRam SesWames. miuvalma ruseTma mxolod xuTiodjer 

Tu ganicada ucxoTa feri, Cven ki xidze vijeqiT 

da mudam viTelebodiT. amitom arc sakvirvelia, 

rom Sedegic sxvadasxvanairi mogvyva. marto tyvis syidvis 

Sedegad ramdenime saukunis manZilze sam milionze 

meti qarTveli gaiyida Cveni Tu mtris xeliT. èvropam 

erTxel ixila hunebis saSineleba, _ wers m. javaxi- 

Svili, _ CvenTvis ki rkinisa da cecxlis setyva SeCveuli 

Wiri iyo. evropas dResac aJrJolebs atilas da 

alarixis gaxsenebaze, zogma qarTvelma ki male daiviwya 

aTjer metic da uaresic... dedaqalaqi tfilisi 

36-jer wagvarTves da davibruneT. yoveli aseTi aklebis 

Semdeg Cven gvrCeboda moparsuli miwa da zed damdgari 

qarTveli uiaraRo, usaqonlo, xelcarieli da measejer 

xelaxlad iwyebda qvabuli kaciviT dangreulis aRdgenas. 

Cven mudam cecxlSi vcxovrobdiT da Cveni kulturis 

taZars ufro maxviliT vaSenebdiT, vidre CaquCiT 

da weraqviT. xerxemali mravaljer dagvimsxvries, magram 

isev vimarTebodiT da isev vaSenebdiT~. 

aq mixeil javaxiSvili exeba Cveni warsulis Sav 

furclebs _ urTierTWamas da muxanaTobas, Ralatsa 

151

da mzakvrobas, ,,yiyvsa da eSmaks” da miuTiTebs, rom 

amis gamo saRi msjelobis unari ar unda davkargoT da 

ukiduresobaSi ar unda gadavvardeT. igi damajereblad 

xsnis, rom bunebis kanoniT `davrdomilis, damarcxebulis 

sxeulSi da tanzec mudam Cndeba aTasnairi Sxamiani 

bacila, muwuki da Wiri. Cveni Sinauri rRveva da 

aRrevac, mzakvroba da muxanaTobac, `yiyvi da eSmakic~ 

mudam Sedegi iyo Cveni damarcxebisa gareSe mtrisagan 

(marto afxazeTis omSi damarcxebam 1993 wels aTeuli 

wlebiT ukan dagvwia _ v.S.). ZarRvgadaWrili, imedgacruebuli 

da gamwarebuli organizmi iwyebs sakuTarive 

Tavis RrRnas da Wamas. amitom mosdevda xolme Cvens 

damarcxebas anarqia, SimSili, epidemia, zneobrivi 

gaxrwniloba, gandgoma da daSla provinciebad. 

mwerali xazs usvams, rom sxva xalxebiviT naklic 

bevri gvqonda da Rirsebac, rom qveyanaze ar arsebobs 

tomi, romelic mxolod eSmakeuls emsaxureba da masSi 

genialobis raime elementi ar iyos. 

Semdeg m. javaxiSvili CamoTvlis kulturisa da xelovnebis 

im sferoebs, romelic ganaviTara qarTvelma 

xalxma da sapatio wvlili Seitana civilizaciis ganvi- 

TarebaSi. `jer kidev Cveni uZvelesi winaprebi _ xeTebi 

pirvelobas edavebodnen maSindel umZlavres saxelmwifo 

asureTs. maSasadame, Cveni dasabamic yovel mxriv 

msoflios sigrZe-siganisa yofila (aRsaniSnavia, rom 

sxvabTan erTad giorgi leoniZec xeTebs miiCnevda Cvens 

winaprebad. misi TqmiT, es qveyana uwylo gamxdara da 

qarTvelebi iqidan wamosulan. swored amitom aris, rom 

wyals qarTvelebi jer patarebs vawvdiT da vambobT, 

rom wyali umcrosisaa, patarebi rom mainc gadarCeniliyvnen. 

sxva xalxebs aseTi wesi ara aqvT. amiTve aris 

gamowveuli isic, rom mxolod Cvens enaze hqvia `wyalobas~ 

_ wyaloba, anu wylis miwodebao). mosxebma da 

xalibebma _ imav qarTvelebma _ liTonis mrewveloba 

Seqmnes... argonavtebic Cvenma didma simdidrem moizida, 

rac ar unda iyos, am mxriv aravis CamovrCiT... Cven 

qarTvelebma evropas davaswariT humanisturi epoqis 

152

SeqmnaSi. udavoa da zemoxsenebuls adasturebs meore 

faqtic: saberZneTidan neoplatonizmi ganidevna, saqarTveloSi 

ki TiTqmis Tavisuflad viTardeboda. roca 

evropa _ bizantia Savma fanatikosobam moicva, CvenSi 

didi humanisturi epoqa daiwyo~. mwerali aq CamoTvlis 

daviT aRmaSeneblis Rvawls, romelmac Turq-selCukebi 

gandevna da TviTmpyrobeluri monarqiis modeli daamkvidra 

msoflioSi, safuZveli Cauyara WeSmarit tolerantobas 

da Semwynareblobas, gamarTul saxelmwifo 

organoebs, yurTlu-arslanis dasis mier wamoyenebul 

mefis xelisuflebis SezRudvisa da parlamentarizmis 

ideas, qalisa da kacis TiTqmis Tanasworobas da qalmefeTa 

gaxelmwifebas... yvavilis acra ingliselma mecnierma 

jenerma moigona XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi. 

berZeni emanuel timoni ki swers 1713 wels, rom qarTvelebi 

didi xania yvavils acriT swamlobeno. jeneri 

amSvenebs inglisel mecnierebas, Cvenze ki aravin 

laparakobs. 

jer kidev aTi saukunis win observatoria gvqonda 

tfilisSi. imave xanebSi da ufro gvian isev mongolebis 

Semosevamde _ saqarTvelo daserili da savse iyo gzebiT, 

arxebiT, qviTkiris SenobebiT, mSvenieri cixesimagreebiT 

da saucxoo taZrebiT. cxadzec ucxadesia, rom 

amisaTvis udidesi Sromisa da simdidris garda saWiro 

iyo codna meqanikis, hidroteqnikis, maTematikis da 

mravali damxmare sagnebis. marto mtkvarze tiflisTan 

mtkvris saTaveebamde ociode qviTkiris xidi iyo 

gadebuli. ramdenime aTeuli qarTuli jiSis vazi... fuga 

evropelebze adre qarTul musikaSi moiZebneboda. aqac 

davaswariT evropas.... udavoa, rom ritmikis mxriv vercerTi 

eri ver Seedreba qarTul simReras... ra Tqma unda, 

Cven ara gvaqvs karuzo, piti, Saliapinebi, beThovenebi 

da vagnerebi, magram aseTi didi artistebi mTel qveyanaze 

oTxiode hyavs. ingliselebs ki am dargSi mcirexazovani 

xelovanic ara hyavs. Cveni freska ukve ganTqmulia 

mcodneTa Soris... Cveni xelovnebis erTma dargmac 

_ xuroTmoZRvrebamac _ umaRles safexurs miaRwia. ra 

153

sasaxleebi daingrnen, iqneba vatikanis eskuriali da 

persepolisi arc gvqonia. samagierod darCnen ciklopuri 

manglisi, ufliscixe, varZia da didi taZrebi 

mcxeTis, gelaTis, oSkisa da mravali msgavsisa da 

tolis... yovlad udavoa, rom rom qarTvelis genialobam 

am dargSic Seqmna sakuTari stili... germanelma mecnierma 

koxma Tqva da dawera _ aRmosavleTSi ori udidesi 

naSTia arqiteqturis _ aia sofia da banas taZari. 

aia sofias taZars aTiaTasobiT xotba uZRvnes, radgan 

igi qveynis gzajvaredinzea gamoWimuli. banas sanaxavad 

wasvla ki dResac sagmiro mgzavrobad aris miCneuli. 

specialistebma ki ician, rom sadac gamoifineba 

berZnuli panTeoni, egvipturi piramida an karnakis ta- 

Zari, induri pagoda an suzis sasaxle, arabuli alhambra 

an sparsuli mizgiTi _ qarTuli bana da varZiac 

gverdiT amoudgebian da SinarwmeniT ityvian: Cvenc aq 

gaxlavarT!.. 

aris kulturis erTi dargi, romelic mudam mZlavrad 

sCqefda _ metyveleba, literatura, ingliss umdidresi 

literaturis garda TiTqmis veraferi Seuqmnia. 

rusebma saxeli moixveWes umTavresad literaturiT da 

musikiT. italielebma imZlavres mxatvrobiT, qandakebiT, 

xuroTmoZRvrebiT, xolo literaturaSi mogvces marto 

dante da petraki. marto berZnebma mogvces literaturisa 

da xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela dargis didebuli 

nimuSebi. Tavs vanebeb aRmosavleTs. CvenSic umTavresad 

literatura ganviTarda. danarCenebze ukve mogaxseneT. 

qarTuli alfabeti da orTografia ukiduresobamde 

martivia, mkafio da naTeli. swored am simartiveSia 

misi genialobac. iSviaTad SexvdebiT aseT advil mar- 

Tlweras, rogorc vlaparakobT, iseve vwerT da rogorc 

iwereba iseve gamoiTqmis. 

dRevandeli germaneli da bevri sxvac _ ucxo enasaviT 

swavlobs XVI saukunis dedaenas, Cven ki advilad 

gvesmis Tundac V saukunis naweri. iakob xucesis Txzulebas 

dRevandel qarTvelTaTvis mxolod ociode 

sityva aqvs ganmartebuli. zemoxsenebuli mxatvroba 

154

orTografiis, TiTqmis erTigiveoba xalxurisa da literaturuli 

enis _ ai aman daamkvidra umWidroesi da 

uxangrZlivesi sulieri kavSiri mowinaveTa da ukanaTa 

Soris da erTxel kidev naTelyo Cveni xasiaTi da 

genialoba~. 

amrigad, mixeil javaxiSvilis _ udidesi mwerlisa 

da patriotis _ am naazrevs dResac praqtikuli mniSvneloba 

gaaCnia Cveni xalxisaTvis, romelsac jer kidev 

ver dauZlevia calkeuli nihilistur-kosmopolituri 

recidivebi, sxvisi moimedeoba da wambaZveloba. amrigad, 

didi qarTveli dResac gvexmareba sakuTari Tavisa da 

Zalis rwmenaSi, fuWi geopolitikuri iluziebisagan 

gaTavisuflebaSi, rasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tanamedrove 

msoflioSi Cveni adgilisa da rolis sworad 

gaazrebisaTvis. 

Vazha Shubitidze 

Mikheil Javakhishvili about the peculiarities of Georgian Geo- 

Political location and civilisation developments 

Summary 

This article is comprehend by famous Georgian writer Mikheil 

Javakhishvili. The article is about Georgian geopoliticasl disposition and 

the development of civilization. Nowadays both of the them are very 

actual and is expediant with the Georgian national interest in difficult 

Globalization age. 

155

Важа Шубитидзе 

Михаил Джавахишвили о геополитическом расположении 

Грузии и особенностях цивилизационного развития 


В статье дан анализ точки зрения известного грузинского 

писателя Михаила Джавахишвили о геополитическом расположении 

Грузии и особенностях цивилизационного развития, что и на данном 

этапе, в пору глобализации, особенно актуально и приемлемо для 

Грузии. 

156

oTar TurmaniZe 

sainformacio saSualebebi aWaraSi 

1921-1990 

1990 wlebSi 

sainformacio saSualebebs Soris wamyvani adgili 

ukavia presas. saqarTveloSi presas safuZveli Caeyara 

XIX saukunis 10-iani wlebis damlevs. igi mniSvnelovnad 

ganviTarda XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac mTavrobis 

oficialur presasTan erTad gamosvla iwyo 

araerTma damoukidebelma Jurnal-gazeTma. 1913 wels 

saqarTveloSi gamodioda 15 gazeTi da ramdenime Jurnali. 

pirveli msoflio omis win baTumis olqSi gamodioda 

erTi Jurnali (”russkie subtropiki”) da xuTi 

gazeTi (”batumskaia pravda”, ”batum”, ”baTumis gaze- 

Ti”, ”batumski den”, ”Cernomorski vestnik”). erovnulganmanTavisuflebeli 

moZraobis ganviTarebasa da am 

mxaris mosaxleobis gaTviTcnobierebaSi gansakuTrebuli 

roli Seasrules qarTulma gazeTebma ”samuslimano 

saqarTvelo” da ”baTumis furceli”, romlebic 

1919-1920 wlebSi gamodioda. 

gasabWoebis Semdeg damoukidebeli, Tavisufali presa 

aRar arsebobda. igi sabWoTa saxelmwifosa da mmarTveli 

partiis monopoliuri sakuTreba gaxda. presaze 

mkacri cenzura dawesda. amave dros ganxorcielda 

presisa da sagamomcemlo saqmis materialur-teqnikuri 

bazis nacionalizacia. cxadia, aseT pirobebSi presis 

ganviTareba Seferxda. mniSvnelovnad dakninda misi 

adgili da roli xalxis sulier cxovrebaSi. Tavisufali 

presis ararsebobis pirobebSi WeSmariti sainformacio 

masalebi mosaxleobas aRar miewodeboda. miuxedavad 

amisa, sainformacio saSualebebi, maT Soris presa 

sagrZnob rols asrulebda mosaxleobis politikur 

gaTviTcnobierebaSi. 

