samuSao rveuli qimia
samuSao rveuli qimia
samuSao rveuli qimia
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<strong>samuSao</strong><br />
<strong>rveuli</strong><br />
<strong>qimia</strong><br />
VIII
manana vardiaSvili<br />
<strong>samuSao</strong> <strong>rveuli</strong><br />
<strong>qimia</strong><br />
VIII klasi<br />
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis<br />
erovnuli centris (brZaneba # 375, 18. 05. 2012) mier<br />
gamomcemloba inteleqti<br />
Tbilisi 2012
manana vardiaSvili<br />
<strong>qimia</strong> VIII<br />
<strong>samuSao</strong> <strong>rveuli</strong><br />
gamomcemloba inteleqti<br />
Tbilisi 2012<br />
Manana Vardiashvili<br />
cheMistry Viii<br />
WorkINg WrItINg-Book<br />
INtELEktI PUBLISHErS<br />
tbilisi 2012<br />
gamomcemloba inteleqti<br />
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri #5<br />
225-05-22, 5(99) 55-66-54<br />
faqsi: 225-05-22<br />
elfosta: inteleqti@caucasus.net vebgverdi: www.intelekti.ge<br />
ISBN 978-9941-439-28-5<br />
© manana vardiaSvili, 2012<br />
© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012
� 1. daasaxeleT erTi qimiuri Tviseba, romliTac mJava da tute erTmane-<br />
Tisagan gansxvavdeba. pasuxi CamoayalibeT werilobiT.<br />
__________________________________________________________________<br />
__________________________________________________________________<br />
� 2. warmoidgineT, rom samzareuloSi<br />
dgas ori WurWeli da<br />
ici, rom<br />
a) erTSi spirtia, meoreSi ki Zmari<br />
b) erTSi Saqaria, meoreSi ki<br />
limonmJava<br />
aRwereT, rogor amoicnobT, romel<br />
WurWelSi ra nivTierebaa.<br />
� 3. aRwereT mimarTeba sityvaTa wyvils Soris. CamoayalibeT werilobiT.<br />
ipoveT analogiuri wyvili<br />
mina _ sinjara<br />
kolba _ menzura<br />
rkina _ magniti<br />
cvili _ sanTeli<br />
Sandali _ sanTeli<br />
� 4. warmoidgineT, rom samyaroSi<br />
`gaqra~ naxSirorJangi.<br />
aRwereT werilobiT, ra Sedegebia<br />
mosalodneli.<br />
1.1 nivTierebis Tvisebebi<br />
3
4<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi
1.2 nivTiereba da narevi<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
5
6<br />
1.3 rogor davyoT narevi<br />
� 1. rogor dayofT komponentebad:<br />
a) wylisa da masSi uxsnadi niv-<br />
Tierebis narevs.<br />
b) wylisa da masSi xsnadi niv-<br />
Tierebis narevs.<br />
g) ori myari nivTierebis narevs,<br />
romelTagan erT-erTi rkinaa.<br />
pasuxi CamoayalibeT werilobiT.<br />
� 2. davuSvaT, rom spirtisa<br />
da wylis narevs acxelebT, romel<br />
temperaturaze daiwyeba duRili?<br />
orive siTxe erTdroulad daiwyebs<br />
duRils Tu ara? axseniT Tqveni pasuxi,<br />
CamoayalibeT werilobiT.<br />
� 3. ra procesia asaxuli suraTze?<br />
ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben narevebis<br />
dayofis am xerxs?<br />
ra nomriTaa aRniSnuli filtrati?<br />
daasaxeleT erTi narevi mainc,<br />
romelic SeiZleba davyoT am xerxiT.<br />
1 2<br />
3<br />
4
� 4. ra daniSnuleba<br />
aqvs suraTze gamosaxul<br />
mowyobilobas? aRwereT misi<br />
moqmedebis principi.<br />
mowyobilobis Semadgenel<br />
aRWurvilobas miuwereT saxelwodeba<br />
