renesansisa da axali dros socialuri da politikuri ... - socium.ge

nikolo makiavelis msoflmxedveloba1. nikolo makiaveli da misi epoqa.1.1. n. makiavelis Semoqmedebis ormagi Sefaseba _ radikalizmi.1.2. fridrix meores `antimakiaveli~.1.3. b.raselis TqmiT: `renesansma Sva titanebi, rogorebicaa: leonardo,miqelanjelo da makiaveli~.1.4. `jer cxovreba da Semdeg filosofosoba~.2. makiaveli, rogorc renesansis epoqis moazrovne: `makiavelisaTvis mTavariasaero problemebi da maTi gadawyveta eriskacTa meSveobiT. adamianTa adamianuriproblemebis gadasawyvetad mas ar sWirdeba zeadamianuri Zalebi, miaCnia, romadamianma TviTon unda gadawyvitos Tavisi problemebi. es orientacia RmerTisnacvlad adamianebze misi msoflmxedvelobrivi Ziebis erT-erTi siaxlea, rac masswored renesansis moazrovned xdis~.3. makiaveli rogorc humanisti: `humanizmi marto kacTmoyvareobis gagebiT arunda gvesmodes. humanizmia moZRvrebis damaxasiaTebeli, Tu is sociluriproblemebis gadawyvetas adamianebs akisrebs. yovel SemTxvevaSi erTi ram cxadia,makiavelis mixedviT, adamianuri problemebi adamianebis gziT unda wydebodes,rac Seexeba keTili Tu boroti saSualebebiT, es ukve exeba saSualebebs da aramiznebs.4. makiaveli, rogorc sociologi. misi amosavaliprincipia adamianebi da adamianuri urTierTobani.misTvis istoriuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebacadamianTa socialuri interesebis mixedviT,jgufebad, fenebad Tu wodebebad dayofilerTeulTagan Sedgeba. yvela iman, vinc eswrafvisadamianTa sazogadoebis marTvas, Tanac ise, rom esmmarTveloba myari iyos, angariSi unda gauwios maTinteresebs, midrekilebebs da swrafvas. interesebiexeba adamianTa sakuTrebas da socialurmdgomareobas. mesame wodeba sakuTrebiT interesebsRirsebaze maRla ayenebs._ visac surs adamianTa samyaroSi Tavisi interesebi da miznebi ganaxorcielos,man unda SeZlos sxvisi interesebisa da miznebis gaTvaliswineba. winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi is gaxdeba zizRisa da siZulvilis sagani da Tavisi moRvaweobisgzaze yvela gzas moiWris._ mTavris amocanad makiaveli saxavs, rom siyvaruls Tu ver uzrunvelyofs,qveSevrdomebs SiSi mainc hqondeT misi, da ara siZulvili, xolo amis5

uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveSevrdomTa interesebs daicavs,romelTagan upiratesi oria: sicocxle da sakuTreba._ mTavars Tu qveSevrdomis sikvdiliT dasja unda da amis sakmao samxili aqvs,SeuZlia es ganaxorcielos, magram Tavi unda Seikavos `sxvisi qonebisxelyofisagan, vinaidan adamianebi ufro advilad urigdebian mamis sikvdils,vidre samkvidros moSlas~._ adamianTa interesebi rom gansazRvravs maT urTierTobebs da maTSi garkvevamniSvnelovani amocanaa, amis gacnobierebasTan erTad makiaveli imasac miuTiTebs,rom interesebis mixedviT adamianTa urTierTobebis agebis saSualebanicadamianTa xelSia da adamianTa urTierTobebis mowesrigebisaTvis sxva raimeZala araa saWiro, garda sakuTriv adamianis gonebrivi unarisa, romlisdaxmarebiTac igi SeZlebs swvdes mis gverdiT myofTa interesebs,moTxovnilebebs, miswrafebebs._ adamianebi ki gonebrivi unaris sxvadasxva dones floben. am doneTaSesabamisad SeiZleba isini sam jgufad davyoT: `zogs yvelaferi TavisiT esmis,sxvebi mxolod axsna-ganmartebis Sedegad axerxeben gagebas, danarCenni ki vercTavisiT da verc sxvebis axsna-ganmartebis meSveobiT veras xvdebian. pirvelniuwarCinebulesni arian, meoreni warCinebulni, mesameni _ fuWni~.5. socialur yofierebaSi aucileblobisa da Tavisufal nebisyofas SorismimarTebis sakiTxi. bediswera da Tavisufali neba. is arc voluntaristia daarc fatalisti. Tavisufal nebasTan erTad aucileblobasac aRiarebs, Tumca igiarc gangebiseulia, arc bedisweriseulia da arc fortunaseulia, amdenad igiufro bunebrivi kanonzomierebis saxisaa, romlis Semecnebul adamians SeuZlia,da romelic adamianis moqmedebaSi garkveul tendenciebs gansazRvravs, magramara mTlianad moqmedebas._ adamianebi, romlebmac TavianTi samflobeloebi dakarges, bedisweras ki arunda adanaSaulebdnen, aramed TavianTsave uniaTobas, uunarobas _ movlenebiwaremarTad imgvarad, rom ganeWvritaT, ra dasWirdebodaT uaxloes momavalSi,roca viTareba Seicvleboda. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRmoCnda uzrunvelobamomavlis mimarT _ `vis axsovs qariSxali myudro amindSi~._ adamianur moqmedebebSi `me mzad var, WeSmaritebad vaRiaro imis SesaZlebloba,rom bediswera ganapirobebs Cveni moqmedebebis naxevars, xolo meore naxevars,mTlianad Tu ara, odnav naklebs mainc, Cvenve gvandobs~._ bedisweras igi amsgavsebs boboqar mdinares, romelic kalapotidan gadasuliyvelafers walekavs. am Zalis moTokva SeiZleba winaswar zomebis miRebiT,jebirebis gaSenebiT, arxebis gaWriT, e.i. adamians SeuZlia moTokos aucilebloba6

da dauqvemdebaros Tavis interesebs am aucileblobis ganmsazRvreli kanonebiscodnis safuZvelze._ mkiaveli gvaswavlis bedisweris mimarT SiSi da sifrTxile SevcvaloTgabedulebiT da Tamamad SevutioT mas. mTavaria, rom adamians SeuZlia daZliosda moaTvinieros bediswera da amaSi misi aqtiurobaa ganmsazRvreli.aucileblobas (bedisweras) unda SevutioT da Cveni moqmedebebiT movTokoT; amiTsapirispiro Sedegebs mogvcems, vidre mWermetyvelebiTi poziciis dakavebisas._ makiavelis mtkicebiT, `umjobesia Tamami iyo, vidre frTxili da windaxeduli,radganac bediswera qalia, da mis mosaTviniereblad ar unda iSurebdemujlugunebsa da wixlebs: vinc ar iSurebs, ufro advilad iurvebs mas, vidrefrTxili da mokrZalebuli kaci. amitom bediswera, qalisa ar iyos, yovelTvissiWabukes amjobinebs, radganac siWabuke ufro Tamamia, dauridali. da ufroTavdajerebulad brZaneblobs~.¬ ar kmara, marto aucilebloba gqondes Semecnebuli, saWiroa gansazRvro, Senimoqmedeba ramdenad Seesabameba droisa da epoqis moTxovnilebas. ori adamianidanerTi Tu angariSs uwevs drois moTxovnebs da meore ara, makiavelis mtkicebiT,pirveli miaRwevs dasaxul mizans, meore ki ganwirulia warumateblobisaTvis.`bednieria is, visi moqmedebac drois Taviseburebas eTanxmeba da esadageba, dazustad aseve ubeduria is, visi moqmedebac dros ar Seesabameba~.6. konfliqtis sociologiis sawyisebi makiavelTan._ makiaveli icnobs koleqtiur interesebs, romlebic ganapirobeben adamianTaerTi jgufis meoresTan dapirispirebas da miaCnia, rom aseTi dapirispirebisarenaa mTeli socialuri istoria. es aris mdidfrebisa da Raribebis,keTilSobilTa da plebeebis, didebulebisa da xalxis, mTavrobida masebisdapirispireba. es aris or sapirispiro polusze moTavsebul socialur jgufTabrZola _ erTis mxriv qonebis, prestiJis, mdgomareobis, Zalauflebis mqoneTabrZola maT SesanarCuneblad, meores mxriv qonebas, prestiJs, mdgomareobas daZalauflebas moklebulTa brZola maT mosapoveblad._ makiavelis azriT, sazogadoebaSi interesebisa da Rirebulebebis mixedviTgaTiSva iwvevs socialur jgufebs Soris konfliqts, rac socialuri cxovrebisnakli ki araa, aramed dadebiTi momentia, radgan konfliqtisa da dapirispirebisgareSe araa moZraoba, xolo sazogadoeba iseTi yofierebaa, romelic mudmivmoZraobaSi imyofeba. es moZraoba SeiZleba iyos aRmavali da daRmavali, magrammTavari isaa, rom mis gareSe ar arsebobs sazogadoebrivicxovreba. moZraobiserTaderTi wyaro ki konfliqtia, amitom igi dadebiT rols TamaSobssazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. sazogadoebaSi gawonasworebuli mdgomareobaarsebobs, magram is momentaluria, konfliqti ki maradiuli.7

_ konfliqtis mowinaaRmdegeni `ar iTvaliswineben imas, rom yovel respublikaSiaris ori gansxvavebuli guneba-ganwyoba _ saxalxo da aznaurTa da rom yvelakanoni miRebuli Tavisuflebis saxeliT warmoiSva xalxisa da grandebisuTanxmoebebidan... yvela, vinc dawvrilebiT gamoikvlevs romis amboxTa Sedegebs,aRmoaCens, rom maTgan gamomdinareobs ara gandevna an Zaladoba, romelTac zianimoaqvT saerTod keTildReobisaTvis, aramed dgindeba kanonebi, romelnicamtkiceben sazogadoebriv Tavisuflebas~._ makiaveli svams socialuri mecnierebis fundamentur kiTxvas: im umaRlesRirebulebas, rasac Tavisufleba warmoadgens da risTvisac warmoebs brZolasazogadoebaSi, vin ufro kargad icavs da inaxavs _ didebulebi Tu xalxi?_ saqme isaa, rom didebulebs aqvT Tavisufleba, xalxi ki ibrZvis TavisuflebismopovebisaTvis. amis gamo es ori socialuri jgufi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs. visufro meti mizezi aqvs amboxebisa, imas, vinc Tavisuflebas flobs da cdilobsmis SenarCunebas, Tu imas, vinc Tavisuflebas moklebulia da cdilobs mismopovebas. anu, vis unda daekisros Tavisuflebis dacva _ didebulebs, Tu xalxs?_ upiratesoba unda mieniWos didebulebs, radgan sadac maT hqondaTTavisuflebis dacva mindobili, Tavisufleba ufro didxans arsebobda, vidresadac mas xalxi, anu plebsi icavda. im adamianebs ufro unda vandoTTavisuflebis dacva, vinc naklebad eswrafvis mis dauflebas._ didebulebisa da xalxis dapirispireba da brZola gamowveulia imiT, romrodesac erTsa da imave Rirebulebaze arian orientirebuli, maSinac ki, massxvadasxva mizniT udgebian. xalxis mdidari nawili, privilegirebulniTavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvian, raTa uzrunvelyon TavianTi batonoba, danarCenebi,e.i. xalxis didi umravlesoba TavisuflebisTvis ibrZvis, raTa uzrunvelyosTavisi uSiSroeba. `xalxis mciredi nawili Tavisuflebas isurvebs, raTaibatonos, xolo danarCeni, isini ki didi umravlesobaa, eswrafvian TavisuflebasTavianTi uSiSroebisaTvis~.7. makiaveli sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb: mTavari da xalxi.`garwmunebT, rom xalxi ufro myaria da gacilebiT metad gansjadi yovelgvarmTavarze~. aq aris gamoTqmuli sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvneloba. imaTTvis, vincxalxs brbosTan aigivebda, sazogadoebrivi azri Rirebulebas moklebuli iyo,radgan saerTod uaryofdnen brbos azrovnebis unars, an kidev misgan seriozulrames ar moelodnen. amitom sazogadoebrivi azris mniSvneloba gaigivebuli iyobrbos mniSvnelobasTan, e.i. nulis toli iyo. makiaveli ki erTmaneTisaganganasxvavebs xalxs da brbos da gabedulad amtkicebs, rom sakmao safuZveliarsebobs gavrcelebuli SexedulebisaTvis, romlis mixedviTac `xalxis xmasudareben RvTis xmas~ (,,xma erisa – xma RvTisa.” _ “Vox Populi Vox Dei est”.8

_ sazogadoebrivi azri ganWvrets movlenaTa momaval msvlelobas da SeuZliadarwmunebiT imsjelos xdomilebaTa Tanamedrove viTarebaze._ xalxis, sazogadoebis azri ufro maRla dgas mTavris azrze da masTanSedarebiT sworicaa._ movlenaTa msvlelobis `winaswar xedvaSi sazogadoebrivi azri aRwevs iseTgasaocar Sedegebs, rom geCveneba, TiTqos raRac saidumlo unariT xalxi cxadadwinaswar grZnobs, ra aRmoCndeba misTvis sikeTe da ra boroteba~._ xalxi Tu iSviaTad uSvebs Secdomas, maSin mTavari ufro did Secdomas uSvebs._ xalxi mTavarze ufro karg arCevans akeTebs, imdenad, rom xalxs verafriTdaiyolieb, sazogadoebrivi dideba miagos uRirss da gaxrwnili qcevis adamians._ xalxi ufro principulia, vidre mTavari._ xalxi, marTalia, zogjer uwesrigobebis wyaroa, magram Tu SevadarebT xalxismier Cadenil uwesrigobebs mTavrebidan momdinaresTan, aseve xalxis diadsaqmeebs, mTavarTa diad saqmeebTan, aRmoCndeba, rom `xalxi didi upiratesobismqonea mTavarTan SedarebiT siqvelesa da didebaSic~.- marTalia, mTavrebs garkveuli upiratesobani aqvT axali wyaroebis dadgenasada kanonebis daweraSi, magram, samagierod xalxs upiratesoba aqvT axali wyobisarsebobis SenarCunebaSi._ mTavarTan SedarebiT, xalxi keTil saqmeebSic upiratesobis mqonea. amave dros,xalxi ufro naklebad seriozul Secdomas uSvebs, vidre mTavari._ xalxis Secdoma sityviT, darwmunebiTac gasworebadia, maSin, rodesac mtavrisSecdomis gasworebas `qirurgiuli Careva~ sWirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, xalxisdaavadeba gacilebiT ufro advilad gankurnebadia, vidre mTavrisa._ xalxis sisastike mimarTulia imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc saerTo sikeTeze aRmarTavsmaxvils. mTavris sisastike ki mimarTulia misi piradi sikeTis damrRvevTawinaaRmdeg._ roca xalxi aRvirs gadaigdebs da aRzevdeba, saSiSia ara is sigiJe, romelsacim momentSi sCadis, aramed momavali mosalodneli Sedegi, tiraniis saxiT. cudimTavris SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiTaa. awmyoSia saSiSi mis mier Cadenili sigiJisboroteba da mxolod momavalze amyareben imeds, radgan tiranis cudma qcevamSeiZleba aRadginos Tavisufleba imiT, rom xalxi aujanydeba._ makiaveli gmobs brbos, romelsac gonieri moqmedebis unari ara aqvs daromlis Zala simravleSia. rogorc ki aimravle daiSleba, brbo kargavs unars daar moimoqmedebs imas, rasac brbod yofnis momentSi Caidenda. brbos ar aqvs9

SiSis unari maSin, rodesac TiToeuli ganmxoloebulad darCenili brbos wevriSiSis faqtors emorCileba da moklebulia gambedaobas.8. makiaveli RirebulebiTi orientaciebis cvlis raobis Sesaxeb.platonis Semdeg mxolod makiavelma miaqcia yuradReba im viTarebas, romRirebulebiTi orientaciebis konfliqts da cvlas iwvevs, ara mxolodsocialur-politikuri, aramed, asakobrivi faqtorebic. igi kargad xedavs, romwarsuli Tu Tanamedrove movlenebis obieqturi aRqmisas, aseve aucilebeliasubieqtis ganwyoba, misi mzaoba, sinamdvile aRiqvas ise, rogorc is aris, ankidev sinamdvilis aRebaSi Seqondes adamianuri momentebi, iqneba es misi asaki, Tumdgomareoba._ adamianebi erTsa da imave sinamdviles sxvadasxva situaciaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaRiqvamen. es gamowveulia imiTac, rom maTi RirebulebiTi orientaciebi asakTanerTad icvlebian. is, rac erT asakSi mis aRtacebas da moeonebas imsaxurebs, sxvaasakSi saerTod araa misTvis mniSvnelobis mqone. ratom xdeba, rom adamianissicocxlis sxvadasxva asakis SefasebaSi gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebia _`TiTqos moxucebi ar unda cdebodnen TavianTi siymawvilisa da xangrZlivobisdrois SefasebaSi, radgan erTic da meorec maTTvis erTnairad kargadaacnobili, isini xom am dros sakuTari TvaliT aRiqvamen. es samarTliani iqnebodamaSin, Tu adamianebs cxovrebis yvela asakSi eqnebodaT iseTive msjelobani dasurvilebi, midrekilebebi da azrebi, rogorc hqondaT ymawvilkacobaSi. rocaadamianebi berdebian Zala akldebaT, magram ematebaT Wkua da goniereba, amitomaucileblad yvelafers, rac maT ymawvilkacobaSi eCvenebodaT asatanadac dakargadac ki, moxucebulobaSi aRiqvamen cudad da aRmaSfoTeblad. imis nacvlad,rom amas abralebdnen sakuTar gansjas, isini adanaSauleben epoqas~.9. politika da morali (zneoba). makiavelizmis arsi._ mTavari sxvas unda ambobdes da sxvas unda akeTebdes. `yoveli mTavari undacdilobdes, gulmowyale da ara sastiki kacis saxeli moixveWos, magram uTavodar unda iyenebdes gulmowyalebas. Cezare borjias sastik kacad Tvlidnen, magramswored am Tavisi sisastikis wyalobiT daamyara wesrigi. amitom mTavari arafradar unda agdebdes gmobas sisastikis gamo, Tuki amis wyalobiT axerxebs imas, romganxeTqilebisa da gandgomis saSualeba mouspos Tavis qveSevrdomebs~._ mTavris mimarT qveSevrdomebs SeiZleba ori grZnoba hqondeT _ siyvaruli daSiSi. pirveli siqveleze iqneba agebuli, meore _ sisastikeze. makiavelirekomendacias aZlevs SiSs, e.i. sisastikes: `ra jobs, uyvarde Tu eSinodeT Seni?razedac upasuxeben, rom sasurvelia erTic da meorec, magram radgan orivesSeTavseba Znelia, amitom, Tuku iZulebuli iqnebi erTerTze uari Tqva,gacilebiT gijobs, SiSs unergavde xalxs da ara siyvaruls~.10