157

gasabWoebisas aWaraSi daarsda gazeTebi _ “izvestia” 

da “uwyebebi”, romlebic warmoadgendnen baTumis revoluciuri 

komitetisa da XI wiTeli armiis politganyofilebis 

organoebs. rusulenovani gazeTis ”izvestia” 

pirveli nomeri gamovida 1921 wlis 18 marts, xolo 

qarTulenovani ”uwyebisa” _ 19 marts. maTi formati 

da tiraJi cvalebadi iyo. isini gamoicemoda xan Semcirebuli, 

zogjer ki gadidebuli formatiT.Ppirvel xans 

”uwyebebis” tiraJi 400 egzemplars ar aRemateboda. metnaklebad 

aseTi iyo ”izvestiis” tiraJic, Tumca zogjer 

2000 calamdec aRwevda. 

gazeTebs akravdnen xis boZebsa da Senoba-nagebobaTa 

kedlebze, xolo sawarmo-dawesebulebebs ufasod 

urigebdnen. Tavdapirvelad gazeTebi ibeWdeboda x. m. 

Smaevskis stambaSi. nacionalizaciis Semdeg igi gadavida 

revoluciuri komitetis gankargulebaSi. gazeTebis 

redaqciebs ar gaaCndaT saWiro raodenobis qaRaldi 

da sxva masala, ar hyavdaT specialistebi. xSirad 

icvlebodnen redaqtorebi, romelTa nawili revoluciuri 

komitetis wevrebi iyvnen. 1921-1922 wlebSi ”uwyebebis” 

pasuxismgebel redaqtorebad muSaobdnen T. JRenti (romelic 

amave dros iyo baTumis olqis samxedro komisari), 

Semdeg s. CixlaZe, i. baxtaZe, a. uruSaZe. 

profesiul-Jurnalisturi SinaarsiT, stilistikiTa 

da teqnikur-mxatvruli gaformebiT ”uwyebebi” da 

”izvestia” dabal doneze gamodioda. sagrZnoblad Raribi 

iyo gazeTebis saredaqcio fosta. redaqcias susti 

kavSiri hqonda damyarebuli sofelTan, xalxis far- 

To masebTan. gazeTebSi metwilad ibeWdeboda centraluri 

(moskovi), saqarTvelos respublikuri da adgilobrivi 

oficialuri masalebi. 

gazeTebi tendenciurad aSuqebdnen erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli 

da revoluciuri moZraobis istorias 

da Tanamedrove problemebs, politikur, socialur-ekonomikur 

da kulturis sakiTxebs. muq ferebSi 

aSuqebdnen saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 

mTavrobis saqmianobas. erTi sityviT, yvela sakiTxs, 

158

ac sazogadoebas aRelvebda, gazeTebi aSuqebdnen klasobriv-partiuli 

poziciebidan, rac WeSmaritebas iyo 

moklebuli. 

1922 wlidan, rodesac aWaraSi xelsuflebis axali 

organoebi _ sabWoebi Camoyalibda, Seicvala gazeTebis 

saxelwodebebi, formati, tiraJi, saredaqcio kolegia, 

teqnikur-mxatvruli gaformeba, magram Sinaarsobrivad 

igive darCa.Ppublicistur werilebsa da sxva saxis statiebSi 

kidev metad gaizarda sakiTxebis gaSuqeba klasobriv-partiuli 

poziciebidan. saxelmwifos mxridan 

mkacrma cenzuram da partiulma kontrolma apogeas 

miaRwia. 1922 wels ”izvestias” ewoda ”trudovoi batum”, 

xolo ”uwyebebs” imave wlis 1 ivnisidan - ”proletaruli 

brZola”. igi 1923 wlis martidan 1924 wlis 18 

martamde gamodioda ”brZolis” saxelwodebiT, amis 

Semdeg 1929 wlis 17 martamde –”fuxaras” saxeliT, Semdeg 

ewoda ”sabWoTa aWaristani” (e. daviTaZe 1975, 116.) 

gazeT ”sabWoTa aWaristans” 1936 wels (6 Tebervali 

#30) ewoda ”sabWoTa aWara”, xolo 1990 wlis bolos _ 

”aWara”. dResac igi am saxelwodebas atarebs. rusulenovan 

gazeTs ”trudovoi batum” 1930 wels ewoda 

”batumski raboCi”, xolo 1963 wels_”sovetskaia adJaria”. 

aRniSnuli gazeTebi 1922 wlidan iyo saqarTvelos 

komunisturi partiis aWaris saolqo komitetis, aWaris 

centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetisa da saxkomsab- 

Wos organoebi. 

1924 wels baTumSi gamodioda agreTve berZnulenovani 

gazeTi ”komunisti”, romlis tiraJi 1000 egzemplaramde 

aRwevda.Aamdenive raodenobiT ibeWdeboda ”fuxara”, 

xolo ”trudovoi batum” 1600_1800 calamde (1: 

12).Mmomdevno wlebSi ”fuxaras” da ”trudovoi batumis” 

tiraJi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. magaliTad, 1925 wlis 

dekemberSi ”fuxara” gamovida 2500 egzemplaramde, saidanac 

baTumSi saRdeboda 1500 cali, xulos mazra- 

Si_100, baTumis mazraSi_75, qedis_100, qobuleTis_290, 

ozurgeTis mazraSi_100, xolo qalaq quTaisSi_150 cali 

(3: 135). 1926 wels ”fuxarasa” da ”trudovoi batumis” 

159

tiraJi 7000 calamde avida (20: 9). 1924 wlis dekembridan 

gazeT ”fuxaras” redaqtori iyo T. sixaruliZe, 1927 

wlidan _ a. fancxava. 

saolqo gazTebis tiraJi da formati sagrZnoblad 

gadidda 30-ian wlebSi. Tumca maTi tiraJi da formati 

kvlav cvalebadi iyo. ”trudovoi batumi” (1935 wlidan, 

”batumski raboCi”) ZiriTadad baTumSi saRdeboda. ”sab- 

WoTa aWarisa” da misi winamorbedebis ZiriTadi gamsa- 

Rebeli aseve iyo qalaqi baTumi da qobuleTis raioni. 

30_iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, rodesac wera_kiTxvis 

ucodinarobis likvidaciaSi arsebiTi gardatexa moxda, 

qarTulenovani gazeTebis gavrcelebis areali SesamCnevad 

gaizarda. Tu 1931 wels gazeTebi ”sabWoTa aWaristani” 

da ”batumski raboCi” gamodioda 10. 000 calamde, 

1932 wels_14. 000, 1933 wels_20.000, xolo 1934 wels_30.000 

egzemplaramde gaizarda (20: 9). 

1923 wlis TebervalSi baTumSi gamovida literaturul-mxatvruli 

gazeTi ”asparezi”. redaqciam Tanam- 

SromlobisTvis moiwvia qarTuli literaturisa da 

kulturis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi. Mmagram gazeT 

”asparezis” gasaReba gaZnelebuli iyo, amis gamo igi 

male daixura. 

1925 wlis dasawyisSi qarTul da rusul enebze 

gamovida yovelTviuri Jurnali ”sabWoTa aWaristani”, 

romelic or wignad ibeWdeboda. 1925 wlis bolos 

daarsda yovelkvireuli rusulenovani gazeTi ”golos 

truda”. igi iyo aWaris profesiuli kavSirebis saolqo 

sabWos organo. 

presis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 30-ian 

wlebSi. 1932 wels dafuZnda komkavSiris aWaris saolqo 

komitetis gazeTi ”axalgazrda lenineli”, 1932_1933 

wlebSi _ raionuli gazeTebi: ”koleqtiuri Sroma” (xulos 

raioni), ”qobuleTis kolmeurne”, ”bolSevikuri 

kolmeurne” (qedis raioni), ”kolmeurneobis gza” (baTumis 

raioni). gazeTebis saxelwodebebi aSkarad metyveleben 

maT klasobriv-partiul mimarTulebas. 1934 wels 

160

aTumSi daarsda gazeTi ”literaturuli aWaristani”, 

magram igi sul male daixura. 

30-ian wlebSi aWaraSi rusul da qarTul enebze 

gamodioda agreTve sauwyebo gazeTebi: ”neftperegonCiki” 

da ”krasni neftianiki” _ baTumis navTobgadamtvirTavi 

sawarmosa da navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis partkomebis 

organoebi; ”awhesi” (awhesis partkomis organo, 

daarsda 1934 wels); ”batumski vodniki” (sazRvao 

navsadguris partkomis organo).Aamrigad, 1936 wels gamodioda 

11 gazeTi, aqedan 3 saolqo, 4 sauwyebo da 4 

raionuli. maTi saerTo tiraJi 28 400 cals Seadgenda 

(21: 15_43) . 

30-ian wlebSi sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda presis 

materialur-teqnikuri baza, kadrebis Semadgenloba, 

teqnikur-mxatvruli gaformeba, formati da stili. 

SesamCnevad gaizarda tiraJi, magram presaSi kvlav Warbobda 

oficialuri masalebi _ sakavSiro, saqarTvelos 

respublikuri partiuli da sabWoebis yrilobebis, plenumebisa 

da cakis sesiebis masalebi. saolqo da raionuli 

konferenciebis angariSebi, dadgenilebebi, ucxoeTis 

ambebi da sxva. 30-ian wlebSi presis yuradReba mobilizebuli 

iyo omamdeli xuTwliani gegmebis Sesrulebaze. 

aWaris presam, rogorc omamde, ise omis Semdgom period- 

Si Tavisi wili uaryofiTi roli Seasrula ssr kavSiris 

umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis gandidebis, pirovnebaTa 

kultis SeqmnaSi. cxadia, aseTi mimarTuleba centraluri 

xelisuflebidan momdinareoda da aWaris presas am 

sakiTxisadmi gverdis avla ar SeeZlo. 

30-ian wlebSi, rogorc adre, aWaris presis flagmani 

iyo ”sabWoTa aWara”, romlis formati da tiraJi gaorkecda. 

1933 wlidan 1943 wlis 31 ivlisamde gazeTis redaqtorad 

muSaobda daviT dumbaZe. 1935 wels ”sabWoTa 

aWaris” tiraJi aRwevda 6874, xolo 1936 wels (ivlisi) 

_8375 egzemplars (21:15-43:48). ”sabWoTa aWara” da misi winamorbedni 

farTod aSuqebdnen e.w. indrustrializaciisa 

da koleqtivizaciis ganxorcielebas, mraval SemTxvevaSi 

igi aWaris soflad arsebul mdgomareobas dama- 

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xinjebulad warmoaCenda. cxadia, sabWoTa totalitaruli 

reJimis pirobebSi sxvanairad muSaoba SeuZlebeli 

iyo. 

1941_1945 wlebis omis dawyebis win ”axalgazrda 

lenineli” da sauwyebo gazeTebi daixura.Aamis Semdeg 

aWaraSi gamodioda 2 saolqo da 4 raionuli gazeTi. 

omis wlebSi presa sakmarisad uzrunvelyofili ar iyo 

qaRaldiTa da sxva masalebiT.Aamis gamo Semcirda 

saolqo gazeTebis formati da tiraJi. isini 4-is 

nacvlad 2-gverdiani da amave dros naxevari formatiT 

ibeWdeboda. Tu omis dawyebamde ”sabWoTa aWaris” erTdrouli 

tiraJi 10 aTas egzemplars, xolo ”batumski 

raboCisa” 8 aTass Seadgenda, omis wlebSi 7650-dan 6120- 

mde Semcirda(8: 12.) 

1945 wels yvela gazeTis erTdrouli tiraJi 20.3 

aTas egzemplars Seadgenda (25: 135.) TiTqmis ucvleli 

darCa saolqo gazeTebis erTdrouli tiraJi, rac omis 

periodSi iyo. amitom partiis aWaris saolqo komitetis 

pirveli mdivani k. beWvaia saqarTvelos kp centraluri 

komotetis pirveli mdivnis k. Carkvianisadmi 1950 wlis 

15 maiss gagzavnil werilSi moiTxovda ”sabWoTa aWaris” 

tiraJis gazrdas 15 aTas, xolo ”batumski raboCis” 

_ 10 aTas egzemplaramde(8: 12). magram maSin es moTxovna 

ar dakmayofilda. 

gazeTebis mxatvrul-teqnikuri gaformeba da saerTo 

poligrafiuli done dabali iyo. miuxedavad amisa, 

1941_1945 wlebSi aWaris presam mniSvnelovani roli 

Seasrula faSizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mosaxleobis 

mobilizaciis, frontisa da zurgis kavSiris ganmtkicebaSi. 

presis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani Tvisebriv-raodenobrivi 

cvlilebebi moxda omis Semdgom periodSi, 

1945 wlis 15 ivlisidan gaizarda saolqo gazeTebis 

formati. ”sabWoTa aWara” da ”batumski raboCi” oTxgverdiani 

gaxda. 1946 wlis ivnisidan raionuli gazeTebi 

kviraSi orjer gamodioda, nacvlad erTisa. 50-ian wleb- 

Si presas Seemata axali Jurnal-gazeTebi. kerZod, 1955 

162

wels daarsda Suaxevis raionuli gazeTi ”droSa”, 

xolo 1958 wels _ Jurnali ”literaturuli aWara”, romelic 

1970 wlidan ”Woroxis” saxeliT gamodioda. 

marTalia, 1945_1955 wlebSi aWaris presis erTdrouli 

tiraJi mniSvnelovnad ar gazrdila, igi 1950 wels 

20.9 aTas, xolo 1955 wels 22.0 aTas egzemplaramde 

aRwevda,Mmagram momdevno wlebSi raodenobrivi cvlilebebi 

SesamCnevi gaxda. 1958 wels presis erTdrouli 

tiraJi 26,1 aTass egzemplars, xolo 1959 wels _ 27.1 

aTass Seadgenda (24: 135). Tumca omamdel tiraJze sagrZnoblad 

naklebi iyo. 