da aRniSneT, ra<br />
funqcias asrulebs is am<br />
mowyobilobaSi.<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
...<br />
...<br />
...<br />
...<br />
...<br />
...<br />
...<br />
7
8<br />
1.4 riT gansxvavdeba narevi da naerTi<br />
� 1. gTavazobT narevebis or jgufs.<br />
I<br />
a) carcis fxvnilisa da wylis narevi<br />
b) wylisa da zeTis narevi<br />
� 2. warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT<br />
wyali, Saqari, marili da qviSa.<br />
rogor moamzadebT am nivTierebebisagan<br />
sam erTgvarovan da sam<br />
araerTgvarovan narevs?<br />
� 3. frCxilebSi mocemuli sityvebidan<br />
SearCieT swori vari anti da winadadebebi<br />
ise gadawereT.<br />
a) narevSi nivTierebebi (ina rCunebs,<br />
ar inarCunebs) Tavis Tvisebebs.<br />
b) narevi (SeiZleba, ar Sei Zleba)<br />
davyoT Semadgenel nivTierebebad.<br />
g) narevis momzadebisas niv Tierebebi<br />
(SeiZleba, ar SeiZ leba) SevurioT nebismieri<br />
Tana fardobiT.<br />
II<br />
a) haeri<br />
b) wylisa da eTanolis narevi<br />
ras fiqrobT, ra niSnis mixedviT davajgufeT narevebi?<br />
warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT ori narevi a) rkinisa da gogirdis b) wylisa da<br />
sufris marilis.<br />
narevebis pirvelsa Tu meore jgufs miakuTnebT TiToeul maTgans? axseniT<br />
Tqveni pasuxi, CamoayalibeT werilobiT.<br />
erTgvarovani narevi<br />
1) _____________________________________<br />
2) _____________________________________<br />
3) _____________________________________<br />
araerTgvarovani narevi<br />
1) _____________________________________<br />
2) _____________________________________<br />
3) _____________________________________<br />
a) _____________________________________<br />
b) _____________________________________<br />
g) _____________________________________
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
9
10<br />
1.5 narevis Semadgeneli komponentebis masuri<br />
� 1.<br />
V airi<br />
φ= V narevi<br />
da moculobiTi wilis gansazRvra<br />
formulis mixedviT CamoayalibeT moculobiTi wilis ganmarteba. Semdeg ki<br />
amoxseniT amocana.<br />
amocana<br />
haerSi naxSirorJangis dasa S vebi normaa: yovel 100 l-Si _ 3 ml.<br />
iangariSeT naxSi ror Jangis moculobiTi wili haerSi.<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi
12<br />
1.6 risgan Sedgeba nivTiereba<br />
� 1. moifiqreT, dagegmeT da<br />
CaatareT cda, romliTac daasabuTebT,<br />
rom molekulebi moZraobs<br />
da sivrceSi gadaadgildeba. cdis<br />
mizani, etapebi da daskvna CamoayalibeT<br />
werilobiT.<br />
� 2. atomisa da molekulis arsebobis<br />
ideas bevri mowinaaRmdege<br />
hya vda. XIX saukunis cnobili frangi<br />
mecnieri saqve ynod acxadeba: `me<br />
ver davuSveb verc atomis da verc<br />
molekulis arsebobas, ugulebelvyof<br />
imas, risi danaxva da dakvirvebac<br />
SeuZ lebelia~.<br />
miswereT werili `urwmuno~ mecnierebs<br />
_ daasabuTeT, rom atomebi<br />
da molekulebi namdvilad arsebobs.<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
cdis mizani ___________________________<br />
cdis etapebi<br />
daskvna
14<br />
1.7 martivi da rTuli nivTiereba<br />