10. makiaveli miznisa da saSualebebis Tanafardobis Sesaxeb politikaSi._ makiavelis azriT, mizani unda iyos keTilSobili, raTa politikosis qmedebaCaiTvalos mosawonad. politikosis keTilSobileba SeiZleba davinaxoT imaSi,rom is cdilobs, Tavis saxelmwifos, Tu ers moupovos damoukidebloba. esupirvelesi mizania. Semdeg uzrunvelyos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos uSiSroeba,anu SeeZlos Sinaur da gareul mtrebTan angariSis gasworeba. da bolosmTavarma unda SezRudos sakuTari xelisufleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igigadaizrdeba tiraniaSi. man unda daamyaros konstituciuri mmarTveloba,SeazRudvinos Tavisi uflebebi, es gansazRvrulia politikosis keTilSobilmizanTa Soris._ rogori unda iyos am misanTa ganxoprcielebis saSualebebi? iseTi, rogoricuzrunvelyofs warmatebas mizanTa ganxorcielebis gzaze. es ki gamoricxuliaqvelmoqmedebiT, humanizmiT, sikeTis qadagebiT. homepaTiuri meTodi sazogadoebasar gamoadgeba. demokratia da Tavisufleba ar damyardeba demokratiulimeTodebiT. maTi miRweva mxolod ZaliT SeiZleba._ samedicino enaze rom vTqvaT, saWiroa aleopaTia, e.i. miznis sawinaaRmdegosaSualebebis gamoyeneba. respublikis damkvidrebisaTvis diqtatura, humanurimiznebis miRwevas arahumanuri saSualebebi sWirdeba. es saSualebani ar undaeqvemdebarebodes moralur, religiur, Tu sxva saxis SezRudvebs. adamianobisTvalsazrisiT yvelaze sastiki da yvelaze warmoudgenelic unda iqnesgamoyenebuli, radgan keTilSobil mizans emsaxureba._ makiaveli yovelgvar saSualebas miiCnevs dasaSvebad, Tu es saSualebebi keTilmizans emsaxureba da TviTon ar iqcevian miznebad. boroteba, rogorc saSualebadasaSvebia, magram boroteba, rogorc mizani gamoricxulia._ dasagmobia is, vinc mkacria imisaTvis, rom gaafuWos da ara is, vinc aseTiagamosworebis mizniT~. swored aqedan momdinareobs is lapitaruli fraza,romlis Sinaarsic gamoTqva makiavelim da romlis forma Semdgom Camoyalibdamakiavelis principis saxeliT _ `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~._ SeiZleba mizani keTilSobili iyos, magrom Tu am mimarTulebiT moqmedebamSedegi ver gamoiRo, gamiva, rom amaod Seewira msxverpli mizans. amitomsaSualebebis saxiT adamianis araadamianur mxecur moqmedebas amarTlebs aramarto mizani, aramed is Sedegebic, rac mas moyveba. mxecoba adamianisdasadanaSauleblad sakmarisia, magram yuradReba unda mieqces Sedegs, rac moyvaam mxecobas da Tu Sedegi dadebiTia, mxecoba gamarTlebulia. adamians`adanaSaulebs Cadenili saqme, amarTlebs Sedegi~. es aris logikuri gagrZelebadebulebisa: mizani amarTlebs saSualebas.12

makiaveli amarTlebs sisastikes da mxecur qmedebas ara Tavis Tavad, aramedmxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es xdeba amaRlebuli miznis msaxurebisaTvis.Cadenili danaSauli gamarTlebadia, Tu Sedegi keTilia._ arcerTi keTilgonieri adamiani ar usayvedurebs mTavars, Tu samefosmowesrigebis, an respublikis Seqmnis mizniT, is mimarTavs raime gansakuTrebulzomebs. ras izamT. mas daadanaSaulebs Cadenili, gaamarTlebs Sedegi. da TuSedegi aRmoCndeba keTili, is yovelTvis gamarTlebuli iqneba, radgan undagaikicxos is, vinc mkacrobs gafuWebis mizniT da ara is, vinc mkacria, raTagaasworos ...~.Tomas hobsis socialuri doqtrina1. Tomas hobsi da misi epoqa. daibada 1588w dagardaicavala 1679w. inglisis revolucia dahobsis msoflmxedveloba. brZola inglisisburJuaziasa da samefo xelisuflebas Soris, asevereligiuri brZola rogorc hobsis socialuridoqtrinis SemuSavebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovanisocialur-politikuri faqtori.2. Tomas hobsi rogorc pirveli moazrovne,romelmac bunebrivi samarTlis safuZvelzeganaviTara sazogadoebis Sesaxeb sistemurimoZRvreba da bolomde miiyvana meqanicizmisprincipebis gavrceleba sazogadoebaze, moabrunaazrovneba adamianze da azrovnebis centrSidaayena ara mxolod moazre, aramed aqtiuradmoqmedi, mosaqme adamiani. hobsis moZRvrebisanTropocentristuli xasiaTi. misi ZiriTadi Sromebia: `moqalaqis Sesaxeb~, da`leviaTani, anu adamianis, saxelmwifos, qristianuli saxelmwifosa da bneleTissaxelmwifos Sesaxeb~.3. hobsis meqnistur materialisturi filosofiis ZiriTadi struqturulielementebi: 1. nawili _ fizika, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs: logikas, pirvelfilosofias anu yofierebis Teorias, sivrcul ganzomilebas, ciur sxeulTa davarskvlavTa moZraobis Teorias, grZnobaTa daxasiaTebas da sxeulis SesaxebmoZRvrebas. II nawili ganixilavs: adamianis bunebas, moqalaqis raobas daxelovnur sxeuls _ saxelmwifos. hobsis filosofia esaa moZRvreba bunebriv daxelovnur sxeulebze, anu bunebrivi filosofia da samoqalaqo filosofia,romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs eTikasa da politikas.13

4. hobsi rogorc adamiani sazogadoebrivi arsebis aristoteliseuli gagebismowinaaRmdege da uarmyofeli. adamianis arsebaSi arsebuli gaerTianebisakenmiswrafeba ar niSnavs amave dros gaerTianebis unaris qonas. codna da gonebarogorc adamianTa gaerTianebis safuZveli. pativiscema da sargebeli rogorcadamianTa gaerTianebis warmarTveli miznebi. egoizmi rogorc adamianurisaqmianobisa da moRvaweobis umTavresi stimuli.5. fizikur da gonebriv unarTa Tanasworoba rogorc adamianTa SorisurTierTgautanlobisa da SiSis safuZveli. adamianTa bunebrivi mdgomareobarogorc omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg~. `bunebrivi samarTali~, rogorcbunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedi samarTlebrivi wesebi, romelic adamians aZlevsuflebas, `akeTos yvelaferi, rac surs da vis winaaRmdegac surs~. bunebrivisamarTali ver uzrunvelyofs adamianTa uSiSroebas garantiebiT.6. adamianis grZnoba da goneba rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze gadasvlissafuZveli. bunebrivi samarTali da bunebrivi kanoni. bunebrivi kanoni rogorcamkrZalavi, romlis Tanaxmadac adamians ekrZaleba gaakeTos is rac damRupveliamisi cxovrebisaTvis an arTmevs misi SenarCunebis saSualebas. bunebiTisamarTali raimes keTeba _ arkeTebis Tavisufleba, bunebrivi kanoni ki rogorcmovaleoba. bunebrivi kanoni rogorc gonebis miTiTeba da daniSnuleba da araadamianTa SeTanxmebis Sedegi.7. hobsi oci bunebrivi kanonis arsisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. ZiriTadikanonebi gvauwyebs: `unda veZeboT mSvidoba yvelgan sadac SesaZlebelia misimiRweva, Tu es ar SeiZleba, maSin unda veZeboT saSualebebi omisaTvis~. _`yvelaferze uflebis SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia, aucilebelia an sxvebs gadavceTzogierTi ufleba an saerTod uari vTqvaT masze. raxan adamiani bunebrivadmiiswrafvis mSvidobisaken amitom igi unda dakmayofildes Tavisuflebis imxarisxiT ra xarisxiTac amas sxvebis mimarT uSvebs.8. xom ar aris aq winaaRmdegoba? Tu bunebrivi kanoni gonebis brZaneba damiTiTebaa imis Sesaxeb Tu risgan unda Seikavon adamianebma Tavi sicocxlisSesanarCuneblad, maSin saidan warmoiSveba `omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg~.winaaRmdegoba ar aris Tu kargad gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom 1. marTaliaadamiani egoistia, magram is boroti ar aris. marTalia is moiTxovs pirvelrigSi misi interesebis dakmayofilebas, magram maT sxva miswrafebebic aqvT _esaa miswrafeba aicilos sikvdili da SeinarCunos sicocxle, es ki ubiZgebsadamianebs mSvidobiani cxovrebisaken. goneba ki karnaxobs gzas, romliTacmSvidobas da ayvavebas ewevian. 2. marTalia bunebrivi kanonebi SeiZlebawvdomili da formulirebuli iqnas adamianTa mier bunebriv mdgomareobaSi,magram maTi dacva SesaZlebelia mxolod samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ansaxelmwifos ZalisxmeviT. sxva SemTxvevaSi am kanonebis moTxovnaTa aRsrulebakeTil ocnebad darCeba.9. adamians unda mieces adamianuri pirovnebis usafrTxoebis garantia. Toremis yovel azrs dakargavs. uflebaTa urTierTze gadatana adamianebis mier xdeba14

jon lokis politikuri da socialuriSexedulebebijon lokma (1632-1704) Tavisi socialur-samarTlebrivi dapolitikuri moZRvreba gadmosca SromaSi “ori traqtatisaxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb”, romelic daiwera dagamoqveynda 1690 wels. igi moRvaweobda sakmaod mRelvareepoqaSi, romelic moculi iyo revoluciebiT dagadatrialebebiT. 1688 wels rodesac inglisSi moxdagadatrialeba da mefem iakob II –e stiuartma, romelicaqamde absolutur politikas atarebda,datova qveyana.xolo axali mefe vilhelm oraneli daTanxmdakonstituciuri monarqiis damyarebas,lokma daiWira imsazogadoebrivi jgufis pozicia romelic cdilobdasazogadoebis marTvasa da xelZRvanelobaSi moepovebina garantirebulimonawileobis ufleba.rodesac am jgufma Tavis sawadels miaRwia, man uwinaresyovlisa gaakritika revoluciis epoqis radikaluri Sexedulebebi da gaimijnamisgan.man mtkiced uaryo saxelmwifo Zalauflebis absoluturobisa daSeuzRudvelobis koncefcia.magram igi mTlianad iziarebda bunebiTi samarTlis, sazogadoebrivixelSekrulebis, saxalxo suvereninetis, pirovnebis xelSeuvali uflebebis,xelisuflebis saxeTa balansirebulobis,tiranis winaaRmdeg saxalxo ajanyebiskanonierebis Sesaxeb ideebs. magram igi, rasakvirvelia, ubralod ki ar imeorebdamanamde gamoTqmul ideebs, aramed aviTarebda maT, saxes ucvlida, axaliaspeqtebiTa da StrixebiT avsebda maT da sabolood Seqmna mTliani politikur -samarTlebrivi moZRvreba _ adreuli burJuaziuli liberalizmis doqtrina.maSin miRebuli Cveulebis Tanaxmad es doqtrina iwyeba saxelwifos warmoSobissakiTxis dasmiTa da garkveviT. mkacrad,rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifoebriobisnamdvili genezisi (Casaxva) mTeli misi specifikurobiTa da konkretulobiTloks uSualod arc ainteresebda. istoriul - faqtologiuri problema (anusaxelmwifos warmoSoba)mis mier wamoyenebul iqna, rogorc sxva, normatiul -Teoriuli problemis _ Tu rogori unda iyos saxelmwifosorganizaciuli,eTikuri da iuridiuli safuZvlebi _ gadaWris forma.lokis azriT, saxelmwifos warmoSobamde adamianebi imyofebian bunebrivmdgomareobaSi. winasaxelmwifoebriv saerTo sacxovrebelSi ar aris omi “yvelasiyvelas winaaRmdeg”. individebi Tavisufalni arian, ar arian vinme sxvis nebazedamokidebulni, ar sWirdebaT araviTari nebarTva ,TviT ganageben sakuTar Tavsda qonebas. batonobs QQTanasworoba “romlis drosac yoveli Zalaufleba dayoveli samarTali Tanaziaria, Tanabaria, aravis aravisze meti ar aqvs”. imisTvis16

aTa bunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedi urTierTobis kanonebi da normebi daculiyos da realurad SeeZloT adamianebs Soris urTierTobis mowesrigeba,bunebamTiToeuli adamiani daajildova unariT gansajos kanonis damrRvevi da miuzRosmas Sesaferisi sasjeli.magram bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ar arsebobs organoebi,romlebsac SeeZlebodaT pirnaTlad da samarTlianad, miudgomlad daobieqturad gadaWran adamianebs Soris warmoqmnili dava,ganaxorcielosbunebrivi kanonebis damRvevTa saTanado dasja da a.S. yovelive es badebsundoblobis garemos,axdens Cveulebrivi gawonasworebuli cxovrebisdestabilizacias. bunebrivi da xelSeuvali uflebebis, Tanasworobisa daTavisuflebis, pirovnebis da sakuTrebis dacvis saTanado donezeuzrunvelyofis mizniT adamianebi Tanxmdebian Seqmnan politikuri gaerTianebasazogadoeba,daaweson saxelwifo.loki gansakuTrebul aqcents svams Tanxmobaze:“saxelmwifos yovel mSvidobian warmoqmnasa da dawesebas safuZvlad Tanxmobakonsensusihqonda”.lokis mixedviT saxelwifo esaa adamianTa erToblioba, romlebicgaerTianebulni arian maT mierve dadgenili saerTo kanonis egidis qveS, rissafuZvelzec qmnian iseT sasamarTlo instancias, romelsac ZaluZs maT Sorisarsebuli konfliqtebis mogvareba da damnaSaveTa samarTliani dasja.koleqtiurobis yvela sxva formisgan (ojaxis, sabatono mflobelobis, sameurneoerTeulebis) saxelmwifo gansxvavdeba imiT, rom mxolod igi gamoTqvavs dagamoxatavs politikur Zalauflebas, e.i. uflebas sazogadoebrivi sikeTissaxeliT Seqmnas sakuTrebis dacvisa da regulirebis kanonebi (sxvadasxvasanqciebis gamTvaliswinebeli), agreTve imis uflebasac gamoiyenos sazogadoebisZala am kanonebis aRsasruleblad da sagareo Tavdasxmebisgan saxelwifosdasacavad.saxelmwifo aris is socialuri instituti, romelic ganaxorcielebs daaRasrulebs sajaro (lokTan - politikur)Zalauflebas, xelisuflebas.saxelmwifos warmoqmnis safuZvlebs, loki TiToeuli adamianis TanSobil, Tavadbunebismier mocemul Tvisebebsa da nebaSi xedavs im safuZvels, romlismixedviTac maT ufleba aqvT izrunon sakuTar Tavze (plius kacobriobisdanarCen nawilzec) da aRkveTon da dasajon sxvaTa danaSaulebrivi qmedebani.swored am bunebriv da TanSobil TvisebebSia saZiebeli rogorc sakanonmdebloda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis,ise sazogadoebaTa wyaro da TavdapirvelisamarTlis saxeobebi. aq aris im individualizmis naTeli gamovlineba, romelicpraqtikulad yvela liberalur politikur-iuridiul doqtrinas ganmsWvalavs.qmnian ra nebayoflobiT saxelmwifos da yurs ugdeben gonebis xmas, adamianebiZalian zustad (SeiZleba iTqvas Zalian Zunwad) zomaven imuflebamosilebebs,romelTa gadacemasac isini Semdgom saxelmwifosTvisapireben.lokTan imaze laparakic zedmetia, rom adamianebi saxelmwifos17

