ლ.ფერაძე, მ.სორდია maTematikuri sistema M athcad
ლ.ფერაძე, მ.სორდია maTematikuri sistema M athcad
ლ.ფერაძე, მ.სორდია maTematikuri sistema M athcad
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saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti<br />
<strong>ლ</strong>.<strong>ფერაძე</strong>, <strong>მ</strong>.<strong>სორდია</strong><br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> <strong>sistema</strong><br />
M a t h c a d<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2008<br />
damtkicebulia stu_s<br />
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo<br />
sabWos mier
uak. 621 397<br />
winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi pirvelad qarTulad sruli saxiT aRwerilia<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong> <strong>maTematikuri</strong> <strong>sistema</strong> (M<strong>athcad</strong> 11.0 versia), romlis meSveobiTac sruldeba<br />
yvela saxis <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamoTvlebi da miiReba amocanebis amoxsna rogorc<br />
analizuri, aseve ricxviTi saxiT – saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTi grafikuli<br />
warmodgeniT. wignSi ganxilulia M<strong>athcad</strong>–is ZiriTadi cnebebi da gansazRvrebebi,<br />
aRwerilia menius brZanebebi, instrumentTa panelebi, funqciebi da operatorebi,<br />
daprogramebis SesaZleblobebi.<br />
naSromi gankuTvnilia mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis: sxvadasxva specialobis<br />
studentebisaTvis, doqtorantebisa da mecnier muSakebisaTvis. SesaZlebelia misi<br />
rogorc TviTmaswavleblis gamoyeneba.<br />
avtorebi madlobas uxdian prof. T. kupataZes da asoc. prof. d. beriaSvils<br />
Rirebuli rCevebisaTvis masalis momzadebis procesSi.<br />
recenzentebi:<br />
telekomunikaciis departamentis<br />
sruli profesori, t.m.d. s. SavguliZe,<br />
saqarTvelos maTematikosTa<br />
kavSiris prezidenti, f/m.m.d. j. SariqaZe.<br />
2
s a r C e v i<br />
თavi I sawyisi cnebebi 7<br />
1.1 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> <strong>sistema</strong> M<strong>athcad</strong>_is zogadi mimoxilva 7<br />
1.2 M<strong>athcad</strong>–is instalireba 9<br />
1.3 M<strong>athcad</strong>_is gaSveba 10<br />
1.4 M<strong>athcad</strong>–is dokumentis fanjris struqtura 10<br />
1.5 ZiriTadi cnebebi da gansazRvrebebi 11<br />
1.6 kursoris formebi 12<br />
1.7 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis Seqmna 13<br />
1.8 monacemTa ZiriTadi tipebi 16<br />
Tavi II menius punqti File (faili) 21<br />
2.1 mTavari menius File punqtis Semadgenloba 21<br />
2.2 M<strong>athcad</strong>–is dokumentis Seqmna, Senaxva, gaxsna da daxurva 21<br />
2.3 gverdebis parametrebis dayeneba, beWdviswina daTvalierebis 24<br />
da beWdvis reJimebi<br />
Tavi III dokumentis redaqtirebis meTodebi 27<br />
3.1 redaqtirebis zogadi xerxebis mokle mimoxilva 27<br />
3.2 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis redaqtirebis magaliTebi 28<br />
3.3 mTavari menius Edit (redaqtireba) punqtis Semadgenloba 32<br />
3.4 redaqtirebis operaciis gauqmeba_aRdgena 33<br />
3.5 dokumentis fragmentebTan muSaoba 33<br />
3.6 teqstis an gamosaxulebis fragmentis Zebna da Secvla 35<br />
3.7 dokumentis sasurvel gverdze gadasvla 36<br />
Tavi IV menius punqti View (xedi) 37<br />
4.1 mTavari menius View punqtis Semadgenloba 37<br />
4.2 instrumentTa panelebi 37<br />
4.3 saxazavi, mdgomareobis striqoni da areebi 38<br />
3
4.4 masStabis Secvla da ganaxleba 38<br />
4.5 gverdis kolontitulebis Seqmna da gaformeba 39<br />
Tavi V menius punqti Insert (Casma) 41<br />
5.1 mTavari menius Insert punqtis Semadgenloba 41<br />
5.2 grafikis Casma 41<br />
5.3 organzomilebiani X_Y grafikis ageba da redaqtireba 42<br />
5.4 polaruli grafikis ageba da redaqtireba 46<br />
5.5 3_ganzomilebiani zedapiris grafikis ageba da redaqtireba 48<br />
5.6 konturuli grafikis Seqmna 52<br />
5.7 wertilovani da svetovani grafikebis Seqmna 54<br />
5.8 veqtoruli velis grafikis Seqmna 55<br />
5.9 grafikebis Seqmna ostatis meSveobiT 55<br />
5.10 matricis Casma dokumentSi 57<br />
5.11 funqciebis Casma 58<br />
5.12 sazomi erTeulis Casma 58<br />
5.13 naxatis Casma 59<br />
5.14 ubnis formireba da gverdis gawyveta 60<br />
5.15 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> da teqsturi areebis Casma 60<br />
5.16 komponentebis Casma 61<br />
5.17 monacemebis Casma 63<br />
5.18 mmarTveli komponentebis Casma 66<br />
5.19 M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dokumentSi sxva obieqtis Casma 67<br />
5.20 miTiTebebis Casma 69<br />
5.21 hipermimarTvis damyareba 70<br />
Tavi VI simboluri operaciebi M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si 72<br />
6.1 Symbolics menius da Symbolic panelis Semadgenloba 72<br />
6.2 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis warmodgena analizuri saxiT 74<br />
6.3 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis gamartiveba (simplify) 76<br />
6.4 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis gaSla (expand) 78<br />
6.5 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis da ricxvebis martiv mamravlebad 79<br />
daSla (factor)<br />
6.6 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis mwkrivad gaSla msgavsi 80<br />
wevrebis SeerTebiT (collect)<br />
6.7 polinomis koeficientebis gansazRvra miTiTebuli 81<br />
cvladis mimarT (coeffs)<br />
6.8 gantolebebis da utolobebis amoxsna miTiTebuli 82<br />
cvladis mimarT (solve)<br />
4
6.9 gamosaxulebis Casma miTiTebuli cvladis magivrad (substitute) 83<br />
6.10 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis diferencireba da integreba 85<br />
6.11 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis teiloris mwkrivad gaSla (series) 86<br />
6.12 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis warmodgena elementaruli 88<br />
wiladebis jamis saxiT (parfrac)<br />
6.13 matricebis transponireba, Sebruneba da determinantis gansazRvra 89<br />
6.14 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis gardaqmnebi 91<br />
6.15 simboluri gamoTvlebis Sedegebis gamotanis stilis dayeneba 93<br />
6.16 cvladebis mniSvnelobebis SezRudva da instrumentTa 93<br />
paneli Modifier (modificikacia)<br />
6.17 simboluri gamoTvlebis Sedegebis warmodgena kompleqsuri ricxvis 95<br />
saxiT da mcocavi wertiliT (complex, float)<br />
Tavi VII daformateba M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si 97<br />
7.1 Format menius da Formatting panelis Semadgenloba 97<br />
7.2 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis daformateba 98<br />
7.3 ricxviTi Sedegebis daformateba 100<br />
7.4 teqstisa da abzacis daformateba 104<br />
7.5 tabulaciis poziciebis dayeneba 106<br />
7.6 stilis daformateba 106<br />
7.7 obieqtis Tvisebebis dayeneba 108<br />
7.8 grafikebis daformateba 110<br />
7.9 ferebis dayeneba 112<br />
7.10 ubnebis daformateba 113<br />
7.11 areebis gancalkeveba da sworeba. gverdebis xelmeore numeracia 114<br />
Tavi VIII mTavari menius Tools (instrumentebi) punqti 115<br />
8.1 mTavari menius Tools punqtis Semadgenloba 115<br />
8.2 marTlweris Semowmeba da koreqtireba 115<br />
8.3 animaciuri klipebis Seqmna da aRwarmoeba 116<br />
8.4 samuSao furclis dacva 119<br />
8.5 gamoTvlebis reJimebi 120<br />
8.6 calkeuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> aris gaangariSebis procesidan gamoricxva 121<br />
8.7 gamoTvlebis optimizacia 121<br />
8.8 Secdomis wyaros gamovlineba 122<br />
8.9 samuSao furclis ofciebi 124<br />
8.10 parametrebis momarTva 125<br />
5
Tavi IX mTavari menius Window (fanjara) punqti 127<br />
9.1 mTavari menius Window punqtis Semadgenloba 127<br />
9.2 fanjrebis kaskaduri ganlageba (Cascade) 127<br />
9.3 fanjrebis horizontaluri da vertikaluri ganlageba 128<br />
(Tile Horizontal, Tile Vertical)<br />
9.4 dokumentebis fanjrebis marTva 129<br />
Tavi X sainformacio resursebi. mTavari menius Help punqti 131<br />
10.1 mTavari menius Help (daxmareba) punqtis Semadgenloba 131<br />
10.2 M<strong>athcad</strong>_is sacnobaro <strong>sistema</strong> 131<br />
10.3 sainformacio resursebis gamoyeneba (Resource Center) 133<br />
10.4 daxmarebis sxva saSualebebi 136<br />
Tavi XI funqciebi M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si 137<br />
11.1 momxmareblis mier funqciebis Seqmna 137<br />
11.2 CaSenebuli funqciebis mimoxilva 137<br />
11.3 momxmareblis mier operatoris Seqmna 147<br />
Tavi XII daprogrameba M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si 149<br />
12.1 Programming instrumentTa panelis operatorebis aRwera 149<br />
12.2 miniWebisa da striqonis Casmis operatorebi 150<br />
12.3 pirobiTi gadasvlis iperatori 151<br />
12.4 ciklis operatorebi 153<br />
12.5 Break, Continue da Return operatorebi 155<br />
12.6 operatori on error 155<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura 157<br />
6
თavi I sawyisi cnebebi<br />
1.1 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> <strong>sistema</strong> M<strong>athcad</strong>_is zogadi mimoxilva<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamoTvlebis avtomatizirebis aucileblobam ganapiroba<br />
kompiuteris Seqmna. eleqtronul milakebze agebulma pirveli Taobis<br />
kompiuterebma farTo gamoyeneba ver hpova sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo.<br />
mikroeleqtronikis ganviTarebasTan erTad gamoCnda specializirebuli,<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamoTvlebisTvis gankuTvnili miniaturuli kompiuteri –<br />
programirebuli kalkulatori, romelic amJamadac gamoiyeneba. bolo wlebSi<br />
masiuri gavrceleba hpova ufro mZlavrma, swrafma da universalurma<br />
personalurma kompiuterma, romelsac gaaCnia grafikebis agebis, logikuri da<br />
analizuri gamoTvlebis SesaZleblobanic.<br />
Tavdapirvelad kompiuterze <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamoTvlebis SesrulebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli iyo romelime daprogramebis enis, rogoricaa: fortrani, beisiki,<br />
paskali da sxva, Seswavla. es aucilebloba Tavidan acilebuli iqna bolo dros<br />
farTo masebSi gavrcelebul iseT maTematikur sistemebSi rogoricaa: M<strong>athcad</strong>,<br />
Mercury, Matlab, Mathematica, Maple da sxv.<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> <strong>sistema</strong> M<strong>athcad</strong>–i warmoadgens amerikuli firmis MathSoft–is<br />
produqcias. igi muSaobs grafikuli garsis mqone operaciuli <strong>sistema</strong> Windows–is<br />
marTvis qveS, rac ganapirobebs am ukanasknelis tipiuri da farTo<br />
SesaZleblobebis M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si gamoyenebas: dokumentis redaqtireba, yvela tipis<br />
printeris, yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli simboloebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba,<br />
Sriftebis mravalferovneba, mausis moxerxebuli manipulireba, amomwuravi<br />
eleqtronuli cnobari, OLE meqanizmis gamoyeneba da sxv.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–s, teqsturi redaqtoris msgavsad, gaaCnia WYSIWYG (What you see is what<br />
you get – rasac xedav, imas iReb) interfeisi, rac iTvaliswinebs dokumentis<br />
dabeWdvas imave saxiT, rogori saxec mas displeis ekranze aqvs. M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si<br />
SesaZlebelia rogorc urTulesi <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamoTvlebis, aseve martivi<br />
simboluri gardaqmnebis Catareba. mas gaaCnia maTematikur simboloebze<br />
orientirebuli interfeisi da grafikebis agebis saSualebani, aseTive saxe aqvs<br />
gamoTvlebis Sedegebsac, rac sruliad amarTlebs misi saxelis abreviaturas<br />
(cad _ Computer Aided Design – kompiuteris meSveobiT proeqtireba).<br />
iseve, rogorc eleqtronul cxril Excel–Si, M<strong>athcad</strong>–is dokumentSic<br />
cvlilebebis Setana moaxdens arsebuli dokumentis formulebis Sesabamis<br />
gadaangariSebas, aseve avtomaturad cvlilebebs ganicdis agebuli grafikebic.<br />
eleqtronul wignSi Tavmoyrilia gamoyenebiTi formulebi da grafikebi, romlis<br />
kopireba da Casma momxmareblis dokumentSi martivad sruldeba. aseve<br />
7
SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT ukve gamzadebuli, konkretuli amoxsnili magaliTebi,<br />
romlebic moTavsebulia e.w. standartul biblioTekebSi (Quick Sheets).<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si dokumentis Seqmnis procesSi daSvebuli Secdomebis aRmofxvra<br />
advilad xdeba, radgan masSi sruldeba sintaqsuri da semantikuri Semowmeba.<br />
daSvebuli Secdomebi gamoiyofa wiTeli simboloebiT. masze amomwurav pasuxs<br />
gvaZlevs eleqtronuli cnobari, romlis gamoZaxebac xdeba klaviaturidan F1<br />
Rilakis gamoyenebiT.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si formulis Cawera advilad xorcieldeba grafikuli<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> simboloebiT. formulebi Caiwereba analizuri saxiT da ar<br />
moiTxoveba sayovelTaod miRebul maTematikur simboloebTan (mag.,, ! , , )<br />
dakavSirebuli gamoTvlebis proceduris dawvrilebiTi aRwera. aseTi midgoma<br />
aadvilebs maTematikur moqmedebaTa arsis aRqmas da momxmarebels acilebs<br />
daprogramebis enis (mag: fortrani, beisiki, paskali da a.S.) gamoyenebis<br />
aucileblobas.<br />
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom <strong>sistema</strong>s ar gaaCnia misi daprogramebis<br />
ena. sinamdvileSi igi arsebobs – algoriTmuli, maRali donis daprogramebis ena,<br />
romelic maTematikur simboloebze orientirebulia da gvexmareba <strong>sistema</strong>sTan<br />
dialogis damyarebaSi. am daprogramebis enis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia dasmuli<br />
amocanis amoxsna da Sedegis miReba sasurveli formiT.<br />
imis mixedviT Tu romel obieqts (teqsti, formula an grafiki) qmnis<br />
momxmarebeli M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si, <strong>sistema</strong> Tavad aformirebs programas daprogramebis enis<br />
meSveobiT, romelic inaxeba operatiul mexsierebaSi manam, sanam ar iqneba<br />
Senaxuli diskze failis saxiT, romlis tipia .mcd. momxmareblisaTvis M<strong>athcad</strong>–is<br />
gamosayeneblad sakmarisia masSi obieqtze orientireba. yvela operators gaaCnia<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> simboloebis saxe, romlis arCevac advilad SesaZlebelia mausis<br />
meSveobiT, xolo <strong>maTematikuri</strong> funqciebi (mag: sin, cos da a.S.) SegviZlia<br />
klaviaturidan avkriboT ise, rogorc gviweria, an avirCioT instrumentTa<br />
panelidan, specialuri siidan, rac funqciis Seyvanisas SecdomaTa albaTobas<br />
amcirebs.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong> 11.0 Pro versiaSi wina versiebidan gansxvavebiT damatebulia axali<br />
SesaZleblobani rogoricaa: dokumentis feradi gaformeba, animaciuri (moZravi)<br />
grafikebis ageba da xmovani gaformeba, teqsturi, formulebis da grafikuli<br />
redaqtorebis gaerTianeba. aseve SesaZloa sxva simbolur maTematikur mZlavr<br />
sistemebTan gaerTianeba urTulesi gamoTvlebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs aseTi<br />
sistemebis saxelic _ integrirebuli sistemebi.<br />
bolo dros mniSvnelovan interess iwvevs kompiuteruli algebris<br />
sistemebis unari Seasrulos ara mxolod cifruli, aramed analoguri<br />
gamoTvlebic.<br />
IBM PC–Tvis SemuSavda simboluri <strong>maTematikuri</strong> (kompiuteruli algebra)<br />
sistemebi, iseTebi rogoricaa: M<strong>athcad</strong>, Matlab, Derive [10], Maple V da Mathematica2 da<br />
3. maTi gamoyeneba aadvilebs yvelaze rTul maTematikur, statistikur da<br />
8
finansur–ekonomikur gamoTvlebs, romlis CatarebisaTvis manamde saWiro iyo<br />
maRali donis maTematikos_analitikosebis Careva.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom liderebad kompiuteruli algebris sistemebSi iTvlebian<br />
kompania Waterloo Maple Software–is produqcia Maple V da firma Wolfram–is<br />
Mathematica3. am sistemebs gaaCniaT simboluri maTematikis amomwuravi<br />
SesaZleblobani, rac mosaxerxebelia maTematikosebisaTvis, magram ara farTo<br />
masebisaTvis. am ukanasknelTaTvis ufro moxerxebul maTematikur <strong>sistema</strong>d rCeba<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–i, romelSic SesaZlebelia rTuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> ricxviTi gamoTvlebis da<br />
agreTve simboluri operaciebis Catareba. amisaTvis firma Maple–is licenziiT<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si gamoyenebulia ramodenime ZiriTadi simboluri operacia Maple–dan. maTi<br />
raodenoba SezRudulia im minimumamde, romelic saWiroa masiuri<br />
momxmareblisaTvis. amis dasadastureblad sakmarisia moviyvanoT statistikuri<br />
Sedareba. Maple VR4 Seicavs 2800 (!) funqcias, rodesac M<strong>athcad</strong>-11.0 Pro–Si maTi<br />
ricxvi 300 umniSvnelod aRemateba da aqedan simboluri maTematikis funqciebi<br />
sul raRac or aTeuls utoldeba.<br />
amrigad, M<strong>athcad</strong>–is ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebia:<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–i <strong>maTematikuri</strong> amocanebis amoxsnis universaluri <strong>sistema</strong>a, farTo<br />
momxmarebelze orientirebuli;<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> amocanebis Cawera M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si sxva sistemebTan SedarebiT<br />
miaxloebulia Cveulebriv Caweras, rac aadvilebs mis gamoyenebas;<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–i ramdenjerme iafia Tavis analogebTan SedarebiT.<br />
1.2 M<strong>athcad</strong>–is instalireba<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong> 11.0–is instalirebisaTvis aucilebelia garkveuli aparaturuli da<br />
programuli uzrunvelyofa.<br />
kompiuters.<br />
aparaturul uzrunvelyofaSi vgulisxmobT IBM firmis personalur<br />
kompaqt_diskze (CD_ROM) arsebuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> <strong>sistema</strong> MathCAD–is<br />
pirdapiri kopireba vinCesterze yovlad dauSvebelia. misi instalirebisaTvis<br />
aucilibelia:<br />
1. movaTavsoT diski kompakt–diskis diskur mowyobilobaSi;<br />
2. avirCioT ZiriTadi menius punqti Start Run... ;<br />
3. mivuTiToT kompakt–diskis saxeli (mag. D:\setup.exe).<br />
instalirebis procesi umtkivneulod mimdinareobs, magram Tu warmoiqmneba<br />
raime problema, SegviZlia misi gadaWra, Tu gavecnobiT detalur instruqcias<br />
instalirebis Sesaxeb readme failSi.<br />
9
1.3 M<strong>athcad</strong>–is gaSveba<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–is CatvirTva SesaZlebelia yvela im wesiT, romelic miRebulia<br />
operaciuli <strong>sistema</strong>MAWindows –is garemoSi:<br />
samuSao magidaze M<strong>athcad</strong>–is niSnakze Tagvis marcxena RilakiT orjeradi<br />
dawkapunebiT;<br />
sastarto menius Start → Programs → MathSoft Apps → M<strong>athcad</strong> brZanebiT;<br />
Sesabamisi katalogis sarCevSi M<strong>athcad</strong>.exe failze orjeradi dawkapunebiT;<br />
Start → Search dialogur fanjaraSi .mcd gafarToebis mqone failebis<br />
moZebniT da ormagi wkapuniT erT-erT aseT failze (am dros programa<br />
avtomaturad CaitvirTeba Sesabamisi dokumentis fanjarasTan erTad);<br />
saqaRaldis sarCevSi M<strong>athcad</strong>–is dokumentze orjer dawkapunebiT (am dros<br />
programa avtomaturad gaiSveba da gaixsneba Sesabamisi dokumentis fanjara);<br />
Start → Run… brZanebis dialogSi M<strong>athcad</strong>.exe failze mimarTvis gzis<br />
miTiTebiT an M<strong>athcad</strong>–is dokumentis failis saxelis miTiTebiT;<br />
Tu M<strong>athcad</strong>–is piqtograma gadatanilia swrafi gaSvebis (Quick Launch)<br />
panelze, am piqtogramaze dawkapunebiT.<br />
1.4 M<strong>athcad</strong>–is dokumentis fanjris struqtura<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–is gaSvebis Semdeg ekranze gaixsneba misi fanjara (nax.1.1).<br />
nax.1.1. M<strong>athcad</strong>–is fanjara<br />
10
M<strong>athcad</strong>–is fanjris stრuqturaa:<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–is fanjris pirveli striqonia saTauris striqoni – marcxniv<br />
miTiTebulia dokumentis saTauri, xolo marjvniv ganlagebulia sami<br />
Rilaki: dakecvis, mTel ekranze gaSlisa (Tu fanjara gaSlilia, am adgilas<br />
gvaqvs aRdgenis Rilaki, romelic aRadgens fanjris zomas, romelic mas<br />
hqonda mTel ekranze gaSlamde) da daxurvis.<br />
meore striqonia menius striqoni, sadac Tavmoyrilia menius punqtebi:<br />
File (faili) – failebTan muSaoba;<br />
Edit (redaqtireba) – dokumentis redaqtireba;<br />
View (xedi) – fanjris struqturis dayeneba;<br />
Insert (Casma) – obieqtebis Casma;<br />
Format (formati) – obieqtebis daformateba;<br />
Tools (instrumentebi) – programis zogi parametris da reJimis dayeneba;<br />
Symbolics (simbolika) – simboluri operaciebi;<br />
Windows (fanjrebi) – sistemis fanjrebs Soris marTva;<br />
Help (daxmareba) – damxmare eleqtronuli cnobari.<br />
menius striqonis Semdeg gvaqvs instrumentTa panelebis striqonebi.<br />
mizanSewonilia ekranze Candes Standard, Formatting, Math panelebi, romelTa<br />
moxsna_dayeneba menius View → Toolbars brZanebis CamonaTvalidan xdeba.<br />
danarCeni panelebi rogorebicaa Boolean, Symbolics, Calculus da sxv. SegviZlia<br />
ganvalagoT samuSao areSi moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad View → Toolbars<br />
brZanebis CamonaTvalidan an Math panelze Sesabamis Rilakze dawkapunebiT.<br />
fanjris ZiriTadi nawili ukavia samuSao ares (WorkSheet), sadac xdeba<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> amocanebis amoxsna.<br />
fanjris qveda nawili ukavia mdgomareobis striqons (Status Bar), romlis<br />
moxsna_dayeneba xdeba menius View → Status Bar brZanebiT.<br />
fanjris standartuli saxe iTvaliswinebs agreTve vertikaluri da<br />
horizontaluri gadafurcvlis zolebs – dokumentis im ubnebis<br />
dasaTvaliereblad, romlebic ekranze ar Cans.<br />
1.5 ZiriTadi cnebebi da gansazRvrebebi<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dokumenti Sedgeba sxvadasxva tipis (formulebi, teqstebi,<br />
grafikebi, cxrilebi da a.S.) calkeuli blokebisagan. TiToeul bloks uWiravs<br />
marTkuTxedis formis garkveuli are.<br />
blokebis ganlagebas dokumentSi (teqsturi blokis garda) principialuri<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs. isini sruldeba marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qveviT, amitom<br />
blokebma ar unda gadafaron erTmaneTi, Tumca umniSvnelo gadafarvas<br />
mniSvneloba ara aqvs.<br />
11
lokebis konstruirebisaTvis M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si CaSenebulia sami redaqtori:<br />
teqsturi, formuluri da grafikuli (Sesabamisad teqsturi komentarebis,<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis da grafikebis Seqmnis saSualebebi).<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> are – es aris are <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebiT an grafikiT.<br />
masSi Setanili nebismieri cvlileba aisaxeba mis qvemoT da marjvniv ganlagebul<br />
yvela danarCen maTematikur areSi.<br />
teqsturi are – es aris marTkuTxedis formis teqstis gansaTavseblad<br />
gankuTvnili are. teqstur ares xmaroben komentarebisaTvis. teqsturi aris<br />
Sesaqmnelad arsebobs ramdenime xerxi:<br />
menius striqonidan Insert → Text Region brZanebiT;<br />
klaviaturidan “ simbolos gamoyenebiT;<br />
sityvis an Tundac erTi simbolos Setanis Semdeg klaviaturidan “hari”<br />
klaviSis akrebiT.<br />
zemoTCamoTvlili SesaZlo variantebis gamoyenebisas gamoCndeba<br />
marTkuTxedi, sadac standartuli wesiT Seitaneba teqsti, amasTan SesaZloa<br />
sasurveli Sriftis, misi zomisa da maxasiaTeblebis dayeneba. teqstur areSi Enter<br />
klaviSze dawkapunebiT gadavalT axali abzacis pirvel striqonze, xolo Enter +<br />
Shift–iT mimdinare abzacis Semdeg striqonze. teqsturi aris marTkuTxeds aqvs<br />
markerebi, romelTa meSveobiT SeiZleba teqsturi aris gadideba–dapataraveba.<br />
1.6 kursoris formebi<br />
kursorma SeiZleba miiRos Semdegi formebi:<br />
+ jvaredini wiTeli feris kursori _ viziri _ miuTiTebs samuSao areSi<br />
pozicias, sadac SeiZleba formulis, teqstisa da grafikis blokebis ageba;<br />
misi gadaadgileba SesaZlebelia klaviaturidan kursoris gadaadgilebis<br />
klaviSebis gamoyenebiT an mausiT – sasurvel poziciaze dawkapunebiT;<br />
kursoris wiTeli vertikaluri xazi miuTiTebs teqstur blokebSi<br />
simboloTa Casmis an waSlis adgils;<br />
kursoris lurji kuTxis forma miuTiTebs maTematikur blokSi morigi<br />
simbolos Casmis pozicias da agreTve gamoyofil calkeul nawils an mTli-<br />
an gamoyofil ares. misi saxe damokidebulia simboloebis Setanis<br />
mimarTulebaze. klaviaturidan am mimarTulebis Secvla SesaZlebelia Insert<br />
Rilakis gamoyenebiT. maTematikur areSi saxelis an ricxvis redaqtirebisas<br />
kursori Seicvleba da miiRebs Semdeg formas: .<br />
12
1.7 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis Seqmna<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis Sesaqmnelad ZiriTadad viyenebT Math<br />
instrumentTa panelze arsebul maTematikur palitras. misi yoveli RilakiT Tavis<br />
mxriv gamoiZaxeba maTematikur simboloTa da moqmedebaTa esa Tu is paneli. Math<br />
instrumentTa panelis Rilakebia:<br />
– Calculator panelis gamoZaxeba. am panelze ganlagebulia ariTmetikuli<br />
operaciebis niSnebi da xSirad gamoyenebadi funqciebi;<br />
– Graph panelis gamoZaxeba, romelzec moTavsebulia or an samganzomi-<br />
lebiani grafikebis Sablonebi;<br />
– Matrix panelis gamoZaxeba, romelzec moTavsebulia matricebis da<br />
veqtorebis operatorebi;<br />
– Evaluation panelis gamoZaxeba. am panelze ganlagebulia miniWebis,<br />
tolobis, simboluri gardaqmnebis da momxmareblis mier operatoris<br />
ganmsazRvreli niSnebi;<br />
– Calculus (maTanalizis) panelis gamoZaxeba, romelSic ganlagebulia<br />
diferencialebis, integralebis, zRvrebis, jamis da namravlis Sablonebi;<br />
– Boolean panelis gamoZaxeba, romelSic ganlagebulia Sedarebis niSnebi da<br />
logikuri algebris operatorebi;<br />
– Programming panelis gamoZaxeba. am panelze ganlagebulia operatorebi,<br />
romlebic gvaZleven daprogramebis saSualebas;<br />
asoebi;<br />
– Greek panelis gamoZaxeba, romelzec ganlagebulia berZnuli anbanis<br />
– Symbolic panelis gamoZaxeba. am panelze ganlagebulia simboluri<br />
gamoTvlebis operatorebi.<br />
vTqvaT, gvinda gamovTvaloT Semdegi gamosaxulebis mniSvneloba:<br />
amisaTvis:<br />
3<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
x<br />
2<br />
13<br />
1 <br />
<br />
2xy<br />
<br />
<br />
1) Calculator panelze avirCioT (Tagvis marcxena Rilakze dawkapunebiT)<br />
niSnuli n (an davaWiroT Ctrl + \ ). gamoCndeba fesvis Setanis<br />
Sabloni. Savi marTkuTxedebiT naCvenebia, Tu sad unda aucileblad<br />
moTavsdes garkveuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> informacia;<br />
2<br />
.