� 1. daakvirdiT suraTze gamosaxul wyalbadis,<br />
Jangbadisa da wylis molekulaTa modelebs. ra gansxvavebaa<br />
maT Soris Sedgenilobis TvalsazrisiT?<br />
imsjeleT, gamoitaneT daskvna da mxolod Semdeg<br />
daiwyeT paragrafis teqstis wakiTxva. daskvna CamoayalibeT<br />
werilobiT.<br />
a)<br />
b)<br />
� 2. daasaxeleT martivi nivTiereba, romlis molekulac Sedgeba<br />
a) ori atomisagan (wyalbadisa da Jangbadis garda)<br />
b) sami atomisagan.<br />
pasuxi CamoayalibeT werilobiT<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
Jangbadi<br />
wyalbadi<br />
wyali
16<br />
1.8 ra aris qimiuri elementi<br />
� 1. werilobiT CamoayalibeT winadadeba,<br />
romliTac aRwerT Saqris Sedgenilobas.<br />
� 2. sityvebidan `naxSirbadi~, `nax-<br />
Siri~ _ romeli aRniSnavs qimiur elements<br />
da romeli martiv nivTierebas?<br />
moiyvaneT kidev erTi magaliTi, rodesac<br />
qimiuri elementis saxelwodeba gansxvavdeba<br />
Sesabamisi martivi nivTierebis<br />
saxelwodebisagan. pasuxi CamoayalibeT<br />
werilobiT.<br />
� 3. teqstidan amoiwereT mxolod is sityvebi, romlebic metalis an arametalis<br />
dasaxasiaTeblad gamo d geba da SeadgineT mcire moT xroba saxelwodebiT<br />
a) `metalebis fizikuri Tvisebebi~.<br />
b) `arametalebis fizikuri Tvisebebi~.<br />
`plastikuri, aqvs suni, Cveulebriv pirobebSi arsebobs rogorc myar,<br />
ise Txevad da airad mdgomareobaSi, bzinavs, siTbogamtaria, ar aris<br />
siTbogamtari, gamWvirvalea, ar aris eleqt ro gamtari, eleqtrogamtaria~.<br />
a) metalebis fizikuri Tvisebebi<br />
b) arametalebis fizikuri Tvisebebi<br />
moTxrobis Sedgenisas xom ar aRwereT metalis, an arametalis iseTi<br />
Tviseba, romelic teqstSi ar iyo miTiTebuli?<br />
xom ar iyo teqstSi miTiTebuli romelime iseTi Tviseba, romelic<br />
arc metalebis saerTo Tvisebebs ganekuTvneba da arc arametalebis?
� 4. gaqvT rTuli nivTierebis modeli:<br />
da ori calkeuli atomis modeli: da .<br />
rogor `aawyobT~ am modelebisagan ori martivi<br />
nivTierebis models? (daxateT).<br />
Seasrule paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
17
� 1.<br />
18<br />
1.9 rogor gamoisaxeba qimiuri elementi<br />
vercxliswyali<br />
kala<br />
tyvia<br />
oqro<br />
qimiuri elementebis alqimiuri simboloebi<br />
suraTze Tqven xedavT<br />
simbolos, romliTac<br />
alqimikosebi<br />
dariSxans aRniSnavdnen.<br />
ras fiqrobT, ratom<br />
SeaCeres arCevani<br />
aseT aRniSvnaze?<br />
_ daakvirdiT _ ras<br />
mogagonebT vercxlis<br />
alqimiuri aRniSvna?<br />
_ scadeT da<br />
gaarkvieT _ ras mianiSnebs<br />
vercxliswylis aRniSvna?<br />
gamoitaneT daskvna: alqimikosebis epoqaSi<br />
ar se bobda Tu ara qimiuri elementebisa<br />
da nivTi erebebis aRniSvnis yvelasaTvis gasagebi<br />
zogadi wesi?<br />
spilenZi vercxli rkina gogirdi<br />
iyo dro, rodesac qimiur elemen tebs sxvadasxva figurebis<br />
saSu alebiT aRniS navdnen. am aRniSvnebiT sargeb lob dnen alqimikosebi.<br />
� 2. uwodebdiT Tu ara ufro progresuls qimiuri elementebis<br />
daltoniseul aRniSvnebs? ratom fiqrobT ase?<br />
amoicnobT Tu ara nivTierebas am aRniSvnis © mixedviT?<br />
amas Tu amoicnobT? _ _esec daltoniseuli aRniSvnaa.<br />
pasuxi CamoayalibeT werilobiT.