gazeTebs qalaqad da soflad Semokrebili hyavda 

mravalricxovani korespondenti, romlebic mosaxleobas 

saintereso cnobebs awvdidnen qveyanaSi mimdinare 

movlenebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, 1959 wels ”sabWoTa aWaris” 

muSa da soflis korespondentTa ricxvi 950 kacs 

iTvlida, xolo ”batumski raboCisa”_380_s (14: 230) metnaklebad 

ase iyo sxva drosac. SesamCnevad gamdidrda 

saredaqcio fostac. 1951 ”sabWoTa aWaraSi” Sevida 1964 

werili. 1952 wels _ 2830, 1958 wels _ 3000, romelTa 

umravlesoba daibeWda. magaliTad 1958 wels daibeWda 

2800 korespondencia. ”batumski raboCiSi” 1953 wlis 

maisidan 1954 wlis aprilamde Sevida 2380 werili, romelTagan 

daibeWda 1140 (9: 154-157: 11, 181: 14, 110.) 

omis Semdgom wlebSi, rogorc adre, nayofierad 

muSaobda gazeT ”sabWoTa aWaris” saredaqcio kolegia. 

gazeTi bolomde darCa aWaris presis flagmanad. 1944 

wlidan 1949 wlis agvistomde ”sabWoTa aWaris” pasuxismgebel 

redaqtorad muSaobda anton kelenjeriZe. 1949- 

1958 da 1968-1986 wlebSi _ TvalsaCino Jurnalisti SoTa 

quriZe, 1958-1968 wlebSi _ ruben siraZe, 1986-1991 wlebSi 

_ vaxtang wulukiZe. 

cxadia, sabWoTa periodis yvela etapze, maT Soris 

omis Semdgom wlebSi gazeTebSi Warbobda oficialuri 

masalebi, magram amave dros sainteresod Suqdeboda 

regionis cxovrebis mtkivneuli sakiTxebi, ucxoeTis 

ambebi. gazeTis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo sakavSiro da sa- 

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qarTvelos depeSaTa saagentoebis masalebi, adgilobrivi 

korespondenciebi. 

omis Semdgom aRdgeniT wlebSi (1946_1950) ”sabWoTa 

aWaram” didi muSaoba gaswia meoTxe xuTwliani gegmis 

popularizaciis, SromiTi metoqeobis, e.w. ”socialisturi 

Sejibrebis” gaSlis, miRwevebis gasaSuqeblad. gazeTis 

yoveli nomris me-3 gverdi gamodioda rubrikiT 

”mowinave gamocdileba _ yvela muSas!”. ”sabWoTa aWaram” 

sainteresod gaaSuqa ssr kavSiris teritoriaze arsebul 

mowinave sawarmoTa koleqtivis wamowyebebi SromiTi 

metoqeobis gaSlisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. gaze- 

Ti popularizacias uwevda am wamowyebebis avtonomiur 

respublikaSi danergvas. sistematurad beWdavda werilebs 

aWaris mrewvelobis, transportisa da soflis 

meurneobis mowinave adamianebis Sesaxeb. 

50-ian wlebSi aWaris presaSi, kerZod, saolqo gaze- 

TebSi oficialuri masalebis raodenoba gaizarda. mkacri 

cenzuris pirobebSi maT saSualeba ar hqondaT obieqturad 

gaeSuqebinaT regionis politikuri, socialurekonomikuri 

da sulieri cxovrebis sakiTxebi. 

presaSi, sakuTar korespondentebTan erTad, sistematurad 

gamodiodnen saolqo, saqalaqo da raionuli 

xemZRvaneli muSakebi. 

cxadia, analogiur muSaobas eweodnen ”batumski 

raboCisa” da raionuli gazeTebis saredaqcio kolegebi. 

magram partiis aWaris saolqo komiteti maT mimarT aSkarad 

gamoTqvamda ukmayofilebas. ”batumski raboCi”, 

romelic ZiriTadad rusulenovani mosaxleobisTvis iyo 

gankuTvnili, gadatvirTuli iyo centraluri presis 

masalebiT. TvalSi sacemi iyo gazeTis saredaqcio kolegiis 

susti kavSiri sofelTan. saqarTvelos kp aWaris 

saolqo komitetis biuros sxdomaze (1945 wlis 19 

oqtomberi) mwvaved aRiniSna amis Sesaxeb. ”batumski raboCis” 

saredaqcio kolegia gaakritikes agreTve partiis 

aWaris saolqo komitetis 1946 wlis agvistos plenumze 

(4: 60; 5: 108_112.) 

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marTalia, ”batumski raboCis” saredaqcio kolegiam 

50-ian wlebSi muSaoba SesamCnevad gaaumjobesa, magram 

mdgomareoba mTlianad ar gamosworebula. 1951_1954 

wlebSi gazeTi samarTlianad gaakritikes partiis aWaris 

saolqo komitetis plenumebsa da biuros sxdomebze. 

40-50-ian wlebSi partiuli organoebi sistematurad 

akritikebdnen qedisa da xulos raionuli gazeTebis redaqciebs, 

ramdenadac maTi muSaoba naklebad pasuxobda 

partiis xelmZRvaneli organoebis moTxovnebs (6: 10_11; 

7: 406; 9: 154_157; 10: 44_45; 11: 181; 345_349). 

presaSi araerTi niWieri da sakmaod gawafuli Jurnalisti 

moRvaweobda, romelTa publicisturma werilebma 

mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves xeli mkiTxvelTa cnobierebis 

amaRlebas. 40_50_iani wlebis Jurnalistebidan 

yuradRebas imsaxureben riurik falavandiSvili, giorgi 

lorTqifaniZe, amiran gurgeniZe, akaki Sonia, ilia 

rurua, aleqsandre samsonia, avTandil xarazi, amiran 

vadaWkoria, grigol kilaZe, dursun kobalaZe, severiane 

tuRuSi, ali konceliZe, jemal SamilaZe, Tengiz xomeriki 

da sxvebi /”sabWoTa aWara”/. 

aRniSnuli xanis ”batumski raboCis” redaqciis Tanam- 

Sromlebidan gamoirCeodnen ivane pasko, andro sioriZe, 

revaz imnaZe, aleqsandra bogomolova da sxv. 1933-1943 

wlebSi gazeTis pasuxismgebeli redaqtori iyo mixeil 

anastasiadi, 1944-1949 wlebSi _ aleqsandre baRaTuria, 

1950-1964 da 1967-1986 wlebSi _ vladimer marRaniZe, xolo 

1986-1991 wlebSi _ arCil miqelTaZe. 

gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebis bolos momwifda pirobebi 

saqarTvelos JurnalistTa kavSiris aWaris ganyofilebis 

daarsebisaTvis. marTlac, aseTi ganyofileba 

daarsda qalaq baTumSi 1958 wels, romelic 58 Jurnalists 

aerTianebda(28). Tavmjdomared airCies gazeT 

”sabWoTa aWaris” redaqtori SoTa quriZe, romelic mas 

xelmZRvanelobda sicocxlis bolomde. ganyofilebas- 

Tan ramdenime seqcia Seiqmna, sadac nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi 

muSaoba gaiSala. saqarTvelos JurnalistTa 

kavSiris aWaris ganyofilebam sagrZnobi gavlena moax- 

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dina Jurnalistebis profesiuli daostatebisa da presis 

maorganizebeli rolis amaRlebaze. 

60-ian wlebSi sainformacio saSualebebma rogorc 

mTlianad ssr kavSirSi, ise saqarTveloSi axali cvlilebebi 

ganicades. igi Seexo aWaris avtonomiur respublikasac. 

gazeTebisa da radiomauwyeblobis redaqciebSi 

Seiqmna sazogadoebriv sawyisebze momuSave ganyofilebebi, 

rac aucileblobiT gamowveuli ar yofila.Aamis 

Sedegad warmoiqmna garkveuli formalizmi da dublireba, 

ziani miadga profesiul Jurnalistur saqmianobasac. 

presisaTvis kidev ufro saziano aRmoCnda 1962_1963 

wlebSi ganxorcielebuli administraciul-teritoriuli 

mowyobisa da marTvis sistemis reformebi. aWaraSi 

daixura raionuli gazeTebi, saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 

gaerTianda ”sabWoTa aWarisa” da ”batumski raboCis” redaqciebi.Aamis 

Sedegad ”sabWoTa aWara” gamodioda rusul 

da qarTul enebze erTi saerTo redaqciiT. 

sagrZnoblad Semcirda gazeTis saStato personali da 

tiraJi. 

ssr kavSiris centralur partiul da saxelmwifo 

xelmZRvanelobaSi 1964 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi momxdari 

cvlilebebis Sedegad mdgomareoba Seicvala. 1966 

wels aRadgines raionuli gazeTebi, isev damoukidebeli 

gaxda saolqo rusulenovani gazeTi. 1969 wlidan baTum- 

Si iwyo gamosvla saqarTvelos sanaosnos sauwyebo gazeTma 

”moriak gruzii”. cxadia, yovelive es mniSvnelovani 

RonisZieba iyo presis ganviTarebis gzaze. 

am cvlilebaTa Sedegad 70-80-ian wlebSi aWaraSi 

gamodioda 8 gazeTi da 1 Jurnali: ”sabWoTa aWara”, ”sovetskaia 

adJaria”, literaturul-mxatvruli da sazogadoebriv-politikuri 

Jurnali ”Woroxi”, raionuli da 

sauwyebo gazeTebi ”lenineli” (qobuleTi), ”oqtombris 

gziT” (xelvaCauri), ”kolmeurne” (qeda), ”droSa” (Suaxevi), 

”koleqtiuri Sroma” (xulo), ”moriak gruzii” (baTumi, 

saqarTvelos sanaosno). marTalia, zogierTi maTga- 

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nis saxelwodeba Seicvala, magram ZiriTadi mimarTuleba 

da pozicia igive darCa. 

mniSvnelovnad gaizarda Jurnal-gazeTebis mkiTxvel- 

Ta ricxvi, maTi tiraJi da saredaqcio fosta. sagrZnoblad 

gaumjobesda Jurnal-gazeTebis mxatvrul-teqnikuri 

gaformeba. gazeTma ”sabWoTa aWaram” 1965 wels miiRo 

6778 werili da statia, xolo 1972 wels _ 7000-ze meti. 

maTi didi nawili daibeWda (30: 31). metnaklebad aseTi 

suraTi gvaqvs momdevno wlebSi. 

gazeTebis erTdrouli tiraJi 1979 wels 74 aTas 119 

cals iTvlida. maT Soris ”sabWoTa aWara”_35000, ”sovetskaia 

adJarias”_12000, Semdeg modioda ”lenineli” 

/qobuleTis raioni/_8000, ”droSa” /Suaxevis raioni/_4000, 

”moriak gruzii” /saqarTvelos sanaosno/_4400 egzemplari 

da sxva. 1981-1985 wlebSi gazeTebis erTdrouli 

tiraJi meryeobda 79581_79925 egzemplars Soris. ”sabWo- 

Ta aWaris” erTdrouli tiraJi gaizarda 37 aTas calamde, 

‘sovetskaia adJarias’_15 aTas egzemplaramde (22, 92; 

23, 73). Jurnali ”Woroxi” /”literaturuli aWara”/ or 

TveSi erTjer gamodioda. 1958_1970 wlebSi misi erTdrouli 

tiraJi 1800 egzemplars Seadgenda. 1971-1979 

wlebSi _ 2040, xolo 1980-1990 wlebSi _ 5000-mde gaizarda. 

marTalia, maT rigebs araerTi niWieri muSaki gamoaklda, 

60-ian da momdevno wlebSi kvlav nayofierad 

muSaobdnen wina Taobis Jurnalistebi. maT Seemata 

araerTi niWieri da Sromismoyvare axali Taobis warmomadgeneli, 

romelTa publicisturma werilebma mkiTxvelTa 

yuradReba da simpaTiebi daimsaxura. maT Soris 

gamoirCeodnen: dimitri xozrevaniZe, avTandil diasami- 

Ze, nevro pataraia, anzor daviTaZe, givi TurmaniZe, sergo 

kakauriZe, giorgi bolqvaZe, mixeil mSvidobaZe, nugzar 

jafariZe da sxv. maT publicistur werilebSi sainteresod 

iyo gaSuqebuli aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi 

mimdinare movlenebi, politikuri cxovrebis, ekonomikisa 

da kulturis sakvanZo sakiTxebi. 

167

60-80-ian wlebSi, rogorc adre, presa kvlavindeburad 

did adgils uTmobda partiuli da saxelmwifo 

organoebis oficialur masalebs. 

presaSi partiul da saxelmwifo muSakebTan erTad 

aqtiurad monawileobdnen literaturisa da xelovnebis, 

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis TvasaCino warmomadgenlebi. 

Jurnalma ”literaturulma aWaram” Tavis garSemo 

Semoikriba SemoqmedebiTi inteligencia, gansakuTrebul 

yuradRebas iCenda axalgazrda mwerlebisadmi. Jurnalis 

ganviTarebis, misi Sinaarsobriv-mxatvruli donis 

amaRlebaSi mniSvnelovan muSaobas eweodnen redaqtorebi: 

SoTa quriZe (1958-1967), nana gvariSvili (1967-1969), 

akaki Sonia (1969-1995), ali samsonia (1979-1991), soso aba- 

SiZe (1991-1995), xolo 1995 wlidan _ sandro beriZe. am 

saqmeSi didi wvrili Seitana agreTve mamia varSaniZem, 

romelic 1962-1999 wlebSi Jurnalis pasuxismgebel mdivnad 

muSaobda. 