2) klaviaturis klaviSis meSveobiT an Shift + Tab–is daWeriT<br />
gadavalT poziciaSi, sadac iwereba fesvis xarisxi (gamosaxulebis<br />
nebismier adgilze kursoris dayeneba xdeba agreTve am adgilze<br />
TagviT dawkapunebiT);<br />
3) SevitanoT klaviaturidan an Calculator panelidan cifri 3. ekranze<br />
gveqneba 3 ;<br />
4) klaviSis meSveobiT an Tab–is daWeriT gadavalT poziciaSi,<br />
sadac unda SevitanoT fesvisqveSa gamosaxuleba;<br />
5) Calculator panelze avirCioT ( ), ekranze gamoCndeba 3 ( ) ;<br />
6) imave panelze avirCioT /, gveqneba<br />
7) mricxvelSi avkriboT 1;<br />
3<br />
1<br />
x 2<br />
<br />
warmoadgens koeficients). miviRebT ;<br />
2x y<br />
<br />
12) mimarTulebis klaviSis orjer gamoyenebis Semdeg avkriboT<br />
14<br />
3 <br />
<br />
<br />
;<br />
8) Tab klaviSis gamoyenebiT aRmovCndebiT mniSvnelSi;<br />
9) Calculator panelidan gamoviZaxoT kvadratuli fesvis Sabloni (an<br />
davaWiroT klaviaturaze \ ), gveqneba<br />
10) Calculator panelze avirCioT 2<br />
x . gamoCndeba kvadratSi ayvanis Sabloni<br />
3<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1<br />
2<br />
<br />
<br />
. markeris adgilas SevitanoT x ;<br />
11) klaviSis gamoyeneba dagvayenebs sasurvel poziciaSi, sadac<br />
gavagrZeloT mniSvnelis Setana – klaviaturidan Tanmimdevrulad<br />
avkriboT simboloebi +2x*y (2–isa da x–is Soris gamravlebis niSnis<br />
Setana ar aris aucilebeli; <strong>sistema</strong> TviTon mixvdeba, rom 2<br />
klaviaturaze ^2 .<br />
gamosaxulebis Seqmnis procesi damTavrebulia. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> aridan<br />
gamosasvlelad davawkapunoT aris gareT an davaWiroT Enter klaviSs.<br />
gamosaxulebis gamosaTvlelad movniSnoT is anu lurji kuTxis kursoriT<br />
movicvaT is mTlianad da SevitanoT tolobis niSani (klaviaturidan, Evaluation an<br />
Calculator panelebidan). Tu x–isa da y–is mniSvnelobebi winaswar ar iyo<br />
gansazRvruli, ekranze wavikiTxavT informacias amis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisi<br />
cvladi iqneba gaferadebuli wiTlad. Tu Setanili formulis zeviT an marcxniv<br />
3<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
;
x–s da y–s mivaniWebT mniSvnelobebs, Cvens mier Seqmnil maTematikur gamosaxulebas<br />
miewereba M<strong>athcad</strong>–is mier gamoTvlili pasuxi.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis Seqmnisas da<br />
klaviSebis meSveobiT xdeba gadaadgileba erTi poziciiT marjvniv an marcxniv,<br />
xolo Tab–isa da Shift + Tab klaviSebiT Sablonis erTi marTkuTxedidan meoreze –<br />
Sesabamisad win da ukan. gamosaxulebis nebismier adgilze kursoris dayeneba<br />
SesaZlebelia agreTve am adgilze Tagvis dawkapunebiT.<br />
axarisxebis, fesvis amoRebis da gayofis operatorebs aqvT Semdegi Tviseba:<br />
yvelaferi, rac Seitaneba am operatorebis Semdeg, aRiqveba Sesabamisad xarisxis<br />
maCveneblad, fesqveSa gamosaxulebad da mniSvnelad. imisaTvis, rom es SevwyvitoT,<br />
davaWiroT an Space (hari) an klaviSs.<br />
nax.1.2–ze moyvanilia sxvadasxva <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebi.<br />
nax.1.2. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis magaliTebi<br />
miniWebis operatoris niSania : = , xolo = niSani gamoiyeneba <strong>maTematikuri</strong><br />
gamosaxulebis ricxviTi mniSvnelobis gamosatanad. Evaluation (an Symbolic) panelis<br />
→ (simboluri tolobis niSani) punqtiT miviRebT gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobas<br />
analizuri saxiT.<br />
15
miniWebis operaciebis pirveladi Setanis dros SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT =<br />
niSani. <strong>sistema</strong> TviTon gardaqmnis mas miniWebis niSnad (: =), magram Tu SemdgomSi<br />
viyenebT igive cvlads gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT, aucilebelia miniWebis niSnis<br />
gamoyeneba rogorc klaviaturidan : simbolos akrebis meSveobiT, aseve Calculator an<br />
Evaluation panelebis : = punqtze dawkapunebiT.<br />
1.8 monacemTa ZiriTadi tipebi<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si monacemTa ZiriTadi tipebi aris mudmivebi (konstantebi),<br />
cvladebi, masivebi da failebi.<br />
konstanta es aris saxelis mqone obieqti, romlis mniSvneloba ar icvleba.<br />
konstantebi SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva tipis.<br />
ricxviTi konstantebis magaliTebia: –682, 86.4, 5.281x10 +2 . ricxviTi<br />
konstantebis modulebis mniSvnelobebis diapazoni M<strong>athcad</strong>D–Si aris 10 307 –dan 10 -307 –<br />
mde (manqanuri usasruloba da manqanuri nuli).<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_is konstantebi SeiZleba iyos agreTve mocemuli orobiT, rvaobiT<br />
da teqvsmetobiT sistemebSi. orobiTi ricxvebis bolos miewereba laTinuri aso b<br />
(binary niSnavs orobiTs), rvaobiTi ricxvebis bolos – laTinuri aso O (Octal<br />
niSnavs rvaobiTs), xolo TeqvsmetobiTi ricxvebis bolos – aso h an HH (hexagonal<br />
niSnavs TeqvsmetobiTs). mag., 11110001b warmoadgens aTobiTi sistemis 241. orobiTi,<br />
rvaobiTi da TeqvsmetobiTi sistemiT warmodgenili ricxvi unda iyos 2 31 _ze<br />
naklebi.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–s SeuZlia muSaoba rogorc namdvil, ise kompleqsur ricxvebTan.<br />
kompleqsuri ricxviTi konstantebis magaliTebia: 2+i x 3 an 3–j x 10 , sadac i da j<br />
simboloebiT aRniSnulia warmosaxviTi erTiani. kompleqsur ricxvebTan muSaobis<br />
win rekomendirebulia mivaniWoT i–s an j–s 1 mniSvneloba an SevamowmoT, am ori<br />
simboloTagan romels xmarobs <strong>sistema</strong> warmosaxviTi erTianis aRsaniSnavad.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–i muSaobs agreTve iseT konstantebTan, romlebsac ricxviTi<br />
mniSvnelobebis garda gaaCniaT miTiTeba fizikur sidideze (droze, sigrZeze,<br />
masaze, muxtze da a.S.). amisTana konstantebis Cawerisas iyeneben gamravlebis<br />
niSans ricxviTi mniSvnelobis da sididis aRmniSvnel simboloebs Soris.<br />
ricxviTi konstantebis garda, M<strong>athcad</strong>–i agreTve muSaobs striqonuli tipis<br />
monacemebTan, romlebic warmoadgenen striqons brWyalebSi, mag., "Insert Matrix",<br />
"The rezult is valid". striqonuli tipis konstanta SeiZleba Sedgebodes erTi an<br />
ramdenime simbolosagan an sityvisagan.<br />
arsebobs agreTve sistemuri konstantebi (, e, ∞), romelTa mniSvnelobebi<br />
winaswar gansazRvrulia.<br />
cvladi – es aris saxelis mqone obieqti, romelsac gaaCnia mniSvneloba da<br />
es mniSvneloba SeiZleba Seicvalos programis Sesrulebis msvlelobisas.<br />
16
cvladis tipi ganisazRvreba misi mniSvnelobiT. igi SeiZleba iyos ricxviTi<br />
tipis, striqonuli da a.S.<br />
identifikatori warmoadgens mudmivis, cvladis an sxva obieqtis saxels.<br />
identifikatoris sigrZe praqtikulad ar aris SezRuduli. is warmoadgens<br />
laTinuri an berZnuli asoebis, cifrebis da zogi specialuri simbolos<br />
mimdevrobas, romelic asoTi iwyeba. mag: a, x1, alfa,YY_coordinate. identifikatoris<br />
CanawerSi dauSvebelia haris gamoyeneba. zogi specialuri simbolo, (mag.,@_ )<br />
daSvebulia identifikatorebSi, zogi (mag., ariTmetikuli moqmedebis niSnebi)<br />
akrZalulia. <strong>sistema</strong> ganasxvavebs nusxur asoebs da asomTavrulebs. aRvniSnoT<br />
agreTve, rom identifikatori unda iyos unikaluri anu ar SeiZleba, magaliTad,<br />
identifikatorad vixmaroT sin, radgan es aris CaSenebuli funqciis saxeli.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si agreTve gvaqvs e.w. sistemuri cvladebi, romelTa mniSvnelobebs<br />
gansazRvravs <strong>sistema</strong>. mag., Tol cvladis mniSvneloba (es cvladi gansazRvravs<br />
ricxviTi meTodebis cdomilebas) winaswari SeTanxmebiT udris 0.001 . saWiroebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi sistemuri cvladis mniSvneloba SeiZleba SevcvaloT da mivaniWoT mas<br />
sxva mniSvneloba.<br />
rogorc ukve vTqviT, cvladisaTvis mniSvnelobis misaniWeblad iyeneben<br />
niSans : = . : = niSniT gansazRvrul miniWebas hqvia lokaluri miniWeba. pirvel<br />
miniWebamde cvladi ar aris gansazRvruli da <strong>sistema</strong>, cxadia, ver Seasrulebs<br />
gamoTvlebs am cvladis monawileobiT. miniWebisaTvis iyeneben aseve niSans. am<br />
miniWebas hqvia globaluri miniWeba. is SeiZleba Caiweros dokumentis nebismier<br />
adgilas. magaliTad, Tu Cven CavwereT globaluri miniWeba dokumentis bolos,<br />
Sesabamisi cvladis mniSvneloba iqneba igive dokumentis dasawyisSic. ra Tqma<br />
unda, globaluri miniWebis Semdeg dasaSvebia cvladis mniSvnelobis Secvla<br />
lokaluri miniWebiT.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–i orjer kiTxulobs dokuments, orivejer marcxnidan marjvniv da<br />
zevidan qveviT. pirveli wakiTxvis dros sruldeba globaluri miniWebis<br />
operatoriT nakarnaxevi yvela SesaZlo moqmedeba. meore wakiTxvisas Sesruldeba<br />
lokaluri miniWebis operatorTan dakavSirebuli moqmedebebi.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–s aqvs bevri CaSenebuli funqcia. Ffunqciis saxelis Semdeg<br />
frCxilebSi Caiwereba argumentebis sia. M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si SesaZlebelia momxmareblis<br />
funqciebis Seqmna.<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis calkeuli elementebi erTmaneTTan<br />
operatorebiT dakavSirebulia. operatorebis saxeobebia: ariTmetikuli<br />
operatorebi ( + , – , / , ! , n , da sxv.), logikuri operatorebi ( < , > , ≤ , ≥<br />
, = da sxv.), maTanalizis operatorebi ( , b<br />
<br />
a<br />
17<br />
n<br />
, X , <br />
i<br />
m<br />
n<br />
X , <br />
i<br />
m<br />
X da sxv.),<br />
gamoTvlebis operatorebi ( = , : = , da sxv. ), daprogramebis operatorebi ( if,<br />
otherwise, for, while, break, continue, return ), veqtorebis da matricebis operatorebi,<br />
simboluri gamoTvlebis operatorebi. M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si momxmarebels SeuZlia Seqmnas<br />
axali operatorebic.
diskretuli (ranJirebuli) cvladi es aris cvladi, romelsac gaaCnia<br />
ramdenime fiqsirebuli mniSvneloba. diskretuli cvladis mniSvnelobebi icvleba<br />
fiqsirebuli bijiT sawyisi mniSvnelobidan bolo mniSvnelobamde. nax.1.3–ze<br />
moyvanilia diskretuli cvladebis magaliTebi. ranJirebuli cvladis Sesatanad<br />
virCevT Matrix panelze m..n Sablons an viyenebT klaviaturis ; niSans.<br />
masivi aris ricxviTi an simboluri elementebis sasruli simravlis<br />
mowesrigebuli erToblioba. M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si xmaroben erTganzomilebian masivebs<br />
(veqtorebs) da organzomilebian masivebs (matricebs). veqtorisa an matricis<br />
elementebis indeqsebi axasiaTeben elementis adgilmdebareobas. qveda indeqsi<br />
SeiZleba iyos 0–is an 1–is toli. misi mniSvneloba mocemulia sistemuri cvladiT<br />
ORIGIN da winaswari SeTanxmebiT udris 0–s. Tu gvsurs, SeiZleba SevcvaloT<br />
ORIGIN cvladis mniSvneloba da gavxadoT is 1–is toli.<br />
veqtori da diskretuli cvladi arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba erTimeorisagan.<br />
nax.1.3. diskretuli (ranJirebuli) cvladebis magaliTebi<br />
veqtorebis da matricebis Sesatanad M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
ramdenime xerxi:<br />
Insert → Matrix... brZanebiT;<br />
swrafmoqmedebis klaviSebiT Ctrl + M;<br />
18
Matrix panelze matricis Sablonze dawkapunebiT.<br />
yvela aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi gamoCndeba dialoguri fanjara Insert Matrix<br />
(matricis Casma), sadac unda mivuTiToT matricis striqonebisa (Rows) da svetebis<br />
(Columns) raodenoba. veqtorebis SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi am parametrebisgan 1–is<br />
tolia. Tu svetebis raodenoba udris 1, saqme gvaqvs veqtor–svetTan, xolo Tu<br />
striqonebis raodenoba udris 1, veqtor–striqonTan.<br />
Insert Matrix dialogur fanjaraSi striqonebisa da svetebis raodenobis<br />
miTiTebis Semdeg ekranze gamoCndeba matricis Sabloni markerebiT. pirveli<br />
elementis Setanis Semdeg davaWiroT an Tab klaviSebs, gadavalT Semdeg<br />
markerze da a.S. nebismier markerze gadasvla SesaZlebelia agreTve masze<br />
dawkapunebiT an kursoris gadaadgilebis klaviSebiT.<br />
matricis elementi warmoadgens indeqsirebul cvlads. indeqsi SeiZleba<br />
iyos mxolod mTeli ricxvi.<br />
ganvixiloT magaliTis saxiT zogierTi moqmedeba matricaze. vTqvaT, gvaqvs<br />
Semdegi A matrica:<br />
A <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1<br />
5.6<br />
9.1<br />
2<br />
6.88<br />
10<br />
19<br />
3<br />
7.1<br />
11<br />
4<br />
8<br />
12.45<br />
matricis elementi M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si Caiwereba Semdegnairad: A1,3 – me_2 striqonisa<br />
da me_4 svetis gadakveTaze myofi elementi (radgan winaswari SeTanxmebiT<br />
elementebis indeqsebis Tvla iwyeba 0_dan). misi mniSvnelobis gamosatanad:<br />
1) A simbolos akrebis Semdeg qveda indeqsis poziciaSi gadasasvlelad<br />
avirCioT [ simbolo (igives mivaRwevT Matrix panelidan Xn Sablonis<br />
gamoZaxebiT);<br />
2) avkriboT 1,3;<br />
3) gamoviyenoT klaviSi;<br />
4) avkroboT = .<br />
ekranze vnaxavT A1,3=-–8.<br />
Tu ORIGIN cvladis mniSvneloba gvqonda Secvlili 1–iT, ekranze<br />
vnaxavT A1,3=-–3 .<br />
matricis nebismieri svetis amosaRebad viqceviT Semdegnairad:<br />
1) avkriboT A;<br />
2) davaWiroT Ctrl + 6 klaviSebs an Matrix panelze avirCioT M < > punqti;<br />
3) gamoCndeba<br />
A <br />
, Savi markeris adgilas SevitanoT svetis nomeri;<br />
4) gamovyoT kursoriT akrebili gamosaxuleba mTlianad da avkriboT = .<br />
Tu ORIGIN iyo 0–is toli, miviRebT:<br />
A 1 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
2<br />
6.88<br />
10<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
.
sxva SemTxvevaSi (rodesac ORIGIN udris 1–s) :<br />
A 1 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
20<br />
1<br />
5.6<br />
9.1<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
imisaTvis rom miviRoT A matricis romelime striqoni, saWiroa A–s Setanis<br />
Semdeg jer Ctrl + 1 klaviSebis meSveobiT movaxdinoT matricis transponireba, mere<br />
Ctrl + 6 klaviSebiT miviRoT kuTxis PfrCxilebi da Savi markeris adgilas<br />
mivuTiToT striqonis nomeri. igives mivaRwevT Matrix panelze M < > da M T punqtebis<br />
Tanmimdevruli SerCeviT da miRebuli Sablonis SevsebiT (ix. nax.1.4).<br />
nax.1.4_ze naCvenebia matricebi da operaciebi matricebze.<br />
nax.1.4. matricebi da operaciebi matricebze<br />
monacemTa faili M<strong>athcad</strong>–Si arsebiTad warmoadgens igive veqtorebs da<br />
matricebs, romelTa elementebi Cawerilia failebSi maT bunebriv formatSi –<br />
mimdevrobiTi teqsturi failebis saxiT. es aris failebis tipi, romelic<br />
miRebulia sxva programebSic, rac gvaZlevs monacemTa gacvlis saSualebas<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–sa da sxva programebs Soris.<br />
.
Tavi II menius punqti File (faili)<br />
2.1 mTavari menius File punqtis Semadgenloba<br />
menius punqti File (faili) emsaxureba dokumentis failebTan muSaobas.<br />
faili – es aris monacemTa mowesrigebuli erToblioba, romelsac gaaCnia<br />
saxeli da gafarToeba. M<strong>athcad</strong>–is dokumentis failebs aqvs gafarToeba .mcd ,<br />
romelic iwereba uSualod failis saxelis Semdeg.<br />
avirCioT menius punqti File (an davaWiroT klaviSebis kombinacias Alt + F). is<br />
Sedgeba Semdegi qvepunqtebisagan:<br />
New... (axali) Ctrl + N – axali dokumentis gaxsna;<br />
Open... (gaxsna) Ctrl + O – arsebuli failis gaxsna;<br />
Close (daxurva) – aqtiuri dokumentis daxurva;<br />
Save (Senaxva) Ctrl + S – dokumentis Senaxva;<br />
Save As... (Senaxva rogorc) – failis saxelis an adgilmdebareobis Secvla;<br />
Save as Web Page... – Senaxva Web gverdis saxiT;<br />
Page Setup… – gverdebis parametrebis dayeneba;<br />
Print Preview – beWdviswina daTvalierebis reJimi;<br />
Print… (beWdva) Ctrl + P – beWdvis parametrebis dayeneba;<br />
Send… (gagzavna) – aqtiuri failis gagzavna eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT;<br />
gagzavnisas saWiroa gvqondes romelime damxmare programa, iseTi rogoricaa<br />
Microsoft Exchange, Microsoft Mail an Eudora;<br />
Exit – programidan gamosvla.<br />
2.2 M<strong>athcad</strong>–is dokumentis Seqmna, Senaxva, gaxsna da daxurva<br />
File → New… brZanebis an Standard instrumentTa panelis New Rilakis<br />
arCevisas gamoCndeba dialoguri fanjara New.<br />
nax.2.1. dialoguri fanjara New<br />
21
movniSnoT Blank Worsheet (sufTa samuSao furceli) punqti da davawkapunoT<br />
Rilak OK–ze. gamoCndeba axali samuSao furceli, romelsac jer saxeli ar<br />
gaaCnia Untitled: 1.<br />
menius punqt File–s gaaCnia Senaxvis ori qvepunqti: Save da Save As... .<br />
dokumentis pirveladi Senaxvis dros SesaZlebelia nebismieri maTganis<br />
arCeva, ris Sedegad gamova Save As dialoguri fanjara (nax.2.2).<br />
nax.2.2. dialoguri Ffanjara Save As<br />
Save in: siisebur velSi mivuTiToT adgili, sadac gvsurs Cveni dokumentis<br />
ganTavseba da File name: kombinirebul velSi mivaniWoT mas saxeli.<br />
winaswari SeTanxmebiT (by Default) M<strong>athcad</strong>–i Seinaxavs fails .mcd gafarToebiT<br />
anu M<strong>athcad</strong>–is formatSi, magram Tu saWiroa, SeiZleba avirCioT sxva gafarToeba<br />
Save as type: velSi miTiTebuli siidan. imisaTvis, rom movaxdinoT dokumentis<br />
Senaxva Web gverdis saxiT anu HTML formatSi, avirCioT File menius Save as Web<br />
Page... brZaneba.<br />
dokumentSi Semdgomi cvlilebebis Sesanaxad viyenebT File →Save brZanebas (an<br />
klaviaturis F6 klaviSs an Standard instrumentTa panelis Save Rilaks ).<br />
ukve arsebuli failis saxelis an mdebareobis Sesacvlelad (an orivesi<br />
erTdroulad) viyenebT brZanebas Save As... . gamova failis Senaxvis dialoguri<br />
fanjara, sadac SevitanT sasurvel cvlilebebs. Cancel RilakiT xdeba Setanili<br />
cvlilebebis gauqmeba da dialoguri fanjris daxurva, xolo OK RilakiT<br />
fanjara daixureba da daiwyeba brZanebis Sesruleba.<br />
22
arsebuli dokumentis gaxsnisaTvis:<br />
1) avirCioT menius File → Open... brZaneba an davaWiroT Standard instrumentTa<br />
panelis Open Rilaks , SesaZlebelia agreTve klaviaturis F5 funqcionaluri<br />
Rilakis an Ctrl + O klaviSebis gamoyeneba.OgamoCndeba dialoguri fanjara Open ,<br />
nax.2.3. dialoguri fanjara Open<br />
romlis zeda Look in: velSi miTiTebulia im diskos an saqaRaldis saxeli, sadac<br />
Sesruldeba failis moZebna. CamonaTvalSi vnaxavT qvesaqaRaldeebis da .mcd<br />
gafarToebis mqone failebis saxelebs. Tu Look in: velSi miTiTebuli disko an<br />
saqaRalde ar gvawyobs, gavxsnaT siiseburi velis diskoTa da katalogTa xe da<br />
avirCioT sasurveli.<br />
2) dialoguri fanjris CamonaTvalSi movniSnioT failis saxeli an avkriboT<br />
is File name: velSi;<br />
3) davaWiroT Open Rilaks. gaixsneba dokumentis fanjara.<br />
dokumentis fanjris gaxsna SesaZlebelia agreTve mis saxelze mausiT<br />
orjeradi dawkapunebiT.<br />
dokumentis swrafad gaxsna SesaZlebelia menius File punqtis qvemeniudan,<br />
sadac Exit punqtis zemoT moTavsebulia bolos gaxsnili dokumentebis<br />
CamonaTvali, an sastarto menius Start → Documents kaskadSi moTavsebuli<br />
dokumentebis siidan.<br />
23
File → Close brZaneba daxuravs aqtiur (mimdinare) fanjaras da <strong>sistema</strong> daiwyebs<br />
muSaobas wina dokumentTan. amasTan Tu mimdinare dokumenti iyo muSaobis seansis<br />
msvlelobisas modificirebuli, gamova dialoguri fanjara kiTxviT gvsurs Tu<br />
ara modificirebuli dokumentis Senaxva.<br />
nax.2.4. SekiTxvis dialoguri fanjara<br />
Tu dokumenti ar iyo modificirebuli, Sesabamisi fanjara daixureba<br />
SekiTxvis gareSe.<br />
Tu Cven vmuSaobT erTdroulad ramdenime fanjarasTan da gvsurs yvela<br />
fanjris daxurva, mosaxerxebelia Close punqtis nacvlad visargebloT Exit<br />
brZanebiT. am dros yvela aramodificirebuli fanjara daixureba avtomaturad,<br />
xolo modificirebuli – dokumentebis Senaxvis Sesaxeb kiTxvis Semdeg.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom Save As da Open dialogur fanjrebSi gvaqvs instrumentTa<br />
paneli Semdegi RilakebiT:<br />
Go To Last Folder Visited – gadasvla im saqaRaldeSi, romelSic bolos<br />
vimyofebodiT;<br />
Up One Level – erTi doniT zeviT gadaadgileba;<br />
Create New Folder – axali saqaRaldis Seqmna;<br />
View Menu – CamonaTvalSi miTiTebuli failebis warmodgena sxvadasxva<br />
saxiT.<br />
2.3 gverdebis parametrebis dayeneba,<br />
beWdviswina daTvalierebis da beWdvis reJimebi<br />
gverdebis parametrebis dasayeneblad viyenebT File → Page Setup… brZanebas.<br />
gamoCndeba dialoguri fanjara (nax.2.5), sadac Size: velSi SeirCeva furclis<br />
zomebi, Source: (wyaro) velSi qaRaldis miwodebis xerxi, Orientation areSi SeirCeva<br />
furcelze teqstis ganlagebis wesi: grZivi (Portrait) an ganivi (Landscape), Margins<br />
(mindvrebi) areSi misaTiTebelia marcxena (Left:), marjvena (Right:), zeda (Top:) da<br />
qveda (Bottom:) mindvrebis mniSvnelobebi. SesaZlebelia davayenoT alami Print single<br />
page width – erTi gverdis siganis dokumentis dabeWdva.<br />
24
nax.2.5. dialoguri fanjara Page Setup<br />
File → Print Preview brZanebis SerCeviT an Standard instrumentTa panelze<br />
Rilakis daWeriT SevdivarT dokumentis beWdviswina daTvalierebis reJimSi,<br />
romlis fanjaraSi (nax.2.6) naCvenebi iqneba dokumentis mimdinare gverdi. am<br />
nax.2.6. dialoguri fanjara Print Preview<br />
25
dialoguri fanjris zeda nawilSi ganlagebulia Semdegi Rilakebi: Print… –<br />
beWdvis reJimSi gadasvla, Next Page – Semdegi gverdis daTvaliereba, Prev Page – wina<br />
gverdis daTvaliereba, Two Pages – ori gverdis erTdrouli daTvaliereba, Zoom<br />
In – gamosaxulebis gadideba, Zoom Out – gamosaxulebis dapataraveba, Close –<br />
dialoguri fanjris daxurva da beWdviswina daTvalierebis reJimidan gamosvla.<br />
File → Print... brZanebiT an Standard instrumentTa panelze Print<br />
Rilakze dawkapunebiT gamoiZaxeba Print dialoguri fanjara (nax.2.7),<br />
nax.2.7. dialoguri fanjara Print<br />
romelSic SeirCeva printeri da beWdvis parametrebi. Print range (beWdvis diapazoni)<br />
areSi All gadamrTvelis CarTva gamoiwvevs mTeli dokumentis dabeWdvas, Selection<br />
gadamrTveli gamoiyeneba winaswar gamoyofili fragmentis dasabeWdad, Current<br />
Page – aqtiuri furclis dasabeWdad, xolo Pages gadamrTveli gamoiyeneba<br />
dasabeWdi gverdebis konkretuli diapazonis misaTiTeblad. am SemTxvevaSi from:<br />
velSi Seitaneba diapazonis pirveli gverdis nomeri, xolo to: velSi – bolo<br />
gverdis nomeri. Copies areSi Number of copies: velSi misaTiTebelia dasabeWdi<br />
egzemplarebis raodenoba. erTze meti egzemplaris dabeWdvisas Collate almis<br />
dayeneba–moxsniT ganisazRvreba maTi miRebis wesi, romelic iqve nimuSze aisaxeba.<br />
Tu printeri mzadyofnaSia, sakuTriv beWdvis procedura daiwyeba OK<br />
Rilakze daWeriT.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>–is dokuments SeiZleba hqondes ormagi sigane da erT gverdze meti<br />
sigrZe, maSin jer ibeWdeba marcxena nawilis yvela gverdi, Semdeg ki marjvena<br />
nawilis.<br />
26
Tavi III dokumentis redaqtirebis meTodebi<br />
3.1 redaqtirebis zogadi xerxebis mokle mimoxilva<br />
gamosaxulebis calkeuli elementebis, misi nawilis an mTlianad<br />
gamosaxulebis gamosayofad viyenebT Semdeg klaviSebs:<br />
klaviSi gadaitans kursors zeviT; gamoTvliT blokSi Sesvlisas viziri<br />
gardaiqmneba lurj kuTxed, romelic moicavs mTel gamosaxulebas;<br />
klaviSi moqmedebs analogiurad, mxolod kursoris gadatana xdeba<br />
qveviT;<br />
klaviSebi da moqmedeben analogiurad, magram <strong>maTematikuri</strong> aris<br />
SigniT lurji kuTxis markeris gadatanisas icvleba misi forma;<br />
Shift + , Shift + , Shift + , Shift + klaviSebis kombinaciebiT<br />
gamosaxuleba gamoiyofa Setanis markeris adgilidan Sesabamisad zeviT,<br />
qveviT, marcxniv da marjvniv. amasTan Tu vimyofebiT maTematikur an teqstur<br />
areSi, moxdeba Sesabamisi fragmentis gamoyofa da gamoyofili nawilis<br />
gaferadebuli marTkuTxedis saxiT Cveneba.<br />
ganvmartoT marTvis klaviSebis daniSnuleba redaqtirebis procesSi:<br />
Tab – gadaaqvs kursori: SablonSi – mimdinare Wdidan (markeridan)<br />
momdevnoze, Tu yvela Wde Sevsebulia, xdeba kursoris gadatana blokis<br />
gareT da is aRmoCndeba blokis Semdeg;<br />
Shift + Tab – gadaaqvs kursori: SablonSi – mimdinare Wdidan wina Wdeze, Tu<br />
yvela Wde Sevsebulia, xdeba kursoris gadatana blokis gareT, ris Sedegad<br />
is aRmoCndeba blokis win;<br />
Page Up – naxevari fanjriT zeviT gadaadgileba;<br />
Page Down – naxevari fanjriT qveviT gadaadgileba;<br />
Ctrl + Page Up – erTi fanjriT zeviT gadaadgileba;<br />
Ctrl + Page Down – erTi fanjriT qveviT gadaadgileba;<br />
Home – teqstur areSi Setanis markeris teqsturi striqonis dasawyisSi<br />
dayeneba;<br />
End – teqstur areSi Setanis markeris teqsturi striqonis boloSi<br />
dayeneba;<br />
Ctrl + Home – dokumentis dasawyisSi gadaadgileba anu kursoris dayeneba<br />
pirveli obieqtris dasawyisSi;<br />
Ctrl + End – dokumentis boloSi gadaadgileba anu kursoris dayeneba<br />
dokumentis bolo oboeqtis dasawyisSi.<br />
teqsturi blokebis redaqtireba ar gansxvavdeba im xerxebisagan, romlebic<br />
miRebulia teqstur redaqtorebSi (WordPad, Word).<br />
27
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> blokebis redaqtireba detalurad ganxilulia 3.2–Si. aq<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom Insert klaviSis meSveobiT xdeba kursoris gadatana gamoyofili<br />
fragmentis dasawyisSi an bolos, imisda mixedviT Tu saiTken iyo mimarTuli<br />
lurji kuTxis markeri. imisaTvis, rom SevcvaloT ricxvi an aso maTematikur<br />
gamosaxulebaSi, saWiroa davayenoT Setanis markeri Sesabamis adgilas da jer<br />