� 3. gamotovebul adgilebSi CasviT saWiro sityvebi: `martivi niv-<br />
Tiereba~, `qi miuri elementi~.<br />
a) Jangbadi wyalSi mcired ixsneba<br />
Jangbadi Sedis wylisa da qviSis SedgenilobaSi. Tevzebs<br />
uWirT arseboba anaduRar wyalSi, radgan, masSi ar aris gaxsnili<br />
Jangbadi .<br />
b) Termometri gatyda da vercxliswyali daiRvara iatakze,<br />
vercxliswylis naerTebi da vercxliswylis<br />
orTqli momwamlavia.<br />
g) sakvebSi kalciumisa da fToris naklebobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios<br />
kariesi.<br />
medikamentis SedgenilobaSi Sedis rkina .<br />
� 4. miiReT qimiuri elementis saxelwodeba.<br />
daamateT asoebi: gadaanacvleT asoebi:<br />
dioi<br />
ala mamigniu<br />
lori tiyva<br />
romi digirgo<br />
TuTa atizo<br />
sorfifo<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
19
1.10 rogor gamovsaxoT nivTierebis<br />
� 1. SeadgineT ozonis qimiuri formula da waikiTxeT<br />
� 2. SeadgineT gogirdwyalbadis qimiuri formula da<br />
waikiTxeT<br />
Sedgeniloba<br />
� 3. wertilebis nacvlaT CasviT saTanado sityvebi: `qimiuri simbolo~,<br />
`indeqsi~, `koeficienti~.<br />
. . .<br />
� 4. mocemulia: 5H 2 O 5O P 2 O 5 5O 2<br />
H 2 H 2 S 2HNO 3 2H<br />
NH 3 N N 2 O N 2<br />
ipoveT maTi Sesabamisoba sityvier CanawerTan da gverdiT miuwereT.<br />
a) Jangbadis xuTi molekula<br />
b) wyalbadis ori calkeuli atomi<br />
g) azotis erTi molekula<br />
d) wylis xuTi molekula<br />
e) Jangbadis xuTi calkeuli atomi<br />
3N 3N 2 3HNO 3<br />
. . .<br />
. . .<br />
→<br />
21
� 5. monaxeT analogiuri wyvili, CamoayalibeT sityvierad _ ra aris<br />
analogiis safu Zveli<br />
22<br />
S : H 2 S<br />
N : N 2<br />
H : H 2 O<br />
N : NH 3<br />
O : H 2 O<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi
1.11 atomi, elementi da naerTi<br />
� 1. daazusteT, ra gansxvavebaa metalebisa da arametalebis fizikur<br />
Tvisebebs Soris. pasuxi CamoayalibeT werilobiT.<br />
� 2. gTavazobT cxrils, romelSic sami cnobili naerTis Sedgenilobaa<br />
aRwerili.<br />
naerTis saxelwodeba<br />
naerTis Semadgeneli elementebi<br />
wyali wyalbadi da Jangbadi<br />
naxSirorJangi naxSirbadi da Jangbadi<br />
eTanoli, anu<br />
eTilis spirti<br />
naxSirbadi<br />
Jangbadi<br />
wyalbadi<br />
naerTis molekulis modeli<br />
naerTis formula elementis simboloebisa da indeqsebisagan Sedgeba. wylis<br />
formulaa H 2 O, naxSirorJangis formulaa CO 2 . gamoiyeneT Tqveni codna da Cven<br />
mier SemoTavazebuli cxrilis mixedviT SeadgineT eTanolis qimiuri formula<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
23
1.12 atomis masa, fardobiTi atomuri<br />
da molekuluri masa<br />
� 1. gaecaniT cxrils, sadac naCvenebia fardobiTi molekuluri masis<br />
gaangariSebis wesi.<br />
cxrili: fardobiTi molekuluri masis gaangariSebis wesi<br />
nivTierebis<br />
saxelwodeba<br />
nivTierebis<br />
formula<br />
� 2. ivaraudeT, romeli nivTierebis fardobiTi atomuri masaa ufro<br />