JurnalSi literaturul-mxatvrul nawarmoebebTan 

erTad ibeWdeboda mecnierul-Teoriuli statiebi, romelTa 

avtorebi arian TvalsaCino mwerlebi, mecnierebi, 

xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi. 

mosaxleobis sainformacio uzrunvelyofasa da gaTviTcnobierebaSi 

presasTan erTad did rols asrulebs 

radiomauwyebloba da televizia. saqarTveloSi pirveli 

radiogadamcemi sadguri amuSavda 1925 wels.Ggadacema 

kviraSi orjer gadioda _ SabaTobiTa da kviraobiT. 

1926 wlidan iwyeba yoveldRiuri radiogadacemebi. ba- 

TumSi radiokvanZi pirvelad daidga 1928 wels, romelic 

gadacemebs iRebda Tbilisidan da moskovidan. 1932 wels 

aWaraSi 4 radiokvanZi muSaobda (2: 145). zogierTi soflisa 

da sasoflo sabWos centrebSi amoqmedda radiomimRebi 

aparatebi, satranslacio wertebi. 1940 wels 

aWaraSi iTvleboda 6,7 aTasi radiosatranslacio werti 

(25: 93). 

cxadia, yovelive es iyo radiomauwyeblobis ganviTarebis 

mxolod dasawyisi. marTalia, omis wlebSi 

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centraluri radiogadacemebi TiTqmis ar Sewyvetila, 

axali radiosatranslacio wertebis mSeneblobac mimdinareobda, 

magram mniSvnelovani winsvla ar yofila. 1948 

wlis ivlisis monacemebiT aWaraSi muSaobda 8 radiokvanZi 

(3 saxelmwifo da 5 sauwyebo). 52 sasoflo sabWodan 

radioficirebuli iyo 20, xolo 191 kolmeurneobidan_35 

(27). marTalia, momdevno wlebSi winsvla 

SeimCneoda, magram arsebiTi gardatexa mainc ar momxdara. 

1950 wels aRiricxa 11,2 aTasi radiosatranslacio 

werti (25: 93), rac sakmarisi ar iyo. 

am mimarTulebiT nayofieri muSaoba gaiSala 50-iani 

wlebidan. 1953 wels saqarTvelos kp aWaris saolqo komitetma 

da avtonomiuri respublikis ministrTa sabWom 

daamtkices radiofikaciis ganviTarebis xuTwliani gegma 

(1954_1959).Kkidev ufro didi amocanebi ganisazRvra 

momdevno xuTwliani gegmiT, magram isini ar Sesrulebula. 

radiofikaciis ganviTarebis 1954_1959 wlebis 

gegma Sesrulda 65%-iT, xolo 1960_1965 wlebisa_amaze 

naklebad (16: 104; 18: 79). miuxedavad amisa, miRwevebi 

radiomauwyeblobis ganviTarebaSi mainc TvalsaCino iyo. 

aWaraSi 1957 wlis dasawyisSi iTvleboda 35, xolo 

1964 wels_57 radiokvanZi (13: 107; 29), rac 7_jer da 

metad aRemateboda 1948 wlis maCvenebels. 1955 wels 52 

sasoflo sabWodan radioficirebuli iyo 50, 133 kolmeurneobidan_108, 

358 dasaxlebuli punqtidan_212. magram 

radiosatranslacio wertebis mixedviT winsvla umniSvnelo 

iyo. 1955 wels maTi raodenoba 15,0 aTass, xolo 

1960 wels_19,2 aTasamde aRwevda (12: 82; 25: 93). 

aWaraSi radiomauwyeblobis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani 

movlena iyo 1959 wlis 7 noembers axali radiogadamcemi 

sadguris amoqmedeba. sagulisxmoa, rom manmade 

aWaris radiogadamcemebi mxolod qalaq baTumis 

satranslacio qseliT gadaicemoda. soflis mosaxleoba 

baTumidan radiogadacemebs ver iRebda. axali sadguris 

amoqmedebis Sedegad baTumidan radiogadacemebi 

mTlianad aWaris masStabiT warmoebda. 1961 wlidan aWaris 

radiogadacemebi 60-dan 100 wuTamde gaizarda. am 

169

wels pirvelad SemoiRes dilis gadacemebi da aWaris 

radio yoveldRiurad eTerSi 3-jer gadioda (orjer 

qarTulad da erTjer rusulad).Aamrigad, 60-iani wlebidan 

moyolebuli, aWaris mosaxleoba gadacemebs iRebda 

ara marto moskovidan da Tbilisidan, aramed agreTve 

baTumidanac. aWaris radiogadacemebi warmoebda rubrikiT 

”aWaris axali ambebi”, ”mowinaveTa gamocdilebis 

tribuna”, radioJurnali ”axalgazrdobisa da qalTa 

Sesaxeb” da sxva (17, 1, 2, 6). 

aWaris radiomauwyeblobis moqmedebaTa areali 

mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 1968 wlidan, rodesac baTumis 

SemogarenSi (sofeli feria) damontaJda 30-kilovatiani 

saSualotalRovani radiosadguri.Mmanamde ki aWaris radios 

gadacemebi mimdinareobda mokle talRebiT, saSualotalRovani 

sadguriT, romlis diapazonia 211 metri 

(1422 kiloherci). aWaris radiogadacemebis mosmena SesaZlebeli 

gaxda evropaSi, aSS-Si, aziis qveynebis nawilSi. 

gadacemaTa xangrZlivoba 3 saaTamde gaizarda 

(diliT 1, saRamoTi_2 saaTi). amjeradac qarTulad gadacemebi 

warmoebda orjer, xolo rusulad_erTjer. 

SesamCnevad gaumjobesda radiogadacemaTa programa 

da radiomimRebi wertebi. radioTi eTerSi gadioda 

mokle informaciebi (”aWaris axali ambebi”, ”novosti 

adJarii”), mxatvrul_musikaluri programebi, gadacemebi 

mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis muSakTaTvis (‘pirimze’), 

mezRvaurebisaTvis (”cisfer gzebze”), kritikuli 

(”msusxav talRebze”) da sxva. 1970 wels radiomimRebi 

wertebi gaizarda 29,4 aTas, 1980 wels_51,7 aTas, xolo 

1986 wels_65,1 aTasamde (26, 93). amasTan aWaraSi 1970 

wlamde 23 kolmeurneobas hqonda sakuTari radiokvanZi 

3542 radiowertiT. magram 1978 wlisaTvis maTi didi 

nawili mwyobridan gamosuli iyo da aRar muSaobda (19: 

2_4). aWaraSi radiomauwyeblobis organizaciasa da ganvi- 

TarebaSi mniSvnelovani damsaxureba aqvT p. zambaxiZes, a. 

vadaWkorias, o. futkaraZes, i. beqiriSvils da sxvebs. 

saqarTveloSi televiziis gadacemebi eTerSi pirvelad 

gavida 1957 wels, magram misi moqmedebis areali 

170

SezRuduli iyo. 1963 wels mwyrobSi Cadga Tbilisi-qu- 

Taisis sareleo xazi, ris Sedegad dasavleT saqarTvelos 

raionebis SesaZlebloba eZleodaT mieRoT telegadacemebi 

Tbilisidan. 1964 wels amoqmedda sareleo 

xazi moskovi_Tbilisi. saqarTvelos televizia CaerTo 

sakavSiro centraluri televiziis, misi meSveobiT ki 

_ interviziisa da evroviziis qselSi, rac mniSvnelovan 

siaxled da teqnikur miRwevad iTvleba mosaxleobis 

sainformacio uzrunvelyofaSi. 

aWaris mosaxleoba televizias pirvelad eziara 1965 

wels, rodesac mwyobrSi Cadga telesatranslacio sadguri 

baTumis SemogarenSi (mwvane koncxi). 1974 wels 

amoqmedda Suaxevis satranslacio sadguri, riTac gaumjobesda 

gadacemebis xarisxi aWaris mTianeTSi. 1979 

wels aWaraSi muSaobda 30-mde mZlavri da mcire 

telesatranslacio sadguri (18: 78; 32), momdevno wlebSi 

maTi ricxvi kidev metad gaizarda. amis Sedegad reliefiT 

gamowveuli siZneleebi daZleul iqna. aWaris 

mosaxleoba Tavisuflad iRebda satelevizio gadacemebs 

moskovidan da Tbilisidan. aWaraSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos 

centraluri televiziis biuro, romlis amocanas 

Seadgenda adgilobrivi masalebis momzadeba, marTlac, 

saqarTvelos centraluri televiziiT aWaris Sesaxeb 

araerTi saintereso masala gadaica. 1987 wels 

baTumidan pirvelad daiwyo satelevizio gadacemebi. 

saqarTvelos centraluri televiziis aWaris biuro 

gaerTianda avtonomiuri respublikis radiomauwyeblobasTan 

da Seiqmna erTiani saxelwifo samsaxuri _ televiziisa 

da radiomauwyeblobis saxelmwifo komiteti. 

televizia uzrunvelyofili gaxda specialisti kadrebiT, 

tele-video aparaturiTa da danadgarebiT. Seiqmna 

gadacemaTa redaqciebi. aWaris televiziis gadacemebi 

warmoebda yoveldRiurad or_ori saaTiT (dilaobiTa 

da saRamoobiT). televiziis amoqmedebis Sedegad mosaxleobis 

daintereseba informaciiT mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, 

xolo maTi cnobierebis diapazoni sagrZnoblad 

gafarTovda. 

171

amrigad, aWaraSi 1921_1990 wlebSi funqcionirebda 

mxolod saxelmwifos masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi 

(presa, radiomauwyebloba, televizia;). miuxedavad 

imisa, rom isini mxolod mmarTveli partiis ideologiasa 

da politikas gamoxatavdnen, sainformacio saSualebebma 

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes mosaxleobis 

gaTviTcnobierebasa da sainformacio uzrunvelyofaSi. 

wyaroebi da literatura: 

1. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, politikuri 

partiebisa da organizaciebis ganyofileba, fondi 1, anaweri 

1, saqme 907. 

2. iqve, saqme 228. 


4. iqve, anaweri 9, saqme 8. 





9. iqve, anaweri 27, saqme 59 


11. iqve, saqme 31 









20. aWaris saxelmwifo centraluri arqivi, fondi 

r_178, anaweri 1, saqme 184. 


22. aWaris partiuli organizaciis XXXVII konferencia 

(rusul enaze) baTumi, 1983. 

172

23. aWaris partuli organizaciis XXXVIII konferencia 

(rusul enaze) baTumi, 1985. 

24. sabWoTa aWaris 40 weli, statistikuri krebuli. 

baTumi, 1961. 

25. sabWoTa aWaris 60 weli, statistikuri krebuli. 

baTumi 1981. 

26. Народное хозяйство Аджарской АССР , статиcтический 

сборник. Батуми 1987. 

27. gazeTi ”sabWoTa aWara”, 31 ivlisi, 1948. 

28. gazeTi ”sabWoTa aWara”, 31 ianvari, 5 maisi, 1962. 

29. gazeTi ”sabWoTa aWara” 2 dekemberi, 1963. 

30. gazeTi ”sabWoTa aWara”, 5 maisi, 1966. 

31. gazeTi ”sabWoTa aWara”, 5 maisi, 1973. 

32. gazeTi ”sabWoTa aWara”, 30 noemberi, 1979. 

33. e. daviTaZe, gazeTi ”fuxara” da misi winamorbedni. 

baTumi, 1975. 

Turmanidze Otar 

Means of Information in 1921-1990 Years Ajara Region 

Summary 

In the present work it is studied the means of information in 1921- 

1990 s in Ajara Region; like media, radio and television. In above 

mentioned work it is clearly shown, that, as a result of Georgia , s 

Sovietization, free media and publishing were brought firmly under strict 

state control by ruling party. In such circumstances massmedia was 

disabled to express the truth of social – political reality. The means of 

information expressed the ideas and political beliefs of only communist 

Party. 

Indeed such an influence on media means was the conceivable bar 

for development of free public opinion. Despite of nonexistence freedom 

in media, means of information took an important part in the Regions , s 

social and spiritual lives. 

173

Турманидзе Отар 

Информационные средства Аджарии В 1921-1990 годах 

Резюме 

В данной работе изучены информационные средства Аджарии 

В 1921-1990 годах: пресса, радиовещание и телевидение. Показано, 

что в результате советизации Грузии в Аджарии свободная пресса 

и издательское дело было монополизировано государством. Это 

дело находилось под строгим контролем правяшей партии. При 

таких условиях массовые информационные средства никак не 

могли отражать истинное положение обшествено-политической 

жизни. Они выражали только идеологию и политическую линию 

коммунистической партии. 

Конечно, такое положение дел было серьезной помехой развития 

обшественной жизни. Несмотря на такое положение, массовые 

информационные средства внесли значителный вклад в обшественную 

и духовную жизнь региона. 