wavSaloT Sesacvleli simbolo Backspace klaviSis meSveobiT (Tu lurj Setanis<br />
markers aqvs forma) an Delete klaviSiT (Tu lurj Setanis markers aqvs forma),<br />
Semdeg avkriboT axali simbolo. Secvla SesaZlebelia agreTve wasaSleli<br />
fragmentis gamoyofiT Tagvis Cavleba–gadaTrevis (Drag and Drop) teqnikiT da axali<br />
simboloebis akrebiT.DA<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia klaviSebi da maTi kombinaciebi, romelTa meSveobiT<br />
SesaZloa redaqtirebis procesis gamartiveba:<br />
Shift + F5 – Replace dialoguri fanjris gamoZaxeba;<br />
Alt + Backspace – redaqtirebis bolo operaciis gauqmeba;<br />
Ctrl + Insert – gamoyofili obieqtis kopireba monacemTa gacvlis buferSi<br />
(monacemTa gacvlis buferi warmoadgens operatiuli mexsierebis<br />
specialur ares, romelic ixmareba programebs Soris monacemebis<br />
gacvlisaTvis);<br />
Shift + Delete – gamoyofili obieqtis buferSi gadatana;<br />
Insert – Casmis reJimis CarTva;<br />
Shift + Insert – monacemTa kopireba buferidan dokumentSi.<br />
ganvixiloT dokumentebis da fanjrebis marTvis klaviSebi:<br />
Ctrl + Esc – Windows operaciuli sistemis mTavari menius gamoZaxeba (igivea,<br />
rac Start Rilakze dawkapuneba);<br />
Ctrl + F 4 – dokumentis daxurva;<br />
Ctrl + P – Print dialoguri fanjris gamoZaxeba;<br />
Alt + F4 – sistemidan gamosvla (Quit);<br />
F1 – daxmarebis (Help) fanjris gaxsna.<br />
3.2 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis redaqtirebis magaliTebi<br />
maTematikur gamosaxulebaze dawkapunebiT SevdivarT redaqtirebis reJimSi,<br />
romelSic SesaZlebelia saWiro cvlilebebis Setana.<br />
saxelis an ricxvis redaqtireba<br />
1) davawkapunoT maTze TagviT. gamoCndeba formis redaqtirebis niSani;<br />
2) da klaviSebiT gadavaadgiloT redaqtirebis niSani saWiro<br />
adgilas;<br />
28
3) klaviaturidan Setanili simbolo gamoCndeba redaqtirebis kursoris<br />
marcxniv. Backspace klaviSis daWeriT waiSleba kursoris marcxniv mdgomi<br />
simbolo, xolo Delete klaviSiT marjvniv mdgomi simbolo.<br />
operatoris Casma<br />
I. vTqvaT, identifikatorSi ori simbolos an mudmivSi ori cifris Soris<br />
Casasmelia operatori. mag., gvaqvs ab da gvinda miviRoT a + b. amisTvis:<br />
1) davawkapunoT TagviT a da b simboloebs Soris;<br />
2) avkriboT klaviaturidan + an SevirCioT + operatori Calculator panelidan.<br />
miviRebT sasurvel Sedegs.<br />
a<br />
II. gvaqvs ab+1. gvinda miviRoT 1 . amisTvis:<br />
b<br />
1) davayenoT redaqtirebis xazi a da b simboloebs Soris. ekranze vnaxavT<br />
ab+1;<br />
2) klaviaturidan an Calculator panelidan gamoviyenoT / niSani. ekranze<br />
a<br />
miviRebT redaqtirebis Sedegs: 1 .<br />
b<br />
III. vTqvaT, x gvsurs gadavaqcioT x _ad.<br />
1) davawkapunoT gamosaxulebaze da miviyvanoT kursori x_Tan Semdegnairad: x;<br />
2) davaWiroT \ klaviSs. davinaxavT x .<br />
Tu 1 punqtSi kursori moicavda x sxva mxridan _ x , \ klaviSis gamoyeneba<br />
mogvcems Sedegad x .<br />
a b<br />
( a b)<br />
c<br />
IY. gvaqvs . gvinda miviRoT . amisTvis:<br />
x d<br />
x d<br />
1) davawkapunoT gamosaxulebaze da Semdegnairad davayenoT kursori:<br />
a b<br />
x d<br />
;<br />
a b<br />
a b<br />
x d<br />
x d<br />
c <br />
( a b)<br />
c<br />
2) avriboT *c . miviRebT .<br />
x d<br />
a b<br />
Y. gvaqvs . gvsurs miviRoT (an c ).<br />
<br />
x d<br />
a b<br />
1) davayenoT lurji kuTxe ise, rom is wilads moicavdes srulad: ;<br />
x d<br />
a b<br />
2) avkriboT *c . miviRebT .<br />
x d<br />
c <br />
aRvniSnoT, rom Tu meore punqtSi jer davaWerT Insert klaviSs (ekranze<br />
a b<br />
a b<br />
vnaxavT ), xolo Semdeg davbeWdavT *c , miviRebT c .<br />
x d<br />
<br />
x <br />
d<br />
29
operatoris waSla<br />
I. gvaqvs a b . wavSaloT operatori da miviRoT ab. amisTvis:<br />
1) davayenoT kursori b_s win: a b;<br />
2) davaWiroT Backspace klaviSs. miviRebT ab<br />
.<br />
a<br />
II. gvaqvs . gadavaqcioT ab _d.<br />
b<br />
a<br />
1) davayenoT redaqtirebis lurji kursori Semdegnairad: ;<br />
b<br />
2) davaWiroT Backspace klaviSs, miviRebT ab .<br />
III. gvaqvs erTi operandis mqone operatori, mag., x . wavSaloT operatori da<br />
miviRoT x . amisTvis:<br />
1) davayenoT kursori x_is win x ;<br />
2) davaWiroT Backspace klaviSs, miviRebT x.<br />
operatoris Secvla<br />
a c<br />
a c<br />
I. vTqvaT, gvaqvs , gvsurs miviRoT . amisTvis:<br />
b d<br />
b d<br />
a c<br />
1) davayenoT redaqtirebis kursori Semdegnairad: ;<br />
b d<br />
a c<br />
2) davaWiroT Backspace klaviSs, miviRebT<br />
b d<br />
, anu operatoris adgilas<br />
gamoCndeba marTkuTxedi, romelSic Casasmelia sxva operatori;<br />
a c<br />
3) SevitanoT gamoklebis niSani. miviRebT .<br />
b d<br />
2 x x 2<br />
2 x x 2<br />
<br />
2 x x 2<br />
II. gvaqvs Setanili . gvinda miviRoT .<br />
1) miviRoT ekranze ;<br />
2 x 2<br />
2) davaWiroT Delete klaviSs. Sedegad moiniSneba da mTlianad gaferaddeba |x| ;<br />
3) davaWiroT Delete klaviSs. miviRebT ;<br />
4) avkriboT x . miviRebT 2 x x .<br />
2<br />
<br />
Tu kidev erTxel SevirCevT |x| punqts Calculator panelze, miviRebT:<br />
.<br />
2 x x<br />
ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia es amocana gadavwyvitoT 1_l punqtSi<br />
2<br />
<br />
miRebiT da me_2 punqtSi Backspace klaviSis daWeriT (me_3 da me_4 punqtebi<br />
ucvlelia).<br />
gamosaxulebis dasawyisSi minusis Casma<br />
gvaqvs sin(a). gvsurs miviRoT _sin(a).<br />
1) davawkapunoT sin(a)_ze da Tu saWiroa gamoviyenoT Space klaviSi. miviRebT<br />
sin(a) . davaWiroT Insert klaviSs. miviRebT sin(a);<br />
2) davbeWdoT gamoklebis niSani. miviRebT sasurvel Sedegs.<br />
a b<br />
a b<br />
c<br />
a b <br />
<br />
a b c<br />
frCxilebis Casma<br />
I. vTqvaT, gvaqvs . gvsurs miviRoT .<br />
a b<br />
1) davayenoT kursori Semdegnairad: ;<br />
a b<br />
c<br />
30<br />
2 x x 2
2) davbeWdoT apostrofis niSani ‘ an davawkapunoT Calculator panelis ( )<br />
Rilakze . miviRebT a b <br />
.<br />
a b c<br />
II. gvaqvs a_b+c. miviRoT a_(b+c):<br />
1) davayenoT redaqtirebis kursori b_s win: a_b+c ;<br />
2) davbeWdoT ( ;<br />
3) davawkapunoT c_ze da davayenoT redaqtirebis xazi c_s ukan a_(b+c ;<br />
4) davbeWdoT ) .<br />
frCxilebis waSla<br />
vTqvaT, gvaqvs a_(b+c) . frCxilebis wasaSlelad:<br />
1) davayenoT redaqtirebis kursori b_s win a_( b+c);<br />
2) davaWiroT Backspace klaviSs. miviRebT a_ b+c.<br />
anda:<br />
1) davayenoT redaqtirebis kursori c_s ukan a_( b+c );<br />
2) davaWiroT Delete klaviSs. miviRebT a_b+c .<br />
da bolos aRvniSnoT, rom gamosaxulebaze ormagi wkapuni gamoyofs rogorc<br />
mTel obieqts, aseve Sesabamis obieqts mis SigniT.<br />
amrigad, gamosaxulebebis redaqtirebisas redaqtirebis kursoris poziciis<br />
SerCevas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. unda gvaxsovdes, rom obieqtze<br />
dawkapunebis Semdeg:<br />
Insert klaviSis daWera Secvlis lurji kuTxis formis redaqtirebis niSnis<br />
mimarTulebas: _dan _ze da piriqiT, ase rom Tu lurji kuTxis<br />
kursori moicavda simbolos, gamosaxulebis nawils an mTel<br />
gamosaxulebas, vTqvaT, marjvnidan, Insert klaviSis daWeris Sedegad igive<br />
simbolo, gamosaxulebis nawili an mTeli gamosaxuleba iqneba moculi<br />
marcxnidan ;<br />
da klaviSebiT xdeba erTi simbolodan meoreze gadasvla da<br />
agreTve redaqtirebis kursoris gadaadgileba;<br />
Space (hari) klaviSis gamoyenebis Sedegad lurji kuTxiT iqneba moculi<br />
gamosaxulebis ufro didi nawili. ase rom Space–ze zedized daWeriT<br />
lurji kuTxiT iqneba moculi mTeli gamosaxuleba. Tu kidev davaWerT<br />
Space_s, redaqtirebis kursori dabrundeba Tavdapirvel poziciaSi,<br />
saidanac daviwyeT redaqtirebis procesi. Space klaviSis moqmedeba<br />
ilustrirebulia nax.3.1_Si;<br />
Tab da Shift + Tab klaviSebis daniSnuleba redaqtirebisas ukve iyo<br />
miTiTebuli 3.1_Si;<br />
cvlilebebis Setana SesaZlebelia agreTve wasaSleli fragmentis<br />
DA<br />
gamoyofiT Tagvis Cavleba–gadaTrevis (Drag and Drop) teqnikiT da axali<br />
simboloebis akrebiT. am meTodiT gamoyofili obiqti Delete klaviSze<br />
dawkapunebiT waiSleba.<br />
31
nax.3.1. Space klaviSis moqmedebis principi<br />
3.3 mTavari menius Edit (redaqtireba) punqtis Semadgenloba<br />
mTavari menius Edit punqti emsaxureba dokumentis redaqtirebas.<br />
avirCioT mTavari menius Edit punqti (an davaWiroT klaviSebis kombinacias<br />
Alt + E). is Sedgeba Semdegi qvepunqtebisagan:<br />
Undo (gauqmeba) Ctrl+Z _ bolo Sesrulebuli operaciis gauqmeba;<br />
Redo (aRdgena) Ctrl+Y _ gauqmebuli operaciis gameoreba;<br />
Cut (amoWra) Ctrl+X _ gamoyofili fragmentis amoWra da buferSi<br />
moTavseba;<br />
Copy (kopireba) Ctrl+C _ gamoyofili fragmentis aslis buferSi<br />
moTavseba;<br />
Paste (Casma) Ctrl+V _ buferis SigTavsis dokumentSi Casma;<br />
Paste Special… _ specialuri Casma;<br />
Delete (waSla) Ctrl+D _ gamoyofili fragmentis waSla;<br />
Select All (yvelafris gamoyofa) Ctrl+A _ yvela obieqtis moniSvna;<br />
Find… (Zebna) Ctrl+F _ teqstis da gamosaxulebis fragmentis Zebna;<br />
Replace… (Secvla) Ctrl+H _ teqstis da gamosaxulebis fragmentis<br />
Secvla;<br />
Go to Page... (gverdze gadasvla) _ sxva gverdze gadasvla;<br />
Links... (kavSirebi) _ dokumentSi Casmul obieqtTan kavSirebis<br />
redaqtireba; *<br />
Object (obieqti) _ dokumentSi Casmuli obieqtis redaqtireba.<br />
* Links... da Object punqtebi iqneba ganxiluli 5.21 da 5.19_Si.<br />
32
3.4 redaqtirebis operaciis gauqmeba_aRdgena<br />
Edit → Undo brZaneba auqmebs bolo Sesrulebuli operaciis Sedegs. igives<br />
mivaRwevT Standard instrumentTa panelze Undo Rilakze daWeriT.<br />
bolo operaciis gauqmebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia ekranis wina saxis aRdgena,<br />
rasac emsaxureba Edit → Redo brZaneba an Redo Rilaki Standard instrumentTa<br />
panelze. Redo operacia gvaZlevs saSualebas xelmeored SevasruloT bolo<br />
gauqmebuli brZaneba.<br />
3.5 dokumentis fragmentebTan muSaoba<br />
redaqtirebis procesSi xSirad gvesaWiroeba ukve Setanili obieqtis,<br />
obieqtTa jgufis an obieqtis nawilis erTi adgilidan meore adgilze gadatana,<br />
kopireba, waSla an formatis Secvla. amisTvis saWiroa winaswar miTiTebuli iyos<br />
Tu raze unda Catardes moqmedeba anu saWiroa movaxdinoT egreT wodebuli<br />
fragmentis gamoyofa (moniSvna).<br />
ganvixiloT fragmentis gamoyofis wesebi:<br />
calkeuli obieqtis gamoyofa xdeba Tagvis marcxena RilakiT masze<br />
dawkapunebiT. obieqti moiqceva marTkuTxedSi, xolo kursori<br />
aRmoCndeba SigniT da miiRebs saTanado formas (teqstur areSi wiTeli<br />
vertikaluri xazi , maTematikur areSi – lurji kuTxe an ).<br />
calkeuli obieqtis gamoyofa SesaZlebelia aseve obieqtze orjer<br />
dawkabunebiT. is moiqceva marTkuTkuTxedSi, amasTan iqneba gamoyofili da<br />
gaferadebuli obieqtis Sesabamisi nawili. Tu obieqti grafikia, erTi<br />
wkapuni gamoyofs mas, xolo ori _ gamoiZaxebs daformatebis dialogur<br />
fanjaras;<br />
obieqtis an obieqtTa jgufis gamoyofa SesaZlebelia agreTve Tagvis<br />
gadaTrevis (Drag and Drop) teqnikis gamoyenebiT. amisTvis unda<br />
mivitanoT Tagvis maCvenebeli obieqtTan (magram ara mis<br />
SigniT), davaWiroT Tagvis marcxena Rilaks da gadavaTrioT<br />
Tagvi diagonalze. ekranze vnaxavT punqtiriT daxazul<br />
marTkuTxeds. rogorc ki am marTkuTxedSi moxdeba obieqti an<br />
obieqtis nawili, is moiniSneba _ gamoiyofa punqtiruli xazebiT. roca<br />
Tagvis Rilaks avuSvebT xels, ZiriTadi marTkuTxedi gaqreba ekranidan,<br />
magram yvela moniSnuli obieqti darCeba;<br />
taqstur areebSi da maTematikur gamosaxulebebSi SesaZlebelia nebismieri<br />
fragmentis moniSvna Drag and Drop teqnikiT;<br />
calkeuli obieqtebis gamosayofad davawkapunoT jer erT_erT obieqtze,<br />
Semdeg Ctrl klaviSTan erTad davawkapunoT danarCen obieqtebze. Tu<br />
33
daWerili iqneba Shift , sawyis obieqtTan erTad gamoiyofa yvela obieqti,<br />
romlebic mdebareoben sawyis da bolo dawkapunebul obieqtTa Soris.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom Tu moniSvnisas obieqti gamoyofilia markerebiani<br />
marTkuTxediT, markerTan Tagvis maCveneblis mitanisas ukanaskneli miiRebs<br />
ormxrivi isris formas. TagviT isris gadaweva gamoiwvis obieqtis zomebis<br />
Secvlas.<br />
Edit → Cut brZanebiT an Standard instrumentTa panelze Cut Rilakze<br />
daWeriT xdeba gamoyofili fragmentis amoWra da gadatana buferSi.<br />
Edit → Copy brZanebiT an Standard instrumentTa panelze Copy Rilakze<br />
daWeriT xdeba gamoyofili fragmentis aslis moTavseba buferSi, amasTan TviTon<br />
fragmenti rCeba dokumentSi Tavis adgilze.<br />
Edit → Paste brZanebiT an Standard instrumentTa panelze Paste Rilakze<br />
daWeriT xdeba buferSi mdebare obieqtis dokumentSi Casma kursoris adgilas.<br />
am dros buferis SigTavsi SenarCundeba da SesaZlebelia Casmis operaciis<br />
gameoreba.<br />
gamoyofili obieqtis gadatana da kopireba SesaZlebelia gacvlis buferis<br />
gamouyenebladac _ Drag and Drop meTodiT anu im dros, rodesac Tagvis maCvenebels<br />
xelisgulis forma aqvs, xdeba obieqtis TagviT Cavleba da gadaTreva erTi<br />
adgilidan meoreze (kopirebisas – Ctrl klaviSze erTdrouli daWeriT).<br />
Cut, Copy da Paste brZanebebiT fragmentis gadatana da kopireba<br />
SesaZlebelia ara mxolod erTi dokumentis farglebSi, aramed erTi dokumentidan<br />
meoreSic. fragmentis gadanacvleba erTi fanjridan meoreSi xorcieldeba agreTve<br />
Tagvis meSveobiT uSualod erTi fanjridan meore fanjris sasurvel adgilas<br />
fragmentis gadaTreviT (kopirebisas erTdroulad vaWerT Ctrl klaviSs).<br />
Edit → Paste Special... brZaneba gvaZlevs dokumentSi sxvadasxva formatis<br />
nax.3.2. dialoguri fanjara Paste Special<br />
34
(teqsturi, M<strong>athcad</strong>, RTF, Bitmap) failebis Casmis saSualebas. gamoCndeba dialoguri<br />
fanjara (nax.3.2), sadac amoirCeva saWiro formati.<br />
Edit → Delete brZanebiT xdeba gamoyofili fragmentis waSla anu iseTi<br />
moSoreba, romlis dros ar xdeba misi gadatana buferSi.<br />
Edit → Select All brZanebiT xdeba yvela obieqtis gamoyofa punqtiruli<br />
marTkuTxedebiT. am dros Cven naTlad vxedavT Tu rogor arian<br />
urTierTganlagebuli blokebi da saWiroebisamebr vaxdenT maT gadanacvlebas.<br />
ra Tqma unda, brZanebebi SeiZleba SeirCes konteqsturi meniudanac.<br />
3.6 teqstis an gamosaxulebis fragmentis Zebna da Secvla<br />
Edit → Find... brZanebiT xdeba Zebnis dialoguri fanjris gamoZaxeba (nax3.3).<br />
am fanjris Find what: teqstur velSi unda SevitanoT teqstis an<br />
gamosaxulebis saZebni fragmenti. Zebnis gasagrZeleblad davaWiroT Find Next<br />
Rilaks, xolo operaciis gasauqmeblad – Cancel Rilaks.<br />
areebSi.<br />
nax.3.3. Zebnis dialoguri fanjara<br />
winaswari SeTanxmebiT M<strong>athcad</strong>_i axorcielebs Zebnas mxolod teqstur<br />
Tu saWiroa, SegviZlia CavrToT almebi: Match whole word only (am dros saZebni<br />
fragmenti calkeul sityvas warmoadgens), Match case (zeda da qveda registrebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba anu am almis dayenebiT M<strong>athcad</strong>–i gansxvavebulad aRiqvams mcire<br />
da mTavrul asoebs Zebnis procesSi), Find in Text Regions (teqstur areebSi Zebna),<br />
Find in Math Regions (maTematikur areebSi Zebna).<br />
(Down).<br />
Zebnis mimarTuleba (Direction) SeiZleba iyos kursoris zeviT (Up) an qvevviT<br />
Edit → Replace… brZanebiT xdeba Secvlis dialoguri fanjris gamoZaxeba<br />
(nax.3.4), romelsac Find what: teqsturi velis garda gaaCnia teqsturi veli<br />
Replace with: , sadac Caiwereba Semcvleli fragmenti.<br />
35
nax.3.4. Secvlis dialoguri fanjara<br />
Secvlis dialoguri fanjris Replace All Rilaks viyenebT, Tu gvsurs Find<br />
what: velSi miTiTebul yvela saZebni monacemis Secvla Replace with: velSi<br />
Cawerili monacemiT; Replace da Find Next Rilakebs viyenebT, Tu Secvla gvsurs<br />
amorCeviT. Secvlis dialogur fanjaraSi gvxvdeba igive gadamrTvelebi, rac Find<br />
dialogSi.<br />
3.7 dokumentis sasurvel gverdze gadasvla<br />
Edit → Go to Page… brZanebiT gamoiZaxeba Go to Page dialoguri fanjara<br />
(nax.3.5), sadac unda mivuTiToT, romel gverdze gvsurs gadasvla: pirvelze (First<br />
Page), boloze (Last Page) Tu gverdze, romlis nomers mivuTiTebT Page Number:<br />
gadamrTvelis cifrul velSi. am dialoguri fanjris qveda nawilSi Cans ori<br />
Setyobineba: Number of Pages: (gverdebis raodenoba) da Current Page: (mimdinare<br />
gverdis nomeri).<br />
nax.3.5. dialoguri fanjara Go to Page<br />
36
Tavi IV menius punqti View (xedi)<br />
4.1 mTavari menius View punqtis Semadgenloba<br />
avirCioT mTavari menius View punqti (an davaWiroT klaviSebis kombinacias<br />
Alt + V). davinaxavT qvemenius Semdeg punqtebs:<br />
Toolbars (instrumentTa panelebi) _ instrumentTa panelebis moxsna_dayeneba;<br />
Ruler (saxazavi) _ saxazavis Cveneba_damalva ekranze;<br />
Status Bar (mdgomareobis striqoni) _ mdgomareobis striqonis<br />
Cveneba_damalva ekranze;<br />
Header and Footer… (zeda da qveda kolontitulebi) _ kolontitulebis<br />
Seqmna da gaformeba;<br />
Regions (areebi) _ areebis TeTri foniT gamoyofa;<br />
Refresh (ganaxleba) Ctrl + R _ samuSao furclis ganaxleba;<br />
Zoom... (masStabi) _ masStabis Secvla.<br />
4.2 instrumentTa panelebi<br />
View → Toolbars brZanebiT, rogorc ukve viciT, xdeba ama Tu im panelis<br />
moxsna_dayeneba.<br />
Toolbars CamonaTvalSi Sedis:<br />
Standard _ standartuli paneli;<br />
Formatting _ daformatebis paneli;<br />
Math _ <strong>maTematikuri</strong> paneli;<br />
Controls _ marTvis paneli;<br />
Resources _ resursebis paneli;<br />
Calculator _ gamoTvlebis Catarebis operatorebis paneli;<br />
Graph _ grafikebis agebis paneli;<br />
Matrix _ matricebTan muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnili operatorebis paneli;<br />
Evaluation _ miniWebis, tolobis, simboluri gardaqmnebis operatorebis<br />
paneli. aq agreTve ganlagebulia momxmareblis mier operatoris<br />
ganmsazRvreli punqtebi;<br />
Calculus _ maTanalizis operatorebis paneli;<br />
Boolean _ bulis algebris operatorebis paneli;<br />
Programming _ daprogramebis paneli;<br />
Greek _ berZnuli anbanis paneli;<br />
Modifier _ modifikaciis paneli.<br />
37
4.3 saxazavi, mdgomareobis striqoni da areebi<br />
View menius Ruler da Status Bar punqtebiT xdeba saxazavisa da mdgomareobis<br />
striqonis Cveneba_damalva ekranze. es punqtebic, iseve rogorc panelebis saxelebi<br />
Toolbars CamonaTvalSi, arsebiTad alams warmoadgenen.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dokumenti Sedgeba calkeuli blokebisagan, romelTa Soris<br />
sazRvrebi Cveulebrivad ar Cans ekranze. View → Regions brZaneba yvela ares<br />
TeTrad gamoyofs, xolo maT Soris Sualedebs – ruxad, rac mogvcems saSualebas<br />
naTlad davinaxoT maTi urTierTganlageba. Tu saWiroa, Format → Separate Regions<br />
brZanebiT xdeba areebis urTierTgadafarvis mocileba.<br />
4.4 masStabis Secvla da ganaxleba<br />
View menius Zoom... punqti gamoitans ekranze Zoom dialogur fanjaras<br />
(nax.4.1). am fanjaraSi gadamrTvelis ama Tu im poziciaSi dayenebiT (200%, 100%,<br />
75%, 50%, 25%) xdeba Sesabamisi masStabis dafiqsireba da OK Rilakze<br />
daWeris Semdeg am masStabiT gamosaxulebis danaxva. Custom punqtis arCevisas<br />
misawvdomi xdeba mis marjvniv mdebare veli, sadac SegviZlia mivuTiToT<br />
sasurveli masStabi.<br />
nax.4.1. masStabis Secvlis fanjara<br />
View → Refresh brZanebiT xdeba mimdinare samuSao furclis ganaxleba. saqme<br />
imaSia, rom obieqtebTan muSaobis dros, mag., maTi zomebis Secvlisas, gamoyofisas,<br />
gadaadgilebisas da a.S., ekranze xandaxan Cndeba arasasurveli obieqtebi (mag.,<br />
jvaredini wiTeli kursori SeiZleba Candes ramdenime adgilas an teqsturi aris<br />
nawili ar Candes, radgan is nawilobriv <strong>maTematikuri</strong> ariT aris gadafaruli).<br />
Refresh brZaneba moiSorebs am zedmet obieqtebs, amasTan dokumentis obieqtebi<br />
xeluxlebeli darCeba.<br />
38
4.5 gverdis kolontitulebis Seqmna da gaformeba<br />
zeda (Header) da qveda (Footer) kolontitulebi (TavsarTi da qvesarTi) es<br />
aris teqsti, romelic avtomaturad gameordeba yvela gverdze Sesabamisad zeda da<br />
qveda mindvris areSi. es SeiZleba iyos dokumentis saTauri, organizaciis<br />
dasaxeleba, avtoris gvari da sxv. aq SeiZleba agreTve moTavsdes gverdis nomeri,<br />
TariRi, dro da a.S.<br />
View → Header and Footer brZanebiT ekranze gamoitaneba kolontitulebis<br />
dialoguri fanjara (nax.4.2) ori CanarTiT: Header da Footer, romlebSic xdeba<br />
Sesabamisad TavsarTis da bolosarTis Seqmna da gaformeba.<br />
nax.4.2. kolontitulebis dialoguri fanjara<br />
avirCioT romelime, vTqvaT, Header CanarTi. fanjris zeda nawilSi davinaxavT<br />
sam seqcias: Left (marcxena), Center (centraluri), Right (marjvena). blokebSi<br />
klaviaturidan SeiZleba SevitanoT sasurveli teqsti. teqstis garda, blokebSi<br />
survilisamebr Seitaneba sxva informaciac Tools (instrumentebi) ganyofilebis<br />
Rilakebis meSveobiT:<br />
– Insert File Name (failis saxelis Casma);<br />
_ Insert File Path (failis sruli misamarTis Casma);<br />
_ Insert Page Number (mimdinare gverdis nomris Casma);<br />
_ Insert Number of Pages (gverdebis raodenobis Casma);<br />
_ Insert Date Last Saved (failis bolo Senaxvis TariRis Casma);<br />
_ Insert Time Last Saved (failis bolo Senaxvis drois Casma);<br />
39
_ Insert Date (mimdinare TariRis Casma);<br />
_ Insert Time (mimdinare drois Casma).<br />
Tools ganyofilebaSi aris agreTve Rilakebi Format… , romelic gaxsnis<br />
daformatebis dialogur fanjaras, da Image... (gamosaxulebis Casma), romelic<br />
gaxsnis naxatebis Casmis dialogur fanjaras.<br />
Format dialogur fanjaraSi (nax.4.3) SesaZlebelia Sriftis, misi stilis da<br />
zomis dayeneba. am fanjris Alignment ganyofilebaSi SeiZleba mivuTiToT sworebis<br />
tipi, xolo Effects ganyofilebaSi efeqtebi: Strikeout (gadaxazva), Underline (xazgasma)<br />
da Color: (feri).<br />
nax.4.3. dialoguri fanjara Format<br />
kolontitulebis dialogis Options (parametrebi) ganyofilebaSi SeiZleba<br />
mivuTiToT Tu romeli cifriT gvsurs numeraciis dawyeba da davayenoT alami<br />
Different header and footer on first page – pirveli gverdisaTvis gansxvavebuli TavsarTis<br />
da qvesarTis Seqmna. Frame (CarCo) ganyofilebaSi SegviZlia davayenoT almebi<br />
mTeli gverdis (Page), zeda (Header) da qveda (Footer) kolontitulebis CarCoSi<br />
mosaTavseblad.<br />
Use full width for each section almis dayenebiT kolontituli daikavebs Sesabamisi<br />
seqciis (marcxena, centraluri da marjvena) mTel siganes da mxolod Semdeg<br />
gadaitaneba Tavisi seqciis Semdeg striqonze.<br />
OK Rilakze daWeris Semdeg kolontituli Caismeba dokumentSi, magram<br />
Cveulebriv reJimSi Cven mas ver davinaxavT. misi danaxva SesaZlebelia Print Preview<br />
reJimSi da rasakvirvelia, is daibeWdeba beWdvisas.<br />
40
Tavi V menius punqti Insert (Casma)<br />
5.1 mTavari menius Insert punqtis Semadgenloba<br />
avirCioT mTavari menius Insert punqti (an davaWiroT klaviSebis kombinacias<br />
Alt + I). davinaxavT qvemenius Semdegi punqtebiT:<br />
Graph (grafiki) _ sxvadasxva tipis grafikebis Casma;<br />
Matrix... (matrica) Ctrl + M _ matricis Casma;<br />
Function... (funqcia) Ctrl + E – funqciis Casma;<br />
Unit... (sazomi erTeuli) Ctrl + U – sazomi erTeulis Casma;<br />
Picture (naxati) Ctrl + T – naxatis Casma;<br />
Area (ubani) _ ubnis formireba;<br />
Page Break – gverdis gawyveta;<br />
Math Region (<strong>maTematikuri</strong> are) _ <strong>maTematikuri</strong> aris Casma;<br />
Text Region (teqsturi are) “ _ teqsturi aris Casma;<br />
Component... (komponenti) _ komponentis Casma;<br />
Data (monacemebi) _ monacemebis Casma;<br />
Control (marTva) _ mmarTveli komponentebis Casma;<br />
Object... (obieqti) _ obieqtis Casma;<br />
Reference... (miTiTeba) _ sxva dokumentze miTiTebis Casma;<br />
Hyperlink... (hipermimarTva) Ctrl + K _ hipermimarTvis damyareba.<br />
5.2 grafikis Casma<br />
Insert → Graph brZaneba Seicavs Semdeg qvepunqtebs:<br />
X_Y Plot (X_Y grafiki) Shift + @ – dekartis koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>Si<br />
grafikis ageba;<br />
Polar Plot (polaruli grafiki) Ctrl + 7 – polaruli grafikis ageba;<br />
Surface Plot (zedapiris grafiki) Ctrl + 2 – zedapiris grafikis ageba;<br />
Contour Plot (konturuli grafiki) Ctrl + 5 – konturuli grafikis ageba;<br />
3D Scatter Plot (samganzomilebiani wertilovani grafiki) – samganzomilebiani<br />
wertilovani grafikis ageba;<br />
3D Bar Plot (samganzomilebiani svetovani grafiki) – samganzomilebiani<br />
svetovani grafikis ageba;<br />
Vector Field Plot (veqtoruli velis grafiki) – veqtoruli velis grafikis<br />
ageba;<br />
41
Plot Wizard... (grafikis ostati) – grafikis agebis ostatis dialoguri<br />
fanjris gamoZaxeba.<br />
grafikebis asagebad iyeneben agreTve Graph instrumentTa panels (nax.5.1)<br />
Semdegi RilakebiT: X_Y Plot, Zoom(masStabi), Trace(trasa), Polar Plot, Surface Plot, Contour<br />
Plot, 3D Bar Plot, 3D Scatter Plot, Vector Field Plot.<br />
nax.5.1. Graph instrumentTa paneli<br />
5.3 organzomilebiani X_Y grafikis ageba da redaqtireba<br />
Insert → Graph → X_Y Plot brZanebiT (an Graph instrumentTa panelze<br />
Sesabamisi Rilakis daWeriT) viziris adgilas Seiqmneba organzomilebiani X_Y<br />
grafikis Sabloni dekartis koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>Si (nax.5.2).<br />
grafikis asagebad:<br />
nax.5.2. X_Y grafikis Sabloni<br />
1) davawkapunoT markerze, romelic mdebareobs ordinatTa RerZis marcxniv da<br />
SevitanoT funqcia, cvladi an gamosaxuleba;<br />
2) davawkapunoT markerze, romelic mdebareobs abscisTa RerZis qveS da<br />