meti? ufro naklebi? ratom fiqrobT ase? varaudi CamoayalibeT werilobiT,<br />
Semdeg SeamowmeT gaangariSebiT:<br />
C H 3 8<br />
C H 3 4<br />
C H 3 6<br />
C H 2 2<br />
atomTa<br />
ricxvi niv-<br />
TierebebSi<br />
fardobiTi<br />
atomuri<br />
masa<br />
fardobiTi molekuluri masa<br />
azoti N 2 2N A r (N)=14 M r (N 2 )=2A r (N)=2×14=28<br />
amiaki NH 3 1N, 3H<br />
magniumis<br />
nitrati<br />
Mg(NO 3 ) 2<br />
1Mg<br />
2N<br />
6O<br />
A r (N)=14<br />
A r r(H)=1<br />
A r (Mg)=24<br />
A r (N)=14<br />
A r (O)=16<br />
M r (NH 3 )=A r (N)+3A r (H)=14+3=17<br />
M r (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 )=A r (Mg)+2A r (N)+<br />
+6A r (O)=24+28+96=148<br />
SeasruleT davaleba<br />
aRniSneT fardobiTi molekuluri masa M r -iT da iangariSeT Jangbadis, wylisa<br />
da gogirdmJavas H 2 SO 4 fardobiTi molekuluri masebi.<br />
igive Sedegi miiRe rac Senma megobarma?<br />
rogor moiqcevi Tu Sedegebi ar daemTxveva erTmaneTs?<br />
� 3. monaxeT analogiuri wyvili, CamoayalibeT sityvierad _ ra<br />
aris analogiis safuZveli<br />
NH : 17<br />
3<br />
H O : 2<br />
2<br />
N : 14<br />
2<br />
H : 2<br />
2<br />
H O : 34<br />
2 2<br />
varaudis mixedviT<br />
gaangariSebis mixedviT<br />
25
26<br />
� 4. daadgineT: romeli elementia X, Tu cnobilia, rom<br />
M r (X 3 PO 4 ) = 98<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi
1.13 ra aris valentoba<br />
� 1. formulis mixedviT daadgineT: ramden valentiania azoti da<br />
naxSirbadi. aRniSneT maTi valentoba Sesabamisi cifriT.<br />
NH 3<br />
amiaki<br />
CH4<br />
meTani<br />
� 2. ras gamosaxavs (a) da (b) grafiki? pasuxi CamoayalibeT werilobiT.<br />
aageT analogiuri grafiki NH 3 -is SemTxvevaSi.<br />
naerTis Sedgeniloba<br />
I<br />
H<br />
II<br />
o<br />
1 2 3<br />
H<br />
H<br />
I<br />
H<br />
o<br />
valentoba<br />
naerTis Sedgeniloba<br />
(a) (b)<br />
Cu<br />
II<br />
o<br />
II<br />
Cu<br />
1<br />
� 3. SeavseT winadadebebi saTanado sityvebiT. sityvebi da maTi Tanmimdevroba<br />
monaxeT savaraudo pasuxebSi.<br />
`molekulaSi atomebi erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia garkveuli . . . . .<br />
. . . , maTi . . . . . . . . Sesabamisad. struqturuli formula<br />
gviCvenebs atomTa SeerTebis . . . . . . . .<br />
a) TanmimdevrobiT / valentobis/ pirobebs/<br />
b) mimarTulebiT/ atomuri masis/ Tanmimdevrobas/<br />
g) TanmimdevrobiT/ atomuri masis/ Tanmimdevrobas/<br />
d) TanmimdevrobiT/ valentobis/ Tanmimdevrobas/<br />
2<br />
o<br />
3<br />
valentoba<br />
27
� 4. daadgineT TiToeuli elementis valentoba, dawereT Sesabamisi<br />
molekuluri formula.<br />
28<br />
O=C=O N≡N<br />
H – O<br />
H – O<br />
H – O<br />
H – N – H<br />
H<br />
P=O<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi
1.14 gaangariSebebi valentobis mixedviT<br />
SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi<br />
29
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