sasargeblod uars amboben TavianT kuTvnil yvela bunebriv uflebebze,sakuTrebis, Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis uflebebs aravis ar gadascems daarc aranair viTarebaSi ar uSvebs maT gaucxoebas da gadacemas TviTsaxelmwifosadmisac ki. swored es gausxvisebadi da xelSeuvali Rirebulebiarissaxelmwifos xelisuflebisa da moqmedebis saboloo sazRvrebi dazRudeebi, romelTa gadalaxvac mas ekrZaleba da misi aranairi uflebac ar aqvs.saxelmwifo mis mier Semqmneli adamianebisagan zustad imden Zalauflebas iRebs,ramdenic aucilebelia da sakamrisi politikuri gaerTianebis mTavari miznismisaRwevad.es mizani ki mdgoamreobs imaSi, rom yvelas (TiToeuls) SeeZlosuzrunvelyos, daicvas da realizeba gaukeTos Tavis samoqalaqo interesebs:”sicocxles, janmrTelobas, Tavisuflebas” da iseTi materialuri da gareganidovlaTis flobas, rogorebicaa: fuli, miwa, saxli, saojaxo nivTebi da a.S.”.yvela CamoTvlil sikeTes, j. lokma, erTi saxeli-sakuTreba uwoda.im Tezisis formulirebaSi, rom saxelmwifos saqmianobis mizani sakuTrebisdacva, samoqalaqo interesebis uzrunvelyofa unda iyos, savsebiT sworia,agreTve davinaxoT lokis mier adamianTa sicocxlis obieqtur pirobebzesaxemwifos damokidebulebis faqtis gacnobiereba. lokma amiT yevalzerealisturad gamoxata saxelmwifos ZiriTadi miznebi da am miznis miRwevissaSualebebic, romlebic mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos am mTavari miznisganxorcielebas: kanoniereba, xelisuflebis danawileba, erisaTvis optimalurimmarTvelobis Fforma, Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi xalxismxridan ajanyebis ufleba da sxva.kanonsa da kanonierebaze loki did imedebs amyarebda. adamianis mier dadgenilsaerTo da zogad kanonSi da maT mierve aRiarebul da sikeTisa da borotebissazomad daSvebul, yvela koliziaTa gadaWris samarTlian saSualebebadgamoyenebul kanonebSi, igi saxelmwifos makonstruirebel pirvel niSans xedavda.namdvili azriT, kanoni srulebiTac araa pirveli danawesi Tu daniSnuleba,romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebidan an adamianTa mier dadgenilisakanonmdeblo organodan modis. kanonis tituli aqvs mxolod im aqts, romelicgonier arsebas uTiTebs da karnaxobs iseT qcevas, romelic misi sakuTariinteresebis Sesatyvisi da sazogado sikeTis msaxuricaa imavdroulad. Tu raimedanawesi, dadgenileba aseT norma-miTiTebebs ar Seicavs, maSin igi ar SeiZlebakanonad CaiTvalos. garda amisa, lokis mixedviT, kanons aucileblad undaaxasiaTebdes stabiluroba da moqmedebis xangrZlivoba.xazs usvams ra kanonierebis reJims, loki daJinebiT icavs debulebas:konkretulad vinc ar unda flobdes uzenaes xelisuflebas saxelwifoSi, manunda “marTos igi xalxis mier gacxadebuli, maTTvis cnobili da dadgenilimudmivi kanonebis mixedviT da ara improvizirebuli dadgenilebebis gziT”.kanonebi mxolod maSin uwyoben xels saxelmwifos “mTavari da didi miznis”18

miRwevas xels, rodesac maT yvela icnobs da yevla asrulebs da icavs.saxelmwifoSi absoluturad aravin, aranairi organo ar SeiZleba gamovides misikanonebis daqvemdebarebidan. kanoni uzenaesia. amiT loki “samarTlebrivisaxelmwifos” ideis winamorbedad mogvevlina, romelic XVII-XIX-e saukunisevropaSiFfarTod gavrcelda.Kkanonis maRali prestiJi imisgan momdinareobs, rom igi, lokis mixedviTpirovnebis Tavisuflebis dacvisa da gafarToebis gadamwyveti, ZiriTadiinstrumentia, romelic aseve icavs individs sxva pirebis TviTnebobisa dadespoturi nebisgan. “iq, sadac ar aris kanonebi, arc Tavisuflebaa”.“.individualuri Tavisuflebis funqcia ar amoiwureba calke aRebuli adamianiscxovrebaSi pirveladi da upirvelesi mniSvnelobiT, vinaidan igi agreTve kidevmTliani politikuri organizmis saerTo da zogadi sikeTis ganuyofeli nawilia.ai ratomaa SeuZlebeli yvelasTvis sikeTis miRweva ise,Tu ar vuzrunvelvyaviTkanonis saSualebiT TiToeulis Tavisufleba.lokis am ideebma evropulipolitikuri mecniereba politikur-iuridiuli kulturis axal safexurze aiyvana,riTac stimuli misca am mecnierebis erT-erTi centraluri problebis(“saxelmwifo-pirovneba”) humanizmis suliskveTebiT damuSavebas.rogorc sxva politikuri dawesebulebebi da dadgenilebebi, rogorc Tavadsaxlemwifoc, ise pozitiuri kanonebic umravlesobis nebiT dagadawyvetilebebiT iqmneba. loki gvixsnis, rom romeliRac gaerTianebis, (erTiani,mTliani) warmonaqmnis yvelas qmedeba miiRweva masSi Semaval pirTa mowonebiTada mxardaWeriT. yoveli aseTi warmonaqmni erTi mimarTulebiT unda moZraobdesda aucilebelia,igi “moZraobdes iqiT sadac mas ezideba iseTi didi Zala,rogoricaa umravlesobis Tanxmoba”. aqedan daskvna: yoveli adamiani, romelicTanaxmaa sxvebTan erTad Seqmnas erTiani politikuri organizmi, erTianimTavrobiT,Tavis Tavze iRebs “valdebulebas daemorCilos umravlesobisgadawyvetilebas da CaTvalos igi saboloo gadawyvetilebad”.Tavisuflebis reJimis mxardaWera, politikuri gaerTianebis `mTavari da udidesimiznis` realizacia aucileblad moiTxoven, lokis mixedviT, rom saxelmwifossajaro-xelisuflebrivi uflebamosilebani naTlad iyos gamiznuli daganawilebuli mis sxvadasxva organoebs Soris, kanonebis miRebisuflebamosileba (sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba) eZleva mTeli eris mxolodwarmomadgenlobiT dawesebulebas-parlaments. kanonebis cxovrebaSi gatarebiskompetencia (aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba) seefereba da ekuTvnis monarqs,ministrTa kabinets. maT uflebamosilebebs kide ganekuTvneba ucxosaxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis warmoeba (federaciuli xelisuflebis warmoeba)amiT mas mxolod imis Tqma unda ki ar surs, rom Zalaufleba aucilebeliagawonaswordes, aramed xelisuflebis uzurpaciis dauSveblobis, xelisuflebisdespoturi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis Tavidan acilebis uzrunvelyofis19

meqanizmebis gamoZebna surs. man Camoayaliba `xelisuflebis calkeulinawilebis~ kavSirisa da urTierTqmedebis principebi. sajaro-saxelisuflosaqmianobis Sesabamisi tipebi mis mier ierarqiulad aRmoCnda ganlagebuli.pirveli adgili ganekuTvneba sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas, rogorc qveyanaSiuzenaes (magram ara absolutur) Zalauflebas. sxva xelisufalni mas undadaemorCilos. amave dros isini srulebiTac ar warmoadgenen sakanonmdebloxelisuflebis masiur damatebans da masze sakmaod aqtiur gavlenas axdenen,kerZod, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba.erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis calkeuli nawilebis diferenciaciisganawilebis principebis, kavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulebebis Sesaxebamgvari warmodgenebi safuZvlad daedo XVII-e saukuneSi warmoqmnilkonstitucionalizmis doqtrinas. yvelaze metad igi ganaviTara Sarl monteskiem,xolo `ori traqtati saxelmwifo marTvelobis Sesaxeb~ gamosvlidan asi wlisSemdeg adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebis deklaracia ganacxadebs:`sazogadoebas, romelSic ar aris uzrunvelyofili uflebebiT sargebloba daar aris gatarebuli xelisuflebis danawileba, ar aqvs konstitucia~.evropuli politikuri azrisTvis tradiciuli sakiTxi saxelmwifoebrivi formisSesaxeb loksac ainteresebda. marTalia igi ar aniWebda raRac gansakuTrebulupiratesobas mmarTvelobis romelime ukve cnobil formas. mis mierkategoriulad uaryofilia mxolod absoluturi-monarqiuli wyoba. mis simpatiasimsaxurebs SezRuduli, konstituciuri monarqia. lokisTvis yvelazemniSvnelovani iyo is rom saxelmwifos nebismieri forma warmodgeniliyosazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebidan da adamianTa nebayoflobiTi Tanxmobidan,raTa mas hqonoda, `mmarTvelobis saTanado struqtura~, daecva individTabunebrivi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, ezruna yvelasTvis saerTo sikeTeebze.loks kargad esmoda, rom ar arsebobs iseTi idealuri saxelmwifoebriviformebi, romlebic erTxel da samudamod dazRveulni iqnebodnen tiraniaSigadazrdis saSisSroebisagan _ wyobisagan, sadac adgili aqvs `xelisuflebisganxorcielebas samarTlis gverdis avliT~. rodesac xelisuflebis organoebi(sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli - sul erTia) iwyeben samarTlisa da sazogadoTanxmobis ignorirebas (ugulvebelyofas), gverds uvlian saxelmwifoSi miRebulkanonebs, maSin xdeba ara mxolod qveynis normaluri marTvis dezorganizeba dadaucveli rCeba sakuTreba, aramed xdeba Tavad xalxis damoneba da ganadgureba.xelisuflebis uzurpatorTa miswrafeba aseTi wesiT uzrunvelyon wesrigi,simSvide da mSvidoba saxelmwifoSi. lokis mier uaryofa imaze miTiTebiT, romtiranTa sasurveli simSvide srulebiTac ar aris mSvidoba, isaa Zaladobisa daZarcvis yvelaze saSineli mdgomareoba romelic xels mxolod yaCaRebsa damCagvrelebs aZlevs.20

im mmarTvelTa mimarT, romlebic TavianT xalxs despoturad marTaven, xalxsmxolod erTi SesaZlebloba rCebaT-`SeRaRadon zecas~ da gamoiyenon Zala`usamarTlo da arakanonieri Zalis~ winaaRmdeg. kanonis mixedviT, xalxs aqvsufleba gansajos, aqvs Tu ara mas sakmao safuZveli RmerTsa Tu zecasSeRaRados da dalocva iTxovos tiranTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. lokis azriTxalxis suvereniteti saboloo jamSi (da es yvelaze ukeT krizisul situaciebSiCans) ufro maRalia, vidre maT mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos suverenitetia. Tuxalxis umravlesobas miCnia, rom saWiroa aRkveTos sazogadoebrivixelSekrulebis damrRvev xelisufalTa Tavxedoba, maSin saxalxo ajanyeba,mizniT daabrunos saxelmwifo Tavisuflebis, kanonis,, sazogado sikeTiskenmoZraobis gzaze, savsebiT gamarTlebulia. xalxis ufleba ajanyebaze daZaladobiT moZalade xelisuflebis damxobaze ar aris SemTxveviTi ram lokisdoqtrinaSi.lokma mravali idea da Sexeduleba ganaviTara axali istoriuligamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic inglisSi momxdarma revoluciammoitana. amgvarad, isini gamosadegi gaxda imisTvis, raTa pasuxi gascemodamomdevno XVIII-e saukunis politikur-samarTlebrivi cxovrebis maRal Teoriulda praqtikul SekiTxvebs-anu ganmanaTleblobis saukunis da axali drois oriyvelaze didi burJuaziuli revoluciis: frangulisa da amerikulis mier dasmulSekiTxvebs.Sarl _ lui monteskie. sociologiuri Sexedulebebi.monteskies sociologiuri Sexedulebebi1. sazogadoebisa da misi kanonebis Sesaxeb.monteskie Tavidanve cdilobs sazogadoebas miudgessaero poziciebidan, is gadaWriT upirispirdebaavgustines, romelic istorias ganixilavs, rogorc ori_ miwieri da sulieri _ sawyisis brZolas. AasevegagdaWriT uaryofs is Toma aqvinelis Sexedulebebs,romelsac saxelmwifo Zalaufleba ,,RvTiuri nebidan”gamoyavs da amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovreba,saboloo jamSi, damokidebulia ,,RvTiur samarTalze”.Mmonteskie aRiarebs RmerTs, rogorc samyarosaTvispirveli biZgis mimcems, amave dros uazrod miaCniaRvTiuri gansazRvrulobis Zieba socialur movlenebSi.Mmonteskie acxadebs, rom istoriisadmi Teologiur21

midgomas pirdapir fatalizmisaken mivyavarT. Tu RmerTi yovelives ganagebs,adamianebs aRaraferi darCeniaT garda imisa, rom dasxdnen gulxeldakrefili,iyvnen pasiuri mWvretelni. Mmagram XVIII saukuneSi, gonis sayovelTao duRilis,burJuaziuli revoluciis mzadebis periodSi, yvelaze zomieri da mSvidiganmanaTleblebic ki gadaWriT kicxavdnen adamianebs, romlebic urigdebiansocialur sicrues. ,,kanonTa gonSi” monteskie akritikebs fatalisturmsoflmxedvelobas: ,,moZRvreba bedisweris Sesaxeb, romelic yvelafers marTavs,mmarTvelsac gadaaqcevs auRelvebel mWvretelad; mas gonia, rom ukve yvelaferigakeTebulia da mas saqme aRara aqvs”.xelmwifis fatalizmze aranakleb saSiSia qveSevdromTa fatalizmi. monteskiesmiaCnia, rom ubralo adamians ara aqvs ufleba xeli awios mbrZanebelze, magrammoraluri protestis, ara culiT, aramed kalmiT, Tavisi uflebebisa dainteresebis, legaluri uflebebiT dacvis araTu ufleba aqvs, aramedvaldebulicaa. despotizmTan Serigebuli moqalaqe kargavs moqalaqed wodebisuflebas, gadaiqceva monad da zizRis Rirsia. mravalwliani ganazrebebisdasasruls Tavisi mTavari naSromis winasityvaobaSi monteskie wers: ,,me daviwyeadamianebis Seswavla da vnaxe rom maTi kanonebisa da zneobis usasrulomravalferovneba araa gamowveuli mxolod maTi fantaziiT. Mme davadgine zogadisawyisebi da vnaxe, rom kerZo SenTxvevebi TavisTavd eqvemdebarebian maT, romyoveli xalxis istoria, rogorc Sedegi, gamodis maTgan da yoveli kerZo kanonidakavSirebulia sxva kanonTan an damokidebulia sxva, ufro zogad kanonze”.amgvarad, frangi ganmanaTlebeli midis im daskvnamde, rom sazogadoebrivicxovreba kanonzomieri procesia, Tanac sazogadoebis kanonebi araa garedanTavsmoxveuli, aramed arseboben TviT masSi, rogorc calkeuli socialurimovlenebis arsi. ,,kanonTa gonSi” Rrma mixvedraa, rom kanonebis obieqtursafuZvlad miCneulia saganTa bunebidan gamomdinare aucilebeli mimarTebebi.amave dros, monteskie sxva ganmanaTleblebis msgavsad pirovnebas aniWebssocialuri demiurgis rols da socialur kanonebs Tvlis kanonmdebelTaTavisufali qmedebis produqtad. aq is faqtobrivad erTmaneTSi aurevs kanons,rogorc samarTlis mecnierebis kategorias im sazogadoebriv kanonebTan,romlebic ar arian damokidebuli adamianebis nebasa da cnobierebaze; monteskiesnaSromebSi mravladaa kanonebis voluntaristuli, subieqtur-idealisturigansazRvrebebi. magaliTad, ,,kanonTa gonis” mesame TavSi monteskie amtkicebs, XVITavSi, sadac kanoni gaigivebulia kanonmdeblis dadgenilebasTan. yvelasocialuri ubedurebis mizezs monteskie xedavs imaSi, rom ,,kanonmdebelTaumravlesoba Zalze SezRuduli adamianebi arian, romlebic SemTxveviT moxvdnenxelmZRvanelTa Soris da iTvaliswineben, mxolod sakuTar Sexedulebebsa dafantazias”. Uunda iTqvas, rom monteskie xSirad eWvobs sakuTari sexedulebebismcdarobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianTa sazogadoeba gveZleva qaosad,22