SevitanoT funqcia, cvladi an gamosaxuleba.<br />
markeridan markerze gadasasvlelad SeiZleba visargebloT agreTve<br />
klaviaturis kursoris gadaadgilebis klaviSebiT.<br />
3) gadavitanoT kursori grafikuli obieqtis gareT da davawkapunoT an<br />
davaWiroT Enter klaviSs, grafiki aigeba gamoTvlebis avtomatur reJimSi. Tu<br />
gamoTvlebis avtomaturi reJimi gamorTulia, grafikis asagebad saWiroa F9<br />
funqcionaluri klaviSis gamoyeneba.<br />
42
grafikis agebisas M<strong>athcad</strong>_i TviTon irCevs X da Y RerZebis zRvrul<br />
mniSvnelobebs. saWiroebisamebr momxmarebels SeuZlia sxva mniSvnelobebis<br />
miTiTeba.<br />
erT grafikul areSi SesaZlebelia miviRoT ramdenime wiri. am SemTxvevaSi X<br />
da Y RerZebis markerebis adgilas Setanili funqciebi, cvladebi an<br />
gamosaxulebebi gamovyoT erTimeorisagan mZimiT.<br />
Tagvis marcxena RilakiT dawkapuneba grafikze gamoyofs mas. davinaxavT<br />
marTkuTxeds, romelic moicavs mTel grafiks. mivitanoT Tagvis kursori<br />
CarCosTan da rodesac is miiRebs xelisgulis formas, gadavaadgiloT grafiki<br />
sasurvel adgilas.<br />
grafikis zomis Sesacvlelad gamovyoT grafiki da mivitanoT Tagvis<br />
maCvenebeli CarCoze mdebare marTkuTxedis formis patara Sav markerebTan. roca<br />
Tagvis maCvenebeli miiRebs ormimarTuliani isris formas, Tagvis gadaTreviT<br />
SesaZlebelia grafikis dapataraveba_gadideba. zomis Secvla xdeba vertikaluri,<br />
horizontaluri da diagonaluri mimarTulebiT.<br />
grafikis parametrebis Sesacvlelad SevasruloT mis areSi ormagi wkapuni<br />
Tagvis marcxena RilakiT. gamoCndeba organzomilebiani grafikis parametrebis<br />
Secvlis dialoguri fanjara (nax.5.3). igives mivaRwevT konteqsturi meniudan<br />
Format... punqtis arCeviT an Format → Graph → X_Y Plot... brZanebiT.<br />
nax.5.3. X_Y grafikis daformatebis dialoguri fanjara<br />
X_Y grafikis daformatebis dialogur fanjaraSi X_Y Axes (X_Y RerZebi)<br />
CanarTis X_Axis da Y_Axis ganyofilebebSi gvaqvs almebi:<br />
Log Scale – logariTmuli skalis dayeneba;<br />
43
Grid Lines (badis xazebi) – RerZidan gamomavali xazebis dayeneba grafikis<br />
badiT dafarvisaTvis;<br />
Numbered – RerZis numeracia;<br />
Autoscale – RerZis masStabis avtomaturi dayeneba;<br />
Show Markers – markerebis Cvenebis reJimis dayeneba;<br />
Auto Grid _ RerZidan gamomavali xazebis avtomaturi dayeneba;<br />
Number of Grids: – RerZidan gamomavali xazebis raodenobis miTiTeba.<br />
es almebi SeiZleba davayenoT cal_calke X da Y RerZebisaTvis.<br />
Axis Style ganyofilebaSi Boxed gadamrTveli gamoiyvans grafiks CarCoSi da<br />
RerZebis gareSe, Crossed _ uCarCod, magram RerZebiT, xolo None – uCarCod da<br />
RerZebis gareSe. alami Equal Scales daayenebs erTnair masStabs orive RerZisaTvis.<br />
Grid Color… Rilakis meSveobiT dayendeba badis xazebis sasurveli feri.<br />
amave dialoguri fanjris Traces CanarTSi miTiTebulia wirebis parametrebi<br />
(mag., xazis feri, stili da a.S.), romlebic SegviZlia survilisamebr SevcvaloT.<br />
dialoguri fanjris Labels (warwerebi) CanarTSi Title ganyofilebis teqstur<br />
velSi SeiZleba SevitanoT grafikis saTauri. aqve gadamrTveli Above an Below<br />
aCvenebs, grafikis zeviT Tu qveviT gvsurs saTauris ganlageba. Show Title alami<br />
daayenebs saTauris Cvenebis reJims. amave CanarTis Axis Labels ganyofilebaSi<br />
davayenoT, Tu gvsurs, almebi X_Axis da Y_Axis RerZebze warwerebis Sesaqmnelad da<br />
SevitanoT es warwerebi Sesabamis teqtur velebSi.<br />
Formatting Currently Selected X_Y Plot dialoguri fanjris Defaults CanarTSi<br />
SeiZleba davayenoT alami Use for Defaults, ris Sedegad grafikis mimdinare<br />
parametrebi iqneba damaxsovrebuli rogorc winaswari SeTanxmebis (by Default)<br />
parametrebi, xolo alami Change to Defaults winaswari SeTanxmebis parametrebs<br />
Secvlis mimdinare parametrebiT am dokumentisaTvis.<br />
grafiki:<br />
nax.5.4_ze naCvenebia dekartis koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>Si agebuli sxvadasxva<br />
1. grafikis SablonSi X RerZis markerSi Setanilia x, Y RerZis – 2x 2 +5x_6.<br />
redaqtirebisas Setanilia saTauri, dayenebulia alami Show Title da<br />
miTiTebulia saTauris adgilmdebareoba Above (zeviT).<br />
2. grafikis agebamde gansazRvrulia diskretuli cvladi z, romelic<br />
miuTiTebs z–is zRvrul mniSvnelobebs da Secvlis bijs, da y(z) funqcia.<br />
grafikis SablonSi abscisTa RerZis markeris adgilas Setanilia z , xolo<br />
ordinatTa RerZis _ y(z). redaqtirebisas dayenebulia gadamrTveli Crossed.<br />
3. grafikis SablonSi abscisTa RerZis markerSi Setanilia r , ordinatTa sin(r).<br />
Setanilia agreTve ordinatis zRvruli mniSvnelobebi: _0.5 da 1.<br />
4. grafikis SablonSi abscisTa RerZis markerSi Setanilia sin(a), xolo<br />
ordinatTa – cos(a). miRebulia e.w. parametruli grafiki anu grafiki,<br />
romelic aCvenebs erTi funqciis (gamosaxulebis) damokidebulebas meore<br />
funqciaze (gamosaxulebaze).<br />
44
nax.5.4. dekartis sakoordinato <strong>sistema</strong>Si agebuli grafikebi<br />
5. grafikis SablonSi abscisTa RerZis markerSi Setanilia , xolo<br />
ordinatTa – sin( ) , sin( ) + 1. dayenebulia gadamrTveli Crossed. Sedegad erT<br />
koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>Si miRebulia ori wiri, romelTa ordinatebi erT<br />
cvladze arian damokidebuli.<br />
6. grafikis SablonSi abscisTa RerZis markerSi Setanilia c, d, xolo<br />
ordinatTa RerZis markerSi sin(c) 2 , d + 3. dayenebulia gadamrTveli Crossed.<br />
Sedegad erT koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>Si miRebulia ori wiri, romelTa<br />
ordinatebis mniSvnelobebi sxvadasxva cvladebze arian damokidebuli.<br />
7. Seqmnilia matrica N da veqtorebi X da Y , romlebic warmoadgenen<br />
Sesabamisad matricis pirvel da meore svets. grafikis SablonSi abscisTa<br />
RerZis markeris adgilas miTiTebulia X , xolo ordinatTa _ Y. miRebulia<br />
erTi veqtoris meoreze damokidebuleba.<br />
yvela grafiks aqvs warwera: graph.1 , graph.2 da a.S. warwerebi Seqmnilia<br />
calke da Drag and Drop tenikiT ganlagebulia sasurvel adgilze.<br />
45
5.4 polaruli grafikis ageba da redaqtireba<br />
Insert → Graph → Polar Plot brZanebiT (an Graph instrumentTa panelze<br />
Sesabamisi Rilakis daWeriT) viziris adgilas Seiqmneba polaruli grafikis<br />
Sabloni koordinatTa polarul <strong>sistema</strong>Si (nax.5.5).<br />
nax.5.5. polaruli grafikis Sabloni<br />
koordinatTa polarul <strong>sistema</strong>Si wertili moicema Tavisi kuTxis da R<br />
radius_veqtoris mniSvnelobebiT. grafiki aigeba kuTxis sxvadasxva<br />
mniSvnelobebisaTvis, yvelaze xSirad icvleba 0–dan 2 –mde. saWiroebisamebr<br />
momxmarebels winaswar SeuZlia sxva mniSvnelobebis miTiTeba (vTqvaT, kuTxes<br />
diskretuli cvladis saxiT gamosaxviT: ). SesaZlebelia agreTve<br />
uSualod grafikis Sablonze radius_veqtoris minimaluri da maqsimaruri<br />
mniSvnelobebis miTiTeba.<br />
polaruli grafikis daformatebisaTvis gamoiZaxeba dialoguri fanjara<br />
Formatting Currently Selected Polar Plot, sadac Polar Axes CanarTis Radial (radialuri<br />
RerZi) da Angular (kuTxis RerZi) ganyofilebebSi gvaqvs almebi: radialuri<br />
RerZisaTvis _ Log Scale, Grid Lines, Numbered, Show Markers, Auto Grid, Number of Grids:<br />
da kuTxisaTvis _ Grid Lines, Numbered, Auto Grid, Number of Grids:. almebis<br />
daniSnuleba ar gansxvavdeba X_Y grafikis daformatebis fanjris analogiuri<br />
almebis daniSnulebisagan.<br />
Axes Style ganyofilebaSi gadamrTveli Perimeter gamoiyvans wrewiriT<br />
SemosazRvrul grafiks, Crossed _ wrewiris gareSe da RerZebiT, None _ wrewiris da<br />
RerZebis gareSe.<br />
Grid Color... RilakiT dayendeba badis xazebis sasurveli feri.<br />
am dialoguri fanjris Traces, Labels da Defaults CanarTebs gaaCniaT igive<br />
datvirTva, rac X_Y grafikis daformatebisas.<br />
grafiki:<br />
nax.5.6_ze naCvenebia polarul koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>Si Seqmnili ramdenime<br />
46
nax.5.6. polarul koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>Si agebuli grafikebi<br />
1. polaruli grafikis SablonSi qveda markeris adgilas Setanilia , xolo<br />
marcxena markeris – sin ( ) + 1. dayenebulia bade kuTxis RerZisaTvis da<br />
miTiTebulia misi feri (Savi).<br />
2. polaruli grafikis SablonSi qveda markeris adgilas Setanilia , xolo<br />
marcxena markeris – 2sin( ), cos( ) 2 . redaqtirebisas dayenebulia bade kuTxis<br />
RerZisaTvis da miTiTebulia misi feri (Savi). Traces CanarTSi meore wiris<br />
feri Secvlilia lurjidan Savze, xolo misi moxazulobis stili<br />
Secvlilia dash_ze ( ). miRebulia erT polarul koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>Si<br />
ori wiri.<br />
3. polaruli grafikis SablonSi qveda markeris adgilas Setanilia x, xolo<br />
marcxena markeris – sin(x), cos(x). redaqtirebisas dayenebulia Savi feris bade<br />
kuTxis RerZisaTvis da Traces CanarTSi _ dash moxazuloba kosinusoidasTvis.<br />
Sedegad erT polarul koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>Si miRebulia ori wiri. isrebi<br />
Seqmnilia Word_Si da Casmulia M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dokumentSi.<br />
4. polaruli grafikis SablonSi qveda markeris adgilas Setanilia y, xolo<br />
marcxena markeris – cos(2y), sin(2y). daformatebisas orive miRebuli<br />
wirisaTvis Traces CanarTSi miTiTebulia 4_is toli wona (Weight) da xazis<br />
tipi Solid.<br />
47
5.5 3_ganzomilebiani zedapiris grafikis ageba da redaqtireba<br />
3_ganzomilebiani zedapiris grafikis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa:<br />
1) ganvsazRvroT orcvladiani funqcia funqciis an matricis saxiT;<br />
2) Tu saWiroa, mivuTiToT cvladebis zRvruli mniSvnelobebi;<br />
3) mivceT brZaneba Insert → Graph → Surface an Graph panelze davaWiroT<br />
Sesabamis Rilakze. Seiqmneba zedapiris grafikis Sabloni (nax.5.7);<br />
nax.5.7. zedapiris grafikis Sabloni<br />
4) Sablonis qveda marcxena kuTxeSi ganlagebul markerSi SevitanoT<br />
funqciis an matricis saxeli;<br />
5) davaWiroT Enter klaviSs an davawkapunoT TagviT grafikis gareT.<br />
Tu 3_ganzomilebiani grafikis Sesaqmnelad viyenebT funqcias da ara<br />
matricas, aseT grafiks ewodeba swrafad miRebadi grafiki (Quick Plot). misi Seqmnisas<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_i iyenebs winaswari SeTanxmebiT gansazRvrul damoukidebeli cvladebis<br />
mniSvnelobebs (isini icvlebian _5_dan 5_mde) da am mniSvnelobebis Secvlis bijs<br />
(0,5). Tu saWiroa, 3_ganzomilebiani grafikis daformatebis Sesabamis CanarTSi<br />
(Quick Plot Data) SeiZleba am parametrebis Secvla.<br />
funqcia SeiZleba iyos mocemuli sxvadasxvanairad, mag.:<br />
F( x,<br />
y)<br />
: sin( x)<br />
cos( y)<br />
an<br />
A(<br />
p,<br />
q)<br />
: 3p<br />
cos( q)<br />
.<br />
48<br />
p 3<br />
3p<br />
sin( q)<br />
pirveli funqciis grafikis Seqmnisas x da y cvladebis zRvruli<br />
mniSvnelobebi iqneba _5 da 5, xolo biji 0,5. Sablonis markerSi Sesatania F .<br />
meore funqcia A(p,q) warmoadgens veqtor_funqcias. grafikis Seqmnisas p da<br />
q cvladebi icvleba _5_dan 5_mde bijiT 0,5. x, y da z koordinatebi icvleba<br />
veqtor_funqciaSi mocemuli formulebis mixedviT. Sablonis markerSi Sesatania<br />
A.
funqcia SeiZleba agreTve ganvsazRvroT rogorc x, y da z koordinatebis<br />
damokidebuleba damoukidebel cvladebze, mag.:<br />
x( u,<br />
v)<br />
: 2v<br />
R( a)<br />
: a<br />
y( u,<br />
v)<br />
: u v<br />
an<br />
z u v u v<br />
2<br />
( , ) :<br />
S( a)<br />
: a<br />
2<br />
T ( a)<br />
: a<br />
3<br />
a<br />
2<br />
.<br />
aq pirvel SemTxvevaSi x, y da z warmoadgenen ori (u da v) cvladis funqcias,<br />
romelnic icvlebian _5_dan 5_mde bijiT 0,5; Sablonis gamoZaxebis Semdeg<br />
markerSi Sesatania (x, y, z). meore SemTxvevaSi R,S da T warmoadgenen erTi cvladis<br />
funqcias, damoukidebeli cvladi aseve icvleba _5_dan 5_mde bijiT 0,5, Sablonis<br />
markerSi unda SevitanoT (R,S,T).<br />
rodesac ori cvladis damokidebuleba mocemulia ara funqciiT, aramed<br />
matricis saxiT, saWiroa ganvsazRvroT x da y cvladebis zRvruli mniSvnelobebi<br />
da warmovidginoT Z(x,y) funqcia M matricis saxiT. mag.:<br />
i : 0..<br />
50 , j : 0..<br />
51,<br />
xi : 10<br />
2i<br />
, y j : 1<br />
4 j ,<br />
Z( x,<br />
y)<br />
: x<br />
2<br />
y<br />
2<br />
,<br />
M i,<br />
j : Z(<br />
xi<br />
, y j ) .<br />
am magaliTSi x icvleba _10_dan 90_mde bijiT 2, y icvleba _4_dan 200_mde<br />
bijiT 4. Seiqmneba 51_striqoniani da 52_svetiani M matrica, romlis i-_uri<br />
striqonis da j_uri svetis gadakveTaze myofi elementi udris<br />
x<br />
2<br />
y<br />
2<br />
i j .<br />
aqve aRvniSnoT, rom 3_ganzomilebiani grafikic, rogorc 2_ganzomilebiani,<br />
SeiZleba iyos parametruli.<br />
gamovyoT grafiki. davaWiroT Tagvis marcxena Rilaks da aseT<br />
mdgomareobaSi gavwioT_gadmovwioT Tagvi grafikis areSi. davinaxavT, rom<br />
rakursi, romliT Cans grafiki, Tagvis moZraobisas icvleba. am xerxiT advilad<br />
SeirCeva CvenTvis sasurveli xedvis kuTxe.<br />
grafikis Seqmnis Semdeg SesaZlebelia misi daformateba. grafikze TagviT<br />
marcxena ormagi wkapuniT an konteqsturi meniudan Format... punqtis arCeviT an<br />
mTavari menius Format → Graph → 3D Plot... brZanebiT gamoitaneba 3_ganzomilebiani<br />
grafikis daformatebis dialoguri fanjara (nax5.8).<br />
aq General CanarTis Display As: ganyofilebaSi gvaqvs gadamrTveli, romelic<br />
iqneba CarTuli Surface Plot poziciaSi. Tu gadavrTavT gadamrTvels sxva poziciaSi<br />
(Data Points – wertilovani grafiki, Bar Plot – svetovani grafiki, Contour Plot –<br />
konturuli grafiki, Vector Field Plot – veqtoruli velis grafiki, Patch Plot –<br />
calkeuli elementebisagan Sedgenili grafiki), igive funqcia sxva saxis grafikad<br />
iqneba warmodgenili.<br />
General CanarTis View ganyofilebis pirvel sam velSi miTiTebuli ricxvebi<br />
aCveneben ra rakursiT Cans grafiki, xolo Zoom_Si miTiTebulia misi masStabi.<br />
49
nax.5.8. 3_ganzomilebiani<br />
grafikis daformatebis dialoguri fanjara<br />
Axes Style ganyofilebaSi aris gadamrTveli Semdegi SesaZlo poziciebiT:<br />
Perimeter (aCvenebs grafiks zomebiT perimetrze); Corner (aCvenebs grafiks zomebiT<br />
RerZebze); None (aCvenebs grafiks zomebis gareSe). alami Equal Scales daayenebs yvela<br />
RerZze erTnair masStabs.<br />
Frames ganyofilebaSi SeiZleba davayenoT ori alami: Show Border _ aCvenebs<br />
grafikis sazRvrebs, Show Box _ aCvenebs grafiks da marTkuTxa paralelepipeds,<br />
romelSic is moqceulia.<br />
Title CanarTis Graph Title ganyofilebis teqstur velSi SeiZleba SevitanoT<br />
grafikis saTauri, ris Semdeg davayenoT gadamrTveli poziciaSi Above (zemoT),<br />
Below (qvemoT) an Hide (damalva).<br />
Axes CanarTSi xdeba TiToeuli RerZisaTvis badis dayeneba xazebis<br />
raodenobis, sisqis da feris arCeviT.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom Quick Plot grafikis ageba SesaZlebelia ara mxolod dekartis,<br />
aramed agreTve sferul da cilindrul koordinatTa sistemebSi. amisaTvis Quick<br />
Plot grafikis daformatebisas Quick Plot Data CanarTis Coordinate System<br />
ganyofilebaSi unda avirCioT ara Cartesian (dekartis koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>),<br />
romelic dayenebulia winaswari SeTanxmebiT, aramed Spherical (sferuli) an<br />
Cylindrical (cilindruli).<br />
nax.5.9_ze (a,b,c,d magaliTebi) naCvenebia 3_ganzomilebiani zedapiris<br />
grafikebi, xolo e magaliTSi moyvanilia 3_ganzomilebiani wertilovani grafiki,<br />
romelic miRebulia d_dan gadamrTvelis Display As: Sesabamis poziciaSi dayenebiT.<br />
50
nax.5.9. 3_ganzomilebiani grafikebis magaliTebi<br />
a da b grafikebi warmoadgenen Quick Plot tipis zedapiris grafikebs. a_Si<br />
gamoyenebulia winaswari SeTanxmebiT mocemuli zRvruli mniSvnelobebi, xolo<br />
b_Si es mniSvnelobebi da biji, romliTac icvleba damoukidebeli cvladebi,<br />
Secvlilia. amisaTvis Quick Plot grafikebisaTvis arsebobs Semdegi wesi:<br />
1. grafikze ormagi wkapuniT SevideT 3D Plot Format dialogur<br />
fanjaraSi, sadac avirCioT QuickPlot Data CanarTi;<br />
2. Range 1 (1_li diapazoni) velSi davayenoT X RerZisaTvis sawyisi da bolo<br />
mniSvnelobebi (Cven magaliTSi esaa Sesabamisad 0 da 5), xolo # of Grids<br />
(badis danayofTa raodenoba) velSi mivuTiToT sasurveli raodenoba<br />
(Cven magaliTSi 5);<br />
3. Range 2 (me_2 diapazoni) velSi davayenoT Y RerZisaTvis sawyisi da bolo<br />
mniSvnelobebi (0 da 5) da mivuTiToT badis danayofTa raodenoba (15).<br />
aqve aRvniSnoT, rom M<strong>athcad</strong>_i “dagveTanxmeba” Cvens mier miTiTebul<br />
cvladebis zRvrul mniSvnelobebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dekartis<br />
(Cartesian) koordinatTa <strong>sistema</strong>Si asagebia grafiki, romelic asaxavs Cveulebriv<br />
orcvladian funqcias. danarCen SemTxvevebSi M<strong>athcad</strong>_i TviTon airCevs zRvrul<br />
mniSvnelobebs X, Y da Z RerZebisaTvis, romlebic Seesabameba mocemul funqcias.<br />
51
c grafikis redaqtirebisas 3D Plot Format dialoguri fanjris Appearance<br />
CanarTis Fill Options (Sevsebis ofciebi) ganyofilebaSi dayenebulia Fill Surface<br />
(zedapiris Sevseba) gadamrTveli, ris Semdeg Color Options (ferebis ofciebi)<br />
ganyofilebaSi dayenebulia Solid Color gadamrTveli. marjvniv mdgom patara<br />
marTkuTxedze dawkapunebiT gamoZaxebulia ferTa palitra, sadac arCeulia<br />
stafilosferi; Line Options (wirebis ofciebi) ganyofilebaSi dayenebulia<br />
gadamrTveli Contour Lines da Weight_Si (wona) miTiTebulia wiris sisqe 2.0; Color<br />
Options ganyofilebaSi dayenebulia gadamrTveli Solid Color da datovebulia<br />
winaswari SeTanxmebiT mocemuli Savi feri.<br />
d grafikis redaqtirebisas 3D Plot Format dialoguri fanjris Axes CanarTSi X<br />
RerZisaTvis Grids (bade) velSi dayenebulia alami Draw Lines, xolo Line Color_Si<br />
badis xazebis ferad aRebulia ruxi.<br />
e grafikis redaqtirebisas 3D Plot Format dialoguri fanjris Appearance<br />
CanarTSi Points Options (wertilebis ofciebi) velSi, sadac winaswari SeTanxmebiT am<br />
tipis grafikisaTvis dayenebulia simboloebis Cvenebis reJimi anu dayenebulia<br />
alami Draw Points, Secvlilia simboloebis moxatuloba: winaswari SeTanxmebiT iyo<br />
dots (wertilebi), dayenda Boxes (yuTebi) zomiT 1.5. Color Options–Si CarTulia<br />
gadamrTveli Colormap (ferebis sqema), ris Sedegad miRebulia grafiki, romelSic<br />
funqciis sxvadasxva dones sxvadasxva feri aqvs.<br />
5.6 konturuli grafikis Seqmna<br />
Insert → Graph → Contour Plot brZanebiT an Graph panelze Sesabamisi Rilakis<br />
daWeriT Seiqmneba 3_ganzomilebiani konturuli grafikis Sabloni. konturuli<br />
grafiki – erTnairi donis wirebis ruka – farTod gamoiyeneba, magaliTad,<br />
kartografiaSi. is xSirad Seicavs met informacias, vidre zedapiris grafiki,<br />
romelSic zedapiris erTi nawili sakmaod xSirad dafarulia sxva nawilebiT. am<br />
grafikis Seqmnis da redaqtirebis procesi arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba zedapiris<br />
grafikisagan. nax.5.10_is a magaliTSi moyvanilia konturuli grafiki.<br />
3_ganzomilebiani grafikebisTvisac SeiZleba erT grafikul areSi ramdenime<br />
funqciis grafikis ageba. praqtikuli gamoyeneba hpova mxolod konturuli (an<br />
veqtoruli velis) da zedapiris (wertilovani an svetovani) erTi da igive<br />
funqciis amsaxveli grafikebis erT grafikul areSi Seqmna.<br />
ganvixiloT konturuli da Data Points tipis erTi funqciis grafikebis erT<br />
sakoordinato <strong>sistema</strong>Si warmodgena magaliTze:<br />
52
nax.5.10. konturuli, wertilovani, svetovani da veqtoruli velis grafikebi<br />
1) ganvsazRvroT funqcia:<br />
1 x 1 y <br />
P ( x,<br />
y)<br />
: 1<br />
;<br />
4 40 4 40 <br />
2) Insert → Graph → Contour Plot brZanebiT miviRebT Sablons, sadac markerSi<br />
SevitanoT P,P;<br />
3) davaWiroT Enter klaviSs. Sedegad erT grafikul areSi miiReba ori<br />
grafiki: konturuli da meore – by Default – zedapiris (nax.5.11 a).<br />
4) SevideT daformatebis reJimSi;<br />
5) General CanarTis Display As: ganyofilebaSi avirCioT Plot2 da davayenoT<br />
grafikis tipebis gadamrTveli Data Plot_ze;<br />
6) davaWiroT OK Rilaks.<br />
miviRebT 2 grafiks erT sakoordinato <strong>sistema</strong>Si: konturul da Data Plot<br />
tipis (nax.5.11 b).<br />
nax.5.11 c_zec agebulia 2 grafiki erT grafikul areSi: veqtoruli velis da<br />
zedapiris grafikebi. Tagvis gawev_gamoweviT Secvlilia xedvis rakursi.<br />
53<br />
2<br />
2
nax.5.11. erT sakoordinato <strong>sistema</strong>Si ori grafikis agebis magaliTebi<br />
5.7 wertilovani da svetovani grafikebis Seqmna<br />
Insert → Graph → 3D Scatter Plot brZanebiT an Graph panelze Sesabamisi Rilakis<br />
daWeriT Seiqmneba 3_ganzomilebiani wertilovani grafikis Sabloni. wertilovani<br />
grafikis agebis da redaqtirebis procesi ar gansxvavdeba sxva tipis<br />
3_ganzomilebiani grafikebis Seqmnis da redaqtirebis procesisagan. aRvniSnoT,<br />
rom wertilovani grafikis redaqtirebisas SeiZleba SevcvaloT wertilebis zoma,<br />
maTi gamosaxuleba (mag., SevcvaloT wertilebi jvaredina formis simboloebiT,<br />
wrewirebiT, kvadratebiT da a.S.) da feri. nax5.10 b_ze moyvanilia wertilovani<br />
grafiki. redaqtirebis reJimSi Secvlilia gamoyenebuli simbolo (3D Plot Format<br />
dialogur fanjris Appearance CanarTis Points Options ganyofilebaSi miTiTebulia<br />
simbolo x’s da simboloebis feri – wiTeli).<br />
Insert → Graph → 3D Bar Chart brZanebiT an Graph panelze Sesabamisi Rilakis<br />
daWeriT Seiqmneba 3_ganzomilebiani svetovani grafikis (histogramis) Sabloni.<br />
histogramaSi svetebis simaRle X da Y RerZebis koordinatebis mniSvnelobebze<br />
damokidebulia. svetovani grafikis magaliTi moyvanilia nax.5.10 c_ze.<br />
54
5.8 veqtoruli velis grafikis Seqmna<br />
Insert → Graph → Vector Field Plot brZanebiT an Graph panelis igive<br />
saxelwodebis Rilakis daWeriT Seiqmneba veqtoruli velis grafikis Sabloni. es<br />
grafiki warmoadgens mokle isrebis – veqtorebis erTobliobas. isari mimarTulia<br />
zedapiris simaRlis zrdis mxares, xolo isrebis ganlagebis simkvrive zrdis<br />
siCqarezea damokidebuli. grafikis aseTi forma xSirad gamoiyeneba<br />
eleqtromagnituri, siTburi da gravitaciuli velebis warmodgenisaTvis.<br />
veqtoruli velis grafiki moyvanilia nax.5.10 d_ze.<br />
5.9 grafikebis Seqmna ostatis meSveobiT<br />
Insert → Plot Wizard brZanebiT gamoiZaxeba grafikis Seqmnis ostati. ostatis<br />
muSaobis pirvel safexurze Plot Type dialogSi xdeba grafikis tipis SerCeva<br />
(nax.5.12).<br />
nax.5.12. grafikis Seqmnis ostatis muSaobis pirveli safexuri<br />
ostats SeuZlia Seqmnas Semdegi tipis grafikebi: Surface Plot, Contour Plot,<br />
Vector Field Plot, Bar Plot an Scatter Plot. aqve vnaxavT SerCeuli tipis nimuSs. Rilak<br />
Next>_ze daWeriT xdeba me_2 safexurze gadasvla, sadac SeirCeva grafikis<br />
garegnuli saxe.<br />
nax.5.13_ze moyvanilia me_2 safexuris Appearance dialogi, sadac gvaqvs ga-<br />
damrTveli: Draw lines (xazebis Cveneba), Fill surface with color (zedapiris Sevseba feriT),<br />
Fill surface and draw lines (zedapiris Sevseba da xazebis Cveneba). marjvniv vnaxavT<br />
Sesabamis nimuSs. Rilakze daWeriT<br />
gadavdivarT bolo, me_3 safexurze.<br />
55
nax.5.13. grafikis Seqmnis ostatis muSaobis meore safexuri<br />
nax.5.14_ze naCvenebia me_3 safexuris Coloring dialogi, sadac gadamrTveli<br />
gvaZlevs gaferadebis stilis erT_erT Semdeg variants: Color by height (feris<br />
Secvla simaRlis cvlasTan erTad), Color using lighting (feri ganaTebiT), Solid color<br />
(feri ar icvleba). Tu arCeulia gaferadebis stili Solid color , marjvniv naCvenebi<br />
iqneba feri, romelzec dawkapunebiT gamoiZaxeba palitra, sadac SeiZleba<br />
SevarCioT sxva feri. Finish Rilakze daWeriT ostatis muSaoba dasruldeba.<br />
nax.5.14. grafikis Seqmnis ostatis muSaobis mesame safexuri<br />
samuSao furcelze davinaxavT grafikis Sablons, sadac markerSi Sesatania<br />
funqciis an matricis saxeli. Enter klaviSze daWeriT an grafikis gareT<br />
dawkapunebiT davinaxavT ostatis mier Seqmnil grafiks.<br />
56
5.10 matricis Casma dokumentSi<br />
rogorc ukve iyo naTqvami, Insert → Matrix... brZanebiT, Ctrl + M<br />
swrafmoqmedebis klaviSebiT Man Matrix panelze matricis Sablonze dawkapunebiT<br />
gamoiZaxeba matricis Casmis dialoguri fanjara Insert Matrix (nax.5.15), romelSic<br />
Rows: da Columns: velebSi misaTiTebelia matricis striqonebisa da svetebis<br />
raodenoba.<br />
nax.5.15. matricis Casmis dialoguri fanjara<br />
amis Semdeg Tu avirCevT Insert Rilaks (am dros dialoguri fanjara rCeba<br />
ekranze) an davaWerT OK Rilaks an klaviaturis Enter klaviSs (am dros dialoguri<br />
fanjara ixureba), viziris adgilas Caismeba matricis an veqtoris Sabloni.<br />
SablonSi Sesatania matricis (veqtoris) elementebis mniSvnelobebi. matricis<br />
(veqtoris) elementebi SeiZleba iyon ricxvebi, mudmivebi, cvladebi da<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebi.<br />
Tu Cven davasrulebT matricis Sevsebas ise, rom yvela markeri ar iqneba<br />
Setanili, Seuvsebeli markerebi gawiTldebian.<br />
Insert Matrix dialoguri fanjris meSveobiT SeiZleba gavadidoT an<br />
SevamciroT matricis zoma. amisaTvis SevideT am dialogSi, roca kursori<br />
imyofeba matricis Sablonis an Sevsebuli matricis SigniT. Rows: da Columns:<br />
velebSi SevitanoT Casasmeli (wasaSleli) striqonebis da svetebis raodenoba.<br />
davaWiroT Insert (Delete) Rilaks. M<strong>athcad</strong>_i Casvams striqonebs gamoyofili<br />
elementis qveviT, xolo svetebs _ gamoyofili elementis marjvniv. striqonebis<br />
(svetebis) waSlas M<strong>athcad</strong>_i iwyebs gamoyofili elementis striqonidan (svetidan)<br />