174

Tengiz grigolia 

saqarTvelos 

satranzito funqcia 

evrokavSiris samezoblo politikaSi 

evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis Sedegi is 

gaxldaT, rom kavSiris 2004 wlis rigiT mexuTe gafarToebisas 

masSi Sevida centraluri evropisa da 

xmelTaSuazRvispireTis axali saxelmwifoebi. arealis 

gafarToebam axali mezoblebi warmoaCina. 

iniciativa-precedenti `farTo evropa _ samezoblo: 

Cvens aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan TanamSromlobis 

axali farglebi~ _ warmoadgens èvropul 

samezoblo politikas~. igi evrokavSiris evrokomisiis 

komunikaciaSi `farTo evropis Sesaxeb~ 2003 

wlis martSi iqna warmodgenili. igi exeba evrokav- 

Siris im mezobel qveynebs, romlebsac dReisaTvis evrokavSirSi 

manevrirebis perspeqtiva ara aqvT, 

magram iniciativa masSi monawile qveynebs aZlevs 

Sanss TanamSromloba SemdgomSi realur integraciul 

procesebSi gadaiyvanon. bevri amas miiCnevs saer- 

TaSoriso urTierTobaTa mkveTr evropul kursad, 

romelic zRudavs evropaSi sazRvrebis gaCenas da mis 

sanacvlod evrokavSirsa da mis mezoblebs Soris 

politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas 

sTavazobs. samezoblo politika mimarTulia 

qveynebis daaxloebaze evropis kavSirTan. evrokavSiri 

da misi institutebi uzrunvelyofen qveyanaTa 

transformacias, exmarebian qveynebs im pirobebis 

CamoyalibebaSi, rac gardauvals gaxdis maT gawevrianebas 

evropis kavSirSi. 

samezoblo politikis Tanaxmad evrokavSiris partnior 

qveynebs pirobiTad yofen sxvadasxva kategoriebad: 

175

a. gawevrianebis kandidatebi. aseT qveynebad miiCneva: 

xorvatia, makedonia, TurqeTi. 

b. gawevrianebis potenciuri kandidatebi (dasavleT 

balkaneTis sxva saxelmwifoebi) 

g. partniorebi gawevrianebis `bundovani~ perspeqtiviT. 

aq Sedis ukraina, saqarTvelo, moldova, azerbaijani. 

d. partniorebi gawevrianebis perspeqtivis gareSe 

(samxreT xmelTaSuazRvisa da axlo aRmosavleTis 

qveynebi, ruseTi da Sua azia). 

samxreT kavkasiis qveynebze samezoblo iniciativis 

gavrcelebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba evropulma 

sabWom evrokomisiisa da evroparlamentis rekomendaciebiT 

2004 wlis ivnisSi miiRo. Tavis axal samezoblo 

politikas evrokavSiri xsenebul qveyanaTa 

mimarT diferenciuli politikisa da midgomis safu- 

Zvelze axorcielebs. evrokavSirTan TanamSromlobis 

done damokidebulia konkretuli mezobeli qveynis 

mier aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze. evropisaTvis 

Savi zRvis auzis, rogorc kaspiis zRvis 

auzidan navTobis da gazis momwodebeli koridoris 

da xmelTaSua zRvisken arsebuli derefnis, strategiuli 

mniSvneloba gansakuTrebulia. samezoblo miznebis 

ganxorcielebisaTvis evrokavSiri partnior 

qveynebTan erTad gansazRvravs TanamSromlobis 

gaRrmavebis procesebs. 2005 wlis noembersa da 2006 

wlis martSi samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmaze 

saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris konsultaciebis 

ori raundi gaimarTa. 

2007 wlidan evrokavSiris daxmarebis programebs 

daerTo da daemataT e. w. èvropuli samezoblo instrumenti~. 

misi saSualebiT saqarTveloSi unda dafinansdes 

regionaluri proeqtebi. 

176

samezoblo politikam, funqcionaluri integraciis 

gziT, saqarTvelo unda miiyvanos evrokavSiris 

wevrobamde. 

XX s. 90-ian wlebSi geopolitika evrokavSiris 

sagareo politikis sasicocxlo Semadgeneli nawili 

gaxda. evrokavSiris interesi saqarTveloSi marto 

ekonomikuri potencialiT rodi iyo gamowveuli _ 

igi ganpirobebuli iyo xelsayreli geografiuli 

mdebareobiTac, romelic saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso 

ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sistemaSi satranzito 

kvanZis funqcias aniWebda. 

saqarTvelos, kavkasiis da centraluri aziis ganviTarebis 

aspeqtebidan Tavisi universalurobiT 

gamoirCeva TRASECA (traseka) _ evropa _ kavkasia _ 

aziis satransporto satranzito derefani. es iyo 

evrokavSiris teqnikuri daxmarebis programa da mas 

axorcielebda TACIS (tasisi), romelic gamoyofda 

kreditebs da grantebs Sesabamisi infrastruqturis 

SeqmnisaTvis. 2007 wlis 1 ianvridan programa tasisma 

Sewyvita arseboba da igi Seicvala evropis samezoblo 

partniorobis instrumentiT. swored tasisis 

programiT moxda saqarTvelos satranzito infrastruqturis 

amoqmedeba. saqarT-velo 1995 wlidan 

TRACECA-s monawile qveyana gaxda. trasekas safuZvlad 

daedo masSi Semavali qveynebis prezidentebis 

mier xelmowerili ~ZiriTadi multilateruli Se- 

Tanxmeba evropa _ kavkasia _ aziis satransporto derefnis 

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~. 2005 wlis gazafxulze 

TRACECA saerTaSoriso ekonomikur organizaciad Camoyalibda. 

1997 wlis ivnisSi helsinkis mesame panevropul 

konferenciaze evrokavSiris mxardaWeriT, saqarTvelosa 

da misi partniori qveynebis CarTviT, damkvidrda 

axali regionaluri programa PETRA (petra) 

_ panevropuli satransporto areali. TRASECA-sa da 

177

PETRA-s satranzito proeqtebis ganviTareba evrokav- 

Sirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi drouli da 

mniSvnelovani instrumenti aRmoCnda. evropa _ 

kavkasia _ aziis derefani trasekas derefnis garda 

moicavs aRmosavleT _ dasavleTis energetikul derefans. 

INOGATE _ navTobisa da gazis transportireba 

evropaSi _ evrokavSiris programaa, man starti 

aiRo 1996 wels da misi saqmianoba moicavs sxvadasxva 

sferos. 

specialistebis azriT, dReisaTvis TRASECA saqarTvelos 

monakveTSi konkurentunariani ar aris. 

aziur qveynebze tvirTebis nawili umniSvneloa. yovelive 

amis mizezi aris mouqneli satarifo politika. 

saporto momsaxurebaze Zalian maRali tarifebia. 

dasavleli eqspertebi miuTiTeben saqarTvelos 

satranzito funqciis aramdgradobaze da satranzito 

infrastruqturis dabal xarisxze. miuxedavad amisa, 

saqarTvelos satranzito derefans politikuri da 

ekonomikuri datvirTva gaaCnia, radgan iZens saer- 

TaSoriso satranzito funqcias. 


1. T. beruCaSvili, a. yuraSvili, v. mSvidobaZe, saqarTvelo 

da evrokavSiri. Tb. 2006; 

2. evrokavSiris institutebi da politika, seriidan 

èvrointegracia~ Tb. 2006; 

3. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba da saqarTvelo 1992 _ 

2000, daxmarebis mimoxilva, Tb. 2000; sagareo saqmeTa saministros 

arqivi, fondi 1201 aRw. #1, saqme 1880. furc.66; 

4. evrokavSiris satransporto politika. evrokavSiris 

vebgverdi _ http/europa.eu/poltrans/index en htm; 

5. Duta, Paul; European Neighbourhood Policy and its Main 

Components; Romanian journal of international affair 2005, V 10; 

178

Tengiz Grigolia 

Georgian tranzit function in European Neighbourhood policy 

Summary 

Georgia a small piece of Land at the crossroards of Europe end Asia 

provided the shortest most convenient way of brindging the two 

countements. Throung this trade route, the caravens of camels brought in 

silk and other exotic merchandise, oriental wisdom and spirituality to 

Europe . 

In May 1993 at a meeting in Brussels that brought together 

reprezentatives of the European Union and the countries of central Asia 

and the Transcaucasus, the TRASECA project (Transport Corridor 

Rurope _ Central Asia ) was launched. It was decided to start up this EU 

√ Sponsored programme of technical assistance in order to pave the way 

for the east-west transport and trade corridor running from Europe to Asia 

through the Blak Sea , the South Caucasus and the Caspian Sea toward 

Central Asia . 

In European Unions Neighbourhood policy Georgian transit roul is 

impotent. 

Транзитная функция Грузии в соседской 

политике Евросоюза 

179 

Тенгиз Григолия 

Резюме 

Включение Грузии в европейские интеграционные процессы на 

данном этапе очень актуально, в особенности – относительно 

«соседской политики» Евросоюза к Грузии. Вместе с другими 

вопросами, это подразумевает подключение корридора «TRACECA» 

к паневропейским корридорам и присвоение международного 

статуса транзитным функциям Грузии. 

Проходящий через Грузию транзитный корридор представляет 

собой реализацию «проекта века», что является для Грузии 

программой технической помощи и гарантом её безопасности.

sulxan aleqsaia 

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis 

qarTul-afxazuri 

afxazuri urTierTobebis qronika 

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan sab- 

WoTa kavSiri aSkarad daSlis gzas daadga. amas, mis 

calkeul respublikebSi, mohyva erovnuli moZraobis 

gaaqtiureba, swrafva TviTgamorkvevisa da damoukideblobisaken. 

respublikebSi azvirTebul erovnul moZraobas 

moskovi sxvadasxva saSualebiT ebrZoda. erT-erT 

aseT saSualebas warmoadgenda separatistuli Zalebis 

waqezeba, eTnikuri da religiuri konfliqtebis provocireba. 

swored am mizniT ruseTma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg 

mTeli rigi meqanizmebi aamoqmeda. man xeli Seuwyo 

saqarTveloSi arsebul avtonomiur respublikebSi separatistul 

moZraobas da daZaba eTnikuri urTierTobebi. 

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis 

Semdeg (1921 w.) afxazuri sazogadoebis erT nawilSi 

antiqarTuli ganwyobileba yovelTvis SeimCneoda da 

TiTqmis yovel aTwleulSi erTxel msxvil antiqarTul 

moZraobaSi gadaizrdeboda xolme. aseT antiqarTul 

gamosvlebs adgili hqonda 1957, 1964, 1967, 1978 wlebSi. 

destabilizaciisa da eTnikuri konfliqtis gaRvivebis 

mizniT araformaluri organizaciebi Seiqmna afxazeTsa 

(aidgilara) da samxreT oseTSic (adamon nixasi). 

maT saqarTvelosagan gamoyofa da ruseTTan SeerTeba 

moiTxoves _ damoukidebeli respublikebis statusiT. 

rogorc afxaz, ise os separatistTa ukan, cxadia, sab- 

WoTa kavSiris maSindeli xelisufleba idga. 

aseTi Zalebis karnaxiT afxazma separatistebma Seqmnes 

e.w. “lixnis manifesti”. 1989 wlis 18 marts sofel 

lixnSi Catarda afxazi erovnebis ramdenime aTasi kacis 

Tavyriloba. aq SemuSavda werili-mimarTva sabWoTa qveynis 

xelmZRvaneli organoebisadmi. aRniSnuli dokumenti 

gamoqveynda gazeT “Бзып Бзыбь”-is 1989 wlis 25 martis 

nomerSi. 

180

am werilSi afxazi eqstremistebi amaxinjeben saqarTvelos 

mTel istorias. TavianT Tavs afxazeTis 

avtoqton mosaxleobad acxadeben, xolo qarTvelebs ki 

brals sdeben afxazeTis dapyrobaSi. amiT cdiloben 

Tavi damoukidebel respublikad gamoacxadon. 

lixnis manifestis SemdgenelTa ukan aSkarad mesame 

Zala _ ruseTi gaxldaT, romlis faruli reJisuriTac 

mwifdeboda antiqarTuli moZraoba osebSic. qarTul-afxazuri 

dapirispireba gansakuTrebiT gamZafrda 1989 

wlis aprilis TveSi, romelic, garkveulwilad, 9 aprilis 

sisxliani aqciis Semapirobebeli gaxda. 

amis Semdeg eTnikuri konfliqti afxazeTSi Semdegnairad 

ganviTarda: 1989 wlis 14 maiss saqarTvelos ssr 

ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile o. qviliTaiam 

gamosca #343-e gankarguleba: “...Tbilisis saxelmwifo 

universitetis filialis Seqmnis Sesaxeb qalaq soxumSi. 

daevalos afxazeTis assr ministrTa sabWos gamoyos 

filialisaTvis Sesabamisi Senoba”(v. yolbaia, T. Waxrakia, 

r. gelantia, d. lacuzbaia, 2000: 51). 

am winadadebas afxazuri mxare Tavidanve uaryofiTad 

Sexvda. 1989 wlis 15 ivliss afxazeTis assr 

umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumma daadgina 1989 wlis 14 

maisis gankargulebis gauqmeba qalaq soxumSi Tbilisis 

saxelmwifo universitetis filialis Seqmnis Sesaxeb 

(М. Ю. Чумалов, 1995: 190_193). 

qarTulma mxarem mainc moaxerxa Tbilisis saxelmwifo 

universitetis filialis Seqmna qalaq soxumis 

#1 saSualo skolaSi, magram moxda warmoudgeneli ram: 

1989 wlis 15 ivliss SeiaraRebulma afxazma eqstremistebma 

alya Semoartyes am filialis Senobas, daxoces 

da daWres sruliad udanaSaulo adamianebi _ abiturientebi 

da maswavleblebi, daarbies Senoba, dawves da 

daxies sabuTebi, xelyves qarTvel klasikosTa portertebi 

(r. miminoSvili, g. fanjikiZe, 1990: 3). Setakebebis 

dros daiRupa 14 kaci. 

afxaz eqstremistTa agresia amis Semdeg kidev ufro 

gaizarda. 1990 wlis 25 agvistos maT umaRlesi sabWos 

sesia moiwvies. kvorumis uqonlobis gamo sesia ar iyo 

181

uflebamosili. miuxedavad amisa, sesia mainc Sedga, 

romelmac daadgina Semdegi: “afxazeTis assr uzenaesi 

sabWo qarTveli xalxis ganuyofel uflebad cnobs 1921 

wlis Tebervlamde arsebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis 

aRdgenas, e.i. ssr kavSiridan mis faqtobriv 

gasvlas, magram saqarTvelos ssr uzenaes sabWos gadawyvetilebebSi 

araferia naTqvami respublikaSi Semavali 

avtonomiebis bedis Taobaze...” amave deklaraciaSi 

afxazeTi damoukidebel suverenul saxelmwifod aris 

gamocxadebuli: “afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika 

aris suverenuli socialisturi saxelmwifo, 

romelic Seiqmna afxazi eris TviTgamorkvevis xelSeuvali 

uflebis ganxorcielebis, Tavisi bedis gansazRvraSi 

xalxis uzenaesobis safuZvelze. afxazeTis sabWo- 

Ta socialisturi respublikis suvereniteti vrceldeba 

afxazeTis assr mTel teritoriaze... respublikis yvela 

erovnebis moqalaqeebi Seadgenen afxazeTis xalxs”... 