urTierTgamomricxav nebaTa Sejaxebebis Sedegad. progresis idea aqgamoricxulia. Mmecniereba sazogaoebis Sesaxeb aseve SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.amgvarad, dasva ra sakiTxi sazogadoebis kanonebis obieqturobis Sesaxeb,monteskiem, rogorc yvela sociologma XIX saukunemde ver SesZloTanmimdevrulad daecva sakuTari pozicia. is mudmiv winaaRmdegobaSia,socialuri kanonebi masTan xan obieqturia, xan subieqturia, e.i. xelovnuradiqmneba kanonmdeblebis mier. monteskies subieqtivizmi im droisaTvisantifeodaluri xasiaTis matarebelia, radgan sakiTxi exeba feodalururTierTobebSi Cakargul pirovnebas da mis reabilitacias. Mmas mxedvelobaSiyavs ara feodali ,,yaCaRi,” an gandegili wmindani. is ufro maRla ayenebspirovnebas, romelic qmnis kanonebs sazogadoebrivi progresisaTvis, ganaTlebisada kulturisaTvis. Aamitom misTvis kanonzomierebis problema organulkavSirSia kanonmdebelTa rolis problemasa da im rolis dadgenasTan,romelsac sazogadoebaSi asrulebs adamianTa morali da moraluriSexedulebebi. Mmonteskie amtkicebs, rom adamianTa morals, erTi mxrivganapirobebs geografiuli garemo, meore mxriv ki arsebuli politikuri wyoba.is aq ar icavs monistikur pozicias,Mmagram orive SemTxvevaSi awyobswinaswargansazRvrulobis religiuri Teoria. saboloo jamSi, adamianTa zneoba,monteskies azriT, efuZneba adamianis bunebasa da sazogadoebriv garemos.sazogadoebrivi garemo masTan politikuri wyobisa da gabatonebulikanonmdeblobis igiveobrivia.maSasadame, monteskie amtkicebs, rom zneobriv gansxvavebebs safuZvlad udevsgeografiuli da sazogadoebrivi pirobebi, Tumc is gamoricxavs klasobrivigansxvavebis faqtors. Mmisi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis klasobrivi struqturisignorireba susti adgilia monteskiesa da burJuaziuli revoluciis sxvawinamorbedTa naazrevSi. Aam mxriv frangi ganmanaTleblebi CamorCebodnenburJuaziul ekonomistebs, adam smitsa (1723-1790) da davidD rikardos (1772-1823),romlebic xedaven, magram cdiloben SeniRbon an sulac damalon sazogadoebisstruqturis ekonomikuri safuZvlebi. Ffrangi ganmanaTleblebi aseve CamorCebianfrang istorikosebs _ tieris (1795-1856), minies (1796-1884) da gizos (1787-1874),romlebic cdilobdnen XVIII saukunis safrangeTis burJuaziulirevoluciisaTvis SeexedaT klasobrivi brZolis poziciebidan. monteskiesaTvisklasobrivi brZola aris politikuri principebis brZolis gamovlena. isupiratesad saubrobs aristokratiis rRvevaze, vidre aristokratiis principze,akritikebda ufro despotizms, vidre despotizmis ideas. Tumca monteskie ukvegrZnobs, rom ideebisa da principebis Sejaxebebis ukan dgas realurisazogadoebrivi Zalebis winaaRmdegoba, icis, rom demokratizmisa daaristokratizmis principebis gansxvavebisas, demokratiis ukan dgas xalxi, xoloaristikratiis ukan xalxis dammonebelTa mcire jgufi.23

sazogadoebis progresuli ganviTareba monteskies sakmaod zedapirulad daSezRudulad esmis. is cdilobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sawyisebs miudgesistoriulad. is Seecada gaeca pasuxi adamianTa sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaRmocenebis konkretul mizezebze. Aaq is mTlianad moqceulia bunebrivisamarTlis Teoriis CarCoebSi (spinoza holandiaSi, hobsi da loki inglisSi) daamtkicebs, rom Tavdapirvel, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adamianebma ar iciansaxelmwifo da mxolod droTa ganmavlobaSi mividnen misi organizebisaucileblobis aRiarebamde. amave droes monteskie emxroba bunebrivi samarTlismimdevrebs, romelTa Tanaxmad Tvdapirvelad cxovreba iyo mSvidi, megobruli damSvidobiani yovelgvari dapirispirebis, mtrobisa da urTierTxocvisgareSe.Ppirvelyofili sazogadoebisa da adamianis idealizireba monteskiesaTvisaris misi Tanamedrove feodaluri kulturis kritika.pirvelyofil adamianebs, amtkicebs monteskie, ar sWirdebodaT erTmaneTTanbrZola. piriqiT, Zireulad iyvnen dainteresubuli mSvidobian urTierTobebSi.maT sxva adamianebze batonobis survilic ki ar gauCndebodaT, radgan essurvilebi ufro rTul urTierTobebs ukavSirdeba. Aamitom mSvidoba da ara omi,askvnis monteskie, iyo adamianis pirveli bunebrivi kanoni. Mmonteskies esgancxadeba upirispirdeba im ideologias, romlis Tanaxmad omi adamianis bunebisaucilebeli Tvisebaa.meore bunebriv kanonad frangi ganmanaTlebeli Tvlis adamianis swrafvasmoipovos sakvebi. sazogadoebisadmi idealisturi midgoma xels uSlismonteskies gaakeTos swori daskvnebi sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvismaterialuri warmoebis rolis Sesaxeb. warmoeba mas esmis, rogorcsazogadioebaze gavlenis mqone erT-erTi faqtori. monteskiesaTvis adamianissameurneo saqmianoba misive fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebidanaa warmoebuli. isamtkicebs, rom sazogadoebis aRmocenebis erT-erTi mizezia yoveli cocxaliorganizmis swrafva misi bunebis meore cocxali organizmisaken da am swrafvasmonteskie eZaxis mesame bunebriv kanons.sami kanonis safuZvelze sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoriis dacviTmonteskies gamoyavs meoTxe _ sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis survilis kanoni, anuadamianis mier sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos Seqmnis aucileblobisgacnobiereba, rac uSualod gamomdinareobs adamianis racionaluri unaridan _gaakeTos daskvnebi, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi.did interess imsaxurebs monteskies genialuri mixvedra pivelyofilsazogadoebaSi kerZo sakuTrebis ararsebobis Sesaxeb. monteskie acxadebs, romuTxres ra uari bunebriv damoukideblobas, adamianebma uari uTxres qonebisbunebriv erTobasac. Aamgvarad, kerZo sakuTrebas is ganixilavs, rogorcistoriuli ganviTarebis SedarebiT gviandel prodiuqts. magram, radganmonteskie momxrea kerZomesakuTruli urTierTobebisa, am mixvedridan monteskie24

akeTebs rig damaxinjebul daskvnebs. kerZo sakuTreba masTan arissazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegi, e.i. damokidebulia iuridiul normebze.monteskiesaTvis aseTi kerZo sakuTreba civilizebulobis gamovlenaa. iscdilobs daamtkicos, rom sazogadoebrivi simdidred kerZoze primatisaRiarebis drosac ki aravis ara aqvs ufleba CamoarTvas adamians misisakuTrebis iotisodena nawilic ki.2. monteskies geografizmi.cnobilia, rom geografiuli Teoriis bevri Tanamedrove momxre reaqciuliSexedulebebisaa. isini irwmunebian, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovreba ver Seicvlebageografiuli garemos cvlilebebis gareSe, xolo radgan es ukanaskneli sakmaodneli tenpiT icvleba, cxadia aralogikurad unda gamocxaddes socialurirevoluciebi.monteskie sxvagvarad fiqrobs. Mman geografiul garemos mimarTa mxolodimitom, rom daemtkicebina _ istoriis svla damokidebulia ara mxolodRmerTze, aramed bunebriv mizezebze da amitom ara religias, aramed mecnierebasSeuZlia gaigos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis kanonzomierebebi.rogorc aRiniSna ,,kanonTa gonSi” mTeli wignebi da Tavebi eZRvneba bunebrivfaqtorebs _ klimats, niadags da a.S. meToTxmete wignis saTauria _ ,,kanonebisada klimatTa Tvisebebisadmi maTi mimarTebis Sesaxeb”. aq detaluradaaganxiluli klimatis gavlena adamianebis xasiaTze, maT adaT-wesbsa da zneobaze,saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis formebze.klimatisadmi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ganmanaTlebeli imiT asabuTebs, romsxvadasxva klimatur pirobebSi gansxvavdebian gonis xasiaTi da gulis vnebebi.civi klimati ayalibebs Zlier da e.i. ufro aqtiurebs, Sromismoyvareebsa damizanmimarTulebs. cxeli hava sizarmaces, sifaqizes, gulgrilobas uwyobsxels. ramdenadme miamiturad, magram materialisturi poziciiT asabuTebsmonteskie adamianis sulieri cxovrebis damokidebulebas mis fizikurorganizaciaze. Mmisi msjelobis logika daaxloebiT aseTia: sicxe da sicivesaxes ucvlian sxeuls, sxeuli Tavis mxriv zemoqmedebs sxeulze.amitom civklimatian qveynebSi adamianebi ufro Zlierebi arian, vidre cxelqveynebSi. janmrTeli da Zlieri adamiani ufro endoba sakuTar Tavs, ufrovaJkacia, usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT ufro TviTdajerebulia, ufro pirdapiria,naklebad eWviania, naklebad politikania da eSmaki. ,,moaqcieT adamiani cxel daCaketil viTarebaSi, is Zalze modundeba da moeSveba. Tu am viTarebaSi masmosTxovT raime vaJkacur nabijs, is aucileblad Seikavebs Tavs. Mmodunebulikaci kargvs sulier sifxizles, SiSiT uyurebs yvelafers, Tavs umweod grZnobs.25

cxeli qveynebis mkvidrni moxucebiviT arian, civi qveynebis adamianebi kiymawvilebiviT”.monteskie Tamamad svams kiTxvas saxelmwifos wyobis Sesaxeb, da imis Sesaxeb,Tu rogor axdens masze gavlenas klimati. misi msjelobebidan Cans, romsafrangeTSi gavrcelebuli mefuri despotizmi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba misklimats e.i. arabunebrivia. unda iTqvas, rom klimatze aqcents meore mxarecaaaqvs. mas SeiZleba gaemarTlebina reaqciuli reJimebi, romlebic TiTqosdapasuxoben kidec TavianT geografiul garemos. kerZod, monteskie amarTlebsaziuri qveynebis politikuri TviTnebobas, irwmuneba, rom es cxeli havisaucilebeli Sedegia. Aam da sxva msgavsi mcdari daskvnebis winaaRmdeg gamodianXVIIIsaukunis materialistebi helveciusis meTaurobiT.aranakleb Secdomebs uSvebs monteskie, rodesac exeba niadagis rolsadamianTa moralsa da socialur-ekonomikur wyobaSi. Mmisi azriT ama Tu imqveynis teritoriis vake ganfeniloba ganapirobebs despotur reJims, maSinrodesac mTagoriani reliefi xels uwyobs Tavisuflebas. zustad aseve,monteskie Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom kunZulis mcxovreblebs ufro axasiaTebTTavisuflebisadmi midrekileba, vidre kontinentis mkvidT. ,,kunZulelebi _ wersis _ Cveulebriv patarebi arian da aq Znelia mosaxleobis erTma nawilmadaCagros meore; didi imperiebisagan isini zRviT an okeaniT arian dacilebulida tirania maTgan ver miiRebs mxardaWeras; zRva gzas uRobavs dampyroblebs;kunZulis mcxovrebTar ar emuqrebaT damorCileba, isini advilad inarCunebenTavianT kanonebs”.3. moZRvreba saxelmwifosa da samarTalze.feodaluri saxelmwifos gaqrobis winaxanebSi safrangeTis burJuazia, pirvelrigSi, daufiqrda saxelmwifo Zalauflebis bunebas. Mmonteskies sociologiurproblemebSi didi adgili ukavia saxelmwifos warmoSobisa da ganviTarebisproblemebs. mas ar sjera, rom saxelmwifo damokidebulia RvTiur nebaze:Zalauflebis RvTiuri warmoSobis Teoriuli aRiareba migviyvans yvelazedaxvewil Teologiur SexedulebebTan, rogorsac icavdnen ,,eklesiis mamebi” daToma aqvineli; politikurad ki samudamod amkvidrebs despotizms misTvisdamaxasiaTebel variaciebSi. SeiZleba daupirispirde saxelmwifoebrivZalauflebas Tu is RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa, rogori arasamarTlianic ar undaiyos is? amitom ganmanaTleblebi, maT Soris monteskie, amodis xelSekrulebisTeoriidan da amtkicebs, rom politikur wyobas qmnis ara miRmuri Zalebi, aramedadamianebi, adamianebis interesebisaTvis. aniWebda ra gansakuTrebulmniSvnelobas saxelmwifos warmoSobis biologiur da geografiul wanamZRvrebs,monteskie amave dros darwmunebulia, rom saboloo jamSi saxelmwifo aris26

adamianuri gonis produqti. Aadamianebma, gaiges, gaacnobieres, rom saxelmwifosgareSe isini ver SesZleben normalurad arsebobasa da ganviTerebas da amitommaT, bunebrivi mdgomareobis sapirispirod, upiratesoba mianiWes saxelmwifos.magram, Tundac SezRudulad da formalurad is mainc amtkicebda, romsaxelmwifo Zalaufleba arsebobs xalxisaTvis da Seesabameba mis xasiaTs.monteskies ezizReba wyoba sadac masebi xmaCakmendilia. Mmonteskies miaCnia, romcalkeul SemTxvevebSi SesaZlebelia da saWirocaa xalxisagan raRaceebiiswavlo.Mmonteskie miuTiTebs saxelmwifoebrivi Zalauflebis sam ZiriTad formaze,romlebsac, misi azriT, SeuZliaT garkveuli doziT Seasrulon aucilebelisocialuri funqciebi; esaa _ respublika, monarqia da despotia. respublikamonteskiesaTvis aris mmarTveloba, romlis umaRlesi Zalaufleba mTlianad annawilobriv xalxis xelSia. monarqia mas esmis, rogorc erTi adamianismmarTveloba, rasac is axorcielebs kanonebis saSualebiT. rac Seexebadespotias, is ganisazRvreba, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba, romelic srulademorCileba erTi adamianis survilebs da adgili aqvs kanonebis srulignorirebas.respublikur wyobaze saubrisas monteskie icavs sayovelTao saarCevno uflebebs.is amtkicebs, rom xalxs SeuZlia Rirseuli xelmZRvanelis arCeva da misikontroli. amave dros is winaaRmdegeba xalxidan gamosulebis xelmZRvanelTanamdebobebze daniSvnas. Ees unda gavigoT rogorc misi kompromisiprivilegirebul fenebTan mimarTebaSi. xalxi, wers monteskie, Zalze WkvianuradirCevs Tavis xelmZRvanels, visac andobs Zalauflebas. man icis, magaliTad, romviRac kargi meomaria da irCevs mas samxedro xelmZRvanelad, icis, rom viRacsamarTliani da patiosani mosamarTlea da yoymanis gareSe andobs mas am sferosxelmZRvanelobas. ,,magram, SesZlebs ki Tavad Seasrulos raime didi saqme _kiTxulobs monteskie _ Seiswavlos adgili, viTareba, SesaZlebloba, xelsayrelimomentebi, gamoiyenos es codna? Ara is amas ver SesZlebs...iseve, rogorc moqalaqeTa umravlesobas SeuZlia iyos amomrCeveli, magram araaqvs yvela aucilebeli Tviseba iyos arCeuli, aseve xalxs SeuZliagaakontrolos sxvisi saqmianoba, magram Tavad Zalian gauWirdeba sxvisiwaZRola, negatiuri Sedegebi ki masve daubrundeba.respublikis mTavar nakls monteskie imaSi xedavs, rom mas uSualodxelmZRvanelobs xalxTa masebi, romelTa qmedebebi ganisazRvrebian ,,vnebebiT daara gonebiT”, amitom is upiratesobas aniWebs gonier monarqs, magram aRiarebs,rom respublika rig SemTxvevebSi aranakleb kanonzomieria, vidre monarqia.Ffrangi ganmanaTleblis am ideas qonda Zalze progresuli mniSvneloba.27

miuxedavad ganaTlebeli monarqisadmi Tavisi TanagrZnobisa, msoflio istoriaSimonteskie poulobs monarqiul wyobasTan SedarebiT resoublikuri wyobisupiratesobebis dasabuTebebs. ,,sparsul werilebSi” is polemikaSia feodaluristoriografebTan, romlebic verc ki amCnevdnen mmarTvelobis respublikurformas. amisaTvis is mimarTavs ara mxolod Zvel saberZneTs, Zveli romis ankarTagenis istoriebs, aramed miuTiTebs, rom ganviTarebis garkveul stadiazeitaliasa, espaneTsa da germaniaSic arsebobda marTvis respublikuri forma.Zveli saberZneTis istorias is uyurebs, rogorc monarqiuli ZalauflebisaganberZeni xalxis TandaTanobiT ganTavisuflebis istorias. mxolod respublikaSi,askvnis monteskie, SeiZines Zvelma berZnebma WeSmariti Tavisufleba da miaRwiesmeurneobisa da kulturis aRmavlobas.Mmonteskie winaaRmdegia safrangeTis monarqiis revoluciis gziT damxobisa,magram iZulebulia aRiaros Zvel samyaroSi arsebuli revoluciuri brZolismniSvneloba. is aRniSnavs, rom Zvel samyaroSi respublikuri wyoba damkvidrdamonarqiis mxridan daundobeli winaaRmdegobis daZlevis Sedegad.subieqturad, magram monteskies ar surs aseTi brZola safrangeTSi, aRniSnavskompromiss samefo Zalauflebis mxridan. burJuaziuli revoluciis momxrenisxvagvarad afaseben mis gamosvlebs. isini swored monteskies SromebzedayrdnobiT asabuTebdnen safrangeTSi respublikuri wyobis damkvidrebisaucileblobas.,,sparsul werilebSi” gatarebulia mSvenieri azri respublikuri reJimisekonomikuri upiratesobebis Sesaxeb. monteskie Riad acxadebs, rom samoqalaqoTanasworoba xels uwyobs mosaxleobis keTildReobas, maSin rodesacdespotizms mivyevarT mosaxleobis didi nawilis gaRatakebamde. respublikaSiqveynis simdidres mivyevarT mosaxleobis zrdisaken. ,,marTvis sirbile _ wersmonteskie _ saocrad uwyobs xels adamianis modgmis gamravlebas. Yyvelarespublika amis dadasturebaa, yvelaze metad ki Sveicaris da holandia, evropisyvelaze cudi qveyana, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebTmaTi teritoriebis bunebrivpirobebs, da mainc yvelaze metad dasaxlebuli qveynebia.Aaraferi ise ar izidavs ucxoelebs, rogorc Tavisufleba da misi mudmiviTanmdevi simdidre: pirveli mimzidvelia TavisTavad; Cvens moTxovnilebebsTavisiT mivyavarT meorisaken. Aadamianebi mravldebian im qveynebSi, sadac baraqa iZleva bavSvebis dapurebisSesaZleblobas da rac aranairad ar amcirebs mSoblebis keTildReobas.samoqalaqo Tanasworobasac ki, romelsac moyveba simdidris Tanasworobac,baraqa da sicocxle Seaqvs politikuri cxeulis yvela nawilSi da avrcelebsyvelgan.28