da agrZelebs striqonebis waSlas qveviT, xolo svetebis marjvniv.<br />
mag., Tu gvsurs wavSaloT romelime sveti, davayenoT kursori am svetis<br />
romelime elementSi, SevideT Insert Matrix dialogSi, Rows: velSi SevitanoT 0,<br />
Columns: velSi _ 1 da davaWiroT Delete Rilaks.<br />
57
5.11 funqciebis Casma<br />
Insert → Function... brZanebiT an Ctrl + E swrafmoqmedebis klaviSebiT<br />
gamoiZaxeba Insert Function dialoguri fanjara (nax.5.16).<br />
nax.5.16. funqciis Casmis dialoguri fanjara<br />
fanjris marcxena nawilSi moyvanilia funqciebis kategoriebis CamonaTvali.<br />
saWiro kategoriaze dawkapunebis Semdeg fanjris marjvena nawilSi vnaxavT am<br />
kategoriis funqciebis sias. Tu Cven ar viciT, romel kategorias ekuTvnis<br />
funqcia, is moiZebneba All kategoriaSi, romelSic moyvanilia yvela funqcia<br />
alfabetis mixedviT. dialoguri fanjris Qqveda nawilSi mokled moyvanilia<br />
arCeuli funqciis aRwera. OK an Insert Rilakebis arCeviT an klaviaturis Enter<br />
klaviSze dawkapunebiT kursoris adgilas Caismeba funqciis Sabloni.<br />
5.12 sazomi erTeulis Casma<br />
Insert → Unit... brZanebiT an Ctrl + U swrafmoqmedebis klaviSebiT gamoiZaxeba<br />
sazomi erTeulebis Casmis dialoguri fanjara (nax.5.17).<br />
Insert Unit dialoguri fanjris Dimension (ganzomileba) ganyofilebaSi<br />
moyvanilia ganzomilebis mqone sidideebis CamonaTvali, xolo Unit ganyofilebaSi<br />
ganzomilebebi. winaswari SeTanxmebiT gamoyenebulia SI <strong>sistema</strong>. Tu M<strong>athcad</strong>_i<br />
muSaobs ganzomilebis mqone sidideebTan, cvladebis mniSvnelobebi iqneba<br />
gamoTvlili da gamotanili saWiro ganzomilebebis miTiTebiT.<br />
58
nax.5.17. sazomi erTeulebis Casmis dialoguri fanjara<br />
5.13 naxatis Casma<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_s SeuZlia moaxdinos sxva programebSi (AutoCAD, PCAD da a.S.)<br />
Seqmnili grafikuli failebis importireba.<br />
Insert → Picture brZanebiT an Matrix panelze Picture Rilakze dawkapunebiT an<br />
Ctrl + T swrafmoqmedebis klaviSebiT xdeba naxatis Sablonis Casma. Sablons aqvs<br />
erTaderTi markeri qveda marcxena kuTxeSi, sadac Tu Casasmeli faili mimdinare<br />
direqtoriaSi imyofeba, Sesatania failis saxeli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki _<br />
failis sruli misamarTi. es monacemebi striqonuli tipisaa da amitom saWiroa<br />
maTi brWyalebSi Casma. amis Semdeg Tagvis marcxena RilakiT naxatis gareT<br />
dawkapunebiT moxdeba naxatis importireba.<br />
ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia agreTve movaxdinoT sxva programebiT Seqmnili<br />
naxatebis kopireba gacvlis buferidan (brZanebebiT Edit → Copy an Edit → Cut<br />
naxatis Semqmnel programaSi, Semdeg Edit → Paste an Edit → Paste Special M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si).<br />
nebismier matricas SeiZleba SevusabamoT nacrisferi skalis gradaciebSi<br />
Sesrulebuli naxati. amisaTvis:<br />
1. davawkapunoT furclis cariel adgilas;<br />
2. Insert → Picture brZanebiT an Matrix panelze Picture Rilakze dawkapunebiT an<br />
Ctrl + T swrafmoqmedebis klaviSebiT SevqmnaT naxatis Sabloni;<br />
3. SevitanoT markerSi matricis saxeli.<br />
Sedegad miviRebT matricis amsaxvel naxats. matricis yoveli elementi<br />
Seesabameba naxatis erT piqsels, amasTan matricis 0_is toli elementi aisaxeba<br />
Sav ferad, xolo 255_is toli _ TeTr ferad. ricxvebs, romlebic ar Sedian 0 _<br />
255 diapazonSi, M<strong>athcad</strong>_i naxatis Sesaqmnelad “Secvlis” da “miiyvans” zRvrul<br />
mniSvnelobebamde, xolo ricxvebis wiladur nawilebs ar miiRebs mxedvelobaSi.<br />
59
Tu gvaqvs erTi da igive ganzomilebis mqone 3 matrica, M<strong>athcad</strong>_s SeuZlia am<br />
matricebis safuZvelze Fferadi naxatis Seqmna, vTqvaT, erTi matricis wiTeli,<br />
meore – mwvane, xolo mesame – lurji komponentad warmodgeniT.<br />
naxatis konteqsturi meniudan Picture toolbar punqtis SerCeviT SesaZlebelia<br />
misi redaqtireba. redaqtirebisas SeiZleba SevcvaloT naxatis zomebi, masStabi,<br />
kontrastuloba, sikaSkaSe da a.S.<br />
5.14 ubnis formireba da gverdis gawyveta<br />
Insert → Area brZanebiT M<strong>athcad</strong>_i Casvams dokumentSi wirebis wyvils,<br />
romlebic aCveneben ubnis sazRvrebs.<br />
Format menius punqtebis meSveobiT SeiZleba ubnisaTvis saxelis miniWeba,<br />
misi Caketva, gaReba, SekumSva da gafarToeba. ubnis sazRvari moiniSneba masze<br />
dawkapunebiT an Tagvis waTreviT mis gaswvriv. moniSnuli sazRvari SeiZleba<br />
gadavaadgiloT ubnis gasazrdelad an Sesamcireblad.<br />
ubnebis raodenoba dokumentSi ar aris SezRuduli, magram ar aris<br />
daSvebuli ubnis Casma arsebuli ubnis farglebSi.<br />
ubnis wasaSlelad gamovyoT misi orive sazRvari da mivceT Edit → Delete an<br />
Edit → Cut brZaneba an davaWiroT Standard panelis Cut Rilaks.<br />
gverdis gawyveta xdeba Insert → Page Break brZanebiT. es brZaneba gamoiyeneba<br />
im situaciaSi, rodesac Print Preview reJimSi gamoCndeba, rom gverdis qveda nawilSi<br />
ganlagebuli romelime grafiki an cxrili ar eteva am gverdze an paragrafis<br />
saTauri aRmoCndeba erT gverdze, xolo TviT paragrafi iwyeba meoreze.<br />
5.15 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> da teqsturi areebis Casma<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> da teqsturi areebis Casma xdeba Insert → Math Region da Insert →<br />
Text Region brZanebebiT.<br />
rodesac teqsturi are aqtiuria, SesaZlebelia misi daformateba Format →<br />
Text... brZanebis meSveobiT, Tumca am dialogur fanjaraSi gvaqvs teqstur<br />
redaqtorebTan SedarebiT (mag., MSWord_Tan) mwiri SesaZleblobani.<br />
teqstur areSi teqstis Setanis Semdeg dokumentis cariel adgilze<br />
dawkapunebiT komentarebis Seqmnis procesi dasruldeba.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si SesaZlebelia teqstur areSi <strong>maTematikuri</strong> formulebis Casma.<br />
amisaTvis teqsturi markeri davayenoT teqsturi aris im adgilas, sadac unda<br />
CavweroT formula. brZaneba Insert → Math Region gamoiyvans am adgilas<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> aris Sablons patara Savi kvadratis saxiT. am SablonSi SeiZleba<br />
CavweroT formulebi M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si arsebuli Cveulebrivi xerxebiT. cxadia, teqsturi<br />
60
aris formulebi ar gamoiTvlebian. arsebuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis Casma<br />
teqstur areSi SesaZlebelia Edit → Copy, Edit → Paste brZanebebiT.<br />
5.16 komponentebis Casma<br />
Insert → Component... brZanebiT gamoiZaxeba komponentebis Casmis ostati.<br />
ostati warmoadgens ramdenime safexurebian dialogs, romlis pirvel safexurze<br />
(nax.5.18) xdeba im komponentis anu sxva programis SerCeva, romelic gvsurs<br />
mivuerToT M<strong>athcad</strong>_s. amasTan SerCeva xdeba mxolod arsebuli siidan.<br />
nax.5.18. komponentebis Casmis ostatis muSaobis pirveli safexuri<br />
avirCioT, vTqvaT, Microsoft Excel_i. Next> Rilakze dawkapunebiT gadavalT<br />
Semdeg safexurze – Excel Setup Wizard (Excel_is dayenebis ostati) dialogSi (nax.5.19).<br />
masSi gvaqvs gadamrTveli: Create an empty Excel worksheet (Excel_is carieli<br />
samuSao furclis Seqmna) an Create from file: (failidan Seqmna). avirCioT saWiro,<br />
vTqvaT, Create an empty Excel worksheet. aqve SegviZlia davayenoT alami Display as Icon<br />
(gamoaCine piqtogramis saxiT). Next> Rilakze dawkapunebiT gadavalT Semdeg<br />
safexurze (nax.5.20), xolo
nax.5.19. Excel_is dayenebis ostatis dialoguri fanjara (I)<br />
sawyisi ujredis nomeri. mag., Tu Input cvladi warmoadgens 44 _ ganzomilebian<br />
matricas da sawyis ujredad mivuTiTebT A1, matricis mniSvnelobebi daikaveben<br />
Excel_is A1 : B4 diapazons. Range areSi Sesatania ujredebis diapazoni, sadac<br />
moTavsdeba Output cvladebi.<br />
nax.5.20. Excel_is dayenebis ostatis dialoguri fanjara (II)<br />
davaWiroT Finish Rilaks. M<strong>athcad</strong>_is samuSao furcelze davinaxavT Excel_is<br />
eleqtronuli cxrilis Sablons. Input cvladebis saxelebi SevitanoT qveda<br />
markerSi, xolo Output cvladebis _ miniWebis simbolos marcxniv mdebade markerSi.<br />
Tu davawkapunebT Casmuli komponentis gareT, Input cvladebi aRmoCndebian Excel_is<br />
62
cxrilSi. komponentze ormagi wkapuniT moxdeba misi gaaqtiureba da davinaxavT<br />
komponentis meniusa da panelebs, ase rom M<strong>athcad</strong>_idan gamousvlelad SevZlebT<br />
muSaobasK Excel_Si. Excel_Tan muSaobis damTavrebis Semdeg M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si dafiqsirdeba<br />
Output cvladebis mniSvnelobebi.<br />
meSveobiT.<br />
komponentebis Casma xdeba aseve Insert → Data da Insert → Controls brZanebebis<br />
5.17 monacemebis Casma<br />
Insert → Data brZanebis qvebrZanebebia:<br />
Table _ eleqtronuli cxrilis Casma;<br />
File Input _ monacemTa failebis importireba;<br />
File Output _ monacemTa failebis eqsportireba.<br />
Casmuli eleqtronuli cxrilis monacemebis gamoyeneba M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si<br />
Insert → Data → Table brZanebiT SesaZlebelia M<strong>athcad</strong>_is samuSao furcelSi<br />
nax.5.21. M<strong>athcad</strong>_is samuSao furcelSi Casmuli cxrilidan monacemTa<br />
gamoyenebis magaliTi<br />
63
CavsvaT eleqtronuli cxrili, romelic arsebiTad masivs warmoadgens. marcxena<br />
zeda kideSi arsebuli markeris adgilas avkriboT sasurveli saxeli da SevavsoT<br />
cxrili monacemebiT. nax.5.21_ze mocemulia M<strong>athcad</strong>_is samuSao furcelSi Casmuli<br />
cxrilidan monacemTa gamoyenebis magaliTi.<br />
Casmuli cxrilis ganzomilebis Sesacvlelad gamovyoT cxrili da<br />
mivitanoT Tagvis maCvenebeli marTkuTxedis formis patara Sav markerebTan. roca<br />
Tagvis maCvenebeli miiRebs ormimarTuliani isris formas, Tagvis gadaTreviT<br />
SesaZlebelia cxrilis dapataraveba_gadideba.<br />
monacemTa eqsportireba da importireba<br />
menius Insert → Data punqtiT SesaZlebelia monacemTa failebis importireba<br />
da eqsportireba. Insert → Data → File Input brZanebis gamoyenebis Semdeg gamodis File<br />
Options dialoguri fanjara (nax.5.22), romlis meSveobiT xdeba monacemTa<br />
importireba.<br />
monacemTa importirebisaTvis:<br />
nax.5.22. dialoguri fanjara File Options<br />
1. File Format: siisebur velSi moTavsebulia im programebis CamonaTvali,<br />
saidanac SesaZlebelia monacemebis importireba. avirCioT sasurveli<br />
programa am siidan;<br />
2. teqstur velSi avkriboT sasurveli failis sruli saxeli an gamoviyenoT<br />
Browse... Rilaki, romelic gadagviyvans Read from file dialogSi; am dialogis<br />
Look in: velSi avirCioT katalogi, sadac aris Cawerili Cveni faili,<br />
movZebnoT faili da movaxdinoT masze orjeradi wkapuni. teqstur velSi<br />
Caiwereba failis sruli saxeli;<br />
64
3. Next Rilakis meSveobiT gadavideT meore safexurze, sadac xdeba<br />
importirebul monacemTa adgilis dakonkreteba (mag., Excel_is failis<br />
arCevisas samuSao furclis da ujredebis misamarTebis miTiTeba);<br />
4. Tu saWiroa, davayenoT alami Use comma as decimal symbol (aTobiT wiladebSi<br />
mTeli nawilis wiladuri nawilisagan mZimiT gamoyofa);<br />
5. davayenoT, Tu saWiroa, alami Use relative file path. amiT failis sxva misamarTze<br />
gadaadgilebis Semdegac M<strong>athcad</strong>_i SeZlebs misi axali adgilmdebareobis<br />
gansazRvras.<br />
6. davaWiroT Finish Rilaks.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_is samuSao furclis moniSnul adgilas Caismeba piqtograma failis<br />
sruli saxeliT, romlis marcxena zeda kideSi, miniWebis operatoris win<br />
arsebuli markeris adgilas unda mivuTiToT sasurveli saxeli. Casmuli regionis<br />
gareT Tagvis dawkapunebis Semdeg M<strong>athcad</strong>_i kiTxulobs Casmuli failis monacemebs<br />
da SesaZlebloba gveZleva es monacemebi gamoviyenoT M<strong>athcad</strong>_is matricebSi an<br />
ricxviT diapazonebSi. nax.5.23_ze naCvenebia Casmuli failidan (Cven SemTxvevaSi<br />
aRebulia Excel_is faili) monacemebis gamoyenebis magaliTi.<br />
nax.5.23. importirebuli failidan monacemebis gamoyenebis magaliTi<br />
analogiurad sruldeba M<strong>athcad</strong>_idan monacemTa eqsportireba, mxolod<br />
amisaTvis viyenebT Insert → Data → File Output brZanebas.<br />
65
samuSao furcelze arsebuli monacemebis saxeli unda Caiweros Casmuli<br />
piqtogramis marcxena qveda kideSi arsebuli markeris adgilas. monacemebi<br />
dafiqsirdeba im failSi, sadac movaxdineT eqsportireba. nax.5.24_ze naCvenebia<br />
eqsportirebis magaliTi.<br />
nax.5.24. M<strong>athcad</strong>_idan monacemTa eqsportirebis magaliTi<br />
5.18 mmarTveli komponentebis Casma<br />
Insert → Control brZanebiT SesaZlebelia M<strong>athcad</strong>_is samuSao furcelSi Caisvas<br />
mmarTveli komponentebi rogoricaa:<br />
damoukidebeli gadamrTveli _ alami (Check Box);<br />
erTmaneTze damokidebuli gadamrTveli (Radio Button);<br />
Rilaki (Push Button);<br />
slaidi (Slider);<br />
teqsturi veli (Text Box);<br />
siiseburi veli (List Box).<br />
66
igive moqmedebebis Sesruleba SesaZlebelia Controls panelis (nax.5.25)<br />
Rilakebis meSveobiT.<br />
nax.5.25. Controls panelis Rilakebi<br />
5.19 M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dokumentSi sxva obieqtis Casma<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_s aqvs SesaZlebloba gamoiyenos OLE (Object Link Embedding) meqanizmi<br />
sxva gafarToebis failebTan kavSiris damyarebisaTvis CaSenebuli (Embedding) an<br />
bmulis (Link) saxiT. Oobieqti warmoadgens ZiriTad dokumentSi gadatanil<br />
monacemTa nebismier tips anu es SeiZleba iyos teqstis fragmenti, formula an<br />
misi nawili, grafiki, eleqtronulo cxrili, videoklipi, faili da a.S. obieqtis<br />
Casma ZiriTad dokumentSi SesaZlebelia rogorc kopirebiT da specialuri<br />
CasmiT, aseve Insert → Object... brZanebiT. Aam ukanasknels xmaroben, rodesac<br />
romelime faili mTlianad Casasmelia ZiriTad dokumentSi. aRvniSnoT, rom<br />
dokuments, sadac xdeba obieqtis Casma, uwodeben klients, xolo obieqts, romlis<br />
CaSeneba an mibma xdeba, uwodeben servers. gansxvaveba am or operaciaTa Soris<br />
Semdegia:<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dokumentSi sxva gafarToebis failis CaSenebisas masSi<br />
Semdgomi cvlilebebi ar aisaxeba M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dokumentSi;<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dokumentSi sxva gafarToebis failis mibmis SemTxvevaSi<br />
cvlilebebi (redaqtireba) aisaxeba rogorc M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dokumentSi, aseve serverSi<br />
anu mibmul failSic.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si sxva obieqtis CaSeneba<br />
1. avirCioT menius Insert → Object... brZaneba. gamova dialoguri fanjara Insert<br />
Object (nax.5.26);<br />
2. dialoguri fanjris Create New gadamrTvelis arCevisas Object Type velidan<br />
sasurveli programis miTiTebiT Caismeba sruliad axali dokumenti, xolo<br />
Create from File gadamrTvelis arCeviT SesaZlebelia ukve arsebuli failis<br />
Casma. am ukanasknelis arCeviT Seicvleba dialoguri fanjris saxe (nax.5.27).<br />
Browse... Rilakis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia katalogTa da failebis xeze<br />
sasurveli failis moZebna;<br />
3. davaWiroT OK Rilaks. Sedegad im adgilas, sadac manamde iyo aqtiuri<br />
kursori, M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si CaSendeba sxva obieqti.<br />
67
nax.5.26. obieqtis Casmis dialoguri fanjara (I)<br />
nax.5.27. obieqtis Casmis dialoguri fanjara (II)<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si sxva obieqtis mibma.<br />
1. avirCioT menius Insert → Object... brZaneba. gamova dialoguri fanjara Insert<br />
Object (nax.5.26);<br />
2. avirCioT gadamrTveli Create from File. obieqtis Casmis dialoguri fanjara<br />
Seicvleba (nax.5.27). Browse... Rilakis meSveobiT sasurveli failis miTiTebis<br />
Semdeg davayenoT Link alami, rac mogvcems bmuli kontaqtis damyarebis saSualebas.<br />
Tu ar gvsurs M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si CaSenebuli an bmuli dokumentis srulad danaxva,<br />
Display As Icon almis dayenebiT SesaZlebelia obieqtis piqtogramis saxiT warmoCena.<br />
obieqtis Casma piqtogramis saxiT SesaZlebelia agreTve misi iarliyis TagviT<br />
gadaTreviT, vTqvaT, Windows Explorer_is fanjridan.<br />
CaSenebuli obieqtis redaqtireba.<br />
movniSnoT CaSenebuli obieqti masze TagviT erTjer dawkapunebiT. Mmenius<br />
Edit → Object brZaneba xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba. Mmisi saxe (Edit → Document Object, Edit<br />
→ Object Equation da a.S.) damokidebulia obieqtis tipze. mas gaaCnia Edit da Open<br />
68
qvebrZanebebi. Edit qvebrZanebis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia M<strong>athcad</strong>_is programaSive<br />
CaSenebuli failis redaqtireba. Open qvebrZanebis arCevisas gadavalT CaSenebuli<br />
failis programaSi da iq vaxdenT redaqtirebas.<br />
CaSenebuli obieqtis redaqtireba SesaZlebelia agreTve masze TagviT<br />
orjeradi dawkapunebiT, romelic faqtobrivad Edit → Document Object (an am punqtis<br />
sxva saxecvla) → Edit brZanebis tolfasia.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom redaqtireba, romelsac SevasrulebT CaSenebul obieqtze,<br />
ar aisaxeba mis wyaroze (igulisxmeba obieqti, romlis CaSenabac moxda).<br />
5.20 miTiTebebis Casma<br />
zog SemTxvevaSi saWiroa erTi da igive gansazRvrebebis da gamoTvlebis<br />
xSiri gameoreba. ra Tqma unda, amas advilad mivaRwevT Edit → Copy da Edit → Paste<br />
brZanebebiT an Sesabamisi areebis Drag and Drop teqnikiT kopirebiT erTi<br />
dokumentidan meoreSi, magram im SemTxvevaSi, roca ganmeorebadia mTeli<br />
dokumentis gansazRvrebebi da gamoTvlebi, umjobesia mTavar dokumentSi CavsvaT<br />
e.w. miTiTeba (Reference) meore dokumentze. am dros meore dokumenti misaRwevadi<br />
xdeba misi gaxsnis gareSe.<br />
miTiTebebis Casasmelad:<br />
1. davawkapunoT mTavari dokumentis Tavisufal adgilas – iq, sadac gvsurs<br />
miTiTebis Casma;<br />
2. mivceT Insert → Reference... brZaneba, gamoCndeba Insert Reference dialoguri<br />
fanjara (nax.5.28);<br />
nax.5.28. miTiTebis Casmis dialoguri fanjara<br />
3. Insert reference to file velSi CavweroT im failis misamarTi, romelzec miTiTeba<br />
xdeba. misamarTi Caiwereba klaviaturidan an Browse... Rilakis meSveobiT. am velSi<br />
SesaZlebelia agreTve Web_qselSi ganlagebul M<strong>athcad</strong>_is failis saxelis Cawera.<br />
4. davaWiroT OK Rilaks. Sedegad M<strong>athcad</strong>_i Casvams miTiTebas, rasac Cven<br />
davinaxavT marTkuTxedSi Casmuli patara Canaweris saxiT. am Canaweris marjvniv da<br />
69
qveviT moqmedebs miTiTebuli dokumentis gansazRvrebebi da gamoTvlebi, xolo<br />
masze ormagi wkapuni gaxsnis miTiTebul dokuments Tavis fanjaraSi –<br />
redaqtirebisaTvis. nebismieri sxva obieqtis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia am Canaweris<br />
gadaadgileba an, vTqvaT, waSla. miTiTebis Casmis Semdeg Cven ver vxedavT<br />
miTiTebuli dokumentis obieqtebs da formulebs, magram mTavari dokumenti<br />
“xedavs” da muSaobs maTTan ise rogorc am dokumentSi Setanil monacemebTan.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom winaswari SeTanxmebiT miTiTebuli dokumentis sxva<br />
misamarTze gadaadgilebis Semdeg M<strong>athcad</strong>_i ver SeZlebs misi axali<br />
adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras. Tu gvsurs, rom M<strong>athcad</strong>_ma SeZlos amis gakeTeba,<br />
saWiroa Insert Reference dialogur fanjaraSi Use relative path for reference almis<br />
dayeneba.<br />
Tu miTiTebuli dokumenti saWiroebs modifikacias, mTavari dokumentis<br />
ganaxlebisaTvis:<br />
1. movaxdinoT saWiro cvlilebebi miTiTebul dokumentSi;<br />
2. SevinaxoT miTiTebuli dokumenti;<br />
3. davawkapunoT mTavari dokumentis miTiTebaze da davaWiroT F9 klaviSs.<br />
5.21 hipermimarTvis damyareba<br />
hiperlinki (hipermimarTva) es aris moniSnuli sityva an sityvebis jgufi,<br />
romelzec orjer dawkapunebiT gadavdivarT sxva samuSao furcelze an sxva<br />
failSi. SesaZlebelia agreTve internetis sasurvel misamarTze gadasvla.<br />
hiperlinkis dasamyareblad:<br />
1. movniSnoT sasurveli regioni an sityvaTa jgufi;<br />
2. mivceT Insert → Hyperlink… brZaneba. Ggamova hiperlinkis Casmis dialoguri<br />
fanjara (nax.5.29);<br />
nax.5.29. hipermimarTvis Casmis dialoguri fanjara<br />
70
3. Link to file or URL: velSi avkriboT im failis misamarTi, romelzec gadavalT<br />
hiperlinkis meSveobiT (mag., C:\David’s_documents\file1.mcd) an movZebnoT<br />
sasurveli faili katalogTa da failebis xeze Browse... Rilakis<br />
gamoyenebiT. arCeuli misamarTi Caiwereba Link to file or URL: velSi. Tu<br />
gvsurs internetis misamarTze hiperlinkis damyareba, unda avkriboT<br />
misamarTi srulad (mag., http://www.mathsoft.com/text.swk da ara<br />
www.mathsoft.com/text.swk);<br />
4. davayenoT, Tu gvsurs, alami Use relative path for hyperlink. amiT miTiTebuli<br />
failis sxva misamarTze gadaadgilebis Semdegac M<strong>athcad</strong>_i moaxerxebs misi<br />
axali adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras.<br />
5. Message that appears on the status line when mouse is over link: velSi SegviZlia<br />
CavweroT raime teqsturi Setyobineba, romelic gamoCndeba moniSnul<br />
obieqtTan Tagvis miaxlovebisas;<br />
6. OK Rilakis gamoyeneba brZanebas gauSvebs Sesrulebaze.<br />
SesaZlebelia gamoZaxebuli dokumentis ara mxolod wakiTxva, aramed<br />
redaqtirebac.<br />
Tu gvsurs hiperlinkis waSla, movniSnoT sityva an sityvaTa jgufi,<br />
romelzec iyo ganxorcielebuli hiperlinki, da mivceT Insert → Hyperlink... brZaneba.<br />
gamoCndeba Edit Hyperlink dialoguri fanjara (nax.5.30). davaWiroT Remove Link<br />
Rilaks. hipermimarTva waiSleba.<br />
Nnax.5.30. hipermimarTvis redaqtirebis dialoguri fanjara<br />
Oobieqtis Casmis Semdeg (Edit → Paste Special... an Insert → Object... brZanebebis<br />
meSveobiT) menius Edit punqtis Links... qvepunqtiT gaixsneba dialoguri fanjara,<br />
romlis GRilakebi gvaZleven hipermimarTvis ganaxlebis da waSlis, obieqtis<br />
wyaros gaxsnis da Secvlis saSualebas.<br />
71
Tavi VI simboluri operaciebi M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si<br />
6.1 Symbolics menius da Symbolic panelis Semadgenloba<br />
simboluri operaciebi – es iseTi operaciebia, romelTa Sedegi ZiriTadad<br />
moicema ara ricxobrivad, aramed simboloebis saxiT.<br />
avirCioT mTavari menius Symbolics punqti (an davaWiroT Alt + S klaviSebs).<br />
davinaxavT qvemenius:<br />
Evaluate – gamoTvla;<br />
Simplify (gamartiveba) – gamoyofili gamosaxulebis gamartiveba;<br />
Expand (gaSla) – gamoyofili gamosaxulebis gaSla;<br />
Factor (mamravli) – gamoyofili gamosaxulebis martiv mamravlebad daSla;<br />
Collect (Segroveba) – gamoyofili gamosaxulebis mwkrivad gaSla da msgavsi<br />
wevrebis dayvana (SeerTeba);<br />
Polynomial Coefficients (polinomis koeficientebi) – polinomis koeficientebis<br />
gansazRvra gamoyofil gamosaxulebaSi;<br />
Variable – cvladi;<br />
Matrix – matrica;<br />
Transform – transformireba;<br />
Evaluation Style... (gamoTvlebis stili) – gamoTvlebis stilis formireba.<br />
Symbolics → Evaluate brZanebis qvebrZanebebia:<br />
Symbolically (simbolurad) _ gamoyofili gamosaxulebis simboluri<br />
gardaqmna;<br />
Floating Point... (mcocavi wertili) – gamoTvlebis Sedegis mcocavi wertiliT<br />
warmodgena;<br />
Comlex (kompleqsuri) – gamoTvlebis Sesruleba kompleqsur areSi da<br />
Sedegis warmodgena kompleqsur formaSi.<br />
Symbolics → Variable brZanebis qvebrZanebebia:<br />
Solve (amoxsna) – amocanis amoxsna miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
Substitute (Casma) – gamosaxulebis Casma miTiTebuli cvladis magivrad;<br />
Differentiate (diferencireba) – diferencireba miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
Integrate (integreba) – integreba miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
Expand to Series... (mwkrivad gaSla) _ teiloris mwkrivad gaSla;<br />
Convert to Partial Fraction (wiladebad gardaqmna) _ gamosaxulebis warmodgena<br />
elementaruli wiladebis jamis saxiT.<br />
Symbolics → Matrix brZanebis qvebrZanebebia:<br />
Transpose (transponireba) – matricis transponireba;<br />
Invert (Sebruneba) – matricis Sebruneba;<br />
Determinant (determinanti) – matricis determinantis gamoTvla.<br />
72
Symbolics → Transform brZanebis qvebrZanebebia:<br />
Fourier – furies gardaqmna miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
Inverse Fourier – furies Sebrunebuli gardaqmna miTiTebuli cvladis<br />
mimarT;<br />
Laplace – laplasis gardaqmna miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
Inverse Laplace _ laplasis Sebrunebuli gardaqmna miTiTebuli cvladis<br />
mimarT;<br />
Z _ Z_gardaqmna miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
Inverse Z – Sebrunebuli Z_gardaqmna miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT.<br />
nax.6.1_ze moyvanilia instrumentTa paneli Symbolic Semdegi punqtebiT:<br />
nax.6.1. instrumentTa paneli Symbolic<br />
→ _ simboluri tolobis niSani, sxvanairad mas simboluri gardaqmnebis<br />
operators eZaxian; gamoiZaxeba Sabloni <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis Sesatanad da<br />
misi analizuri saxiT warmosadgenad;<br />
_ gafarToebuli simboluri gardaqmnebis operatori; gamoiZaxeba<br />
Sabloni <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebisa da simboluri operaciis saxelis<br />
Sesatanad;<br />
Modifiers _ gamoiZaxeba instrumentTa paneli Modifier;<br />
