Suntikan Baru ICT Negara - Akademi Sains Malaysia

**eiw strong is an earthquake
CHARLES Rrchter (1900-1985), build ngs collapse. cracks appear
an American seismologist, created in the ground and landslides occur
a logarithmic scale that expresses The Richter mag tude sca e is
the strength of earthquake movements.
earthquake is n times stronoer
a logarithmic scale o a level 4.0
An earthquake that is only than d level 3. (And a level 5.0
detectable by very sensitive seismoqraphic
machines is slrenoth level 3.0).
quake ls 100 Umes stronger than a
2.01o 2.9: the s||ghl vibratron a'nd The number glven to the stronqesl
eadhaua[e described bv the
swinging of hangrng oblects rs
indication of a strength 3.0 to 3.9 Fichter scate rs 8.9 (An 8.9 quake
earthquake
is more than 79 million times
In a level 7.0 to 7.9 earthquake, stronger than a 1.0 quakel)
'a
!
-' 'j,t
SC ENIISTS,
'cornbuston
who use the lerm
instead of
'1 re . explain
the phenornenon as a che,
mlcal reaction n which a combusi!
: b e substance reacts rap d y ,r/ th
oxygen
The chemrcai reactron may nced
heat to get rt started For examp c
when stnk ng a match the ir ct orl
prov des sufl cient heat to causc
the chem ca s n the matcf.head to
.eact
Energy stored n the rltalchheao
rs released as heat energy wh ch
rgnites the wood ol the matchstick
So ong as suff cienl heal enerqV
cont nues to be ava ab e the r,ood
ol the matchsl ck reacls ,^ tr)
oxygen In lne atT n suctr a r,ay
that tfre substance of the lr'ocd rs
THE lrs: k,ro,r. :lsco\,ery ci d rosa!r hofes
rappel]ed n 1786 ,\hen an e.roT,lrorrs sKU L1, Ih ans
a rnclcr long \ras loufd n a cha k qlarry ] the
Nelherlarros
Then n about'810 e even year o d lr'lary Annlrg
Lrdearthed some !nusLtai loss boncs I lhe 200
l.r, on !ca4od nrestone c'TS 'Llrrc Beqs :
D '' l- qo r
Du'na tlre rext f,,,e.ly Tears c s.rllrcAnIng
iamry co lecled the loss ls rema ns oi chlhyosaurs
( frsh rzards ) and p e sosaurs i near Izards ) - and
so d them to tour sls ilnd lo sc ent sts from
Cambr dge and Oxfor.l
n I825 a q!arry near Cuckc c Slssex Tevea eo
sornc In\/sieT ols lussi sed bcnes t'r|1 ,,,e.e
'econslructed by the oca doclcr an.l nal..ra s1
G deon Llantel as quanadon
n America slranqe lossrl footpr nts drscovered In
l,/assachussetts In ] 802 were !,,ronll y denhi ed ,n
1836 as the three loed p. nts of a hlqe brrd
Fossr huntng I lrre ll S took oft n if.e 1870s n
the 1BB0 s Othrre MarsN { va e ,^as the f rsl to
reconslruct Brcnlosarrrus th!nder L zaiC'
ln 1307 tl-re ioss |sed remains of arl rnmeise
Brachrosau4]s \,vas found in East Afnca The I rst
d nosaur nests and foss lsed eggs were found t.
1922 . [4ongo a
E'r clence cr crncsaLrrs fo,,,, been 'o!nd on eren'
conl nert 01 lr\e ,,1'or d
1on are a gaseous m xturc oi
Incandescent smal part c es ofler
The smoke assoc ated w th ltfe
23