Ees araa im qveynebSi, sadac gabatonebulia usamarTloba: mefe, samefo kari dakerZo pirTa SezRuduli raodenoba flobs mTel simdidres, sxva yvelasiRaribis marwuxebSia moqceuli.Tu adamiani siRaribiT ixrCoba da grZnobs, rom misi Svilebic uares dReSiiqnebian, is arc daqorwindeba an Tu daqorwinda, Seecdeba cota iyoliosbavSvebi. Mmas ar surs, rom misi memkvidreebi masze dabla idgnen qonebrivi Tusocialuri kibis safexurebze.Mmonteskies es sityvebi pirdapir asxavs wyals malTusianelebis, wisqvilze,romlebic amtkiceben, rom mSromelTa gaRaribeba Sedegia maTi zedmetigamravlebisa. monteskies esmoda, rom siRaribis mizezebi es ar aris, magram verCawvda ideas, rom farTo masebis keTildReoba miuRwevelia garkveulisocialuri wyobebis CarCoebSi.mniSvnelovania monteskies ideuri dapirispireba safrangeTSi despotur reJimTan.,,sparsul werilebSi” is atarebs azrs, rom frangi mefeebis arasamarTliani,xalxTa masebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebi aRemateba aRmosavleTis sulTanebisa dafadiSaxebis tiranul Zalauflebebs. Tu sparselebi usityvod emorCilebianTavianT monarqs, monteskies azriT, isini amas akeTeben daufiqreblad.safrangeTSi ki mefis morCilebaSia adamianTa azrebic. eseni gaazrebulademsaxurebian TavianT despots, anu arian mefis monebi. Aamave dros, monteskiesazriT, masebi arsebiTad ignorireben mefes. Mmisgan momavali arc sikeTe da arcboroteba ar sWirdebaT maT, mesame fenas. ,,Tundac rom aTma mefem, erTmaneTiamoxocos xalxi veraviTar sxvaobas ver dainaxavs, sulerTia, TiTqos aqamdeaTiode suli Tanmimdevrulad ganagebda maT”.frangi mefe yvelaze Zlieri xelmwifea evropaSi _ agrZelebs monteskie _ mas araaqvs oqros sabadoebi espaneli mefis msgavsad, magram sxva mefeebze metisimdidre aqvs, radgan is unamusod Zarcvavs mTels xalxs, sxva xalxebisgasaZarcvad eweva arasamarTlian omebs, awarmoebs TaRliTur finansuroperaciebs. frangi mefe, ironiulad SeniSbavs monteskie, erTnairi genialobiTmarTavs Tavis ojaxsa da Tavis saxelmwifos. is ajildovebs imas, vincemsaxureba safrangeTs, vinc mis winaSe warmatebiT mliqvnelobs, Tan es bolopirvels urCevnia.,,sparsul werilebSi” monteskie akritikebs despotizms konkretuli faqtebiTa damaTi ilustrirebiT, rogorc warsulis magaliTebiT, aseve misi Tanamedroveepoqidan aRebuli fragmentebiT. ,,kanonTa gonSi” ki monteskie cdilobsTeoriulad gamoaaSkaraos despotizmis uvargisoba, misi boroti buneba,miuxedavad mmarTvelTa xasiaTisa. arcerT desptur saxelmwifoSi, acxadebs is,29

araviTari kanoni ar arsebobs. Tumca kanonebi romc arsebobdnen maT realuradnolze daiyvandnen, radgan ar arsebobs dawesebuleba am kanonebis dasacavad.SeuzRudavi monarqi, rogorc wesi, Tavis Zalauflebas andobs matyuarebsa dausindiso xalxs, romlebic nakleb fiqroben qveynis sikeTeze, ufro sakuTarsimdidreze. rac Seexeba TviT despots, is imdenad SeeCvia mliqvnelobas,usindisobasa, umecrebasa da sicrues, rom kargavs yvela dadebiT Tvisebebs dagadaiqceva amorolaur arsebad, cxoveluri instinqtebis tyved. DdespotursaxelmwifoSi, Tvlis monteskie, adamiani, romelsac yvela xuTi grZnoba eubneba,rom is aris yvelaferi da sxva arafers ar warmoadgens, bunebrivia ariszarmaci, umecari da gaxrwnili. Ddespoturi reJimi, amtkicebs is, igiveteroristuli reJimia, romelmac mxolod erTi gza icis _ moqalaqeTa daSineba.amitom, askvnis monteskie, despotizmi ar aris myari da sicocxlisunariani.,,kanonTa gonis” mexuTe wignis XIII TavSi monteskie despotur mmarTvelobasadarebs luizianas Cveulebriv velurebs, romlebic nayofis mosawyvetad ZirSiWrian xes. Aase moqmedebs despoturi mmarTveloba, Tavadve Wris tots,romelzedac Tavadve zis.Ffeodalur-despotur reJims monteskie upirispirebs konstituciur monarqias anrespublikur reJims da lokis msgavsad anviTarebs Zalauflebis danawilebiskompromisul Teorias _ Zalauflebas anawilebs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebelda sasamarTlo Zalauflebad, romlebic erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelni arian.monteskie darwmunebulia, rom Tu monarqi marTvisas ar Caereva sasamarTlofunqciebSi, xolo sakanonmdeblo organo mxolod kanonebs daadgens da armarTavs qveyanas, feodaluri sazogadoebis yvela fena kmayofili darCeba,kerZod, burJuazia ar gadaekideba mtrad aristokratiul elitas. Aam sakiTxSimonteskie, lokis msgavsad orientirebulia inglisis 1688-1689 wlebis saxelovanrevoluciaze, rodesac gaformda klasobrivi kompromisi burJuaziasa dafeodalur aristokratias Soris. aseT kompromisze ocnebobda monteskiesafrangeTisaTvis. TavisTavad, Zalauflebis danawilebis Teoria progresulrols asrulebda monteskies epoqaSi, radgan garkveuli doziT zRudavs monarqissakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo uflebebs. Mmagram arsebiTad, qonda didi nakli,radgan anadgurebda saxelmwifo erTianobis Zalas. aRmasrulebel ZalauflebasaniWebda damoukideblobas sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebisagan da faqtobrivadkontrolis gareSe ayenebda mas, xolo sakanonmdebl;o Zalaufleba gadaaqciaorganizaciad, romelic qmnis kanonebs, adevnebs yuuradRebas maTqmediTunarianobas, Sesrulebas. Zalauflebebs Soris Cndeboda konfliqtebi.Zalauflebis danawilebis Teoria frangi ganmanaTleblis kompromisis tipiurimagaliTia.Aaseve mozomili da kompromisuli xasiaTisaa monteskies mcdeloba principuladganecalkevebina monarqiuli da despoturi reJimebi. respublikaSi, irwmuneboda30

monteskie, batonobs sikeTis principi, monarqiaSi _ Rirsebis principi, xolodespotur reJims axasiaTebs SiSis principi. marqsi, erT-erT werilSi mkacradakritikebs monteskies am debulebas. monarqiis principia araadamianuroba damonteskie ar aris marTali, rodesac Rirsebas monarqiis principad saxavs. iscdilobs gaeqces siZneles, rodesac surs ganasxvavos monarqia, despotia datirania. Mmagram es erTi da igivea, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi miuTiTebs zneobissxvadasxvaobaze erTsa da imave principis CarCoebSi. sadac monarqiul principsumravlesoba emxroba iq adamiani umciresobaSia, xolo sadac monarqiuliprincipi eWvs ar iwvevs, iq adamiani saerTod gamqralia – Tvlis k.marqsi.rodesac icavs monarqiis princips monteskie, demokrati rusosagan gansxvavebiT,amodis burJuaziuli zedafenebis interesebidan. is Tavadac gulaxdiladaRiarebs, rom SeuZlebelia moiazro monarqiuli mmarTveloba privilegirebuliumciresobis gareSe, mdidari vaWrebis, mewarmeebis, didgvarovnebis arsebobisgareSe. magram mTeli Tavisi klasobrivi SezRudulobis miuxedavad monteskieaqac bevrad maRla dgas burJuaziis ufro gviandel ideologebTan SedarebiT. isicavs burJuaziul-demokratiul Tavisuflebas da moiTxovs, rom monarqiuliZalaufleba mTeli pativiT moekidos xalxs. Mmonarqiis principi iwyebs lpobas,amtkicebs monteskie, rodesac saxelmwifoSi maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaTdidgvarovnebs, romelTac xalxi ar endoba, romelTac miaCniaT, rom yvelafriTvalSi arian xelmwifesTan da araviTari valdebuleba ar akavSirebTsaxelmwifosTan. Mmonarqiuli reJimi valdebulia misces yovel moqalaqespolitikuri Tavisuflebis minimumi. xelmwifem ar unda Seuracxyos moqalaqeebida ar unda daarRvios kanonebi. Tu xelmwife Tavs daayenebs kanonebze maRla, isgadaiqceva despotad.Ppolitikur TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisebisSedarebisas monteskie aRniSnavs, rom zogierTs politikuri Tavisufleba esmisrogorc SesaZlebloba daamxon is visac maTve mianiWes tiraniuli uflebebi, daaseve Tavisufleba goniaT imis arCevis ufleba, visac Tavad unda daemorCilon.Mmonteskies am gancxadebaSi safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis avtorebi(magaliTad, marati, sen-Jiusti da sxvebi) xedaven safrangeTis mefeTa tiranuliZalauflebis Camogdebis ideur safuZvels.TviT monteskie orientirebulia revoluciaze zemodan, progresulkanonmdeblobaze. misi mTavari naSromi SemTxveviT ar iwodeba ,,kanonTa gonad”;aq monteskie detalurad aanalizebs kanonmdeblobebis sxvadasxva formebsistoriis sxvadasxva etapebze. is xazs usvams samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTliskanonebis absolutizirebis saSiSroebas, romlis Semdegac isini gadaiqceviansaqmisaTvis uvargis da gayinul ramed. ,,adamianur kanonebs _ askvnis monteskie _bunebrivad axasiaTebs sinamdvilis yvela saxecvlilebebisadmi daqvemdebareba”.31

amiT monteskie gadWriT emxroba feodaluri kanonebis, rogorc moZvelebulikanonebis axliT Secvlis ideas, romlebic Seesabamebian mesame fenis interesebs,sxva sityvebiT, safrangeTis burJuaziul saxelmwifod gadaqcevis interesebs. isyovelgvari mikibul-mokibulis gareSe moiTxovs mxolod ,,kargi” kanonebisSeqmnas, anu kanonebisa, romlebic emsaxurebian sazogadoebriv sikeTes. Tusazogadoebrivi kanonebi ewinaaRmdegebian bunebriv samarTals, prioriteti undamieniWos bunebriv samarTals. samagierod, Tu samoqalaqo kanonebiwinaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCndebian religiis kanonebTan, pirvels unda miecesprivilegia (monteskie aTeistia, is upirispirdeba Suasaukeneebis religiisxasdiaTs).,,kanonTa gonis” ocdameeqvse wignSi aris erTi Tavi saintereso saTauriT: ,,romelSemTxvevaSi unda daujero samoqalaqo kanons, romelic gpasuxobs da arareligiis kanons, romelic gekiTxeba”. Aaridebs ra Tavs devnas religiis mxridan,frangi ganmanaTlebeli, formalurad aRiarebs ,,religiuri normebis sidiades,Tumca iqve detalurad axsnis, Tu ratomaa aucilebeli saxelmwifo kanonebisdacva yvela moqalaqis mier, xolo religiis kanonebisa morwmune adamianebismier nebayoflobiT da im zomiT, ra zomiTac isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian dadgenilsaerTo kanonebs. ,,religiis kanonebi _ wers monteskie _ ufro diadia,samoqalaqo kanonebi ki ufro farToa. religiidan aRebuli adamianis srulyofiskanonebs mxedvelobaSi aqvT ara imdenad sazogadoeba, sadac am kanonebs icaven,ramdenadac am kanonebis mimdevari calkeuli adamianebis Tvisobrivi mxareebi;samoqalaqo kanonebs ki piriqiT, mxedvelobaSi aqvT adamianebis zneobriviRirsebebi zogadad, vidre calke adamoanisa.Aamgvarad, ra Rirseulic ar unda iyvnen religiidan wamosuli kanonebi dacnebebi, isini yovelTvis ver iqnebian samoqalaqo kanonebisaTvis saxelmZRvaneloda dasayrdeni, imitom, rom am ukanasknelis sawyisi sxvaa _ esaa mTlianadsazogadoeba, misi sikeTe. aq frangi cxadad gamoyofs samoqalaqo samarTlisprincipebs religiuri kanonebisagan da faqtobrivad am Temis logikurigagrZelebis Semdegi etapi iqneba eklesiis saxelmwifodan gamoyofis sakiTxi,rac monteskies ideacaa.Aaranakleb progresulad msjelobs monteskie kanonebis Sedgenis saSualebebze.Aam problemas eZRvneba ocdamecxre wigni. Aaq gadaWriT iqna dagmobiliabsolutisturi reJimi, rodesac batonobs ukanonoba. Aamave dros avtori areTanxmeba kanonmdeblebs, romlebic kanonebSi xedaven raRac TviTneburs daSemTxveviTs da gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs formalur mxares. Mmonteskiemsjelobs, rom ar Rirs kanonebis ganxilva miznisa da garemoebisgauTvaliswineblad, romelTaTvis da romelTa gamoc isini arian Seqmnili. isaRSfoTebuli kicxavs araadamianur kanonebs, romlebic arRveven moqalaqeebiselementarul uflebebs; aseTi Zvel aTenSi iyo kanoni, romelic moiTxovda32

qalaqis garmocvis (mtris mier) SemTxvevaSi daexocaT yvela moqalaqe, vincuvargisi iyo qalaqis dasacavad; es sazizRari politikuri kanoni Sedegiaaranakleb sazizRari saerTaSoriso samarTlisa; Zvel saberZneTSi dapyrobiliqalaqis mosaxleoba kargavda samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas da monebad iyidebodnen.Ees kanoni iwvevda garemocvaSi myofi mTeli mosaxleobis sastik winaaRmdegobas,maT kapitulacias sikvdili erCiaT. Aamgvarad, udanaSaulo adamianebiswinaaRmdeg mimarTul kanonebs ziani moaqvT, rogorc damarcxebulTaTvis asevegamarjvebulTaTvis.Mmravali saintereso gverdi miuZRvna monteskiem inkviziciis tribunalSi moqmedaraadamianur iuridiul normebs. ,,inkviziciis sasamarTlo _ miuTiTebda is _dakanonebuli qristiani berebis mier da organizebuli msgavsad monaniecodvilTa mimarT uzenaesi sasamarTlosi, miuRebelia yovelgvari saxissamoqalaqo wesrigisaTvis. Mman daimsaxura sayovelTao zizRi da gaxdebodakidec mis mimarT agorebuli protestis msxverpli, rom ara misi momxreebisunari SemoebrunebinaT protesti Tavisi interesebis Sesabamisad.Ees sasamarTlo autanelia nebismieri mmarTvelobisaTvis; monarqiaSi is badebsmxolod enataniebsa da moRalateebs; respublikaSi aCens usindiso adamianebs;despotur saxelmwifoSi iseve damangrevelia, rogorc Tavad es saxelmwifo.saboloo jamSi monteskie midis daskvnamde: kanoni unda idgas Tavisuflebisa dayvela moqalaqis, miuxedavad maTi warmomavlobisa da religiuri mrwamsisa,formaluri Tanasworobis, kerZo sakuTrebisa da Tavisufali vaWrobissadarajoze. es daskvna gaxda erT-erTi gadamwyveti lozungi momavali franguliburJuaziuli revoluciisa.Jan-Jak rusossocialuri da politikuri Sexedulebanirusos naazrevis mimarT dResac didia interesi. igi aramxolod sociologi,politologicaa.ruso literaturulfilosofiurwrisaTvis cnobili gaxda mas Semdeg,racmonawileoba miiRo diJonis akademiis mier gamocxadebulkonkursSi,Temaze: "xeli Seuwyo Tu ara xelovnebisa damecnierebis aRorZinebam zneobriv ganwmendas"? mangaimarjva da sayovelTao yuradRebac miipyro.dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxisas, ruso aidealebs warsulissazogadoebriv wyobas. "zneobis Sesaxeb bWobisas, - wersigi -, SeuZlebelia siamovnebis gareSe gavixsenoT33