float _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni Sedegis mcocavi wertilis formatSi<br />
warmosadgenad;<br />
complex _ am operatoriT xdeba gamoTvlebis Sesruleba kompleqsur areSi,<br />
Sedegic Caiwereba kompleqsur formaSi;<br />
assume _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni cvladisaTvis SezRudvebis dasawesad;<br />
solve _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni gantolebis da utolobis amosaxsnelad<br />
miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
simplify _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis gasamartiveblad;<br />
substitute _ gamoiZaxeba Casmis Sabloni;<br />
73
factor _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis martiv mamravlebad<br />
dasaSlelad;<br />
expand _ gamoiZaxeba <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis gaSlis Sabloni;<br />
coeffs _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni polinomis koeficientebis gansazRvrelad<br />
miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
collect _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis mwkrivad<br />
gasaSlelad (miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT) msgavsi wevrebis SeerTebiT;<br />
series _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis teiloris mwkrivad<br />
gasaSlelad miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
parfrac _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis elementaruli<br />
wiladebis jamis saxiT warmosadgenad miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
fourier _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni furies gardaqmnis Sesasruleblad miTiTebuli<br />
cvladis mimarT;<br />
laplace _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni laplasis gardaqmnis Sesasruleblad miTiTebuli<br />
cvladis mimarT;<br />
ztrans _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni Z_gardaqmnis Sesasruleblad miTiTebuli<br />
cvladis mimarT;<br />
invfourier _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni furies Sebrunebuli gardaqmnis<br />
Sesasruleblad miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
invlaplace _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni laplasis Sebrunebuli gardaqmnis<br />
Sesasruleblad miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
invztrans _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni Sebrunebuli Z_gardaqmnis Sesasruleblad<br />
miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT;<br />
M T → _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni matricis transponirebisaTvis;<br />
M _1 → _ gamoiZaxeba Sabloni matricis SebrunebisaTvis;<br />
|M |→ _ matricis determinantis gansazRvra.<br />
6.2 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis warmodgena analizuri saxiT<br />
rogorc ukve iyo naTqvami, <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis warmodgena<br />
analizuri saxiT SeiZleba miviRoT Evaluation an Symbolic panelebis → (simboluri<br />
toloba) operatoris meSveobiT. amisaTvis:<br />
davayenoT kursori maTematikur gamosaxulebaSi, gamoviyenoT → operatori<br />
(an Ctrl + . klaviSebis kombinacia) da Semdeg klaviaturis Enter klaviSi;<br />
gamoviyenoT simboluri tolobis operatori an klaviaturis Ctrl + .<br />
klaviSebi. ekranze gamoCndeba simboluri tolobis niSani da mis marcxniv markeri.<br />
markeris adgilas SevitanoT <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba da Enter klaviSiT<br />
davadasturoT brZaneba.<br />
74
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis analizuri saxiT warmodgenis miReba<br />
SesaZlebelia agreTve Symbolics → Evaluate → Symbolically brZanebiT. amisaTvis jer<br />
gamovyoT <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba anu Setanis markeri – lurji kuTxe –<br />
davayenoT ise, rom is moicavdes gamosaxulebas mTlianad, Semdeg ki mivceT<br />
Symbolics → Evaluate → Symbolically brZaneba (an Shift + F9). ekranze davinaxavT Sedegs.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis analizuri saxiT warmodgenisas<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_i Seecdeba miiRos pasuxi rac SeiZleba martivi formiT. aRsaniSnavia<br />
agreTve, rom Tu gamoyofili iyo <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis nawili, Symbolics<br />
menius brZanebebi am nawils exeba.<br />
Tu M<strong>athcad</strong>_ma ver SeZlo gamosaxulebis warmodgena analizuri saxiT,<br />
ekranze sawyisi gamosaxuleba gameordeba (nax.6.2_5), rac niSnavs, rom amocana<br />
dasmulia koreqtulad, magram misi warmodgena analizuri saxiT ver moxerxda.<br />
Nnax.6.2. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis analizuri saxiT warmodgenis<br />
magaliTebi<br />
nax.6.2_ze (1,2,3,4,5 magaliTebi) marcxniv moyvanilia sxvadasxva saxis<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebi, marjvniv (amisaTvis dialogur fanjaraSi Evaluation<br />
Style arCeulia gadamrTveli Horizontally) Symbolics → Evaluate → Symbolically brZanebiT<br />
75
miRebuli am gamosaxulebebis analizuri saxe. nax.6.2_ze (6,7,8,9,10,11)<br />
gamosaxulebebis analizuri saxe miRebulia Symbolic panelis → operatoris<br />
meSveobiT.<br />
6.3 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis gamartiveba<br />
(simplify)<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis gasamartiveblad gamoiyeneba Symbolic panelis<br />
simplify operatori.<br />
amisaTvis arsebobs sami xerxi.<br />
I xerxi:<br />
1. avirCioT Symbolic panelis simplify punqti;<br />
2. miRebul SablonSi markeris adgilas SevitanoT gasamartivebeli<br />
gamosaxuleba;<br />
3. davaWiroT klaviaturis Enter klaviSs.<br />
II xerxi:<br />
1. avkriboT gasamartivebeli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba;<br />
2. avirCioT Symbolic an Evaluation panelebis punqti (an davaWiroT klaviSebis<br />
kombinacias Ctrl + Shift + . ). gamosaxulebis marjvniv Caismeba markeri da simboluri<br />
tolobis → niSani;<br />
3. markeris adgilas avkriboT klaviaturidan sityva simplify ;<br />
4. davaWiroT klaviaturis Enter klaviSs.<br />
III xerxi:<br />
1. avirCioT Symbolic an Evaluation panelebis punqti (an davaWiroT klaviSebis<br />
kombinacias Ctrl + Shift + . ). Caismeba Sabloni ori markeriT → niSnis win;<br />
2. pirveli markeris adgilas SevitanoT gasamartivebeli <strong>maTematikuri</strong><br />
gamosaxuleba;<br />
3. meore markeris adgilas avkriboT klaviaturidan sityva simplify ;<br />
4. davaWiroT klaviaturis Enter klaviSs.<br />
aqve aRvniSnoT, rom Symbolic panelis sxva operatorebis arCevisas aseve am<br />
meTodebs viyenebT. pirvel meTodSi miRebuli Sablonis saxe operatorzea<br />
damokidebuli. umetes SemTxvevaSi Sabloni or markers Seicavs da me_2 punqtis<br />
Semdeg emateba Sablonis marjvena markeris waSlis aucilebloba (Tu cvladis<br />
miTiTeba ar aris saWiro) an marjvena markerSi cvladis (an gamosaxulebis) Setana,<br />
romlis mimarT gvsurs operaciis Sesruleba. xolo meore da mesame xerxSi me_3<br />
punqtSi sityva_gasaRebis dabeWdvis Semdeg, Tu saWiroa, aikribeba mZime da cvladi,<br />
romlis mimarT sruldeba operacia.<br />
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Symbolic panelis simplify operatoriT ganxorcielebuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong><br />
gamosaxulebebis gamartiveba moyvanilia nax.6.3_ze (3,4,6,7 magaliTebi), amasTan me_6<br />
da me_7 magaliTebSi gamartivebis Semdeg gamoyenebulia float operatori.<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis gamartiveba SesaZlebelia agreTve Symbolics →<br />
Simplify brZanebiT. gamovyoT gamosaxuleba da gamoviyenoT Symbolics → Simplify<br />
brZaneba. Nnax.6.3_ze (1,2,5 magaliTebi) moyvanilia sxvadasxva gamosaxulebebi, xolo<br />
gamosaxulebebis marjvniv Symbolics → Simplify brZanebiT miRebuli maTi gamartivebis<br />
Sedegi. gamartivebis es meTodi sasargebloa, rodesac Cven gvsurs SevasruloT<br />
gamosaxulebis nawilis gamartiveba. saqme imaSia, rom zogjer M<strong>athcad</strong>_s ar ZaluZs<br />
moaxdinos mTliani gamosaxulebis gamartiveba, xolo gamosaxulebis calkeuli<br />
nawilebis gamartiveba SesaZlebelia. amisTvis unda gamovyoT gamosaxulebis<br />
nawili da mivceT brZaneba Symbolics → Simplify.<br />
Tu M<strong>athcad</strong>_ma ver SeZlo gamosaxulebis gamartiveba, ekranze sawyisi<br />
gamosaxuleba gameordeba (nax.6.3_5), rac niSnavs, rom amocana dasmulia<br />
koreqtulad, magram misi gamartiveba ver moxerxda.<br />
gamartivebis operacia xSirad ixmareba modifikatorebTan erTad.<br />
nax.6.3. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis gamartivebis<br />
(simplify) magaliTebi<br />
77
6.4 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis gaSla<br />
(expand)<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis gaSla xdeba Symbolics → Expand brZanebiT. es<br />
brZaneba, SeiZleba iTqvas, warmoadgens gamartivebis sapirispiro brZanebas. misi<br />
meSveobiT rTuli funqciebi ufro martivi funqciebiT gamoisaxebian da xdeba<br />
algebruli gamosaxulebis warmodgena gaSlili formiT.<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis gaSla SesaZlebelia agreTve Symbolic panelis<br />
expand operatoriT.<br />
nax.6.4_ze moyvanilia <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis gaSlis magaliTebi,<br />
Symbolics → Expand brZanebiT (magaliTebi 1,2) da Symbolic panelis expand operatoriT<br />
(3,4,5,6) ganxorcielebuli. Mme_4 magaliTSi gaSla ver moxerxda.<br />
nax.6.4. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis gaSlis<br />
(expand) magaliTebi<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom Symbolic panelis punqtebiT simboluri operaciebis<br />
Sesrulebisas M<strong>athcad</strong>_i jer amowmebs hqonda Tu ara masSi Sesul cvladebs da<br />
funqciebs ufro adre miniWebuli raime mniSvnelobebi, Tu ki, M<strong>athcad</strong>_i iyenebs am<br />
mniSvnelobebs. es debuleba ilustrirebulia nax.6.5_ze (magaliTebi 1,2). rac<br />
78
Seexeba Symbolics menius brZanebebs, isini ar amowmeben masSi Sesuli cvladebis da<br />
funqciebis wina mniSvnelobebs da amitomac ar iyeneben maT. am cvladebis wina<br />
mniSvnelobebis Secvla ar gamoiwvevs Sesabamisi simboluri gamoTvlebis<br />
Sedegebis Secvlas (nax.6.5, mag.3).<br />
nax.6.5. gansxvaveba Symbolic panelis operatorebsa da<br />
Symbolics menius brZanebebs Soris<br />
6.5 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis da ricxvebis<br />
martiv mamravlebad daSla (factor)<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis da ricxvebis daSla martiv mamravlebad<br />
xdeba Symbolics → Factor brZanebiT da Symbolic panelis factor operatoris meSveobiT.<br />
nax.6.6_ze (1,2,3,4,5 magaliTebi) moyvanilia Symbolics → Factor brZanebiT<br />
ganxorcielebuli gamosaxulebebis daSlis magaliTebi, xolo me_6 da me_7<br />
79
magaliTebSi daSla ganxorcielebulia Symbolic panelis factor operatoriT. Mme_2@<br />
magaliTSi daSla ver ganxorcielda.<br />
nax.6.6. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis da ricxvebis<br />
martiv mamravlebad daSlis (factor) magaliTebi<br />
6.6 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis mwkrivad gaSla<br />
msgavsi wevrebis SeerTebiT (collect)<br />
imisaTvis rom movaxdinoT <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis mwkrivad gaSla<br />
(miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT), saWiroa Seyvanil maTematikur gamosaxulebaSi<br />
gamovyoT saWiro cvladi an funqcia (kuTxis formis lurji kursoriT), Semdeg ki<br />
avirCioT brZaneba Symbolics → Collect. moxdeba gamosaxulebis gaSla da msgavsi<br />
wevrebis SeerTeba. igives miviRebT Symbolic panelis collect operatoriT. orive<br />
meTodiT Sesrulebuli mwkrivad gaSla da msgavsi wevrebis SeerTeba naCvenebia<br />
nax.6.7_ze. 1 magaliTSi mwkrivad gaSla ganxorcielebulia Symbolics → Collect<br />
brZanebiT, xolo 2,3,4,5 magaliTebSi _ Symbolic panelis collect operatoriT.<br />
80
Nnax.6.7. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis mwkrivad gaSla<br />
da msgavsi wevrebis SeerTeba (collect)<br />
6.7 polinomis koeficientebis gansazRvra miTiTebuli<br />
cvladis mimarT (coeffs)<br />
Tu sawyisi <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba polinomia, misi koeficientebis<br />
gansazRvra SesaZlebelia Symbolics → Polynomial Coefficients brZanebiT (nax.6.8,<br />
magaliTebi 1,2) an Symbolic panelis coeffs (koeficientebi) operatoriT (nax.6.8,<br />
magaliTebi 3,4).<br />
koeficientebis gansazRvra xdeba gamoyofili (miTiTebuli) cvladis<br />
mimarT. Sedegad miiReba veqtor_sveti, romlis nulovani elementi warmoadgens<br />
Tavisufali wevris koeficients, xolo bolo – gamoyofili (miTiTebuli) cvladis<br />
maqsimaluri xarisxis mqone wevris koeficients.<br />
rogorc Cans me_4 magaliTidan, polinomis koeficientebis gansazRvra<br />
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes agreTve gamosaxulebis mimarT.<br />
81
nax.6.8. polinomis koeficientebis gansazRvris<br />
(coeffs) magaliTebi<br />
6.8 gantolebebis da utolobebis amoxsna<br />
miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT (solve)<br />
gantolebebis da utolobebis amoxsna miTiTebuli cvladis mimarT xdeba<br />
Symbolics → Variable → Solve brZanebiT an Symbolic panelis solve operatoriT.<br />
Tu maTematikur gamosaxulebaSi ar Sedis tolobis an utolobis niSani,<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_i awarmoebs cvladis iseTi mniSvnelobis moZebnas, romlisTvis sawyisi<br />
gamosaxuleba utoldeba nuls, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Cveulebriv amoxsnis<br />
moyvanil gantolebas.<br />
nax.6.9_ze (magaliTebi 1,2) moyvanilia Symbolics → Variable → Solve brZanebiT<br />
gantolebebis amoxsnis magaliTebi, xolo 3,4,5 magaliTebSi gantolebebi da<br />
utolobebi amoxsnilia ^ Symbolic panelis solve operatoriT, amasTan 2,3 da 5<br />
magaliTebSi gantolebebi da utolobebi Cawerilia sruli saxiT, xolo 1 da 4<br />
magaliTebSi nagulisxmevia, rom moyvanili gamosaxuleba udris nuls.<br />
82
nax.6.9. gantolebebis da utolobebis amoxsnis magaliTebi<br />
(solve)<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si SesaZlebelia agreTve gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsna. imisaTvis<br />
rom amovxsnaT gantolebaTa <strong>sistema</strong> solve operatoris meSveobiT, unda SevqmnaT<br />
veqtor_sveti, romlis striqonebSi Caiwereba sawyisi monacemebi gantolebebis an<br />
utolobebis saxiT. cvladebi, romlis mimarT xdeba amoxsna, aseve Caiwereba<br />
veqtor_svetis saxiT. pasuxic miiReba veqtor_svetis saxiT. nax.6.10_ze (magaliTebi<br />
1,2) moyvanilia gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsna solve operatoris meSveobiT, xolo<br />
magaliTSi 3 _ wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsna Given _ Find funqciebiT.<br />
6.9 gamosaxulebis Casma miTiTebuli cvladis<br />
Mmagivrad (substitute)<br />
imisaTvis rom ganvaxorcieloT <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis Casma Symbolics<br />
menius meSveobiT, saWiroa:<br />
1) avkriboT <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba, romliTac unda Seicvalos<br />
cvladi;<br />
83
nax.6.10. gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsna<br />
2) gamovyoT es gamosaxuleba da SevasruloT Edit → Cut an Edit → Copy<br />
brZaneba. Sedegad gamosaxuleba iqneba Senaxuli buferul mexsierebaSi<br />
misi amoWriT an amoWris gareSe;<br />
3) SevitanoT is <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba, sadac saWiroa ganvaxorcieloT<br />
Casma;<br />
4) gamovyoT (lurji kuTxiT) cvladi, romlis magivrad Caismeba<br />
gamosaxuleba buferidan;<br />
5) SevasruloT Symbolics → Variable → Substitute brZaneba.<br />
Symbolic panelis substitute operatori axorcielebs <strong>maTematikuri</strong><br />
gamosaxulebis Casmas buferidan miTiTebuli cvladis magivrad an, rac gacilebiT<br />
ufro moxerxebulia, rogorc cvladi, ise Casasmeli gamosaxuleba Caiwereba<br />
uSualod substitute operatorSi.<br />
nax.6.11_ze naCvenebia <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis Casmis magaliTebi,<br />
ganxorcielebuli Symbolics → Variable → Substitute brZanebiT (magaliTebi 1,2) da<br />
Symbolic panelis substitute punqtis SerCeviT (magaliTebi 3,4,5,6). rogorc Cans me_5<br />
magaliTidan, simboluri operacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes miRebuli Sedegis<br />
mimarT. am dros Cven vxedavT Sualedur Sedegebsac. Tu ramdenime simboluri<br />
84
operacia miTiTebulia erTdroelad (nax.6.11, magaliTi 4), ekranze davinaxavT<br />
mxolod saboloo Sedegs.<br />
nax.6.11. gamosaxulebis Casma miTiTebuli cvladis<br />
Mmagivrad (substitute)<br />
6.10 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis diferencireba<br />
da integreba<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis diferencireba gamoyofili cvladis mimarT<br />
xdeba Symbolics → Variable → Differentiate brZanebiT. Sedegi iqneba miRebuli simboluri<br />
saxiT.<br />
imisaTvis, rom miviRoT meore rigis warmoebuli, saWiroa gavimeoroT<br />
brZaneba, mesame rigis – gamoviyenoT is kidev erTxel da a.S.<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis integreba gamoyofili cvladis mimarT xdeba<br />
Symbolics → Variable → Integrate brZanebiT. Setanili <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba<br />
integralqveSa funqcias warmoadgens. Sedegad miiReba ganusazRvreli integralis<br />
mniSvneloba simboluri saxiT.<br />
85
a Tqma unda, diferencirebis da integrebis operaciebis Sesruleba<br />
SesaZlebelia agreTve Calculus panelis meSveobiT gamosaxulebis CaweriT da Semdeg<br />
→ operatoriT. nax.6.12_ze da nax.6.13_ze naCvenebia diferencirebisa da integrebis<br />
magaliTebi.<br />
nax.6.12. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis diferencirebis<br />
magaliTebi<br />
6.11 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis teiloris<br />
mwkrivad gaSla (series)<br />
imisaTvis, rom movaxdinoT <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis teiloris<br />
mwkrivad gaSla Symbolics menius meSveobiT, saWiroa:<br />
1) SevitanoT <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba;<br />
2) gamovyoT lurji kuTxiT cvladi, romlis mimarT moxdeba mwkrivad<br />
gaSla;<br />
3) avirCioT Symbolics → Variable → Expand to Series... brZaneba.<br />
86
nax.6.13. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis integrebis<br />
magaliTebi<br />
gamoCndeba dialoguri fanjara, romelSic unda mivuTiToT<br />
aproqsimaciis rigi;<br />
4) davaWiroT OK Rilaks.<br />
Tu aproqsimaciis rigi ar iqneba miTiTebuli, M<strong>athcad</strong>_i winaswari<br />
SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad CaTvlis mas 6_is tolad. es niSnavs, rom mwkrivis bolo<br />
wevris xarisxis maCvenebeli 6_ze naklebia.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom Symbolics → Variable → Expand to Series... brZanebiT teiloris<br />
mwkrivad gaSla xorcieldeba erTi cvladis mimarT, xolo Symbolic panelis series<br />
operatorSi SeiZleba mivuTiToT ramdenime cvladi. am dros aproqsimaciis rigi<br />
Tu udris, mag., 8_s, es niSnavs, rom mwkrivis bolo wevris xarisxis maCveneblebis<br />
jami unda iyos 8_ze naklebi. Tu aproqsimaciis rigi miTiTebuli ar iqneba,<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_i CaTvlis mas 6_is tolad. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom series operatorSi<br />
SeiZleba mivuTiToT cvladis ra wertilis midamoSi xdeba teiloris mwkrivad<br />
gaSla, xolo Tu es informacia ar aris moyvanili, igulisxmeba, rom gaSla xdeba<br />
cvladis 0 wertilis midamoSi.<br />
nax.6.14_ze naCvenebia teiloris mwkrivad gaSla Symbolics → Variable → Expand<br />
to Series... brZanebiT (magaliTebi 1,3) da Symbolic panelis series operatoriT<br />
87
(magaliTebi 2,4,5). me_5 magaliTSi gaSla ganxorcielebulia X=1 wertilis<br />
midamoSi, xolo danarCen magaliTebSi _ cvladis 0 wertilis midamoSi.<br />
nax.6.14. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis teiloris<br />
mwkrivad gaSla (series)<br />
6.12 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis warmodgena elementaruli<br />
wiladebis jamis saxiT (parfrac)<br />
Symbolics → Variable → Convert to Partial Fraction brZanebiT xdeba <strong>maTematikuri</strong><br />
gamosaxulebis gaSla elementarul nawilebad gamoyofili cvladis mimarT.<br />
Sedegad miiReba <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba, romelic warmoadgens elementaruli<br />
wiladebis jams.<br />
igives mivaRwevT Symbolic panelis parfrac operatoriT. Nnax.6.15_ze naCvenebia<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis elementarul nawilebad gaSla ganxorcielebuli<br />
Symbolics → Variable → Convert to Partial Fraction brZanebiT (magaliTi 1) da Symbolic<br />
panelis parfrac operatoriT (magaliTebi 2,3).<br />
88
nax.6.15. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis warmodgena elementaruli<br />
wiladebis jamis saxiT (parfrac)<br />
6.13 matricebis transponireba, Sebruneba da<br />
determinantis gansazRvra<br />
Symbolics → Matrix menius aqvs sami punqti: Transpose, Invert, Determinant,<br />
romlebic xdebian aqtiurni (Sesrulebadi) romelime matricis gamoyofisas.<br />
matricis transponireba anu striqonebisa da svetebis urTierTSecvla<br />
xdeba Symbolics → Matrix → Transpose brZanebiT. transponireba xorcieldeba agreTve<br />
Symbolic panelis M T → operatoriT, Matrix panelis M T operatoriT an klaviaturis<br />
Ctrl + 1 klaviSebiT.<br />
Sebrunebuli matrica es aris iseTi matrica, romlis gamravlebiT sawyis<br />
matricaze miiReba erTeulovani matrica (erTeulovani matrica aris matrica,<br />
romlis diagonaluri elementebi erTis tolia, xolo danarCeni elementebi<br />
nulis). Sebrunebuli matrica miiReba Symbolics → Matrix → Invert brZanebiT. igive<br />
xorcieldeba Symbolic an Matrix panelebis Sesabamisad M _1 → da X _1 operatorebiT<br />
89
an ^ _ 1 klaviSebis rigrigobiT akrebiT. cxadia, sawyisi matrica unda iyos<br />
kvadratuli.<br />
matricis determinantis gansazRvra xdeba Symbolics → Matrix → Determinant<br />
brZanebiT an Symbolic an Matrix panelebis Sesabamisad |M|→ da |X| operatorebiT.<br />
SeiZleba agreTve gamoviyenoT | klaviSi.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom Tu matrica Seicavs simbolur elementebs, mizanSewonilia<br />
visargebloT Symbolic panelis M T → , M _1 → da |M|→ operatorebiT, xolo Matrix<br />
panelis punqtebiT sargeblobisas Sesabamisi punqtis Semdeg saWiroa simboluri<br />
tolobis niSnis SerCeva.<br />
nax.6.16_ze naCvenebia matricebis transponirebis, Sebrunebis da<br />
determinantis povnis magaliTebi.<br />
nax.6.16. matricebis transponireba, Sebruneba da<br />
determinantis gansazRvra<br />
90
6.14 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis gardaqmnebi<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si SeiZleba Sesruldes furies pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli<br />
gardaqmna, laplasis pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli gardaqmna, Z_gardaqmna da<br />
Sebrunebuli Z_gardaqmna.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, furies pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli gardaqmna moicema<br />
formulebiT:<br />
da<br />
<br />
F ( w)<br />
<br />
iwt<br />
f ( t)<br />
e dt<br />
<br />
<br />
1<br />
f ( t)<br />
F w e<br />
iwt<br />
( ) dw<br />
2<br />
<br />
mag., rodesac procesi aRwerilia droSi cvladi funqciiT, furies<br />
pirdapiri gardaqmniT miiReba misi aRwera sixSireze damokidebuli funqciiT da<br />
piriqiT.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_i asrulebs furies gardaqmnebs gamoyofili cvladis mimarT<br />
Symbolics → Transform → Fourier da Symbolics → Transform → Inverse Fourier brZanebebiT an<br />
Symbolic panelis fourier da invfourier operatorebis meSveobiT.<br />
laplasis pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli gardaqmna moicema formulebiT:<br />
da<br />
F(<br />
S)<br />
<br />
f<br />
<br />
0<br />
f ( t)<br />
e<br />
91<br />
St<br />
dt<br />
i<br />
1<br />
St<br />
( t)<br />
F(<br />
S)<br />
e dt .<br />
2<br />
i<br />
laplasis pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli gardaqmna gamoiyeneba, mag.,<br />
eleqtronul wredebSi gardamavali procesebis daTvlisas.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_i asrulebs laplasis gardaqmnebs gamoyofili cvladis mimarT<br />
Symbolics → Transform → Laplace da Symbolics → Transform → Inverse Laplace brZanebebiT<br />
an Symbolic panelis laplace da invlaplace operatorebis meSveobiT.<br />
X x , x , x ...) mimdevrobis pirdapiri Z_gardaqmna moicema formuliT:<br />
( 0 1 2<br />
x1<br />
x2<br />
F ( z)<br />
x0<br />
... .<br />
2<br />
z z<br />
.
is asrulebs iseTive rols diskretuli mimdevrobebisaTvis (vTqvaT,<br />
diskretuli signalebisaTvis), rogorc furies da laplasis gardaqmnebi uwyveti<br />
funqciebisaTvis.<br />
Z_gardaqmna SeiZleba Sesruldes uwyveti funqciisaTvisac, romelic<br />
warmodgenilia Tavisi mniSvnelobebiT sxvadasxva wertilebSi _ damoukidebeli<br />
cvladis diskretuli bijiT cvlilebisas:<br />
<br />
n<br />
F ( z)<br />
f ( n)<br />
z .<br />
n0<br />
Sebrunebuli Z_gardaqmna moicema formuliT:<br />
f<br />
n<br />
<br />
2i<br />
1 n1<br />
<br />
z<br />
92<br />
F ( z)<br />
dz<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_i asrulebs pirdapir da Sebrunebul Z_gardaqmnebs gamoyofili<br />
cvladis mimarT Symbolics → Transform → Z da Symbolics → Transform → Inverse Z<br />
brZanebebiT an Symbolic panelis ztrans da invztrans operatorebis meSveobiT.<br />
nax.6.17_ze moyvanilia furies, laplasis da Z pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli<br />
gardaqmnebis magaliTebi.<br />
nax.6.17. furies, laplasis da Z_gardaqmnebi<br />
.