(gaz. ”Советская Абхазия” #164, 1990). 

es deklaracia gaxda afxazeTis ssr axali konstituciis 

safuZveli. masSi aSkaradaa gazrdili afxazeTis 

ssr-s uflebebi da ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias. 

1990 wlis 30 agvistos saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi 

sabWos prezidiumma daadgina: “afxazeTis assr 

uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumis 1990 wlis 25 agvistos deklaracia 

gamocxaddes baTilad da iuridiuli Zalis 

armqoned” (saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi, 

#8, 1990: 15). qarTuli mxarisagan misi dagmoba arc iyo 

gasakviri, magram gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos afxazeTis 

assr uzenaesi sabWos 1990 wlis 31 agvistos dadgenileba, 

romelSic vkiTxulobT: 

“...…afxazeTis assr uzenaesi sabWo adgens: 

1. afxazeTis assr uzenaesi sabWos 1990 wlis 25 

agvistos dadgenileba “afxazeTis saxelmwifoebriobis 

dacvis samarTleblivi garantiebis Sesaxeb”, gauqmdes, 

rogorc antikonstituciuri, kanonsawinaaRmdego da 

iuridiulad dausabuTebeli, rac arRvevs saqarTvelos 

istoriulad Camoyalibebul teritoriul mTlianobas, 

xolo deklaracia “afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi 

182

espublikis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis Sesaxeb” 

uaryofil iqnes, ramdenadac igi ewinaaRmdegeba 

afxazeTis mosaxleobis umetesobis Zireul interesebs 

da survils. 

2. dagmobil iqnes saqarTvelosa da qarTveli xalxis 

misamarTiT braldebebi, rac gaisma 1990 wlis 25 

agvistos sesiaze”(gaz. “sabWoTa afxazeTi”, #171, 1990). 

1990 wlis 4 dekembers afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos 

sesiam sabWos Tavmjdomared vladislav arZinba airCia. 

Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis axal xelisufalTa 

Soris saqmiani, konstruqciuli molaparakebebi 

mimdinareobda. moskovis waqezebiT TandaTan iZabeboda 

situacia afxazeTSi. 1991 wlis 17 marts Catarda 

referendumi ssr kavSiris SenarCunebis sakiTxTan dakav- 

SirebiT, romelsac saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi 

sabWos Tavmjdomarem zviad gamsaxurdiam boikoti gamoucxada 

da 1991 wlis 28 Tebervlis dadgenilebiT 1991 

wlis 31 marts daniSna referendumi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi 

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Taobaze 

(regionaluri konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi ... 2002: 53_54). 

am dadgenilebas ar daemorCila afxazeTis assr uzenaesi 

sabWos Tavmjdomare v. arZinba da 1991 wlis 28 

Tebervlis dadgenilebiT gadawyvita, rom 1991 wlis 17 

martis sakavSiro referendumSi, romelic ssrk SenarCunebis 

sakiTxs exeboda, afxazeTic miiRebda monawileobas 

(gaz. “afxazeTis xma”, #37, 1991). 

saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumma 

afxazuri mxaris es gadawyvetileba iuridiuli 

Zalis armqoned gamoacxada (saqarTvelos respublikis 

uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi, #3, 1991: 24_26). Tumc afxazeTis 

teritoriaze mainc Catarda 1991 wlis 17 martis 

referendumi da xma misces ssr kavSiris SenarCunebas. 

qarTul-afxazuri davis sagans Seadgenda agreTve 

afxazeTis assr uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebisa da legitimaciis 

sakiTxi. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos 1991 wlis 

27 Tebervlis dadgenilebaSi “afxazeTis assr uzenaesi 

sabWos arCevnebis Sesaxeb” vkiTxulobT: “afxazeTis 

assr uzenaes sabWos ar gaugrZelebia vada, ar miuRia 

183

afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebis Sesaxeb kanoni da 

Sesabamisad arc afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebi 

dauniSnavs...”(saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos 

uwyebebi, #2, 1991: 92). 

moskovis mier waqezebuli separatistuli Zalebi afxazeTSi 

agrZelebdnen antikonstituciur qmedebebs. miuxedavad 

moskovis winaaRmdegobisa, qarTul-afxazuri 

ormxrivi konsensusi mainc moxerxda, mdgomareoba daregulirda 

_ miiRes saarCevno kanoni, romelic kvotebis 

principebs iTvaliswinebda. kerZod, afxazeTis avtonomiuri 

respublikis umaRles sabWoSi iqneboda 65 deputati, 

maT Soris_28 afxazi, 26_qarTveli da 11_sxva danarCeni 

erovnebis deputati. miRweuli SeTanxmebis 

Tanaxmad, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi 

sabWos Tavmjdomare iqneboda afxazuri, xolo, misi 

pirveli moadgile_qarTuli deputaciis warmomadgeneli. 

ministrTa sabWos Tavjdomare _ qarTveli, xolo 

misi pirveli moadgile_afxazi. rac mTavaria, afxazeTis 

avtonomiuri respublikis moqmed konstituciaSi Sevida 

cvlileba, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela mniSvnelovani 

gadawyvetileba (garda saprocedurosi) unda miRebuliyo 

xmebis ori mesamediT, romlis mosagroveblad (44 

xma) aucilebeli xdeboda qarTvel da afxaz deputatTa 

urTierTkompromisi (saqarTvelos istoria, XX saukune: 

231). 

am etapze moxerxda kompromisis moZebna, magram amis 

Semdeg afxazeTis separatistuli mTavroba yvela Rones 

xmarobda ZirZveli qarTuli kuTxis saqarTvelosagan 

gamosayofad. magaliTad, 1991 wlis 2 ivliss afxazeTis 

assr uzenaesma sabWom dagmo qarTuli erovnuli gvardiis 

Seqmna da is ssrk konstituciis darRvevad gamoacxada(gaz. 

“Абхазия”, #32, 1991). afxazeTis assr uzenaesma 

sabWom 1991 wlis 27 seqtembers miiRo dadgenileba 

“afxazeTis respublikuri sabaJo samsaxuris Seqmnis Sesaxeb” 

(gaz. “Республика Абхазия”, #15, 1991). am dadgenilebis 

moqmedebis SeCerebis Taobaze 1991 wlis 8 oqtombers 

gamovida saqarTvelos respublikis prezidentis 

dadgenileba (saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos 

184

uwyebebi, #10, 1991: 13). amas mohyva 1991 wlis 22 oqtombris 

afxazeTis respublikis uzenaesi sabWos antikonstituciuri 

dadgenileba “afxazeTis suverenitetis 

ekonomikuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb”, romliTac afxazebis 

sakuTrebad gamocxadda afxazeTis teritoriaze mdebare 

sakavSiro da sakavSiro-respublikuri daqvemdebarebis 

sawarmoebi, dawesebulebebi da organizaciebi (gaz. 

“Республика Абхазия”, #15, 1991). es ukanono dadgenileba 

SeCerebulad gamocxadda saqarTvelos prezidentis 1991 

wlis 24 oqtombris brZanebulebiT(regionaluri konfliqtebi 

saqarTveloSi... 2002: 56). afxazebis mxridan analogiur 

antikonstituciur qmedebebs SemdegSic araerTxel 

hqonda adgili, romelic aSkarad eTnikuri konfliqtis 

gaRvivebisaken iyo mimarTuli. 

1991 wlis bolosaTvis saqarTveloSi ukiduresobamde 

daiZaba situacia. qveyanaSi, faqtobrivad, samoqalaqo 

omi daiwyo. 

zviad gamsaxurdias opoziciam gamoiyena sagareo 

garTuleba_saqarTvelos xelisuflebis daZabuli urTierToba 

ruseTTan da mis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli gamosvla 

daigegma. 1991 wlis dekembersa da 1992 wlis 

ianvarSi TbilisSi samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT daemxo 

kanonieri xelisufleba. prezidentma zviad gamsaxurdiam 

Tavi jer somxeTs, xolo Semdeg CeCneTs Seafara. 

Zalaufleba xelSi aiRo samxedro sabWom (jaba ioseliani, 

Tengiz kitovani, Tengiz sigua). samxedro gadatrialebam 

dasabami misca samoqalaqo oms qveyanaSi, 

romelic devnili prezidentis momxreebsa da samxedro 

sabWos Soris mimdinareobda. 

aseT kritikul situaciaSi (1992 wlis 7 marts) moskovidan 

saqarTveloSi Camovida eduard SevardnaZe. 1992 

wlis 11 oqtombers Catarda parlamentis arCevnebi. axali 

parlamentis Tavmjdomare gaxda eduard SevardnaZe, 

romelsac parlamentma saxelmwifos meTauris funqciebi 

mianiWa. saqarTvelo scno gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 

wevrma mravalma qveyanam . 

mTeli am umZimesi periodis manZilze afxazeTis 

separatistuli xelisufleba amzadebda regionis gamo- 

185

yofas saqarTvelosagan. afxazeTis assr uzenaesi sab- 

Wos Tavmjdomare arZinbam 1992 wlis 20 ianvris dadgenilebiT 

afxazeTis teritoriaze myofi qarTuli 

erovnuli gvardiis nawilebi ukanono formirebebad 

gamoacxada da maT afxazeTSi cecxlsasroli iaraRis 

tareba aekrZalaT (gaz. “afxazeTis xma”, #5, 1992), rac 

ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos konstitucias. 

1992 wlis 24 ivniss qalaq soxumSi SeiaraRebulma 

pirebma alya Semoartyes Sinagan saqmeTa saministros 

Senobas, mZimed daaSaves afxazeTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri 

g. lominaZe, ramac gamoiwvia afxazeTis mosaxleobis, 

gansakuTrebiT misi qarTuli nawilis aRSfo- 

Teba _ daiwyo daumorCilebloba. saqarTvelos respublikis 

saxelmwifo sabWos dadgenilebiT: “iqmneba saSiSroeba 

imisa, rom movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTareba gamoiwvevs 

qaoss da situacias umarTavs gaxdis” (gaz. 

“saqarTvelos respublika”, #118_119, 1992). 

imave wlis 23 ivliss afxazeTis separatistulma 

mTavrobam gaauqma afxazeTis assr 1978 wlis konstitucia 

da axali konstituciis miRebamde 1925 wlis 

konstitucia aamoqmeda (gaz. “Абхазия”, #27, 1992). aRniSnuli 

qmedeba ganaxorcieles xalxTa umravlesobis azris 

gauTvaliswineblad da arc deputatTa umravlesobas 

daekiTxnen. imave wlis 25 ivliss saqarTvelos 

respublikis saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomarem e. SevardnaZem, 

specialuri dadgenilebiT, 1925 wlis afxazuri 

konstituciis amoqmedeba iuridiuli Zalis armqoned 

gamoacxada (gaz. ‘saqarTvelos respublika”, #139, 1992). 

aqve unda iTqvas, rom afxazeTis uzenaes sabWoSic 

iyvnen saqarTvelos erTianobis mosurne didi sazogado 

moRvaweebi. maTi ZalisxmeviT 29 ivliss afxazeTis assr 

uzenaesma sabWom miiRo Semdegi Sinaarsis dadgenileba: 

“afxazeTis assr uzenaesi sabWos 1992 wlis 23 ivlisis 

dadgenileba, miRebuli afxazeTis assr uzenaesi sab- 

Wos deputatTa fraqcia “demokratiuli afxazeTis” 

monawileobis gareSe, romelic warmoadgens avtonomiuri 

respublikis did umravlesobas parlamentSi, aris 

mcdeloba afxazeTis assr 1978 wlis konstituciis 

186

Sewyvetisa da afxazeTis ssr 1925 wlis konstituciis 

moqmedebaSi Seyvanisa, romelic acxadebs proletariis 

diqtaturas da dRevandelobisaTvis savsebiT miuRebel 

realiebs”(gaz. “afxazeTis xma’, #121, 1992). 

amis Semdeg afxazma separatistebma iwyes adamianTa 

gataceba samegrelos mxaris raionebidan da bandituri 

Tavdasxmebi ruseTidan saqarTveloSi momaval matareblebze, 

maTi gaZarcvis mizniT. saWiro gaxda afxazeTis 

satransporto magistralebis dacva. 1992 wlis 10 agvistos 

saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sabWos prezidiumma 

daadgina: “saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo 

sabWos debulebebis me-13 muxlis meore punqtis 

safuZvelze saqarTvelos respublikis rkinigzis transportze 

1992 wlis 15 agvistodan SemoRebul iqnes sagangebo 

wesebi erTi Tvis vadiT” (regionaluri konfliqtebi 

saqarTveloSi ... 2002: 79). 

afxazeTis satransporto magistralebis dacva SevardnaZes 

da qarTul mxares erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebiT 

ar miuRia, yovelive es arZinbasTan SevardnaZis 

satelefono saubriT iyo SeTanxmebuli. 1992 wlis 14 

agvistos satransporto magistralis dacvis mizniT 

afxazeTSi Sevida qarTuli policia da jari. samxedro 

ministri Tengiz kitovani, romelic am jaris sardali 

gaxldaT, mkacrad iyo gafrTxilebuli, rom jari ar 

unda dabanakebuliyo qalaqebSi, aramed mxolod samagistralo 

kvanZebze. kitovanma ar Seasrula es miTiTeba, 

rac sababad gamoiyenes afxazeTis SeiaraRebulma 

Zalebma da srola autexes qarTul jars, romelmac 

sroliTve upasuxa. 