pirvelyofil epoqaTa GCveulebebis simartivis suraTebi. esaa - mSvenierisanapiro, morTuli mxolod da mxolod bunebis mier da romelzec gamudmebiTmimarTulia GCveni xedva da romelsac mudam uxalisod Sordebi. xelovneba damecniereba amtkicebs, ruso, arabunebrivia, ufro metic bunebriobis sapirispiroada TavianT warmoSobas adamianTa naklovanebebsa da mankierebebs undaumadlobdes.mecnierebisa da xelovnebis aucileblobisa da progresis uaryofa rusos mierzogierTi avtorebis mier ganixileba rogorc reaqciuli. rusos SexedulebaTaswori gageba ki Sexamebulia Tu dakvirvebiT ganvixilavT mis Sexedulebebskacobriobis pirvelyofil istoriaze. ruso mimarTavs pirvelyofil istorias,raTa miswvdes adamianis namdvil bunebas. am mizniT igi aucileblad miiCnevsmoipovos naTeli warmodgenebi bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, romelSicimyofeboda adamiani manam, sanam daiwyeboda misi istoria. rusosaTvis "bunebriviadamiani"-esaa izolirebuli adamiani, romelic sazogadoebis gareSe cxovrobs. ammdgomareobaSi adamianebs ar hqondaT araviTari saWiroeba urTerT daxmarebisada mxarSi amodgomisa,isini erTmaneTs ar saWiroebdnen. adamianebs arsWirdebodaT araviTari codan da Semecneba. "misTvis mxolod instiqtSi Sediodaanu instiqti moicavda yvelafer imas, rac aucilebeli iyo imisTvis, raTaecxovra".ruso dawvrilebiT ganixilavs cxovrebis pirobebs "bunebriv mdgomareobaSi"midis daskvnamde,rom uTanasworobas - Tundac bunebrivs ar hqonia raimemniSvneloba am mdgomareobaSi. am periodSi SeuZlebeli iyo adamianis mieradamianis Cagvra. igi wers: "rasakvirvelia, adamians SeuZlia daeuflos nayofsxils,romelic sxvam mokrifa, nanadirevs, romelic sxvam mokla, gamoqvabuls,romelic sxvisi TavSesafari iyo, magram rogor SeuZlia man miaRwios imas, romaiZulos sxva daemorCilos mas? da rogor SeiZleba iyo adamianebs Sorisdamokidebulebis jaWvebi, romlebic arafers ar floben?". ruso gvixatavspirvelyofili wyobisaTvis Seuferebel da arc mTlad simarTlis msgavs Zlieriadamianis suraTs, romelic aiZulebs susts raTa moupovos mas sakvebi. aseTSemTxvevaSi Zliers mouxdeba arcerTi wamiT ar gauSvas mxedvelobidan susti,xolo RamiT ki guldasmiT gakoWos,raTa ar gaiqces e. i. Tavis Tavze ufro metSromas iRebs, vidre imas,romlis Tavidan acilebac Zliers surda. "yvelasTvisnaTeli unda iyos,rom monobis borkilebi warmoiqmnebian mxolod da mxolodadamianTa urTierTdamokidebulebebidan da maTi urTierT moTxovnisa daurTierT saWiroebis gaerTianebisagan, amitom SeuZlebelia romelime adamianisdamoneba, ise Tu mas winaswar ar GavayenebT iseT mdgobareobaSi, rodesac mas arSeeZleba raime gaakeTos meore adamianis daxmarebis an urierTobis gareSe: amviTarebas adgili ar aqvs bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, da amitom TiToeuliTavisufalia am mdgomarebaSi uRlisagan, xolo ufro Zlieris kanoni iq armoqmedebs, ar aris namdvili".34

TandaTanobiT pirvelyofilma adamianma SeiZina unari "im iSviaTi SemTxvevebisgansxvavebisa rodesac saerTo interesebi saSualebas aZlevda mas hqonoda misivemsgavsi adamianebisagan daxmarebis imedi".aseT SemTxvevaSi " igi erTandeba maTTanerTad erT jogSi anu yvelaze did Taviseburi saxis TavisufalasociaciaSi,romelic aravis araferSi ar avaldebulebda,aravis araviTarmovaleobas ar akisrebda da romelic arsebobda manamde,sanam arsebobda misigamomwvevi mokle vadiani moTxovnileba".erToblivi cxovrebis Gasaxulma Cvevamwarmoqmna ojaxi. TandaTanobiT yalibdeba adamianuri sazogadoeba.rusos mTeli simpatiebi adamianuri sazogadoebis arsebobis sawyis periodsmiekuTvneba: "manamde, sanam - wers igi - adamianebi kmayofildebodnen TavianTiubadruki qoxebiT,sanam isini ifarglebodnen da ikmayofilebdnen Tavs, imiT, romikeravdnen tansacmels nadirTa tyavisagan xis an Tevzis Zvlis nemsebisdaxmarebiT, ilamazebdnen da irTavdnen Tavs frtebiTa da niJarebiT, ixatavdnentans sxvadasxva ferebiT, srulyofdnen da amkobdnen TavianT Svild-isrebswvetiani qvebis daxmarebiT gamoCorknidnen navebs an uxeS musikalurinstrumentebs, erTi sityviT, sanam isini mizdevdnen mxolod iseT Sromas,romelic ar aRemateboda erTi adamianis Zalas, an iseT sarewebs, romlebic armoiTxovdnen mravali xelis monawileobas, isini cxovrobdnen Tavisuflad,janmrTelad, kaTilad da bednierad imdenad, ramdenadac maT SeeZloTyofiliyvnen aseTad TavianTi bunebis mixedviT, da erTmaneTs SorisagrZelebdnen urTierTobebis siamebiT tkbobas, ise rom ar arRvevdnen maTdamouideblobas". am epoqas ruso yvelaze bednier da yvelaze xangrZliv epoqadTvlis kacobriobis istoriaSi." es mdgomareba msoflios namdvili ymawvilobisada axalgazrdobis xanaa, da mTeli misi Semdgomi ganviTareba warmogvidgebaTiTqos da individis srulyofilebisaken mimaval nabijebad,sinamdvileSi ki -gvaris gaxrwna da daCaCanakebisaken mimavali nabijebia".-daaskvnis ruso.savsebiT cxadia,rom rusos mier simpaTiiT aRwerili szogadoeba dafuZnebuliagaremomcvel bunebis sakmaod ganviTarebul codnaze da xelovnebasacicnobs.moazrovne TviTonve usvams xazs am moments,rodesac wers,rom "cekva dasimRerebi... iqca kacTTa da qalTa gasarTob saSualebebad"... am codnasa daxelovnebis sawyisebs ruso sruliadac ar uaryofs.misTvis mankieria damiuRebelia mxolod is codna da xelovneba, romelmac daangries aRwerilisazogadoebrivi wyoba,moaxdines "udidesi sazogadoebrivi gadatrialeba", risSedegadac "gaqra Tanasworoba, gaCnda sakuTreba, Sroma aucileblobad iqca;tyis farTo masivebis jejilis yanebad iqcnen,romelTa morwyvac saWiro iyoadamianuri ofliT da romlebzedac male daTesil iqna da mosavalTan erTadamoizarda monoba da siRatake".rusos moyvanili gamonaTqvamebi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT,rommecnierebisa da xelovnebis miseuli gakicxva ar aris absoluturi xasiaTis.aq35

SeiniSneba wyalgamyofi iseT ganmanaTeblis rogoric volteria da rusos Soris,ganmanaTleblebi fiqrobdnen, rom mecnierebaTa ganviTareba bolos da bolosavtomaturad migviyvanda socialuri usamarTlobis damxobasTan. aseTi poziciarusosaTvis miuRebelia.bunebriv mdgomareobidan gamosvla, rusos azriT,aRiniSna imiT,rom adamianebsSoris fizikuri Tu bunebrivi uTanasworobis gverdiT vlindeba uTanasworobisaxali saxe, romelsac ruso pirobiTs, anu politikurs uwodebs.uTanasworobis warmoqmnis pirveli etapi iyo sakuTrebis gaCena, "pirveli, vincSemoRoba miwis nakveTi da ganacxada: "es Cemia", da ipova gulubryviloadamianebi, romlebmac es daijeres, iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis namdvilidamfuZnebeli. ramdeni omebisagan, danaSaulobebisagan, mkvlelobebisagan,ubedurebebisagan da saSinelebebisagan daicavda adamianebis modgmas is, vincamoaZrobda sols an amoavsebda kvals - Txrils da SeuZaxebda xalxs"ufrTxildiT am matyuaras mosmenas; Tqven daiRupebiT, Tu daiviwyebT,romdedamiwis nayofni - yvelasia,xolo TviTon ki - aravisia". - wers ruso.sakuTrebis gaჩenam gamoiwvia adamianთa cxovrebis Rrma gardaqmna, gaizardabunebrivi uTanasworobis mniSvneloba da warmoiSva uTanasworobis axali forma- mdidrebad da Raribebad gayofa. sazogadoebaSi Gndeba saSineli janyi dabunti, adamianebi Zunwni, pativmoyvareni da borotni gaxdnen, warmoiqmneba mudmiviSetakebani, romlebic სruldeba omebiTa da mkvlelobebiT. aseT pirobebSi"mdidarma bolos da bolos Seadginda aucileblobis dawoli Sedegad yvelagegmaTa Soris yvelaze gaazrebuli,romelic ki rodisme gaCenila adamianisTavSi: Tavis sasargeblod waremarTa imaTi Zalebi, vinc mas Tavs esxmoda,gadaeqcia Tavisi mowinaaRmdegeni sakuTar damcvelebad". mdidarma SesTavazaxalxs SeeqmnaT sasamarTlo wesdebani da mSvidobiani sasamarTloebi,daewesebinaT xelisufleba, romelic mxars dauWerda saerTo SeTanxmebas. "yvelanipirdapir borkilebs ecnen - wers ruso.- daijerეs ra,rom amiT uzrunvelyofdnensakuTar Tavisuflebas". magram Sedegebi amgvari SeTanxmebisa ucxo da sxvaaRmoCnda vidre varaudobdnen. sazogadoebam da kanonma "sustebs daades axaliborkilebi da axali Zalebi SesZines mdidars,gaanadgura bunebrivi Tavisuflebada samudamod daadgina sakuTrebisa da uTanasworobis kanoni, moxerxebuli dagaqnili uzurpacia gadaaqcies uryev samarTlad da uflebad da ramdenimepativmoyvareTa sargeblianobis gulisTvis gaswires im periodidan moyolebuliadamianTa modgma Sromisa, monobisa da siRatakisaTvis.kanonebisa da sasamarTloebis gaჩena jer kidev ar niSnav saxelmwifoswarmoqmnas.ruso xazs usvams,rom axaldabadebul mmarTvelobas jer kidev arhqonda mudmivi formebi,magram ganuwyvetelma uwesrigobebma saqme iqamdemiiyvanes,rom adamianebs gauCndaT azri "miendoT calkeuli adamianebisaTvissaSiSi nivTi - sajaro xelisufleba da magistratebisaTvis daevalebinaT36

zedamxedveloba gaewia xalxis gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebaze". magistratebisborotad gamoyenebam ufro gaaZlieres uTanasworoba - warmoiSvnen Zlevamosilida daucveli-miusafari adamianebi. uwesrigobani sazogadoebaSi grZeldeba damaT Soris - wers ruso - maRla swevs Tavis sasizRar Tavs despotizmi... esaauTanasworobis ukanaskneli sazRvari da ukiduresi wertili,romelic ketavswres da ekvris Cvens amosaval wertils. aq calkeuli adamianebi kvlavTanasworni xdebian,vinaidan araraobani arian"."uTanasworobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb ganazrebebSi' ruso aviTarebssaxelmwifos warmoSobis Teorias. saxelmwifos warmoSobas igi kerZosakuTrebis gaCenas ukavSirebs, aCvenebs saxelmwifos saqmianobisganpirobebulobas kerZo mesakuTreTa interesebiT. amasTan erTad ruso ZalianSorsaa saxelmwifos klasobrivi bunebis gagebisagan.misTvis saxelmwifo es arissaerTo sikeTis-keTildReobis ganxorcielebis iaraRi. saxelmwifos mierdamsjeli funqciebis Sesruleba, rusos mier ganixileba, rogorc saxelmwifosnamdvili daniSnulebidan gadaxveva, rogorc mdidarTa SeTqmulebi Sedegi.sakiTxis gamokvlevas, Tu rogor unda iyos organizebuli saxelmwifo, rom igipasuxobdes Tavis idealebs, rusom uZRvna Tavisi ZiriTadi social-politikuritraqtati "sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb anu politikuri samarTlisprincipebi". "sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi" rusom amocanad daisaxa "epovaasociaciis iseTi forma, romelic mTeli Tavisi saerTo ZalebiT icavs daifaravs pirovnebas da asociaciis yoveli wevris qonebas,da romlis wyalobiTacTiToeuli pirovneba sxvebTan gaerTianebisas eqvemdebareba mxolod sakuTar Tavsda imdenadve Tavisufali rCeba, rogorc adre iyo". mxolod aseT asociaciaSiaSesaZlebeli kanonieri da myari mmarTveloba.mmarTvelobis dafuZneba Zalaze ar SeiZleba. Zalas ar SeuZlia SeqmnassamarTali,xolo adamiani ki valdebulia daemorCilos kanonier xelisuflebas."mudam iqneba didi gansxvaveba brbos damorCilebasa da sazogadoebis marTvasSoris.Tu erTeul adamianebs erTi meores miyolebiT da cal-calke imonebs erTiadamiani, maSin rogoric ar unda iyos maTi ricxvi, me aq mxolod batonsa damonebs vxedav da araviTar SemTxvevaSi xalxsa da mis meTaurs.es,Tu gnebavT.-adamianTa grova da brboa da ara asociacia. aq ar arsebobs arc saerTokeTildReoba da arc politikuri organizmi".ruso amtkicebs, rom "yovelgvari kanonieri xelisuflebis safuZveli SeiZlebaiyos mxolod SeTanxmeba". SeTanxmeba aucileblobiT ideba adamianebs Sorisbunebrivi mdgomareobidan gamosvlisas. "me vfiqrob,rom adamianebma miaRwies iseTzRvars, rodesac bunebriv mdgomareobaSi darCenis, an SenarCunebisdamabrkolebelma Zalebma gadaaWarbes im Zalebs, romlebic adamianebs SeeZloTgamoeyenebinaT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi darCenis mizniT.aseT viTarebaSi es37

Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba SeuZlebelia kidev gagrZeldes da adamianTa modgmadaiRupeboda, rom ar Seecvala mas Tavisi cxovrebis wesi".adamianebs Soris dadebuli SeTanxmeba ar aris SeTanxmeba mTavrobis arCevisSesaxeb. ruso mkacrad akritikebs hugo grociuss, romelic fiqrobda, romxalxs SeuZlia dauqvemdebaros Tavisi Tavi mefes. "maSasadame, grociusis azriT -wers ruso - xalxi aseTia manamdec ki, sanam igi Tavs mefes dauqvemdebareb.magram aseTi moqmedeba warmoadgens moqalaqeobis aqts; igi gulisxmobs xalxismier miRebul gadawyvetilebas. amgvarad, sanam ganvixilavT aqts, romlismeSveobiTac xalxi irCevs mefes, kargi iqneboda gagvexila is aqti, romlisZaliTac xalxi xalxad yalibdeba, rameTu es aqti, romelic garduvalobiTuswrebs win pirvels, sazogadoebis WeSmariti safuZvelia.rogoria am aqtis Sinaarsi? arsebiTad igi,rusos azriT, erT pirobazedaiyvaneba, saxeldobr "asociaciis yvela wevris mier sakuTar uflebebze uarisTqma mTeli Temis sasargeblod; rameTu, pirveli, Tu yoveli gascems Tavisuflebebs mTlianad, maSin iqmneba Tanabari pirobebi yvelasaTvis. xolo Tupirobebi yvelasaTvis Tanabaria,maSin aravin ar iqneba dainteresebuli imiT,romes pirobebi sxvebisaTvis damamZimebeli gaxados".uflebaTa es gacema-gaucxoeba, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs ruso, unda iyossruli,vinaidan Tu calkeul pirovnebebs darCaT zogierTi ufleba, maSinuzenaesi xelisuflebis ararsebobis gamo, romelsac SeeZleboda gadaeWra kamaTimaTsa da sazogadoebas Soris,TiToeuli, romelic Tavis Tavs miiCnevs zogierTsakiTxebis garCevisas sakuTari Tavis msajulad, swrafad daiwyebda pretenziisgacxadebas imis Taobaze, rom qceuliyo mosamarTled da msajulad yvela sxvasakiTxebis gadawyvetaSic. amgvarad, bunebrivi mdgomareoba gaagrZelebdaarsebobas, da asociacia aucileblobiT iqceoda, an tiraniad, an fuW, amaosaqmed".sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sedegad xelSekrulebis damdebi pirebi iqcevianerTian sazogadoeriv pirad." asociaciis es aqti yoveli xelSekrulebaSimonawile calkeuli pirovnebis nacvlad dauyonebliv qmnis moralur dakoleqtiur mTels,romelic Sedgeba imdeni wevrisagan, ramdeni xmac aqvskrebuls, -mTels, romelic TviT am aqtis meSveobiT iZens erTianobas sakuTarisaerTo-zogad me-s, sicocxlesa da nebas. am sazogadoebriv pirs romecSedgenilia yvela danarCeni pirovnebebisagan, adrindel periodebSi uwodebdnensamoqalaqo sazogadoeba, Tems, axla ki iwodeba respublikad, an politikursxeulad, Tavisi wevrebis mier saxelmwifod iwodeba, rodesac igi aqtiuria, dasuverenad, rodesac igi aqtiuria, xolo samefod, rodesac mas mis msgavsgaerTianebebs adareben. monawileebi koleqtiurad iReben xalxis saxels, xolocal-calke ki iwodebian moqalaqeebad - rogorc suverenuli Zalauflebis38