6.15 simboluri gamoTvlebis Sedegebis gamotanis<br />
stilis dayeneba<br />
Symbolics → Evaluation Style... brZanebiT gamoiZaxeba Sedegebis gamotanis stilis<br />
dialoguri fanjara (nax.6.18).<br />
Nnax.6.18. dialoguri fanjara Evaluation Style<br />
Evaluation Style dialoguri fanjris Show evaluation steps (gamoTvlebis<br />
safexurebis Cveneba) ganyofilebaSi gvaqvs gadamrTvelis dayenebis sami varianti:<br />
Vertically, inserting lines – Sedegebis ganlageba ZiriTadi gamosaxulebis qveS,<br />
carieli striqonebis CasmiT marjvniv;<br />
Vertically, without inserting lines – Sedegebis ganlageba carieli striqonebis<br />
Casmis gareSe;<br />
Horizontally – Sedegebis ganlageba ZiriTadi gamosaxulebis marjvniv.<br />
am dialogur fanjaraSi gvaqvs ori alami:<br />
Show Comments – komentarebis Cveneba;<br />
Evaluate In Place – adgilze gamoTvla anu sawyisi gamosaxulebis Secvla<br />
simboluri operaciis SedegiT.<br />
Nnax. 6.19_ze naCvenebia simboluri gamosaxulebis Sedegebis sxvadasxva stiliT<br />
gamotanis magaliTebi.<br />
6.16 cvladebis mniSvnelobebis SezRudva da instrumentTa<br />
paneli Modifier (modificikacia)<br />
Symbolic panelis assume punqtiT xdeba cvladis wina mniSvnelobis ignorireba<br />
da masze SezRudvis daweseba. tipiuri SezRudvebia, mag., 10 , b 5 da sxv.<br />
qvemoT moyvanil magaliTSi<br />
93
nax.6.19. simboluri gamoTvlebis Sedegebis gamotanis stili<br />
simboluri gamoTvla Sesrulebulia im pirobiT, rom namdvili dadebiTi<br />
ricxvia.<br />
Symbolic panelis Simplify operatorSi SesaZlebelia cvladebis<br />
mniSvnelobebze damatebiTi SezRudvebis daweseba, rac xorcieldeba Modifier<br />
instrumentTa panelis assume, real, RealRange, trig punqtebiT:<br />
assume punqtiT viziris adgilas Caismeba sityva_gasaRebi cvladis<br />
mniSvnelobebze SezRudvebis dasawesad;<br />
real SezRudva niSnavs, rom cvladi namdvili tipisaa;<br />
RealRange SezRudva gansazRvravs namdvili tipis cvladis<br />
mniSvnelobaTa ares. mag., c = RealRange(a,b) Canaweri niSnavs, rom c_s<br />
mniSvnelobebi unda iyos a_s da b_s Soris, sadac a da b namdvili<br />
ricxvebia an usasruloba;<br />
trig modifikatori zRudavs gamartivebis process trigonometriuli<br />
formulebiT (sin 2 (x)+cos 2 (x)=1; cosh(x) 2 _sinh(x) 2 =1). am dros M<strong>athcad</strong>_i ar<br />
xmarobs logariTmebTan, xarisxebTan an radikalebTan dakavSirebul<br />
formulebs.<br />
94
aRvniSnoT, rom rodesac gvaqvs SezRudva assume=real, simboluri gamoTvlebi<br />
Sesruldeba im pirobiT, rom maTematikur gamosaxulebaSi Sesuli yvela<br />
cvladi namdvili tipisaa, xolo Tu dawesebulia assume=RealRange(a,b)<br />
SezRudva, simboluri gamoTvlebi Sesruldeba im pirobiT, rom maTematikur<br />
gamosaxulebaSi Sesuli yvela cvladi namdvili tipisaa da am cvladebis<br />
mniSvnelobaTa intervalia (a,b).<br />
nax.6.20_ze moyvanilia Modifier panelis operatorebis magaliTebi.<br />
nax.6.20. Modifier panelis operatorebi<br />
6.17 simboluri gamoTvlebis Sedegebis warmodgena<br />
kompleqsuri ricxvis saxiT da mcocavi wertiliT<br />
(complex, float)<br />
Symbolic panelis complex operatoriT simboluri gamoTvlebi Sesruldeba<br />
kompleqsur areSi da misi Sedegebi Caiwereba kompleqsuri ricxvis saxiT. am<br />
miznisaTvis SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT agreTve Symbolics → Evaluate → Complex<br />
brZaneba.<br />
95
Symbolic panelis float operatoriT Sedegi Caiwereba mcocavi wertilis saxiT.<br />
igives miviRebT Symbolics → Evaluate → Floating Point... brZanebiT.<br />
nax. 6.21_ze moyvanil magaliTebSi Sedegebi warmodgenilia kompleqsuri<br />
ricxvis saxiT da mcocavi wertiliT Symbolic panelis operatorebis da Symbolics<br />
menius Sesabamisi brZanebebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
nax.6.21. simboluri gamoTvlebis Sedegebis warmodgena<br />
kompleqsuri ricxvis saxiT da mcocavi wertiliT<br />
96
Tavi VII daformateba M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si<br />
7.1 Format menius da Formatting panelis Semadgenloba<br />
mTavari menius Format punqtiT an Alt + O klaviSebis kombinaciiT gamoiZaxeba<br />
Semdegi qvemeniu:<br />
Equation... (gantoleba) _ <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis daformateba;<br />
Result... (Sedegi) _ ricxviTi Sedegebis daformateba;<br />
Text... (teqsti) _ teqstis daformateba;<br />
Paragraph... (abzaci) _ abzacis daformateba;<br />
Tabs... (tabulacia) _ tabulaciis poziciebis dayeneba;<br />
Style... (stili) _ stilis daformateba;<br />
Properties... (Tvisebebi) _ Tvisebebis dayeneba;<br />
Graph (grafiki) _ grafikebis daformateba;<br />
Color (feri) _ ferebis dayeneba;<br />
Area (ubani) _ ubnebis daformateba;<br />
Separate Regions _ areebis gancalkeveba;<br />
Align Regions _ areebis sworeba;<br />
Repaginate Now _ dokumentis gverdebad xelmeore dayofa.<br />
(nax.7.1).<br />
Formatting instrumentTa paneli Sedgeba 3 velisagan da 10 Rilakisagan<br />
nax.7.1. Formatting instrumentTa paneli<br />
pirvel siisebur velSi (Style) Cawerilia mimdinare stilis saxeli. Tu<br />
saWiroa, am velis marjvniv mdebare Rilakis isarze dawkapunebiT SegviZlia<br />
gavxsnaT stilebis CamonaTvali da avirCioT sasurveli.<br />
Semdegi veli – Sriftebis siiseburi velia (Font). aq Cawerilia mimdinare<br />
Sriftis saxeli. am velis marjvniv mdebare Rilakis isarze dawkapunebiT<br />
gaixsneba Sriftebis CamonaTvali, saidanac survilisamebr airCeva saWiro.<br />
mesame velSi (Font Size) Cawerilia Sriftis mimdinare zoma. Font Size velis<br />
marjvniv mdebare Rilakis isarze dawkapunebiT gaixsneba Sriftis zomebis<br />
CamonaTvali, saidanac SeirCeva sasurveli zoma.<br />
Bold Rilakze (B) daWeriT CairTveba sqeli moyvanilobis simboloebis<br />
akrebis reJimi, Italic (I) _ aikribeba daxrili teqsti (kursivi), Underline (U) _<br />
aikribeba xazgasmuli teqsti.<br />
97
Align Left Rilakze daWeriT xdeba abzacis sworeba teqstis aris marcxena<br />
sazRvarze, Center _ abzacis centrireba anu misi moTavseba sazRvrebs Soris SuaSi,<br />
Align Right _ abzacis sworeba teqstis aris marjvena sazRvarze.<br />
Bullets Rilakze daWeriT CairTveba markerebis Casmis reJimi, xolo<br />
Numbering _ punqtebis numeraciis. Ees ori punqti emsaxureba siebis Seqmnis<br />
process. siis erTi punqtis akrebis Semdeg Enter klaviSis daWerisas avtomaturad<br />
gadavalT siis momdevno punqtze. imisaTvis rom davamTavroT siis Seqmnis procesi,<br />
axal punqtze gadasvlis Semdeg isev davaWiroT Bullets Rilaks an siis bolo<br />
punqtis akrebis Semdeg orjer davawkapunoT Enter klaviSze. siis Sesaqmnelad<br />
SesaZlebelia agreTve jer misi punqtebis akreba da moniSvnis Semdeg Bullets an<br />
Numbering Rilakebze dawkapuneba.<br />
Superscript (zeda indeqsi) RilakiT simboloebi ganlagdebian striqonis<br />
zedoneze, xolo Subscript (qveda indeqsi) RilakiT _ qvedoneze.<br />
7.2 <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis daformateba<br />
Format → Equation… brZanebiT gamoiZaxeba Equation Format dialoguri fanjara<br />
(nax.7.2), romelic emsaxureba <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebebis daformatebas.<br />
nax.7.2. Equation Format dialoguri fanjara<br />
maTematikur gamosaxulebaSi Sedian cvladebi, mudmivebi, specialuri<br />
simboloebi da operatorebi. M<strong>athcad</strong>_i iyenebs or maTematikur stils, romelTa<br />
parametrebi dayenebulia winaswari SeTaxmebiT. es stilebia Variables<br />
(cvladebisaTvis, simboloebisaTvis da operatorebisaTvis) da Constants<br />
(ricxvebisaTvis). survilisamebr SeiZleba stilebis parametrebis Secvla.<br />
Equation Format dialoguri fanjris Style Name (stilis saxeli) velSi iseve<br />
rogorc Formatting panelis Sesabamis velSi avtomaturad Caiwereba aqtiuri<br />
obieqtis stilis saxeli: Variables (cvladebi), Constants (mudmivebi) an momxmareblis<br />
98
mier Seqmnili stilis saxeli. mag., ricxvze dawkapunebis Semdeg am velSi iqneba<br />
Cawerili Constants.<br />
obieqtis stilis parametrebis Sesacvlelad:<br />
1. gamovyoT obieqti da mivceT Format → Equation… brZaneba an gamoviZaxoT<br />
Equation Format dialoguri fanjara obieqtis gaaqtiurebis gareSe da Style<br />
Name velis CamonaTvalidan avirCioT sasurveli stili;<br />
2. gamoviyenoT Modify… Rilaki. gamoCndeba obiqtis dialoguri fanjara,<br />
romelSic airCeva Srifti, misi moyvaniloba, zoma, feri, simboloebis<br />
nakrebi da dayendeba survilisamebr alami Underline;<br />
3. davaWiroT OK Rilaks.<br />
Sedegad M<strong>athcad</strong>_i Secvlis dokumentSi yvela am tipis obieqtis gaformebas.<br />
nax.7.3_ze moyvanilia dialoguri fanjara Variables.<br />
nax.7.3. dialoguri fanjara Variables<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis obieqtebis formatis Secvla SesaZlebelia<br />
agreTve Formatting panelis daxmarebiT. Mmag., Tu gvsurs mudmivebis formatis<br />
Secvla, jer gamovyoT ricxvi (an Formatting panelis stilebis CamonaTvalidan<br />
avirCioT stili Constants), Semdeg davawkapunoT Formatting panelis sasurvel<br />
Rilakebze. ase SeiZleba SevcvaloT Srifti, misi zoma da moyvaniloba.<br />
Equation Format dialogis Default Equation Color velis CamonaTvalidan SeirCeva<br />
garkveuli stilis obieqtebis gaformebis feri. mag., Tu gvsurs maTematikur<br />
gamosaxulebebs da komentarebs (teqsts) hqondeT gansxvavebuli feri, Default<br />
Equation Color velis CamonaTvalidan avirCioT sasurveli feri, romliTac iqneba<br />
gaformebuli, vTqvaT, yvela <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba da davaWiroT OK Rilaks.<br />
99
momxmarebels SeuZlia Seqmnas damatebiTi <strong>maTematikuri</strong> stilebi. Sedegad<br />
rogorc Formatting panelis, aseve Equation Format dialoguri fanjris stilebis<br />
CamonaTvalSi iqneba Sesuli axali stilebis saxelebi.<br />
ganvixiloT axali stilis Seqmnis procesi. vTqvaT, gvsurs matricebis<br />
identifikatorebis gaformeba sqeli moyvanilobis xazgasmuli SriftiT. amisaTvis:<br />
1. gamovyoT elementi, romlisTvisac vqmniT axal stils (Cven magaliTSi<br />
matricis saxeli) da mivceT Format → Equation… brZaneba an gamoviZaxoT<br />
Equation Format dialoguri fanjara obieqtis gaaqtiurebis gareSe;<br />
2. davawkapunoT Style Name velis marjvniv mdebare isarze da gavxsnaT<br />
stilebis CamonaTvali;<br />
3. avirCioT <strong>maTematikuri</strong> stilebis CamonaTvalidan romelime gamouyenebeli<br />
saxeli (mag., User 1), romelic Caiwereba New Style Name (axali stilis<br />
saxeli) teqstur velSi;<br />
4. davayenoT kursori am teqstur velSi da SevcvaloT User 1, vTqvaT,<br />
Matrix_iT;<br />
5. davaWiroT Modify… Rilaks da gaxsnil dialogur fanjaraSi davayenoT<br />
sasurveli maxasiaTeblebi: Bold da Underline;<br />
6. davaWiroT OK Rilaks Variables dialogur fanjaraSi;<br />
7. davaWiroT OK Rilaks Equation Format dialogur fanjaraSi.<br />
Seiqmneba axali <strong>maTematikuri</strong> stili saxelad Matrix. SemdgomSi SeiZleba<br />
SevusabamoT axali stili saWiro obieqtebs.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom zemoaRwerili moqmedebebiT SeiZleba gamosaxulebis<br />
calkeul cvladebs an mudmivebs SevusabamoT garkveuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> stili,<br />
magram es ar exeba gamoTvlebis ricxviT Sedegebs, romlis stilia yovelTvis<br />
Constants.<br />
dayenebuli stilebis sxva dokumentSi gamosayeneblad saWiroa jer<br />
SevinaxoT dokumenti rogorc Sabloni anu .mct gafarToebiT, Semdeg ki gavxsnaT<br />
axali dokumenti Sablonis saxiT da SevavsoT is arCeul SablonSi.<br />
7.3 ricxviTi Sedegebis daformateba<br />
gamoTvlebis ricxviTi Sedegis miRebisas M<strong>athcad</strong>_i aCvenebs mas winaswari<br />
SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul formatSi. am formatis Sesacvlelad davawkapunoT<br />
gamosaxulebis nebismier adgilas da mivceT Format → Result… brZaneba an<br />
movaxdinoT ormagi wkapuni gamoTvlebis Sedegze. gamova Result Format dialoguri<br />
fanjara (nax.7.4), romelic Sedgeba ramdenime CanarTisagan:<br />
Number Format (ricxvebis formati) CanarTis Format areSi SeirCeva sasurveli<br />
formati. Number of decimal places (aTobiTi Tanrigebis raodenoba) da<br />
Exponential threshold (eqsponentis zRurbli) mTvlelebis velebSi winaswari<br />
100
SeTanxmebiT miTiTebulia 3. saWiroebisamebr SegviZlia es ricxvi<br />
SevcvaloT. Tu saWiroa, davayenoT almebi: Show trailing zeros (bolo aTobiTi<br />
Tanrigebis nulebis Cveneba), Show exponents in engineering format (eqsponentebis<br />
Cveneba inJinrul formatSi).<br />
nax.7.4. dialoguri fanjara Result Format<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si arsebobs ricxvis warmodgenis 5 formati:<br />
o General (zogadi). am formatSi SeiZleba dayendes Tanrigebis raodenoba<br />
aTobiTi wertilis marjvniv, eqsponentis zRurbli da bolo aTobiTi<br />
Tanrigebis nulebis Cvenebis reJimi. Tu eqsponentis zRurblis<br />
mniSvneloba gadametebulia, pasuxi iqneba warmodgenili<br />
eqsponencialur an inJinrul formatSi. bolo aTobiTi Tanrigebis<br />
nulebi iqneba naCvenebi mxolod 15 Tanrigis CaTvliT aTobiTi<br />
wertilis Semdeg;<br />
o Decimal (aTobiTi). am formatis arCevisas pasuxis warmodgena<br />
eqsponencialuri formiT ar xdeba. aqac SeiZleba dayendes aTobiTi<br />
Tanrigebis raodenoba da bolo aTobiTi Tanrigebis nulebis Cvenebis<br />
reJimi, xolo ricxvis warmodgenis sizustea 15 aTobiTi Tanrigi;<br />
o Scientific (samecniero anu eqsponencialuri formati) da Engineering<br />
(inJinruli). am formatebSi pasuxis warmodgena xdeba yovelTvis<br />
eqsponencialuri formiT. Scientific da Engineering formatebSi Show<br />
exponents as E 000 almis dayenebiT xarisxis maCveneblis Tanrigebis<br />
raodenoba gaxdeba 3_is jeradi ricxvi. orive formatSi SeiZleba<br />
dayendes aTobiTi Tanrigebis raodenoba da bolo aTobiTi Tanrigebis<br />
nulebis Cvenebis reJimi.<br />
o Fraction (wiladuri). am formatSi xdeba Sedegis Cveneba wiladis saxiT.<br />
nax.7.5_ze warmodgenilia cxrili, romelSic moyvanilia ricxvebis<br />
sxvadasxva formatSi warmodgenis magaliTebi.<br />
vTqvaT, x=8.25891, y=π*10 5 , z=150 000 000, a=1.25.<br />
101
x=8.26<br />
x=8.2589<br />
x=8.2589100<br />
General formati, Exponential threshold=15,<br />
Number of decimal places=2<br />
Decimal formati, Number of decimal places=4<br />
Decimal formati, Number of decimal places=7,<br />
dayenebulia alami Show trailing zeros<br />
z=1.50x10 8 General formati, Exponential threshold=6,<br />
Number of decimal places=2, dayenebulia alami Show<br />
trailing zeros<br />
y=3.142x10 5 Scientific formati<br />
y=31.416x10 4 Engineering formati<br />
x=8.259E+000<br />
y=31.416E+004<br />
1<br />
a= 1<br />
4<br />
5<br />
a=<br />
4<br />
Engineering formati, dayenebulia alami<br />
Show exponents as E 000<br />
Fraction formati<br />
Fraction formati, dayenebulia alami<br />
Use mixed numbers<br />
nax.7.5. ricxvebis warmodgena sxvadasxva formatSi<br />
Display Options (Cvenebis ofciebi) CanarTSi SeiZleba mivuTiToT kompleqsuri<br />
ricxvis warmosaxviTi nawilis warmodgenisaTvis gamosayenebeli aso (i an j),<br />
aTvlis <strong>sistema</strong>, Matrix display style siidan SeiZleba avirCioT masivebis Cvenebis<br />
stili: matricis saxiT (Matrix) an cxrilis saxiT (Table), Expand nested array<br />
almis gaaqtiurebiT SesaZlebelia rTuli masivebis gafarToebiT Cveneba. im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac rTul masivs anu masivs, romlis elementebi Tavis<br />
mxriv masivebia, matricis forma aqvs da ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
gafarToebis SesaZlebloba, ekranze davinaxavT ara TviT masivs Tavis<br />
elementebiTurT, aramed frCxilebSi Casmul Canawers, romelSic aRniSnulia<br />
rTuli masivis calkeuli elementebis striqonebisa da svetebis raodenoba.<br />
nax.7.6_ze naCvenebia rTuli masivis warmodgenis magaliTebi.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT cxrilis elementi srulad,<br />
elementis moniSvnis Semdeg avirCioT konteqsturi meniudan Down One Level<br />
(erTi doniT dabla) punqti, xolo aragafarToebuli formis aRsadgenad _<br />
Up One Level (erTi doniT maRla).<br />
Tu gvsurs dokumentis yvela masivi iyos naCvenebi matricis an<br />
cxrilis saxiT anu maTi Cvenebis forma ar iyos damokidebuli masivis<br />
zomaze (zogadad, Tu matricis an veqtoris striqonebis (svetebis)<br />
raodenoba 9_s aRemateba, is avtomaturad cxrilis saxiT aris<br />
warmodgenili), Display Options CanarTSi Sesabamisi miTiTebebis Semdeg saWiroa<br />
davayenoT Set as Default alami.<br />
102
Tolerance (daSveba) CanarTSi dayendeba kompleqsuri ricxvis zRurbli<br />
(Complex threshold) da xdeba imis miTiTeba Tu ra sididis mcire ricxvi unda<br />
iyos aRqmuli rogorc nuli (Zero threshold).<br />
Unit Display (sazomi erTeulebis Cveneba) CanarTSi SesaZlebelia sazomi<br />
erTeulebis wiladis saxiT warmodgenis (Format units) da maTi gamartivebis<br />
reJimebis (Simplify units when possible) dayeneba.<br />
nax.7.6. rTuli masivis warmodgenis magaliTebi<br />
yvela Sedegis parametrebis Sesacvlelad:<br />
1. davawkapunoT dokumentis cariel adgilas;<br />
2. mivceT Format Result… brZaneba;<br />
3. SevcvaloT parametrebi;<br />
4. OK<br />
mTel dokumentSi dayendeba Sedegebis Cvenebis axali parametrebi da<br />
Seicvleba im Sedegebis warmodgenis forma, romelTa formati ar iyo<br />
individualurad specificirebuli.<br />
igives mivaRwevT calkeuli Sedegis parametrebis SecvliT da Set as Default<br />
almis dayenebiT.<br />
103
7.4 teqstisa da abzacis daformateba<br />
teqstis daformateba gulisxmobs Sriftis tipis, zomis, moyvanilobis<br />
stilisa da simboloTa feris SerCevas.<br />
teqstis daformatebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Formatting panelis Sesabamisi velebi<br />
da Rilakebi da menius Format → Text… brZaneba (an konteqsturi menius teqstis<br />
daformatebis punqtebi), romliTac gamoiZaxeba Text Format dialoguri fanjara<br />
(nax.7.7).<br />
Text Format dialoguri fanjris Font: velSi SeirCeva teqstis akrebis<br />
sasurveli Srifti, Font Style: velSi – moyvanilobis stili: Regular (Cveulebrivi),<br />
Italic (daxrili), Bold (sqeli), Bold Italic (sqeli daxrili), xolo Size: velSi _<br />
Sriftis zoma. simboloTa feris arCeva xdeba Color: siiseburi velis<br />
CamonaTvalidan. Effects areSi gvaqvs almebis jgufi, romelTa dayenebiT SeirCeva<br />
daformatebis Semdegi reJimebi: Strikeout _ xazgadasmuli teqstis akreba, Underline _<br />
xazgasma, Subscript _ qveda indeqsis akreba anu teqstis ganlageba striqonis<br />
qvedoneze, Superscript _ zeda indeqsis akreba anu teqstis ganlageba striqonis<br />
zedoneze. Sample areSi aisaxeba SerCeuli Sriftis nimuSi Tavisi maxasiaTeblebiT.<br />
nax.7.7. teqstis daformatebis dialoguri fanjara<br />
daformatebis maxasiaTeblebis dayeneba SesaZlebelia rogorc teqstis<br />
akrebamde, aseve akrebis Semdeg _ moniSnuli fragmentisaTvis.<br />
Tu Tagvis kursori imyofeba teqstur areSi, SesaZlebeli xdeba ara mxolod<br />
teqstis, aramed abzacis daformatebac. amas emsaxureba Formatting panelis<br />
Sesabamisi Rilakebi da Format → Paragraph Format… brZaneba. am brZanebiT da<br />
104
agreTve konteqsturi menius Paragraph... punqtiT gamoiZaxeba abzacis daformatebis<br />
dialoguri fanjara (nax.7.8).<br />
nax.7.8. abzacis daformatebis dialoguri fanjara<br />
Paragraph Format dialoguri fanjris Indent (wanacvleba, dacileba)<br />
ganyofilebis Left: (marcxena) da Right: (marjvena) velebSi SeirCeva abzacis yvela<br />
striqonis dacileba teqstis aris marcxena da marjvena sazRvrebidan. Special:<br />
velis CamonaTvalSi SeirCeva, xolo By: velSi dayendeba abzacis pirveli<br />
striqonis (First Line) an danarCeni striqonebis (Hanging) dacileba teqstis aris<br />
marcxena sazRvridan. standartulad aq gvaqvs reJimi none. wanacvlebis dayeneba<br />
SesaZlebelia agreTve saxazavis meSveobiT. amisaTvis davawkapunoT abzacis<br />
nebismier adgilas (an movniSnoT abzaci) da mivceT View → Ruler brZaneba. saxazavis<br />
zeda isris gadaadgilebiT dayendeba abzacis pirveli striqonis, xolo qveda<br />
isriT – danarCeni striqonebis dacileba.<br />
Bullets: velSi airCeva markerebis an cifrebis stili mimdinare da momdevno<br />
abzacebis siebis saxiT gasaformeblad, xolo Alignment ganyofilebaSi<br />
gadamrTveli unda iyos CarTuli erT_erT poziciaSi: Left – abzacis sworeba<br />
teqstis marcxena sazRvarze, Right _ abzacis sworeba teqstis marjvena sazRvarze,<br />
Center – abzacis centrireba anu misi moTavseba marcxena da marjvena sazRvrebidan<br />
Tanabari daSorebiT.<br />
Tabs… (tabulacia) Rilakze dawkapunebiT gamoiZaxeba Tabs dialoguri<br />
fanjara, sadac SesaZlebelia tabulaciis poziciebis dayeneba (ix. 7.5).<br />
abzacebis daformateba SesaZlebelia rogorc teqstis akrebamde, aseve<br />
akrebis Semdeg _ moniSnuli abzacebisaTvis, amasTan erTi abzacis maxasiaTeblebis<br />
misaTiTeblad sakmarisia movaTavsoT teqsturi kursori abzacis nebismier<br />
adgilas.<br />
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7.5 tabulaciis poziciebis dayeneba<br />
klaviaturis Tabs klaviSze daWeriT xdeba garkveuli manZiliT kursoris<br />
poziciis gadaadgileba. tabulaciis poziciis dayeneba xdeba Tabs dialogur<br />
fanjaraSi, romlis gamoZaxeba SesaZlebelia Format → Tabs… brZanebiT an Paragraph<br />
Format dialoguri fanjris Tabs… Rilakze dawkapunebiT (nax.7.9).<br />
Tabs dialogis Tab stop position velSi sasurveli ricxvis Setanis Semdeg unda<br />
davaWiroT Set (dayeneba) Rilaks, tabulaciis meore poziciisaTvis isev SevitanoT<br />
ricxvi da davaWiroT Set_s da a.S.<br />
tabulaciis poziciebis dayeneba SesaZlebelia aseve saxazavis meSveobiT.<br />
amisaTvis davawkapunoT abzacis nebismier adgilas (an movniSnoT erTi an<br />
ramdenime abzaci) da mivceT View → Ruler brZaneba. saxazavze dawkapuneba daayenebs<br />
am adgilas tabulaciis pozicias da saxazavze gamoCndeba Sesabamisi simbolo. Tu<br />
gvsurs tabulaciis poziciis gadaadgileba, davaWiroT saxazavze tabulaciis<br />
simbolos da Tagvis marcxena RilakiT Drag and Drop teqnikiT gadavasrialoT<br />
sasurvel adgilas.<br />
nax.7.9. Tabs dialoguri fanjara<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom saxazavze Tagvis marjvena RilakiT dawkapuneba gamoitans<br />
mis konteqstur menius, romelSic SeirCeva is sazomi erTeuli, romelic iqneba<br />
gamoyenebuli M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dialogebSi: Inches (diumebi), Centimeters (santimetrebi),<br />
Points (wertilebi) an Picas (piqselebi).<br />
7.6 stilis daformateba<br />
teqstur areSi teqstis Setana winaswari SeTanxmebiT xorcieldeba Normal<br />
(Cveulebrivi) stiliT. survilisamebr SesaZlebelia sxva stilis SerCeva Formatting<br />
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panelis stilebis siidan an Text Styles dialogidan, romelSic SevdivarT Format →<br />
Style… brZanebiT (nax.7.10).<br />
nax.7.10. Text Styles dialoguri fanjara<br />
arCeuli stilis modifikaciisaTvis:<br />
1. mivceT brZaneba Format → Style…;<br />
2. Styles: velis CamonaTvalidan avirCioT sasurveli stili da davaWiroT<br />
Modify… Rilaks;<br />
3. gamoCndeba stilis parametrebis gansazRvris Define Style dialoguri fanjara<br />
(nax.7.11), romelSic xdeba stilis parametrebis Secvla.<br />
nax.7.11. Define Style dialoguri fanjara<br />
Define Style dialoguri fanjris Font... RilakiT SevalT dialogSi, sadac<br />
SesaZlebelia sxva Sriftis, misi parametrebis da specefeqtebis dayeneba, xolo<br />
Paragraph... RilakiT SevalT dialogSi, sadac SesaZlebelia wanacvlebis, sworebis<br />
da abzacis sxva parametrebis Secvla. modifikaciis Semdeg Seicvleba im teqsturi<br />
areebis gaformeba, sadac es stili iyo gamoyenebuli.<br />
axali stilis formirebisaTvis:<br />
1. mivceT brZaneba Format → Style…;<br />
2. Text Styles dialogur fanjaraSi davaWiroT New… Rilaks. gamoCndeba Define<br />
Style dialoguri fanjara (nax.7.11);<br />
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3. Name: velSi SevitanoT axali stilis saxeli. Tu axali stilis Seqmnas<br />
romelime arsebuli stilis safuZvelze vapirebT, Based On: velis<br />
CamonaTvalidan avirCioT saWiro stili;<br />
4. Font... da Paragraph... RilakebiT SevideT Sesabamis dialogebSi da davayenoT<br />
axali stilis sasurveli parametrebi.<br />
Define Style dialoguri fanjris daxurvisas axali stilis saxels vnaxavT<br />
stilebis siaSi, amasTan im stilis saxeli, romlis safuZvelze axali stili iyo<br />
Seqmnili, aseve darCeba siaSi.<br />
stilis wasaSlelad:<br />
1. mivceT brZaneba Format → Style…;<br />
2. Styles: velis CamonaTvalSi davawkapunoT wasaSlel stilze;<br />
3. davaWiroT klaviaturis Delete Rilaks.<br />
7.7 obieqtis Tvisebebis dayeneba<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_is obieqtebs: maTematikur gamosaxulebas Tu teqsts, komponents Tu<br />
ubans _ iseve rogorc Windows 95/XP operaciuli sistemis nebismieri gamoyenebiTi<br />
programis obieqtebs, gaaCnia Tavisi Tvisebebi, romlebic damokidebulia moniSnuli<br />
obieqtis tipze.<br />
avirCioT obieqtad <strong>maTematikuri</strong> are da Format → Properties… brZanebiT an<br />
konteqsturi menius Properties… punqtiT gamoviZaxoT Properties dialoguri fanjara<br />
(nax.7.12), romelic Sedgeba ramdenime CanarTisagan:<br />
nax.7.12. <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis Tvisebebis<br />
dialoguri fanjara<br />
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Display CanarTis Highlight Region almis dayenebiT xdeba gamoyofili areebis<br />
feriT gaformeba. Highlight Region almis dayenebisas gaaqtiurdeba Choose<br />
Color… (feris SerCeva) Rilaki. masze daWeriT gamoiZaxeba ferTa palitra,<br />
sadac SeirCeva sasurveli feri.<br />
Show Border almiT xdeba CarCos dayeneba gamoyofili gamosaxulebis an<br />
rastris irgvliv.<br />
Display at Original Size almis dayenebiT xdeba gamosaxulebis an rastris<br />
Cveneba pirvandel zomebSi.<br />
Tag (etiketi) velSi SesaZlebelia gamoyofili aris markireba etiketiT,<br />
romelic warmoadgens asoebis, cifrebis da harebis krebuls, sadac<br />
dauSvebelia zogi specialuri simboloebi.<br />
Calculation CanarTis Calculation Options areSi gvaqvs ori alami: Disable Evaluation<br />
(gamoTvlebis gamorTva) da Enable Optimization (optimizaciis SesaZlebloba).<br />
Disable Evaluation almis CarTviT gamoyofili <strong>maTematikuri</strong> are kargavs<br />
Tavis Tvisebebs da ar monawileobs gamoTvlebSi. programa aRiqvams mas<br />
rogorc komentars. am dros aris marjvena zeda kideSi Cndeba Savi markeri.<br />
imisaTvis, rom <strong>maTematikuri</strong> are gaxdes xelmisawvdomi gamoTvlebisaTvis,<br />
davawkapunoT masze, Format → Properties… brZanebiT SevideT Properties<br />
dialogSi, romlis Calculation CanarTSi movxsnaT alami Disable Evaluation an<br />
gavxsnaT amave aris konteqsturi meniu da avirCioT Enable Evaluation brZaneba.<br />
Enable Optimization almis CarTva moaxdens gamoyofili <strong>maTematikuri</strong> aris<br />
optimizacias. <br />
Protect CanarTSi SeiZleba davayenoT alami Protect region from editing (aris dacva<br />
redaqtirebisagan). dacva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
redaqtirebisagan daculia TviT dokumentic.<br />
Tu obieqtad arCeulia teqsturi are, Properties dialogi Sesabamisad<br />
nax.7.13. teqsturi aris Tvisebebis dialogis Text CanarTi<br />
optimizaciis ganxilva moxdeba 8.7_Si<br />
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Seicvleba, kerZod, Calculation CanarTis magivrad gveqneba Text CanarTi (nax. 7.13)<br />
almebiT: Occupy Page Width da Push Regions Down As You Type.<br />
Occupy Page Width almiT teqsturi are daikavebs gverdis mTel siganes,<br />
xolo Push Regions Down As You Type almis dayenebiT xdeba beWdvisas areebis qveviT<br />
Caweva raTa ar moxdes areebis zeddeba.<br />
Tu obieqtad arCeulia ubani, Format → Properties… brZanebiT gamoviZaxebT<br />
ubnis Tvisebebis dialogs CanarTebiT: Display, Area da Protect. Area CanarTSi<br />
SesaZlebelia ubnisaTvis saxelis miniWeba (Area name), ubnis sazRvris (Line),<br />
miniWebuli saxelis (Name), piqtogramis (Icon) da Caketvis TariRisa da drois<br />
(Timestamp) Cvenebis reJimebis dayeneba.<br />
7.8 grafikebis daformateba<br />
Format → Graph brZanebas aqvs Semdegi qvebrZanebebi: X_Y Plot… (dekartis<br />
grafiki), Polar Plot… (polaruli grafiki), 3D Plot… (3_ganzomilebiani grafiki),<br />
Trace… (kvali, traeqtoria) da Zoom… (masStabi).<br />
dekartis, polaruli da 3_ganzomilebiani grafikebis daformateba iyo<br />
ganxiluli 5.3 _ 5.8 _Si.<br />
amisaTvis:<br />
Trace qvebrZanebiT xdeba traeqtoriis wertilebis koordinatebis amokiTxva.<br />
1. davawkapunoT grafikis nebismier adgilas;<br />
2. mivceT Format → Graph → Trace… brZaneba. gamoCndeba Sesabamisi tipis<br />
grafikis (dekartis an polarulis) traeqtoriis dialoguri fanjara.<br />
nax.7.14_ze naCvenebia X_Y Trace dialogi;<br />
nax.7.14. X_Y Trace dialogi<br />
3. davayenoT Track Data Points alami, romliTac xdeba mxolod uSualod<br />
traeqtoriaze mdebare (da ara nebismieri) wertilebis koordinatebis<br />