qarTuli policiisa da jaris afxazeTis avtonomiur 

respublikaSi Seyvana saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxridan 

didi Secdoma iyo (ram ganapiroba aseTi windauxedavi 

nabijis gadadgma, damoukidebeli kvlevis Temaa). afxazurma 

mxarem es qmedeba respublikis suverenitetis 

darRvevad Seafasa da gamoacxada 18-dan 40 wlamde asakis 

zrdasruli mosaxleobis mobilizacia. brZanebaSi 

vkiTxulobT: ”Sinagani jaris polkis meTaurma polkis 

bazaze Camoayalibos xuTi aTaseuli, TiTeulSi 500 

187

kacis odenobiT”(Абхазия, хроника необъявленной войны, Ч.1, 14 

Августа _14 Сентабря, 1992: 28_29). xolo imave wlis 16 

seqtembers afxazeTis respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarem 

v. arZinbam lixnis manifestis safuZvelze 

SemuSavebuli dadgenileba miiRo da kidev erTxel gausva 

xazi damoukidebeli afxazeTis respulikis okupaciis 

mcdelobas saqarTvelos mxridan. arZinbas mier 

miRebuli dokumentis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo miznad isaxavda 

100-aTasiani afxazi xalxis fizikur ganadgurebas 

(gaz. “Свабодная Абхазия”, #2, 1992), rac aSkara sicruea. 

afxazebis mxare daiWira ruseTis federaciis uzenaesma 

sabWom. man, 1992 wlis 25 seqtembris dadgenilebiT, 

gadaWriT dagmo saqarTvelos respublikis xelmZRvanelobis 

moqmedeba, “romelic cdilobs Zaladobis 

gziT gadaWras rTuli erovnebaTSorisi problemebi” 

(Jurn. “Дипломатический Вестник”, #19_20, 1992: 24_25). amiT 

kidev erTxel gaxda aSkara, rom ruseTis saxelmwifo 

separatist afxazTa mxareze iyo da garkveulwilad mis 

mierve iyo inspirirebuli es eTnikuri konfliqti. 

Tavdapirvelad kitovan_ioselianis samxedro nawilebs 

afxazma da rusma “boevikebma” saSualeba misces 

marSiT gaevloT mTeli afxazeTi mdinare fsoumde, magram 

Semdeg Crdilokavkasieli da kazak-rusi gawvrTnili 

samxedro nawilebis daxmarebiT daiwyes Semoteva, 

rac sabolood qarTvelTa damarcxebiT damTavrda. 

maTi daxmarebiT afxazma separatistebma 1992 wlis 2 

oqtombers aiRes gagra, didi brZolebis Sedegad 1992 

wlis 27 oqtombers aiRes soxumi, xolo 1993 wlis 

seqtembris bolos _ oCamCire, gali da mdinare engurze 

gaavles sazRvari. separatistebma tyved aiyvanes da 

daxvrites afxazeTis ministrTa sabWosa da Tavdacvis 

sabWos Tavmjdomare Jiuli Sartava. man sakuTari sicocxlis 

fasad aTasobiT soxumels aacila Tavidan 

afxaz separatistTa tyveobaSi Cavardna da sikvdili. 

afxazeTidan gamoidevna daaxloebiT 300 aTasi qarTveli 

da sxva erovnebis moqalaqe. 

qarTuli mxare ar wyvetda moqmedebas afxazeTSi 

mSvidobis damyarebisaTvis. amis damadasturebelia 1992 

188

wlis 3 seqtembrs moskovSi gamarTuli molaparakeba, 

romlis ZaliTac 5 seqtembris 12.00 saaTidan cecxli 

unda Sewyvetiliyo orive mxridan. aseve yovelgvari 

pirobebi unda Seqmniliyo afxazeTidan ltolvili 

qarTvelebis ukan dasabruneblad (gaz. “saqarTvelos 

respublika”, #170, 1992). aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba daarRvies 

afxazebma. 

afxazi separatistebis da maTi Sinauri Tu gare 

momxreebis mravalgzisma veragobam aiZula saqarTvelo 

Sesuliyo damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi 

da daTanxmeboda mdinare enguris orive mxares rusTa 

“samSvidobo” jaris Cadgomas, ramac, faqtobrivad, yovel 

SemTxvevaSi _ jerjerobiT mainc, Seqmna saqarTvelo 

_ afxazeTis gamyofi sazRvari. ruseTis federaciis 

uzenaesi sabWos 1992 wlis 25 seqtembris dadgenilebiT, 

ruseTis federaciis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi samSvidobo 

Zalebis rangSi iqna ayvanili da konfliqtis demilitarizebul 

zonaSi Caayenes “mosaxleobis uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofisa 

da mrewvelobis da transportis mdgradi 

funqcionirebisaTvis” (regionaluri konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi... 

2002:82_83). afxazeTSi saerTaSoriso egidiT 

ganlagebuli ruseTis es samSvidobo Zalebi ver 

asruleben dakisrebul misias da ver uzrunvelyofen 

mSvidobasa da stabilurobas regionSi. 

ruseTis daxmarebiT gaTamamebulma afxazma separatistebma 

afxazeTi gamoacxades “damoukidebel saxelmwifod” 

da uari Tqves 100-aTasobiT ltolvilis saku- 

Tar saxlSi dabrunebaze, Tu saqarTvelo ar scnobda 

maT “damoukideblobas”. 

qarTuli mxare amis Semdegac araerTxel Seecada es 

eTnikuri konfliqti aRmoefxvra. is Tanaxma iyo wasuliyo 

daTmobaze da afxazeTi farTo avtonomiis 

statusiT Sesuliyo saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. amis 

erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia 1993 wlis 27 

ivlisis soWis SeTanxmeba, romelSic saubaria, rom 1993 

wlis 28 ivlisis 12.00 saaTidan unda Sewydes cecxli da 

afxazeTSi “1993 wlis 29 ivlisidan funqcionirebas 

iwyebs qarTul_afxazur_rusuli droebiTi sakontro- 

189

lo jgufebi (3_9 kacis odenobiT)”, es sakontrolo 

jgufebi meTvalyureobas gauweven cecxlis Sewyvetis 

reJimis dacvas. 

“konfliqtis zonaSi dauyovnebliv Sedian saerTaSoriso 

meTvalyureni” (gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”, 

#164, 1993). am saerTaSoriso meTvalyureebSi gaeros 

uSiSroebis sabWos mier movlenili meTvalyureni igulisxmeba. 

es SeTanxmebac daarRvia afxazurma mxarem da 

saomari moqmedebebi amis Semdegac gaagrZela. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom afxazebi omis gagrZelebas, ruse- 

Tis mxridan araoficialuri mxardaWera rom ar yofiliyo, 

ver SeZlebdnen. Tumc, ruseTi rogorc qarTuli, 

ise afxazuri mxaris dasustebiT rom iyo dainteresebuli, 

gvafiqrebinebs ruseTis federaciis erovnebaTa 

sabWos Tavjdomaris r. g. abdulatovis 1993 wlis 30 

aprilis dadgenileba, romelSic vkiTxulobT Semdegs: 

“ruseTis federaciis mTavroba ar asrulebs ruseTis 

federaciis uzenaesi sabWos rekomendaciebs, SeCerdes 

saqarTvelos respublikisaTvis SeiaraRebis gadacema, 

Sewydes adre dadebuli kontraqtebiT sabrZolo teqnikisa 

da tyvia_wamlis miwodeba”(Ведемости Съезда Народных 

Депутатов РФ и Верховного Совета РФ, №20. 1993: 1214 _ 1215). 

ruseTi rom afxazur mxares amaragebda iaraRiT, es 

faqtia. magram, rogorc am dadgenilebidan gamodis, 

ruseTi Turme qarTul mxaresac awvdida tyvia-wamals. 

Cans, ruseTs xels aZlevda, Tuki orive mxare _ qar- 

Tulica da afxazuric dasustdeboda da saerTo jamSi 

amiT qarTuli saxelmwifo daZabundeboda. aSkaraa, rom 

moskovSi sakmaod Sorsmimavali gegmebi hqondaT. 

oriode sityviT SevexoT gaeros rols konfliqtis 

daregulirebis sakiTxSi. qarTul_afxazur konfliqtSi 

aqtiurad monawileobda gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia. 

1993 wlis 24 agvistos gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 

rezoluciis #858 dadgenilebiT qarTul_afxazuri 

konfliqtis zonaSi moavlines gaeros meTvalyureni, 

Tavdapirvelad 6 Tvis vadiT. Semdeg moxda am vadis 

gazrda (Т. Надареишвили, 1996: 230_231). mas Semdeg, rac 

qarTul_afxazuri konfliqtis zonaSi movlenilma gae- 

190

os meTvalyureebma adgilze Seiswavles problema, 1993 

wlis 19 oqtombers gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom miiRo 

#876 rezolucia, romelSic vkiTxulobT: “gaeros uSiSroebis 

sabWo adasturebs saqarTvelos respublikis 

suverenitets da teritoriul mTlianobas. kvlav adasturebs 

saqarTvelos respublikasa da afxazeTSi arsebuli 

Zalebs Soris cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb 1993 

wlis 27 ivlisis SeTanxmebis uxeS darRvevas afxazTa 

mxaris mier da saerTaSoriso humanuri samarTlis 

darRveviT warmoebul Semdgom moqmedebebs. gmobs 

agreTve afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis Tavdacvis 

sabWosa da ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris mkvlelobas” 

(gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”, #229, 1993). 

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos am rezoluciam MmTel 

msoflios kidev erTxel daanaxa, rom qarTul_afxazur 

mxares Soris SeTanxmebebs afxazuri mxare da maT ukan 

mdgomi ruseTi arRvevda. 

marTalia, 1993 wlis seqtembris bolos dasrulda 

uSualod saomari moqmedebebi, magram es moxda mxolod 

imis Semdeg, rac 300 aTasamde qarTvels daatovebines 

afxazeTi. bevri qarTveli Seewira afxazeTis oms. saqarTvelos 

parlamentis 1996 wlis 17 aprilis dadgenilebaSi 

naTqvamia, rom: “saqarTvelos ZirZvel teritoriaze 

_ afxazeTSi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi moqmedma 

separatistebma gareSe ZalTa mxardaWeriTa da xelSewyobiT 

1992 wlidan moawyves qarTvelebis genocidi da 

eTnikuri wmenda, romelsac Seewira Svidi aTasze meti 

mSvidobiani moqalaqe, ugzoukvlod daikarga aTasze 

meti, daiWra da dasaxiCrda aTi aTasamde adamiani. barbarosulad 

daxvrites afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis 

ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare, saqarTvelos 

parlamentis wevri Jiuli Sartava da sxva xelmZRvaneli 

pirebi. mSobliuri adgilebidan gaZevebulia afxazeTis 

mosaxleobis 80 procenti, damwvari, gaZarcvuli da ganadgurebulia 

20 000_ze meti sacxovrebeli saxli, 

dangreulia skolebi, kulturis centrebi, eklesiebi, 

xuroTmoZRvrebisa da istoriuli Zeglebi... 

191

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelTa genocidi 

da eTnikuri wmenda grZeldeba saomar moqmedebaTa 

Sewyvetis Semdgomac, gansakuTrebiT galis raionSi, 

sadac 1993 wlis seqtembris Semdeg daiRupa 1000-ze meti 

adamiani. farTo masStabi miiRo adamianis uflebebisa 

da Tavisuflebebis Selaxvam. 

saqarTvelos prokuraturisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri 

respublikis umaRlesi sabWos mier warmodgenili 

masalebis safuZvelze afxazeTSi ganviTarebuli da mimdinare 

movlenebi Sefasdes, rogorc separatistTa mier 

ruseTis antidemokratiuli, reaqciuli da sxva gareSe 

Zalebis daxmarebiTa da monawileobiT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobisa 

da teritoriuli mTlianobis winaaRmdeg 

mimarTuli agresiuli qmedeba...” (parlamentis 

uwyebebi. saqarTvelos parlamentis yovelkvireuli uwyebebi, 

#5_6, 1996: 56_59) 

parlamentis es dadgenileba ara marto imiT aris 

mniSvnelovani, rom afxazeTSi daRupulTa, dakargulTa 

da dasaxiCrebulTa zusti statistikuri cnobebia mocemuli, 

aramed imiTac, rom ruseTis mxaris antidemokratiuli 

qmedebani kidev erTxel aris saaSkaraoze gamotanili 

da maTTan dakavSirebiT zusti formulirebebia 

gakeTebuli. 

parlamentis igive dadgenileba mimarTavs afxazur 

mxaresac, masSi vkiTxulobT: “saqarTvelos konstituciis 

safuZvelze da saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli 

principebis Sesabamisad, mravalerovani afxazeTis 

farTo sazogadoebriobis, yvela erisa da erovnebis 

warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT ganisazRvros afxaze- 

Tis avtonomiuri respublikis politikuri statusi 

farTomasStabiani avtonomiiT erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos 

CarCoSi” (gaz. “Свoбодная Грузия”, #77, 1994). 

analogiuri Sinaarsis dadgenileba mocemulia 1994 

wlis 4 maisis gaeros generaluri mdivnis moxsenebiT 

baraTSi. msgavsi formulirebebia gakeTebuli gaeros 

sxva rezoluciebSic. magram verc aman uSvela problemas. 