monawileni da qveSevrdomebad - rogorc saxelmwifos kanonebisadmidaqvemdebarebulni".xelSekrulebis dadebis Sedegad warmoqmnil axal mdgomareobas, rusosamoqalaqo mdgomareobas uwodebs. aq ukve igi bunebriv mdgomareobas ise maRalSefasebas aRar aZlevs. Tumca samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi kargavs mravalupiratesobebs, romlebic mas bunebisagan aqvs miRebuli, magram igi amave drosiZens da jildovdeba sxva friad mniSvnelovani upiratesobebiT. misi unarebivarjiSdebian da viTardebian, misi warmodgenebi farTovdebian, grZnobebikeTilSobilni xdebian da mTeli misi suli iseT donemde maRldeba, rom am axalmdgomareobis Secdomebs adamianebi xSirad rom ar dayavdes imaze ufro dabalmdgomareobaze, saidanac igi gamovida, igi gamudmebiT unda adidebdes im wams,romelmac samudamod gamoiyvana iqidan da romelSic gonebaClungi daSezRuduli cxovelisagan Seqmna gonieri arseba - adamiani". aq aris gamoxatulirusos namdvili damokidebuleba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesisadmi.mxolod borotmoqmedebas dayavs adamiani imaze dabal donemde, saidanac igigamovida - anu bunebriv mdgomareobaze dabla. am borotmoqmedebaTa aRmofxvras,romlis gzebzac igi eZebs Tavis "sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebebSi", SeuZliaadamiani gamoyvana zneobrivi srulyofis farTo gzaze.axali socialuri sitemis safuZveli unda gaxdes sazogadoebrivixelSekrulebis namdvili realizeba da ganxorcieleba. "pirveladi SeTanxmeba, -wers ruso - ara mxolod ar spobs adamianTa bunebriv Tanasworobad, aramedpiriqiT cvlis mas,rogorc pirovnebebis TanasworobiT kanonis winaSe da cvlisyvela im uTanasworobas, romelic bunebam Seitana maT fizikur arsebaSi; daTumca adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen araTanasworni niWis, an Zalis mxriv, magramisini uflebrivad Tanasworni xdebian SeTanxmebis Sedegad".sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare ruso hqmnis moZRvrebas xalxissuverenitetis Sesaxeb. "mxolod saerTo nebas SeuZlia marTos saxelmwifosZalebi misi warmoqmnis miznis Sesatyvisad, romelic sayovelTao keTildReobaSimdgomareobs". yovel individs, rogorc adamians SeiZleba hqondes kerZo nebasurvili,dapirispirebuli,an gansxvavebuli saerTo neba-survilebisagan,romelic mas aqvs, rogorc moqalaqes. am kerZo interesma SeiZleba ukarnaxos massxva raime, vidre saerTo interesma.am garemoebam SeiZleba migviyvanos yvelas nebasa da saerTo nebas Soris didgansxvavebebTan. "saerTo neba - wers ruso - icavs mxolod saerTointeresebs;yvelas neba ki kerZo interesebs da warmoadgens mxolod kerZo pirTanebis ganacxadTa jams.magram Tu am nebaTa gamovlinebebidan moviSorebTurTierTgamanadgurebel da gamomricxvel ukiduresobebs, maSin darCenilgansxvavebaTa Sekrebis Sedegad miviRebT saerTo neba-survils".39

suvereniteti, rusos mixedviT, esaa saerTo nebis ganxorcieleba. aqedangamomdinareobs suverenitetis ori mniSvnelovani Tviseba - esaa ganuyofloba dagausxvisloba. "me vamtkiceb, -wers ruso, -rom suvereniteti, romelic arissaerTo sayovelTao nebis mxolod ganxorcieleba, arasdros ar SeiZlebagasxvisebul iqnes da rom suvereni, romelic sxva araferia Tu ara koleqtiuriarseba, SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnes mxolod Tavisi TaviT. gadacemaSesaZlebelia Zalaufleba-xelisuflebisa, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi nebisa".suverenitetis gausxviseblobas ruso miyavs mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTiformis uaryofasTan. suvereniteti mdgomareobs gansakuTrebiT sayovelTaod dasaerTo nebaSi, romelic SeuZlebelia warmodgenili iqnes visme mier. deputatebiar SeiZleba xalxis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, isini mxolod maTi komisrebi arian,romelTac arafris dadgea ar SeuZliaT savsebiT da sabolood". yoveli kanoni,Tu igi uSualod TviT xalxma ar daamtkica, ar aris namdvili. igi srulebiTacar aris kanoni".aseve kategoriulobiT amtkicebs "sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi"suverenitetis ganuyoflobis princips."imave mizeziT, ra mizeziTac suverenitetigausxvisebadia, igi ganuyofelicaa, vinaidan neba-survili, an saerTo dasayovelTaoa, an ar aris aseTi. igi, an warmoadgens xalxis, rogorc mTelisnebas, an mxolod misi nawilisas". pirvel SemTxvevaSi es gacxadebuli neba arissuverenitetis aqti da qmnis kanons, meore SemTqvevaSi esaa mxolod kerZo neba, anmagistraturis aqti; yvelaze didi rac mas SeuZlia mogvces esaa dekreti. rusoZalauflebis ganawilebis Teoriis momxreTa sastiki winaaRmdegia, rameTu misepoqaSi es Teoria feodalur da burJuaziul fenebs Soris kompromisisgamoxatuleba iyo. ruso ki rogorc saxalxo mmarTvelobis Tanmimdevrulimomxre uaryofda yovelgvar kompromisebs. Zalauflebis ganawileba maswarmodgenili hqonda rogorc fantastikuri arseba, romelic agebuliasxvadasxva adgilebidan aRebuli nawilebisagan, romelTac sinamdvileSi araferisaerTo ar akavSirebT.suvereniteti vlindeba kanonebis gamocemaSi. "suverens aqvs mxolodsakanonmdeblo Zalaufleba". wers igi.kanonis gansazRvrebaSi igi uwinaresyovlisa xazs usvams imas, rom kanoni aris sayovelTao nebis nayofi."brZanebebi,gamocemuli erTi adamianis mier,vinc ar unda iyos igi - Tavisi Tavis saxeliT araris kanonebi". magram kanonis mxolod genetikuri gansazRvreba ar arissakmarisi. "saerTo, sayovelTao neba, raTa iyos aseTi, sayovelTao da saerTounda iyos, rogorc Tavis obieqtTan ise Tavis arsebasTan mimarTebaSi, igi undayvelasagan amodiodes, raTa misaRebi iyos yvelasaTvis,igi kargavs Tavis bunebrivsamarTlianobas,rodesac igi mimarTulia romelime gansazRvrul daindividualur obieqtze".40

saxelmwifoSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis gverdiT unda arsebobdesaRmasrulebeli Zalauflebac. ruso amtkicebs, rom aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebaar SeiZleba ekuTvnodes mTel sazogadoebas, rogorc kanonmdebels, an suverens,rameTu es Zalaufleba gamoixateba mxolod kerZo aqtebSi, romelzec ar ariankanonebi da maSasadame ar exebian suverenis moqmedebis sferos, suverenisa,romlis yvela aqti SeiZleba iyves mxolod kanonebi.aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba unda ekuTvnodes mTavrobas,romlis qveSacrusos esmis "gamaSualebeli-Sualeduri organizmi, dagenili qveSevrdomebsa dasuverens Soris urTierTobisaTvis, romelsac aqvs uflebamosileba moiyvanoskanonebi Sesrulebis mdgomareobaSi, Seasrulos da ganaxorcielos kanonebi damxari dauWiros, rogorc samoqalaqo, ise politikur Tavisuflebebs". rusousvams xazs imas,rom mTavroba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda agveriossuverenTan, mTavroba suverenis nebis mxolod da mxolo aRmasrulebelia.mTavroba SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad iqnes organizebuli: demokratiulad,aristokratiulad da monarqiulad. sanam am formebs gavarCevdeT, manam saWiroagavCerdeT rusos mier gamoyenebul terminologiis Taviseburebebze."sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi" igi ganasxvavebs saxelmwifos or formas:respublikas e.i. saxelmwifos, romelic kanonebis meSveobiT imarTeba(igulisxmeba, rom kanoni sayovelTao nebis nayofia) da despotias, e.i.saxelmwifos marTuls despotis mier, romelic Tavis Tavs kanonebze maRlaayenebs. amasTanave aRniSnulia, rom despotia esaa gadagvarebuli saxelmwifo.rac Seexeba terminebs "demokratia", "aristokratia" da "monarqia", mas ruso Tavis"sazogadoebriv SexedulebaSi" iyenebs ara mmarTvelobis formebisdasaxasiaTeblad, aramed mTavrobis organizaciis dasaxasiaTeblad.demokratiuli mTavroba Sedgeba yvela moqalaqisagan, aristokratiulimoqalaqeTa mcire raodenobisagan, monarqiuli ki erTi adamianisagan.iyenebs ra "demokratiis" cnebas am viwro mniSvnelobiT, ruso kategoriuliwinaaRmdegia demokratiuli mTavrobisa.igi SeniSnavs, rom saxelmwifoSi,romelsac aseTi mTavroba hyavs suvereni da mTavroba ar arian erTmaneTisagangayofili.aseT saxelmwifos, amtkicebs igi, faqtiurad arc hyavs mTavroba. "Tu amtermins aviRebT misi zusti mniSvnelobiT - agrZelebs ruso - maSin arasdrosarsebula namdvili demokratia da arasdrosac aseTi arc iqneba". amisdasabuTeblad igi moixmobs mraval magaliTsa da siZneles,romelicdakavSirebulia TviT yvelaze wvrilmani saqmeebis gadawyvetasTan, rodesac igiwydeba moqalaqeTa saerTo Sekrebaze.rac Seexeba aristokratiulsa da monarqiul mTavrobebs, aq saukeTeso arCevanidamokidebulia mTel rig faqtorebze.erT saxelmwifos pirveli Seefereba, sxvas- meore forma.mniSvnelovania mxolod erTi: mTavroba unda moqmedebdesumravlesobis interesTa gaTvaliswinebiT da ara sakuTari interesebiT.41

principSi es advilad miiRweva aristokratiaSi. mTavrobis monarqiuli formisaskerZo neba batonobs yvela danarCen nebaze da am gvarad Zalian didia imisSesaZlebloba, rom respublika despotiad iqces.ruso dawvrilebiT ganixilavs saxalxo suverenitetis ganxorcielebissaSualebebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs. ar aris sakmarisi misi azriT, is, rom Sekrebilmaxalxma erTxel da samudamod daadginos saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba,sanqcia daadokanonTa krebuls. aseve araa sakmarisi, rom man daadginos mudmivi mTavroba, anerTxel da samudamod airCios Tanamdebobis pirebi. garda sagangeboTavyrilobebisa, romlebic SeiZleba gamowveuli iqnas gauTvaliswinebeliSemTxvevebiT, aucilebelia agreTve,raTa arsebobdes perioduli Tavyrilobebic.rogorc ki xalxi Seikribeba,rogorc suverenuli organo, mTavrobisyovelgvari iurisdiqcia wydeba. mTavrobis mxridan suverenuli Zalauflebisuzurpaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT saxalxo yriloba iwyeba ori sakiTxisganxilviTa da maTze kenWisyriT:" nebavs Tu ara suverens SeinarCunos mTavrobisarsebuli forma"? da "nebavs Tu ara xalxs mmarTveloba dautovos maT,romelsac axla aqvT igi dakisrebuli"?moqalaqeTa yrilobisaTvis "saxelmwifoSi ar arsebobs araviTari ZiriTadikanoni, romlis gauqmebac SeuZlebeli iqneboda, TviT sazogadoebriviSeTanxmebac ki araa gamoricxuli". "im momentSi, rodesac mTavrobam moaxdinasuverenitetis uzurpacia, sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmeba darRveulia da yvelaubralo moqalaqe, romelTac ufleba aqvT daubrunden TavianT bunebrivTavisuflebas, iZulebulni da ara movaleni arian daemorCilon mas".rusos sazogadoebrivi ideologia egalitarizmia. mxolod iq, sadac arsebobsqonebis cnobili Tanasworoba, SesaZlebelia sayovelTao da saerTo nebiswarmoqmna-Camoyalibeba.Tavisufleba SeuZlebelia arsebobdes TanasworobisgareSe, xazs usvams moazrovne, amitom "arcerTi moqalaqe ar unda flobdesimden SeZlebas, rom SeeZlos meores yidva da arcerTi ar unda iyos - imdenadRaribi, rom iZulebuli iyos gayidos sakuTari Tavi:es gulisxmobs mdidrebisada didebulebis, qonebisa da gavlenis sididis SezRudvas". ruso ar fiqrobs,rom qonebis SezRudvis aseTi kanoni gamosadegi iqneba yvelaqveynisaTvis,ramdenadac misi azriT, kanonebi saxes unda icvlidnen adgilobrivipirobebisa da mcxovreblebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ar SeiZlebayuradReba ar miiqcios rusos ideam, imis Sesaxeb,rom TavisuflebisganxorielebisaTvis araa sakmarisi mxolod politikuri Tanasworoba; ramacSemdeg didi gavlena iqonia, rogorc social-politikur azris SemdgomganviTarebaze, ise safuZvlad daedo praqtikul saxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas,uwinares yovlisa kanonmdeblobis sferoSi.42

amgvarad, rusoc agrZelebs "robinzoniadis" tradiciassazogadoebaTmcodneobaSi, romlis amosavalia izolirebuli individi. rusosTanaxmad adamiani bunebriv mdgomareobaSi harmoniul damokidebulebaSiabunebasTan. aq adamians ar sWirdeba arc myari sazogadoebrivi kavSirurTierTobebi,arc Sroma, arc goneba da arc morali. magram mas aseveaxasiaTebs TanagrZnoba da TviT Senaxvisaken miswrafeba. amitom gansxvavevbiThobsisagan ruso "oms yvela yvelas winaaRmdeg" ar Tvlis bunebriv mdgomareobad.mosaxleobis zrda da geografiuli mizezebi iwvevs adamianTa unarebisganviTarebas, TanamSromlobisa da metoqeobis warmoSobas. axali unarebiswarmoSoba xels uwyobs axali moTxovnebisa da piriqiT warmoSobas, "sxeulisbunebrivi moTxovnilebebis" gverdiT "sulis xelovnuri moTxovnilebebis"ganviTarebas, bunebrivi anTropologiuri uTanasworobis politikuriT e.i.sazogadoebrivi uTanasworobiT SecvlaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa kerZosakuTrebis dadgenam. kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobis pirobebSi adamianTa niWisa daunarebis uTanasworobas mivyavarT sakuTrebiT uTanasworobasTan, romelicSemdeg TviT axdens ganmsazRvrul zemoqmedebas sazogadoebaSi uTanasworobiszrdaze. mqonebelTa da uqonelTa mudmivi Setakebani iwvevs ZiriTad mqonebelTada mesakuTreTa Soris samoqalaqo mSvidobis - zavis moTxovnilebas, rasacuzrunvelyofs kidec sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis dadeba.bunebrivmdgomareobaze dabruneba ukve SeuZlebelia. uTanasworobis ganviTareba gadissam - simdidrisa da siRaribis, Zlevamosilebisa da umweobis, batonobisa damonobis - dadgenisa da dakanonebis etapebs. es ki ukve aris uTanasworobisukanaskneli safexuri da is zRvari, romelTanac bolos da bolos mivyavarTuTanasworobis yvela danarCen safexurs manam, sanam axali gadatrialebanisabolood ar gaanadgureben xelisuflebas, an da ar daaxloveben mas kanonierdadgenilebebTan, sazogadod kanonierebasa da samarTalTan. amgvar kanonierdadgenilebebs mxedvelobaSi mudam aqvs ori momenti: Tavisufleba, rogorcadamianis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansazRvrebis gausxvisebadoba sazogadoebrivixelisuflebis saxalxo suverenitetis gauucxoebloba mdgomareobs imaSi, romTiToeuli CvenTagani saerTo sakuTreba - nebaSi gadascems da saerTo nebisuzenaesi xelmZRvanelobis qveS ayenebs Tavis pirovnebas da mTeli Tavis ZalebisSedegadac TiToeuli CvenTagani iqceva mTelis ganuyofel nawilad.sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis mixedviT adamiani kargavs Tavis bunebrivTavisuflebas da SeuzRudvel uflebas imaze, rac mas xiblavs,izidavs da risidaufleba mas ZaluZs. sanacvlod ki iZens samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas da yvelaferimaze sakuTrebis uflebas, rasac flobs. saerTo neba ar aris yvelas nebisigiveobrivi: xalxs, rogorc politikuri organizmsa da suverens SeiZleba sxvainteresebi hqondes, vinem calkeuli adamianebis interesTa erTobliobas,amgvarad, yovelgvar politikur Zalauflebas kanonieri Zala aqvs mxolod"pirveladi, Tavdapirveli SeTanxmebis" wyalobiT. yoveli mmarTveli mxolodxalxis mier aris uflebamosili da ndobiT aRWurvili - memkvidreoba, esaa43