amis Semdegac araerTxel Sedga molaparakeba 

qarTul da afxazur mxareebs Soris _ problemis mSvi- 

192

dobianad daregulirebisa da afxazeTis farTomasStabiani 

avtonomiis statusiT saqarTvelos Semadgenloba- 

Si SemosvlasTan dakavSirebiT (ix. gagebis memorandumi, 

miRebuli qarTul da afxazur mxareebs Soris Jenevis 

molaparakebaze 1993 wlis 30 noembridan 1 dekembramde, 

ix. Т. Надареишвили, 1996: 286-287; komunike JenevaSi qarTvelTa 

da afxazTa molaparakebis meore raundis Sesaxeb, 

romelic mimdinareobda 1994 wlis 11_13 ianvars, 

misi sruli teqsti dabeWdilia gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”, 

#12, 1994; oTxmxrivi SeTanxmeba (saqarTvelo, 

afxazeTi, ruseTis federacia da gaero), ltolvilTa 

da adgilnacval pirTa Sesaxeb, gaimarTa 1994 wlis 

22_25 Tebervals JenevaSi, imave wlis 7-9 marts niuiorkSi 

da 29_31 marts moskovSi da sxv. am molaparakebaTa 

ZiriTadi deklaraciebi da SeTanxmebebi ixileT 

wignSi “regionaluri konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi ...”, 

2002: 94, 96_97, 102_105, 105_107, 108_110; aseve: gaz. “saqarTvelos 

respublika”, #53, 1994), magram afxazuri mxare 

yovelTvis arRvevda am SeTanxmebebs. 

saqmes verc gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier warmogzavnil 

meTvalyureTa gazrdilma kontingentma da 

saerTaSoriso organizaciebma uSveles. afxazeTis 

separatistuli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma 1994 wlis 

26 noembers miiRes, rogorc isini uwodeben, “damoukidebeli 

afxazeTis respublikis” konstitucia, romelic 

Tavis mxriv 1925 wlis konstituciis safuZvelze iyo 

SemuSavebuli. konstituciaSi naTqvamia: “Cven, afxazeTis 

xalxi, vaxorcielebT ra sakuTari TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, 

sazeimod vacxadebT da vadgenT am konstitucias. 

muxli 1. afxazeTis respublika aris suverenuli, demokratiuli, 

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, romelic istoriulad 

Camoyalibda xalxTa Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis 

uflebiT. 

muxli 6. afxazeTis respublikis saxelmwifo ena 

aris afxazuri. 

rusuli ena afxazuris Tanabrad aRiarebulia saxelmwifo 

da sxva dawesebulebebis enad...” (gaz. “Абхазия”, 

#4, 1995). me-10 muxliT gansazRvrulia qveynis sa- 

193

xelmwifo simbolika (saxelmwifo droSa, gerbi da himni), 

37-e muxliT gansazRvrulia afxazeTis respublikis 

parlamentis deputatTa raodenoba 35 kaciT da parlamentis 

uflebamosilebaTa vada_5 wliT. 47-e, 48-e, 49-e 

muxlebiT gansazRvrulia afxazeTis respublikis parlamentis 

ufleba-movaleobani, xolo 53-e muxliT _ prezidentis 

ufleba-movaleobani, rom is “gansazRvravs 

saSinao da sagareo politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs” 

da a.S. (gaz. “Абхазия”, #4, 1995). 

aRniSnuli konstitucia ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos 

konstitucias da mis mTavar debulebas, rom 

saqarTvelos konstitucia aris qveynis uzenaes kanonTa 

krebuli da yvela sxva, maT Soris avtonomiur respublikaTa 

kanonebi moyvanili unda iyos masTan SesabamisobaSi. 

aRniSnuli antikonstituciuri qmedeba dagmes evropis 

uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis budapeStis 

Sexvedraze, sadac kidev erTxel gaesva xazi 

saqarTvelos suverenitets da teritoriuli mTlianobis 

dacvas saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier cnobil 

sazRvrebSi. monawileTa daskvniT, “swored am princips 

unda efuZnebodes konfliqtebis mowesrigeba saqarTveloSi” 

(gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”, #208, 1994). analogiuri 

xasiaTis dadgenilebebi iqna miRebuli gaeros 

uSiSroebis sabWos sxvadasxva sxdomebzec (regionaluri 

konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi ... 2002: 120_121; 124_125; 

131_132; 139-140; gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”, #141, 

1996) 

XX saukunis miwurulamde analogiuri xasiaTis dadgenilebebi 

araerTxel miiRo rogorc gaerom, aseve 

qarTulma mxarem, magram verc am dadgenilebebma gadaWres 

aRniSnuli konfliqti. saukunis miwurulsac ver 

iqna aRdgenili saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba 

da kvlav qarTuli iuridiuli sivrcis miRma rCeba afxazeTi. 

zemoT moyvanili mravalricxovani dokumentebidan 

naTlad Cans, rom qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti, garda 

orive mxridan daSvebuli Secdomebisa, inspirirebulia 

194

mesame Zalis _ ruseTis mierac, romlis imperialisturi 

formula _ “dahyavi da ibatone” _ Sors mimaval gegmebs 

isaxavs miznad da mxolod afxazebisadmi uangaro 

siyvaruliT ar aris gansmWvaluli. aqve unda aRiniSnos 

qarTuli mxaris konfliqtisadmi swori midgoma _ misi 

mSvidobiani gziT gadaWris wadili. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, 

rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan mxolod 

rCevebis miwodeba konfliqtSi monawile mxareebisadmi, 

promlemas ver Svelis _ saWiroa ufro qmediTi 

nabijebis gadadgma da konstruqciuli dialogis formatis 

ganaxleba ufro mimzidveli winadadebebiT. 


1. afxazeTis sakiTxi oficialur dokumentebSi. saqarTvelos 

sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, 

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, 1989_1999 ww. nawili I, 1989- 

1995 ww., avtorebi da saredaqcio kolegia: vaxtang yolbaia, 

Teimuraz Waxrakia, rafiel gelantia, daviT lacuzbaia, 

Tb., 2000 w. 

2. gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”, #118_119, 1992 wlis 1 

ivlisi. 

3. gaz. “saqarTvelos raspublika”, #139, 1992 wlis 28 

ivlisi. 

4. gaz. “saqarTvelos respublika”, #170, 1992 wlis 4 

seqtemberi. 


ivlisi. 


oqtomberi. 


dekemberi. 


ivlisi. 

9. gaz. “sabWoTa afxazeTi”, #171, 1990 w., 6 oqtomberi. 

10. gaz. “afxazeTis xma”, #37, 1991 wlis 5 marti. 

11. gaz. “afxazeTis xma”, #5, 1992 wlis 4 Tebervali. 

12. gaz. “afxazeTis xma”, #121, 1992 wlis 1 agvisto. 

195

13. miminoSvili r., fanjikiZe g., simarTle afxazeTze, 

Tb., 1990 w. 

14. parlamentis uwyebebi. saqarTvelos parlamentis 

yovelkvireuli uwyebebi, 1996 w., #5_6 

15. regionaluri konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi_samxreT 

oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr (1989_2001). politikur-samarTlebrivi 

aqtebis krebuli, krebulis Semdgeneli 

da mTavari redaqtori Tamaz diasamiZe, Tb., 2002 w. 

16. saqarTvelos ssr uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi, 1990 w., 

#8. 

17. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi, 

1991 w., #1. 


1991 w., #2. 


1991 w., #3. 


1991 w., #10. 

21. saqarTvelos istoria, XX saukune, Tb., 2003 w. 

22. gaz. ”Абхазия”, #32, 1991 wlis 13 agvisto. 

23. gaz. “Абхазия”, #27, 1992 wlis 30_6 agvisto. 

24. gaz. “Абхазия”, #4, 1995 wlis 27 noemberi. 

25. gaz. ”Республика Абхазия”, #15, 1991 wlis 12 oqtomberi. 

26. gaz. “Свободная Абхазия”, #2, 1992 wlis 18 seqtemberi. 

27. gaz. “Свободная Грузия “, #77, 1994 wlis 12 maisi. 

28. gaz. “Советская Абхазия”, #164, 1990 wlis 28 agvisto. 

29. Абхазия – хроника необьявленной войны, ч. 1, 14 августа-14 

сентября, Сост: Б. Амкуаб Т. Илларионова, М., 1992 Г. 

30. Ведомости Сьезда Народных Депутатов РФ и Верховного 

Совета РФ, 1993 г., #20. 

31. Jurnali “Дипломатический вестник”, М., 1992 г., #19-20. 

32. Надареишвили Т., “Геноцид в Абхазии”, 1996 г. 

33. М. Ю. Чумалов, Абхазский узел , М., 1995 г. 

. 

196

Chronicle of Georgia-Abkhazia relations in 

the 90’s of the 20 th century 

Sulkhan Aleksaia 

Summaru 

The given work discusses one of the hardest problems of the modern 

history of Georgia-Conflict of Abkhazia. 

The “one piece” of this chronicle discusses ethnic conflict, which is 

particularly actual nowadays, when ethnic groups provocated by 

exogenous powers were able to execute separatistic intentions, that resulted 

in destruction of territorial integrity of Georgia. 

The work discusses legislative Acts, passed by Georgian Government and 

Parliament to international organizations of the west or Russia, directly 

or indirectly concerning the conflict. 

Сулхан Алексаиа 

Хроника Грузино-Абхазских отношений 

в 90-ие годы XX века 

Резюме 

В данной работе рассматривается одна из сложнейших проблем 

в новейшей истории Грузии: проблема Грузино-абхаского 

конфликта. 

В “одном листе” хроники рассмотрен этнический конфликт, 

который особенно актуален в данный период, когда спровоцированные 

эгзогенными силами этнические группы смогли осуществитъ 

сепаратистические намерения, повлекшие за собой нарушение 

территориальной целостности Грузии. 

В работе рассмотрены правовые и юридические акты, принятые 

Грузинским правительством и Парламентом, обращенные к 

международным организациям Запада или России, прямо или 

косвенно касающиеся этого конфликта. 

197

s a r C e v i 

nana xaxutaiSvili 

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTis 

dasaxlebaTa tipebi neoliT _ adrerkinis xanaSi 3 

Nana Khakhutaishvili 

Types of Settlements in South-Western Georgia Littoral in Neolithic 

and Early-Iron Ages 13 

irine tatiSvili 

xeTebi qaSqebis Sesaxeb 14 

Irene Tatishvili 

The Kaška according to the Hittites 26 

simon gogitiZe 

qveyana biani 28 

Simon Gogitidze 

The country Biani 35 

emzar kaxiZe 

k 

qarTul-berZnuli urTierTobebis adreuli etapi 36 

Emzar Kakhidze 

The early stage of Greco-Georgian relationships 46 

biWiko diasamiZe 

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo (aWara) tbel abuserisZis xanaSi 

(socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba) 47 

Bichiko Diasamidze 

South-Western Georgia (Adjara) in the Epoch of Tbel Abuserisdze 

(Social and Economic Situation) 61 

SoTa mamulaZe 

memindvreoba, mevenaxeoba ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis 

aWaraSi 63 

Shota Mamuladze 

Field crop cultivation in Medieval Adjara 72 

oleg jibaSvili 

saqarTvelos samxedro gzis istoriidan 74 

Oleg Jibashvili 

Something from Georgian Military Road History 83 

Tamaz futkaraZe 

toponimebSi gacocxlebuli istoria 85 

Tamaz Phutkaradze 

Ghristian toponyms in Ajara 92 

uCa oqropiriZe 

baTumis SemoerTebisaTvis ruseTis brZolis istoriidan (XIXs.) 94 

198

Ucha Okropiridze 

The question of Batumi in the International Relations Befor 

Addition of Adjara 103 

merab megreliSvili 

zogierTi cnoba prof. a.n. krasnovis narkvevze ,,samxreT kolxeTi“ 104 

Merab Megrelishvili 

Some information about “South Kolkhida” by professor A.N. Krasnov 109 


baTumi antantis saxelmwifoebis gegmebSi parizis sazavo 

konferenciis periodSi 110 

Malkhaz Sioridze 

Batumi in Antant States plans during Paris Peace Conference 124 

nino vaSaymaZe, irakli baramiZe 

karl kaucki saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Sesaxeb 

(1918-1921 ww.) 126 

Nino Vashakmadze, Irakli Baramidze 

Karl Kautski About Georgian Democratic Republic (1918-1921 years) 134 

kaxaber surgulaZe, irakli manveliZe 

kavkasiis damoukideblobis komiteti da aWara 136 

Kakhaber Surguladze, Irakli Manvelidze 

Adjara and the Independence Committee of Caucasus 143 

vaJa SubiTiZe 

mixeil javaxiSvili saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareobisa 

da civilizaciuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb 145 

Vazha Shubitidze 

Mikheil Javakhishvili about the peculiarities of Georgian Geo-Political 

location and civilisation developments 155 

oTar TurmaniZe 

sainformacio saSualebebi aWaraSi 1921-1990 wlebSi 157 

Turmanidze Otar 

Means of Information in 1921-1990 Years Ajara Region 173 

Tengiz grigolia 

saqarTvelos satranzito funqcia evrokavSiris samezoblo 

politikaSi 175 

Tengiz Grigolia 

Georgian tranzit function in European Neighbourhood policy 179 

sulxan aleqsaia 

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebis 

qronika 180 

Sulkhan Aleksaia 

Chronicle of Georgia-Abkhazia relations in the 90’s of the 20 th century 197 

199

gamomcemlobis redaqtori _ lali konceliZe 

teqnikuri redaqtori _ eduard ananiZe 

xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 03.12.2007 

qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16 

fizikuri Tabaxi 12,5 

tiraJi 200 

fasi saxelSekrulebo 

daibeWda universitetis stambaSi 

q. baTumi, meliqiSvilis 2. 

200

samxreT-dasavleT dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi sakiTxebi

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