xelisuflebianoba. mmarTvelobis yvelaze gadagvarebuli da maxinji formebisSecvla xalxis, rogorc suverenis kompetenciaa, romelic drois yovel momentSiuflebamosilia uari Tqvas nebismier sakanonmdeblo gdawyvetilebebze da miiRosaxali politikuri organizmi. rogorc yoveli organizmi mokvdavia misijamrTelobisa da arsebobis gagrZeleba SeuZlebelia. kargi da keTilimmarTveloba da Tanas woroba. igi egalitaristia rusos idealia - patarasaxelmwifo, romlic maTSi mcxovrebi moqalaqeebis uSualo - sakuTari nebisgamovlenaa da romlebic axorcieleben mmarTvelobis ulebamosilebebiskontrols, maTi uTanasworobis aRmofxvris mizniT. igi moiTxovs qonebrivTanasworobas, qonebis akrZalvas. aseTi demokratiuli wyoba SeuZlebelia. rusoufro aristokratiisaken ixreba. swored is wyoba iqneba yvelaze ukeTesi dayvelaze bunebrivi, rodesac brZenni marTaven umravlesobas. isini marTaven arasakuTari interesebis, aramed mTeli moqalaqeebis interesebis sasargeblod.adamianTa zneobriv gadagvarebas xels uwyobs mecnierebisa da xelovnebisganviTareba, romlebic badebes pativmoyvareobas, romelic xels uSlis adamianTabunebriv yofaqcevas. rusosagan didad davalebulia mTeli organicistulisociologizmi.malTusis Tezisebi:robert Tomas malTusi`mtrebi, romelTac me vebrZvi, mankiereba da siRatakea~.1. malTusi ikvlevs siRatakis gamomwvev mizezebs,amdenad igi sociologia. Tavisi Teoriis safuZvladarsebobisaTvis brZolis princips iRebs. sazogadoebaesaa arsebobisaTvis konkurenciuli brZola,arsebobis uflebaze poziciebis garkveva, sadacyovelgvari kompromisis gareSe, Zlierni ikavebensustebis adgils. arsebobisaTvis brZolagansazRvravs socialur moZraobas da saerTodsocialur yofierebas.2. malTuss ZiriTadad icnoben gaxmaurebuliSromis `xalxTmosaxleobis zrdis kanonis~ mixedviT.ra aris malTusis Teoriis ZiriTadi problema? esaapirvel rigSi sazogadoebis arsebis, misi moZraoba-44

cvalebadobis xasiaTis, sazogadoebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis gansazRvra, iserogorcsazogadoebrivi yofierebis Seswavla, misdami diagnosis dasmis da misviTarebaTa gaumjobesebis gzebis Zieba.3. malTusis Teoriis ZiriTadi kiTxvebia _ ra gansazRvravs sazogadoebisganviTarebas? sad da raSi unda veZeboT adamianis yofis da socialuricxovrebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi? ra iwvevs sazogadoebis paTologias? sadaasocialuri yofierebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis moSlis saidumloeba da rogorunda davaRwioT Tavi socialuri paTologias? es is kiTxvebia, romlebic yovelsocialur Teorias amoZraveben da romelTa meSveobiT Teoria socialurmoZRvrebaTa rigSi ikavebs adgils.4. malTusis Teoriis ZiriTadi amosavali problemaa siRatake, romelicadamianTa sazogadoebis anomaliurobis maCvenebelia. siRatakis faqtisarsebobidan amosvliT, malTusi cdilobs daadginos misi mizezebi. biZgi,stimuli Tu sababi saidanac sawyisi miiRo malTusis Ziebebma, esaa socialuripaTologia (simaxinje), gamoxatuli siRatakeSi. amitom malTusis mizania,gaarkvios, ra iwvevs siRatakes, mankierebas, ubedurebas da rogor unda eSvelossazogadoebis mankierebas.5. malTusis Txzuleba `xalxTmosaxleobis kanonis gamocdileba~ _ iwyebaswored sakiTxis dayenebiT. `adamianma, romelsac moundeba daadginos, rogoriiqneba sazogadoebis momavali ganviTareba, bunebrivad unda gamoikvlios orisakiTxi: 1. ra mizezebi ayovnebdnen aqamde adamianis warmatebebs, anu misikeTildReobis ganviTarebas? 2. ramdenad SeiZleba Cveni ganviTarebisSemferxebeli mizezebis nawilobriv an mTlianad ugulebelyofa?6. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi arc religiaSi arcgeografiul determinizmSi unda veZioT, arc raime utopiasa da revoluciaSi.sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli bunebriv istoriaSi, pirvel rigSimosaxleobaSi unda veZeboT. sazogadoebis arsebobis yovel safexurze, misinormaluri funqcionirebisaTvis saWiroa mosaxleobis garkveuli optimaluriodenoba, romelic dgindeba sazogadoebaSi mosaxleobis simravlisa da saarsebosaSualebaTa Tanafardobis kanoniT. swored es kanoni gansazRvravssazogadoebis ganviTarebas. rogoricaa es Tanafardoba, iseTivea sazogadoebac.7. am kanonis arsi ki isaa, rom yvela cocxal arsebas axasiaTebs mudmiviswrafva, gamravldes ufro swrafad, vidre misgan gankargulebaSi arsebulisaarsebo saSualebani~. magram am swrafvas Tavisebur ganmsazRvrel damaregulierebel faqtorad evlineba, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganmapirobebeli,arsebobis saSualebaTa warmoeba. mosaxleobis gamravlebis regulirebasarsebobis saSualebaTa odenoba axdens. magram gamravlebisadmi Cveni Seukavebelimidrekilebebi arRvevs am Tanafardobas xalxTmosaxleobasa da arsebobissaSualebebs Soris da warmoiSoba Warbi mosaxleoba. mosaxleobis zrda uswrebssaarsebo saSualebaTa zrdas.45

8. sazogadoebis arsebobis da ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli pirveli kanonigvauwyebs: `Cven SegviZlia ueWvelad CavTvaloT, rom Tu mosaxleobisgamravlebas araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar xvdeba, maSin is ormagdeba yovelocdaxuT weliwadSi da izrdeba geometriuli progresiiT~.9. meore kanoni gvauwyebs: rom mosaxleobis gamravleba gardauvladganisazRvreba arsebobis saSualebebiT da rom mosaxleoba izrdeba arsebobissaSualebebTan erTad. mosaxleobis zrdas gaaCnia dabrkolebani, romelnicadvilad aRqmadia. am debulebas malTusi ase gamoxatavs: es dabrkolebani, iserogorc yvela sxva, romelnic mosaxleobis dones arsebobis saSualebebzedabla ayeneben: moraluri moTokva, mankiereba da siRatakea.axali drois, XVII – XVIII saukunis me qanisturi msoflmxedveloba.,,socialuri fizika"me-18-e saukunis filosofosTa mniSvnelovani nawili, Cveulebriv sazogadoebasganixilaven adamianTa ara rogor bunebriv, TanSobil mdgomareobas, aramedrogorc xelovnur warmonaqmns. mag.: hobsisa da spinozas sazogadoebismeqanistur gagebas Cven vpoulobT me-17-e saukunis TiTqmis yvela moazrovnesTanazriT, adamianTa pirveladi bunebrivi mdgomareoba – esaa `omi yvelasi yvelaswinaaRmdeg~ [bellum omnium contra omnes]. adamianebi am mdgomareobaSi ar qmniansazogadoebas, cxovroben izolirebulad da ganuwyvetliv omoben da ibrZvianerTmaneTis winaaRmdeg. magram am gaWirvebuli mdgomareobis, rodesac `adamianiadamianisTvis mgelia~ - `homo homini lupus est ~ aRmosafxvrelad, adamianebideben urTierTSoris xelSekrulebas sazogadoebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb da avalebenromelime kanonmdebels gamoimuSaos kanonebi. kanonmdebeli is genialurikonstruqtoria, romelic kanonebis daxmarebiT cocxali socialuriatomebisagan – adamianebisagan qmnis raRac rTul meqanizms – saxelmwifos,romelSic am socialur atomTa – adamianTa sulisCamdgmeli vnebebi dainstinqtebi, urTierTs awonasworeben da yvela adamianTaTvis saerTosargeblobis motanis saqmes emsaxurebian. sazogadoebrivi wyobis safuZveliapolitikuri kanonebi. Tu sxvadasxva xalxebSi Cven vxvdebiT sazogadoebisgansxvavebul formebs, maSin maTi arseboba aixsneba imiT, rom TiToeul xalxshyavda Tavisi kanonmdebeli, romelmac maT Seuqmna gansakuTrebuli kanonebi.amgvarad, me-17-e saukunis moazrovneebi mTlianad aigiveben erTmaneTTansazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos.sazogadoebis meqanisturi koncefcia Seicavda mTel rig siZneleebs, romelsacgamudmebiT ejaxeboda me-17-e saukunis socialuri filosofia. am epoqis bunebismecnieruli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis, garda meqanisturobisa, damaxasiaTebeliaagreTve bunebaSi arsebuli wesrigis ucvlelobis rwmena. buneba absoluturad46

ucvlelia, sanam arsebobs, manam igi ucvleli rCeba. radgan TviT adamiani daadamianTa sazogadoeba ganixileba rogorc bunebis wesrigis nawili, maSinadamianuri sazogadoebis bunebrivi wesrigi iseTive uryevi da maradiuli undaiyos rogorc maradiuli da ucvleli mTeli bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliwesrigi. aseTia is daskvna, romelTanac gardauvalobiT midian me-17-e saukunismoazrovneebi. magram rogor unda movagvaroT adamianuri sazogadoebis erTianida ucvleli wesrigis es idea kacobriobis namdvil cxovrebasTan, sadacaraferia ucvleli, sadac sazogadoebis formebi usasrulod cvalebadi damravalgvaria? esaa siZnele, romlis gadalaxvac ar SeeZloT me-17-e saukunismoazrovneebs. isini am siZnelidan gamosvlas cdolobdnen Semdegnairad: adamianimoqmedebs Tavisi bunebrivi wesrigis kanonTa Sesatyvisad mxolod maSin, rodesacigi xelmZRvanelobs gonebis xmiT da SeuZlia am kanonTa Secnoba. magramramdenadac adamiani gaunaTlebelia da am kanonTa Secnobac yovelTvis arZaluZs, amdenad mas SeuZlia kidec am wesrigis ucvlel kanonTa darRvevac.marTalia, kanonebisadmi amgvari daumorCilebloba mas mraval tanjvasa dagansacdels umzadebs. saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis dRemde istoriulad arsebuliyvela forma warmoadgens kanonmdebelTa warumatebel mcdelobas, ipovonsaxelmwifoebrivi wyobis is WeSmariti, absoluturi forma, romelsacgvkarnaxobs bunebis realuri kanonebi da romelic gvaZlevs kacobriobis mieribednierebis miRwevis garantias. am TavlsazrisiT udgebian istorias me-17-esaukunis filosofosebi. yoveli saxelmwifos istoria, maTi azriT: mxolod imisistoriaa, Tu rogor Seqmna romelime kanonmdebelma am sazogadoebis kanonebi daTu rogori, maTi arasrulyofilebis gamo, gadauxvia am sazogadoebam Tavisipirveladi principisagan da iwyo daSla. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, Tusaxelmwifoebrivi meqanizmi Seqmnilia ufro moxerxebulad da warmatebiT, maSinmas zogierTi gadaxvevebisa da zigzagebis Semdeg ZaluZs daubrundes Tavispirvelad princips da daiwyos cxovreba TiTqosda xelaxla, Tavidan. amgvaradevoluciis idea, romelic Zevs XIX-XX-is mecnierebis safuZvelSi da romlismixedviTac sazogadoeba TandaTanobiT viTardeba erTi formidan meoreSi,savsebiT ucxoa me-17-e saukunis filosofisTa statikurimsoflmxedvelobisaTvis.maTi azriT, istoriis Seswavlas SeiZleba azri hqondes mxolod imdenad,ramdenadac igi gvaCvenebs Tu rogor ar unda avagoT sazogadoebis Senoba da Turogor tanjva-wvalebasTan miyavs kacobrioba saxelmwifos amgvari agebiswarumatebel cdebs. piriqiT, idealuri sazogadoebrivi wyoba SeiZleba Secnobiliqnas abstraqtuli gziT. deduqciurad iqnes gamoyvanili adamianis bunebismaradiuli da ucvleli Tvisebebisagan. Tu me-17-e saukunis filosofosTasociologiuri koncefciebis amosaval punqtebs SevapirispirebT maTgangamomdinare daskvebTan, maSin SevamCnevT, yvela maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebelwinaaRmdegobas. maTi amosavali punqtebi Tu sawyisebi meqanistur-47

materialisturia: maTi ZiriTadi wanamZRvaria – determinizmi, romlisTvisacdamaxasiaTebelia adamianSi nebis Tavisuflebis arsebobis uaryofa da imisaRiareba, rom adamianis neba iseve gapirobebulia da misi saqmianobac isevekanonzomieria, rogorc gapirobebulia da kanonzomieria materialur sxeulTamoZraoba. aseve materialisturia Sexedulebac sazogadoebrivi wyobisa dawesrigis, rogorc bunebis materialuri wesrigis nawilis Taobaze; asevematerialisturia socialuri kanonebis rogorc bunebis zogadi kanonebisgamovlenis ganxilvisadmi miswafebac.magram ras vxedavT Semdeg, rodesac filosofosebi ejaxebian konkretulistoriulsinamdviles? maSin vgebulobT, rom adamianebs SeuZliT daemorCilonTavis bunebriv kanonebs da arc daemorCilon maT ucodinrobisa TugaunaTleblobis gamo. marTalia, yoveli Cveulebrivi adamiani, mkacradeqvemdebareba Tavisi vnebebisa da grZnobebis brZanebas, magram maTze maRldebakanonmdebeli. igi flobs arCevanis cnobil Tavisuflebas, _ bunebrivi wesrigiskanonTa gagebisa da codnis miRweuli donis Sesatyvisad kanondebels SeuZliadaadginos saxelmwifos esa Tu is forma. amgvarad, sazogadoeba – saxelmwifogvevlineba ara rogorc nivTTa bunebrivi wesrigis kanonTa ZaliT bunebrivad –wermoqmnili ram, aramed rogorc raRac xelovnuri qmnileba, romelickanonmdeblis Tavisufali Semoqmedebis produqtia. amasTan dakavSirebiTadamianTa sazogadoebis bunebrivi wesrigi da wyobac arsebiTad sxva ramea, vidrebunebis bunebrivi wesrigi. maT bunebrivi wesrigis qveS esmodaT raRacsaukuneebidan saukuneebamde namvilad arsebuli ram, mag. esaa namdviladarsebuli mzis sistema, masSi maradiulad moZravi sxulebiT. kacobriobiscxovrebaSi ki, piriqiT, namdvilad arsebuli aRmoCnda sazogadoebis.saxelmwifos istoriulad warmavali da aranamdvili formebi, romlebicwarmoiSvnen kanonmdebelTa umecrebis, gaunaTleblobisa da Secdomebis Sedegad.adamianTa sazogadoebis bunebrivi wesrigi, faqtobrivad aRmoCnda raRac iseTiram, romelic mxolod maSin ganxorcieldeba, rodesac mogvevlineba iseTikanonmdebeli, romelic SeZlebs Seicnos da praqtikulad gamoiyenosadamianisaTvis am yvelaze keTilsasurveli, WeSmaritad erTaderTi wyobisa dawesrigis kanonebi. maSasadame, sazogadoebis bunebrivi wesrigi aRmoCnda iseTiram, romelic mxolod unda ganxorcieldes adamianuri gonebis brZanebisTanaxmad. amiT igi arsebulis sferodan jerarsis sferoSi gadaitaneba.Tanac ar arsebobs TviT nivTTa bunebaSi Cadebuli raime bunebrivi aucilebloba,romelic adre Tu gvian migviyvanda am bunebis wesrigis Sesatyvisi sazogadoeba –saxelmwifos ganxorcielebasTan. es ukanaskneli kanonmdeblis Tavisufaligadawyvetilebis saqmea. bednieri SemTxveviToba iqneboda, rom bunebrivi wesrigismoTxovnis Sesatyvisi saxelmwifo Seqmniliyo me-18-e s-Si. aseTi saxelmwifoSeiZleboda mravali aseuli da aTaswleulis winaTac warmoqmniliyo, romgamoCeniliyo maSin genialuri kanonmdebeli da ganexorcielebina igi48

cxovrebaSi. sazogadoebis bunebrivi wesrigi aRmoCnda ara mxolod iseTi ram racjerars, aramed iseTi jerarsi, romelic mocemul momentSi ar gamomdinareobsTviT arsebulis ganviTarebis Sinagani aucileblobisagan, da geniosisTavisufali Carevis saqmes warmoadgens. kacobriobis mTeli istoriawarmogvidgeba rogorc wyvdiadSi xetiali, kanonmdebelTa mieri bunebriviwesrigis kanonTa daZebnis warumatebel mcdelobasTan erTad da es gagrZeldebamanam, sanam uceb ar gaielvebs vinmes TavSi genialuri azri da kacobriobasabolood ar daaRwevs Tavs mojadoebul wres da ar ganaxorcielebs imerTaderT sazogadoebriv wyobas, romelic Seesabameba adamianisa da sagnebisbunebas.amgvarad Cven ukve mivediT savsebiT idealistur daskvnasTan, sazogadoebisbunebrivi wesrigi da wyobileba aRmoCnda jerarsuli da kanonmdeblisTavisufali nebis gansaxorcielebeli aqti, romelic araa gapirobebulibunebrivi kanonzomierebis mier. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom calkeul moazrovneTaSexedulebebis erTmaneTTan sruli gaigiveba ar SeiZleba, ar iqneba swori,rameTu erTTan es winaaRmdegoba vlindeba ufro primitiuli da gulubryviliformiT, xolo meoresTan ki dafaruli saxiT. me-17-e saukunis filosofosebidanmkacri determinizmis xazs yvelaze Tanmimdevrulad atarebs spinoza. masTangonebis umecrebac da gamoRviZebac erTnairadaa gapirobebuli saganTa bunebrivikanonzomierebebiT. magram spinozamac ver SesZlo mojadoebuli wris garRveva.man ver SeZlo eCvenebina is bunebrivi kanonzomiereba, romelsac mivyavarTgonebiseuli wesrigis da wyobis ganxorcielebasTan. amitom masTan arc kigvxvdeba raime miniSnebac ki sazogadoebrivi formebs ganviTarebis bunebrivkanonzomierebebze49