amokiTxva;<br />
4. gadavataroT Tagvi im traeqtoriis gaswvriv, romlis wertilebis<br />
koordinatebis amokiTxva gvsurs. punqtiruli gadajvaredinebuli<br />
wrfewirebic gadainacvlebian erTi wertilidan meoreze. mimdinare<br />
110
wertilis X da Y koordinatebi (an radiusis da kuTxis mniSvnelobebi)<br />
iqneba dafiqsirebuli Sesabamis velebSi (nax.7.15);<br />
nax.7.15. grafikis wertilebis koordinatebis amokiTxva<br />
5. Tu davaWerT klaviaturis marjvena an marcxena mimarTulebis klaviSs,<br />
gadavaadgildebiT traeqtoriis momdevno an wina wertilze, xolo zeda da<br />
qveda mimarTulebis klaviSebis gamoyenebiT gadavalT sxva traeqtoriebze.<br />
dafiqsirebuli koordinatebis mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba traeqtoriis<br />
dialoguri fanjris Copy X, Copy Y (an Copy Radius, Copy Angle) RilakebiT<br />
gadavitanoT buferul mexsierebaSi.<br />
ori punqtiruli gadajvaredinebuli wrfewiri darCeba grafikze dialoguri<br />
fanjris daxurvamde.<br />
ganvixiloT Format → Graph → Zoom… brZaneba;<br />
1. movniSnoT grafiki masze TagviT dawkapunebiT;<br />
2. mivceT Format → Graph → Zoom… brZaneba. gamova nax.7.16_ze moyvanili X_Y<br />
Zoom dialoguri fanjara (an Polar Zoom _ Tu moniSnuli iyo polaruli<br />
grafiki);<br />
111
nax.7.16. X_Y Zoom dialoguri fanjara<br />
3. gamovyoT Tagvis gadaTrevis teqnikiT grafikis is regioni, romlis<br />
masStabirebas vapirebT. Min: da Max: teqstur velebSi davinaxavT<br />
gamoyofili regionis X da Y RerZebis koordinatebs (polaruli grafikis<br />
SemTxvevaSi am tipis grafikis Sesabamis koordinatebs);<br />
4. davaWiroT Zoom Rilaks. davinaxavT grafiks axali masStabiT. RerZebis<br />
koordinatebis minimaluri da maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi iqnebian iseTebi,<br />
romlebic dafiqsirebulia Min: da Max: velebSi;<br />
5. Tu gvsurs am masStabis gauqmeba, davaWiroT Unzoom Rilaks;<br />
6. OK Rilakze daWeriT moxdeba axali masStabis dafiqsireba.<br />
Tu gvaqvs grafiki, romlis masStabis Secvla ukve moxda, SesaZlebelia<br />
sawyisi masStabis aRdgena. amisaTvis X_Y Zoom dialogSi davaWiroT Full View<br />
Rilaks.<br />
7.9 ferebis dayeneba<br />
Format → Color brZanebas aqvs Semdegi qvebrZanebebi:<br />
Background… _ samuSao furclis fonis feris Secvla;<br />
Highlight… _ gamoyofili areebis feris dayeneba;<br />
Annotation… _ anotaciis feris dayeneba;<br />
Use Default Palette _ winaswari SeTanxmebis palitris gamoyeneba;<br />
Optimize Palette _ palitris optimizacia.<br />
pirveli sami qvebrZanebiT gamoiZaxeba Sesabamisi dialoguri fanjrebi,<br />
sadac warmodgenil ferTa palitraSi SevirCevT CvenTvis sasurvel fers da OK<br />
Rilakis meSveobiT cvlilebas davadasturebT.<br />
112
7.10 ubnebis daformateba<br />
arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac saWiroa movaxdinoT samuSao furclis ubnis<br />
Caketva raTa davicvaT Cveni dokumenti (Tundac sxva momxmareblisagan) an SekumSva.<br />
Format → Area brZanebas aqvs Semdegi punqtebi: Lock… (Caketva), Unlock… (Caketvis<br />
moxsna), Collaps (SekumSva), Expand (gafarToeba).<br />
ubnis Casaketad:<br />
1. davawkapunoT ubnis SigniT;<br />
2. mivceT Format → Area → Lock… brZaneba. gamoCndeba Lock Area dialoguri<br />
fanjara (nax.7.17);<br />
nax.7.17. ubnis Caketvis dialoguriFfanjara<br />
3. Tu gvsurs ubnis Caketva paroliT, avkriboT paroli (asoebis, cifrebis da<br />
sxva simboloebis kombinacia) dialogis pirvel velSi;<br />
4. parolis Setanis SemTxvevaSi gavimeoroT is Reenter password: velSi;<br />
5. Collapse when locked almis dayenebiT xdeba Caketili ubnis SekumSva, xolo<br />
Show lock timestamp almis dayenebiT _ ubnis bolo Caketvis TariRis da<br />
drois Cveneba;<br />
6. SekumSuli ubnis dasamalad masze marjvena wkapuniT gamoviZaxoT<br />
konteqsturi meniu, avirCioT Properties... punqti, SevideT Properties dialogis<br />
Area CanarTSi, sadac Sesabamisi almebis moxsniT moxdeba ubnis sruli<br />
damalva;<br />
7. davaWiroT OK Rilaks.<br />
Caketili ubnis sazRvrebze davinaxavT boqlomis gamosaxulebas da Caketvis<br />
TariRsa da dros (Tu Show lock timestamp alami iyo dayenebuli), xolo SekumSul<br />
ubans winaswari SeTanxmebiT vnaxavT erTi wrfewiris saxiT.<br />
damalul areze Tagvis gadatarebiT gamoCndeba ori punqtiruli wrfewiri –<br />
ubnis zeda da qveda sazRvrebi.<br />
ubnis SesakumSad Caketvis gareSe:<br />
1. davawkapunoT masze;<br />
2. mivceT Format → Area → Collapse brZaneba.<br />
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ubnis Caketvis moxsna Semdegnairad xdeba:<br />
1. davawkapunoT Caketil ubanze;<br />
2. avirCioT Format → Area → Unlock… brZaneba (Tu ubani iyo Caketili paroliT,<br />
saWiroa misi Setana);<br />
3. davaWiroT OK Rilaks.<br />
ubnis blokireba moixsneba da SesaZlebeli gaxdeba misi redaqtireba. Tu<br />
ubani iyo Caketili parolis gareSe, nebismier momxmarebels SeuZlia blokirebis<br />
moxsna Format → Area → Unlock… brZanebiT.<br />
amisaTvis:<br />
SekumSuli ubnis misi pirvandeli saxiT dasanaxad saWiroa misi gafarToeba.<br />
1. davawkapunoT sazRvris wrfewirze;<br />
2. avirCioT Format → Area → Expand brZaneba.<br />
7.11 areebis gancalkeveba da sworeba.<br />
gverdebis xelmeore numeracia<br />
areebis urTierTgadafarvis SemTxvevaSi saWiro xdeba maTi gancalkeveba,<br />
rac Format → Separate Regions brZanebiTExorcieldeba. igives mivaRwevT calkeuli<br />
areebis individualuri gadaadgilebiTac da, Tu saWiroa, Sesabamis adgilebSi<br />
damatebiTi striqonebis CasmiT. amasTan ar unda daviviwyoT, rom zogjer Format →<br />
Separate Regions brZaneba ise gadaadgilebs areebs, rom gamoTvlebis mimdevroba<br />
Seicvleba, amitom ufro xelsayrelia areebis gancalkeveba movaxdinoT xeliT.<br />
areebis sworebisaTvis:<br />
1. gamovyoT areebi;<br />
2. avirCioT Format → Align Regions → Across brZaneba (sworeba horizontalis<br />
amisaTvis:<br />
gaswvriv) an Format → Align Regions → Down (sworeba vertikalis gaswvriv).<br />
igives mivaRwevT Standard panelis da RilakebiT.<br />
areebis vertikaluri sworeba SesaZlebelia agreTve saxazavis meSveobiT.<br />
1. mivceT View → Ruler brZaneba;<br />
2. davawkapunoT saxazavis im adgilas, romelic areebis marcxena kideebis<br />
sasurvel daSorebas Seesabameba. saxazavze gamoCndeba tabulaciis simbolo;<br />
3. tabulaciis simboloze marjvena wkapuni gamoitans konteqstur menius.<br />
avirCioT Show Guideline punqti. gamoCndeba mwvane vertikaluri xazi, romlis<br />
adgilmdebareobis Secvla SesaZlebelia tabulaciis simbolos gadaTreviT;<br />
4. gamovyoT da gadavaadgiloT areebi mwvane xazTan.<br />
Format → Repaginate Now brZanebiT xdeba dokumentis gverdebad xelmeore<br />
dayofa. M<strong>athcad</strong>_i avtomaturad dayofs dokuments gverdebad ise, rom arc erTi<br />
are ar gadakveTs gverdis sazRvrebs.<br />
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Tavi VIII mTavari menius Tools (instrumentebi)<br />
punqti<br />
8.1 mTavari menius Tools punqtis Semadgenloba<br />
mTavari menius Tools punqtiT an Alt + T klaviSebis kombinaciiT gamoiZaxeba<br />
Semdegi qvemeniu:<br />
Spelling... – marTlweris Semowmeba;<br />
Animation – animaciuri klipebis Seqmna da aRwarmoeba;<br />
Protect Worksheet... – samuSao furclis dacva;<br />
Calculate _ gamoTvlebis reJimis dayeneba;<br />
Optimize _ gamoTvlebis optimizacia;<br />
Disable Evaluation _ calkeuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> aris gaangariSebis procesidan<br />
gamoricxva;<br />
Trace Error (Secdomis kvali) – Secdomis wyaros gamovlineba;<br />
Worksheet Options... _ samuSao furclis ofciebi;<br />
Preferences… (upiratesobani) _ parametrebis momarTva.<br />
8.2 marTlweris Semowmeba da koreqtireba<br />
marTlweris Semowmeba da koreqtireba xdeba Tools → Spelling… brZanebiT an<br />
Standard panelis Rilakze daWeriT. amisaTvis:<br />
1. davawkapunoT im adgilas, saidanac gvsurs daviwyoT marTlweris<br />
Semowmeba. M<strong>athcad</strong>_i daiwyebs Semowmebas am adgilidan da gaagrZelebs<br />
dokumentis bolomde, ris Semdeg SesaZlebelia procesis Sewyveta an<br />
gagrZeleba dokumentis dasawyisidan;<br />
2. mivceT Tools → Spelling brZaneba an davaWiroT Standard panelis<br />
Rilaks.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_i daiwyebs marTlweris Semowmebas, risTvisac iyenebs<br />
inglisuri enis leqsikons, gamdidrebul <strong>maTematikuri</strong> terminologiiT da<br />
momxmareblis personaluri leqsikoniT. Tu dokumentSi aRmoCndeba<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_isaTvis ucnobi sityva, gaixsneba Check Spelling (marTlweris<br />
Semowmeba) dialoguri fanjara (nax.8.1), sadac Not Found: velSi davinaxavT<br />
am sityvas da Change To: velSi savaraudo cvlilebebis CamonaTvals. Tu<br />
programa ver gvTavazobs Secvlis rekomendacias, naCvenebi iqneba<br />
mxolod misTvis ucnobi sityva;<br />
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nax.8.1. marTlweris Semowmebis dialoguri fanjara<br />
3. Tu Secvlis rekomendaciebis CamonaTvali Seicavs sityvis swor variants,<br />
movniSnoT is, Tu ara _ avkriboT is Change To: velSi. davaWiroT Change<br />
Rilaks. Suggest Rilaks viyenebT, Tu gvsurs Secvlis damatebiTi, magram<br />
naklebi albaTobis variantebis daTvaliereba. Tu M<strong>athcad</strong>_s ara aqvs<br />
damatebiTi SeTavazebebi, Suggest Rilaki ar iqneba aqtiuri.<br />
Tu sityvis Secvla ar gvsurs, viyenebT Ignore (ignorireba) Rilaks. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi Tu M<strong>athcad</strong>_s momavalSi es sityva kidev Sexvdeba, is ar<br />
iqneba aRqmuli rogorc arasworad dawerili.<br />
Add RilakiT sityva iqneba Setanili momxmareblis personalur<br />
leqsikonSi.<br />
SeiZleba agreTve movaxdinoT marTlweris Semowmeba teqstis gamoyofili<br />
fragmentisaTvis.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom marTlweris Sesamowmeblad SesaZlebelia inglisuris<br />
sasurveli dialeqtis miTiTeba. amisaTvis Tools → Preferences… brZanebiT SevdivarT<br />
dialogSi, romlis Language CanarTSi moyvanilia xelmisawvdomi dialeqtebis<br />
CamonaTvali.<br />
8.3 animaciuri klipebis Seqmna da aRwarmoeba<br />
Tools → Animation punqts gaaCnia ori qvebrZaneba: Record… (Cawera) da<br />
Playback… (aRwarmoeba).<br />
animaciuri klipebis Sesaqmnelad M<strong>athcad</strong>_i iyenebs Frame (kadri) CaSenebul<br />
cvlads, romelic Rebulobs mTel mniSvnelobebs (winaswari SeTanxmebiT 0_dan<br />
9_mde bijiT 1). SesaZlebelia ara mxolod grafikebis animacia, aramed yvelafris,<br />
rac Frame cvladzea damokidebuli. Frame cvladi arsebiTad mimdinare kadris<br />
nomers warmoadgens. kadrebis mimdevrobiTi aRwarmoeba gansazRvruli siCqariT<br />
(winaswari SeTanxmebiT – 10 kadri 1 wuTSi) qmnis moZrav gamosaxulebas.<br />
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animaciuri klipis Sesaqmnelad:<br />
1. SevqmnaT gamosaxuleba an gamosaxulebaTa jgufi, romelTa mniSvnelobebi<br />
saboloo jamSi arian Frame cvladze damokidebuli;<br />
2. mivceT Tools → Animation → Record… brZaneba. gamoCndeba Record Animation<br />
dialoguri fanjara (nax.8.2);<br />
3. punqtiruli marTkuTxediT gamovyoT dokumentis is nawili (nawilebi),<br />
romelTa animaciur klips vqmniT. Tu klipi iqmneba grafikisaTvis, gamovyoT<br />
uSualod grafiki (wina gansazRvrebebis gareSe);<br />
nax.8.2. grafikisaTvis klipis Seqmna<br />
4. Record Animation dialoguri fanjris For FRAME ganyofilebis From: da To:<br />
cifrul velebSi ganvsazRvroT FRAME cvladis mniSvnelobebis qveda da<br />
zeda sazRvrebi, xolo At: velSi – kadrebis aRwarmoebis siCqare;<br />
5. davaWiroT Animate Rilaks. daiwyeba klipis Seqmnis procesi. dialoguri<br />
fanjris SuaSi – daTvalierebis zonaSi – gamoCndeba dokumentis<br />
gamoyofili nawilebis miniaturuli gamosaxuleba. daTvalierebis zonaSi<br />
davinaxavT yovel axal Seqmnil kadrs warweriT zonis qveviT (mag., FRAME<br />
=5), romelic aCvenebs mimdinare kadris nomers.<br />
117
aRvniSnoT, rom axali kadrebis gamoCenis siCqare ar aris damokidebuli<br />
dialogis At: velSi miTiTebul cifrze, radgan Animation RilakiT xdeba<br />
kadrebis Seqmna da ara aRwarmoeba;<br />
6. Seqmnili animaciuri klipis Sesanaxad davaWiroT Save As… Rilaks.<br />
gamoCndeba dialoguri fanjara, romelSic Sesatania klipis saxeli da<br />
asarCevia saqaRalde, sadac is iqneba ganlagebuli.<br />
klipi Seinaxeba gafarToebiT .avi (Audio_Video Interleaved) da misawvdomi iqneba<br />
Windows operaciuli sistemis garemos yvela programisaTvis.<br />
animaciuri klipebi xSirad moiTxoven did mexsierebas, amitom maTi Senaxva<br />
xdeba SekumSuli formiT. Record Animation dialoguri fanjris Options… Rilakze<br />
daWeriT gamoiZaxeba dialogi, romelSic SesaZlebelia SekumSvis meTodis SerCeva.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom grafikebis animaciis Seqmnis dros umjobesia gamovrToT<br />
grafikebis avtomaturi masStabirebis parametrebi da davayenoT Sesabamisi<br />
parametrebi xeliT, radgan avtomaturi masStabirebisas grafikis zomebi xSirad<br />
icvleba naxtomisebr FRAME cvladis diskretuli mniSvnelobebis Sesabamisad.<br />
rogorc ki animaciuri klipis Seqmna damTavrdeba, gamoCndeba Play Animation<br />
(animaciis aRwarmoeba) fanjara, romelSic Cans klipis pirveli kadri (nax.8.3).<br />
nax.8.3. animaciis aRwarmoebis fanjara<br />
Seqmnili animaciuri klipis aRwarmoebisaTvis davawkapunoT fanjris<br />
marcxena qveda kuTxis isarze.<br />
dialogis meore Rilaki (isris marjvniv) warmoadgens aRwarmoebis marTvis<br />
Rilaks. masze daWeriT gamoCndeba Semdegi meniu:<br />
View (xedi) _ klipis fanjris zomis marTva. menius am punqts aqvs<br />
qvepunqtebi: Half Size (fanjris zomis ganaxevreba), Normal Size (Cveulebrivi<br />
zoma), Double Size (ormagi zoma);<br />
Speed (siCqare) – sasurveli siCqare dayendeba mcocis meSveobiT;<br />
Open… – avi–failebis gaxsnis dialogis gamotana;<br />
Close – mimdinare fanjris daxurva;<br />
Copy – buferul mexsierebaSi kopireba;<br />
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Configure... (konfiguraciis dayeneba) – dialoguri fanjris gamoZaxeba,<br />
romelSic xdeba daTvalierebis reJimis dayeneba – mTel ekranze an<br />
garkveuli zomis fanjaraSi;<br />
Command… (brZaneba) – marTva brZanebaTa striqonidan.<br />
nebismieri arsebuli animaciuri klipis aRwarmoebisaTvis:<br />
1. mivceT Tools → Animation → Playback… brZaneba. gamoCndeba Play Animation<br />
dialogi, romelic jer SekumSulia, radgan ar aris gaxsnili avi_faili;<br />
2. aRwarmoebis marTvis dialogSi meore Rilakis menius Open… punqtze<br />
dawkapunebiT gavxsnaT Open File dialoguri fanjara, sadac avirCioT saWiro<br />
avi_faili;<br />
3. davaWiroT Play Animation dialogis pirvel Rilaks.<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom Tu dokumentSi iyo damyarebuli hiperlinki avi_failTan an<br />
Casmuli avi_failis iarliyi, iarliyze an hipermimarTvaze orjeradi dawkapunebiT<br />
moxdeba animaciuri klipis aRwarmoeba.<br />
8.4 samuSao furclis dacva<br />
dokumentis dacvisaTvis avirCioT Tools → Protect Worksheet... brZaneba. gamova<br />
Protect Worksheet dialoguri fanjara (nax.8.4).<br />
nax.8.4. Protect Worksheet dialogi<br />
Protect Worksheet dialoguri fanjris Protection Level ganyofilebaSi arsebuli<br />
gadamrTvelebidan avirCevT sasurvels:<br />
File – failis sruli dacva. am dros SeuZlebelia failis sxva gafarToebiT<br />
Senaxva;<br />
Content _ arsebuli areebis, ubnebis, teqsturi velebis dacva. SesaZlebelia<br />
axali monacemebis Seyvana da daculi areebis kopireba;<br />
Editing – samuSao furclis dacva redaqtirebisagan. am dros SeuZlebelia<br />
redaqtireba, kopireba da axali areebis Seqmna.<br />
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Password (optional): velSi avkriboT sasurveli paroli. Reenter password: velSi<br />
gavimeoroT paroli da OK RilakiT davafiqsiroT Sesrulebuli moqmedebebi.<br />
Tu gvsurs dokumentis dacvis moxsna, avirCioT Tools → Unprotect Worksheet...<br />
brZaneba. Tu dacva gvqonda paroliT, unda avkriboT Sesabamisi sityva, ris Semdeg<br />
dokumentis dacva moixsneba.<br />
8.5 gamoTvlebis reJimebi<br />
winaswari SeTanxmebiT M<strong>athcad</strong>_i muSaobs gamoTvlebis avtomatur reJimSi,<br />
rac niSnavs, rom yvelanairi angariSi da gardaqmna sruldeba myisierad, xolo<br />
nebismieri Secvla gamoiwvevs xelaxal gadaangariSebas. xelaxali gadaangariSeba<br />
xdeba mxolod dokumentis xiluli nawilisaTvis, xolo momdevno <strong>maTematikuri</strong><br />
gamosaxulebebi dokumentis qveviT gadaadgilebisamebr gamoiTvleba manam mTeli<br />
samuSao furceli ar ganaxldeba. rodesac angariSebis dasamTavreblad programas<br />
dro sWirdeba, Tagvis maCvenebeli Seicvlis formas da furclis qveviT<br />
Setyobinebis striqonSi gamoCndeba sityva “Wait” (daicade).<br />
avtomaturi reJimis CarTva_gaTiSva xdeba Tools → Calculate → Automatic<br />
Calculation brZanebiT, romelic arsebiTad alams warmoadgens.<br />
roca avtomaturi reJimi gamorTulia, M<strong>athcad</strong>_i muSaobs xeliT gamoTvlebis<br />
reJimSi (Manual Mode) . am dros gamoTvlebi ar sruldeba specialuri brZanebis<br />
miRebamde da momxmarebels ar sWirdeba angariSebis damTavrebis lodini. Tu<br />
xeliT gamoTvlebis reJimSi movaxdineT cvlilebebi, romelnic gamoiwveven<br />
ganaxlebis aucileblobas, Setyobinebis striqonSi wavikiTxavT “Calc”. amiT<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_i gvaxsenebs, rom saWiroa ekranze gamosaxuli Sedegebis ganaxleba.<br />
Tools → Calculate → Calculate Now brZanebiT (an F9 klaviSiT an Standard panelis<br />
= RilakiT) xdeba gamoTvlebis ganaxleba, magram gadaangariSdeba mxolod<br />
dokumentis xiluli nawili. dokumentis qveviT gadaadgilebiT Setyobinebis<br />
striqonSi isev gamoCndeba “Calc” anu axali gamosaxulebebis gamosaTvlelad isev<br />
saWiro gaxdeba Tools → Calculate → Calculate Now brZaneba.<br />
xeliT gamoTvlebis reJimSi sifrTxiliT unda visargebloT beWdvis<br />
brZanebiT, radgan dokumentis nawili SeiZleba iyos ganaxlebuli, nawili ki – ara.<br />
Tu gvsurs movaxdinoT mTeli dokumentis gadaangariSeba, unda visargebloT<br />
Tools → Calculate → Calculate Worksheet (Ctrl + F9) brZanebiT.<br />
gamoTvlebis Sesawyvetad viyenebT Esc klaviSs. gamoCndeba dialoguri<br />
fanjara, sadac OK–ze daWeriT vadasturebT Sewyvetas. maTematikur<br />
gamosaxulebaze davinaxavT saTanado Setyobinebas. gamoTvlebis gasagrZeleblad<br />
davawkapunoT am gamosaxulebaze da davaWiroT F9 klaviSs an Standard panelis =<br />
Rilaks.<br />
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8.6 calkeuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> aris gaangariSebis<br />
procesidan gamoricxva<br />
gamoTvlebis dros SesaZlebelia calkeuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> aris<br />
gaangariSebis procesidan gamoricxva. amis gansaxorcieleblad arsebobs ramdenime<br />
saSualeba:<br />
davawkapunoT maTematikur areSi, Format → Properties… brZanebiT SevideT<br />
Properties dialogSi, romlis Calculation CanarTSi davayenoT Disable Evaluation<br />
alami (ix. 7.7);<br />
davawkapunoT maTematikur areSi da mivceT Tools → Disable Evaluation brZaneba,<br />
romelic arsebiTad alams warmoadgens;<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> aris konteqsturi meniudan avirCioT Disable Evaluation punqti.<br />
8.7 gamoTvlebis optimizacia<br />
simboluri da ariTmetikuli gamoTvlebi M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si erTmaneTisagan<br />
damoukideblad sruldeba sxvadasxva procesorebis mier. imisaTvis, rom am orma<br />
procesorma erTianad miiRon monawileoba gamoTvlebis procesSi, saWiroa<br />
movaxdinoT gamoTvlebis optimizacia. optimizacia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom jer<br />
simboluri procesori axdens <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis gamartivebas, xolo<br />
Semdeg iwyeba miRebuli gamartivebuli gamosaxulebis ricxviTi gamoTvla.<br />
Tools → Optimize brZanebas aqvs sami qvebrZaneba:<br />
Equation _ <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebis optimizacia;<br />
Worksheet _ samuSao furclis optimizacia;<br />
Show optimization _ optimizaciis Sedegad miRebuli gamartivebuli<br />
gamosaxulebis Cveneba.<br />
nax.8.5_ze moyvanilia gamoTvlebis optimizaciis magaliTi.<br />
SeviyvanoT monacemebi. davawkapunoT gamosaxulebaze da mivceT Tools →<br />
Optimize → Equation brZaneba an am gamosaxulebis konteqsturi meniudan avirCioT<br />
Optimize punqti. Tu M<strong>athcad</strong>_i “moZebnis” gamosaxulebis gamartivebul formas, mis<br />
marjvniv gamoCndeba wiTeli varskvlavi (rogorc naCvenebia nax.8.5_ze moyvanil<br />
magaliTSi), sawyisi gamosaxuleba Seicvleba gamartivebuliT (ara vizualurad,<br />
aramed programis “SigniT”) da gamoiTvleba gamartivebuli gamosaxuleba.<br />
Tu gvsurs gamartivebuli gamosaxulebis daTvaliereba, davawkapunoT masze<br />
Tagvis marjvena RilakiT da avirCioT Show Optimization punqti an davawkapunoT<br />
gamosaxulebaze da mivceT Tools → Optimize → Show Optimization brZaneba. gamoCndeba<br />
Optimized Result fanjara, sadac iqneba Cawerili gamartivebuli gamosaxuleba.<br />
swored am gamartivebuli gamosaxulebis gamoTvliT miiReba ricxviTi Sedegi. ra<br />
Tqma unda, igive Sedegs miviRebT optimizaciis gareSec, magram rTuli<br />
121
gamosaxulebebis SemTxvevaSi optimizacia sagrZnoblad amcirebs gamoTvlebis<br />
xangrZlivobas.<br />
nax.8.5. gamoTvlebis optimizaciis magaliTi<br />
Tu M<strong>athcad</strong>_ma ver SeZlo sawyisi gamosaxulebis gamartiveba, mis marjvniv<br />
gamoCndeba lurji varskvlavi.<br />
Tools → Optimize → Worksheet brZanebiT, romelic arsebiTad alams<br />
warmoadgens, xdeba optimizaciis reJimis dayeneba_moxsna mTeli dokumentisaTvis.<br />
Tu samuSao furclis optimizaciis reJimi dayenebulia, calkeuli gamosaxuleba<br />
SeiZleba gamovricxoT optimizaciis procesidan konteqsturi meniudan Optimize<br />
punqtis SerCeviT.<br />
8.8 Secdomis wyaros gamovlineba<br />
Tu M<strong>athcad</strong>_i ver agrZelebs gamoTvlebs raRaca Secdomis gamo, is wiTlad<br />
gaaferadebs Sesabamis adgils, xolo gamosaxulebaze dawkapunebiT gamoitaneba<br />
Setyobineba Secdomis tipis mokle aRweriT (nax.8.6).<br />
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nax.8.6. Secdomis wyaros gamovlineba<br />
rogorc vxedavT magaliTidan, Secdoma gamoaSkaravda meoTxe<br />
gamosaxulebaSi, magram is warmoiSva g(x) funqciaSi, sadac moxda 0_ze gayofa.<br />
momxmarebels SeuZlia TviTon gamoavlinos Secdomis warmoSobis wyaro an<br />
miandos es procedura M<strong>athcad</strong>_s. amisaTvis:<br />
1. davawkapunoT gamosaxulebaze, romelSic gamovlinda Secdoma, da mivceT<br />
Tools → Trace Error brZaneba. gamoCndeba Trace Error fanjara (nax.8.7);<br />
nax.8.7. Trace Error fanjara<br />
2. Trace Error fanjaraSi aris 4 Rilaki, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba SecdomasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli erTi gamosaxulebidan meoreze gadaadgileba. es Rilakebia:<br />
|| (bolo). |
Rilakis gamoyenebiT xdeba im gamosaxulebaSi gadasvla, romelSic<br />
warmoiSva Secdoma.<br />
8.9 samuSao furclis ofciebi<br />
Tools → Worksheet Options… brZanebiT gaixsneba Worksheet Options dialoguri<br />
fanjara (nax.8.8) Semdegi CanarTebiT:<br />
Built-In Variables _ CaSenebuli cvladebi;<br />
Calculation _ gamoTvla;<br />
Display _ displei;<br />
Unit System _ erTeulTa <strong>sistema</strong>;<br />
Dimensions _ ganzomilebebi.<br />
nax.8.8. Worksheet Options dialoguri fanjara<br />
Built-In Variables CanarTSi xdeba sistemuri cvladebis: ORIGIN (veqtorebis da<br />
matricebis sawyisi indeqsi, winaswari SeTanxmebiT udris 0); Convergence Tolerance<br />
(TOL) (ricxobrivi gamoTvlebis cdomileba, winaswari SeTanxmebiT udris 0.001);<br />
Constraint Tolerance (CTOL) (SezRudvebze daSveba, winaswari SeTanxmebiT udris 0.001)<br />
da sxv. _ mniSvnelobebis Secvla, ris Semdeg rekomendirebulia mivceT Tools →<br />
Calculate → Worksheet brZaneba raTa davrwmundeT, rom dokumentis yvela<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxuleba gamoTvlilia CaSenebuli cvladebis axali<br />
mniSvnelobebisaTvis.<br />
Calculation CanarTSi SeiZleba davayenoT ori alami:<br />
124
Recalculate automatically – avtomaturi gadaangariSeba;<br />
Optimize expression before calculating – optimizaciis reJimis dayeneba.<br />
Tools → Worksheet Options → Display CanarTSi SesaZlebelia zogi<br />
operatorisaTvis sxva misi aRmniSvneli simbolos daweseba. es operatorebia:<br />
lokaluri da globaluri miniWeba, muqi toloba, gamravleba da gayofa. am<br />
operatorebis simboloebis Secvla calkeuli <strong>maTematikuri</strong> gamosaxulebisaTvis<br />
SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi simbolos konteqsturi meniudan.<br />
Unit System CanarTSi xdeba erTeulTa sistemis SerCeva ganzomilebis mqone<br />
sidideebisaTvis: SI, MKS, CGS, US customary (aSS_s <strong>sistema</strong>), None. winaswari<br />
SeTanxmebiT M<strong>athcad</strong>_i iyenebs SI <strong>sistema</strong>s.<br />
Dimensions CanarTSi Display Dimensions almiT xdeba masis (Mass), sigrZis<br />
(Length), drois (Time), temperaturis (Temperature), ganaTebulobis (Luminosity), denis<br />
(Current) da nivTierebis raodenobis (Substance) ganzomilebebis Cvenebis reJimis<br />
dayeneba_moxsna.<br />
8.10 parametrebis momarTva<br />
Tools → Preferences… brZanebiT xdeba Preferences dialoguri fanjris<br />
gamoZaxeba, romelsac aqvs oTxi CanarTi: General, HTML Options, Script Security da<br />
Language (nax.8.9).<br />
nax.8.9. Preferences dialoguri fanjara<br />
125
General CanarTis ganyofilebebia:<br />
o Startup Options (sastarto ofciebi), sadac SeiZleba davayenoT alami<br />
Show M<strong>athcad</strong> tips at startup _ programis gaSvebisas sasargeblo rCevebis<br />
Cveneba;<br />
o Keyboard Options (klaviaturis ofciebi) 2 almiT: Standard Windows<br />
shortcut keys _ standartuli swrafmoqmedebis klaviSebis gamoyeneba da<br />
Context_sensitive equal signs _ konteqstis mimarT mgrZnobiare<br />
Semoklebebis gamoyeneba;<br />
o Default Worksheet Location (winaswari SeTanxmebiT dokumentis Senaxvis<br />
adgili), sadac Browse… RilakiT SesaZlebelia arsebuli Senaxvis<br />
adgilis Secvla;<br />
o Recently Used Files (bolos gamoyenebuli failebi), sadac misaTiTebelia<br />
bolos gamoyenebuli failebis raodenoba, romlebsac vnaxavT File<br />
menius CamonaTvalSi;<br />
o Undo History (istoriis gauqmeba), sadac Maximum number of undoable actions<br />
per document: velSi xdeba dokumentSi gauqmebul moqmedebaTa<br />
maqsimaluri ricxvis miTiTeba;<br />
HTML Options CanarTSi xdeba M<strong>athcad</strong>_is dokumentis .html gafarToebis mqone<br />
failebis ofciebis SerCeva;<br />
Script Security CanarTSi SesaZlebelia Script_obieqtebis anu momxmareblis mier<br />
Casmuli komponentebis dacvis ofciis SerCeva;<br />
Language CanarTSi xdeba marTlweris leqsikonis dialeqtis SerCeva.<br />
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Tavi IX mTavari menius Window (fanjara)<br />
punqti<br />
9.1 mTavari menius Window punqtis Semadgenloba<br />
rogorc yvela programas, romelic muSaobs Windows operaciuli sistemis<br />
garemoSi, M<strong>athcad</strong>_sac gaaCnia momxmareblisTvis moxerxebuli mravalfanjriani<br />
interfeisi.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si SesaZlebelia vimuSaoT erTdroulad ramdenime dokumentTan,<br />
romlebic programis CatvirTvis Semdeg iyvnen gamoyenebulni. maT Soris erT_erTi<br />
aqtiuria. danarCenebis gaaqtiureba nebismier momentSi SesaZlebelia.<br />
fanjrebTan muSaoba xdeba mTavari menius Window punqtis meSveobiT,<br />
romelic Sedgeba Semdegi qvepunqtebisagan:<br />
Cascade – dokumentis fanjrebis kaskaduri ganlageba;<br />
Tile Horizontal _ dokumentis fanjrebis horizontaluri ganlageba;<br />
Tile Vertical _ dokumentis fanjrebis vertikaluri ganlageba.<br />
am qvepunqtebis garda, Window menius qveda nawilSi moyvanilia programis<br />
CatvirTvis Semdeg gamoyenebuli dokumentebis sia. SesaZlebelia siis nebismieri<br />
dokumentis gaaqtiureba.<br />
Window punqtis qvepunqtebis gamoZaxeba xdeba agreTve klaviaturis Alt + W<br />
klaviSebis kombinaciiT.<br />
9.2 fanjrebis kaskaduri ganlageba<br />
(Cascade)<br />
Window → Cascade brZaneba dokumentebis fanjrebs kaskadurad ganalagebs.<br />
kaskaduri ganlagebisas fanjrebi ganTavsdebian Tanmimdevrulad, erTimeoris<br />
nawilobrivi gadafarviT. sxva fanjrebze zemoT ganlagebuli fanjara Cans<br />
mTlianad da aqtiuria. yvela dokumentis saTauris striqoni xilulia (nax.9.1).<br />
aseT mdgomareobaSi SesaZlebelia fanjrebis minimizacia, zomebis Secvla da<br />
daxurva saTauris striqonis marjvena kideSi arsebuli Sesabamisi Rilakebis<br />
gamoyenebiT.<br />
kaskaduri ganlageba moxerxebulia bevr fanjarasTan erTdrouli muSaobis<br />
dros maTi gadarTvisaTvis. GgadarTva da sxva fanjris gaaqtiureba xdeba<br />
saTauris striqonze dawkapunebiT.<br />
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nax.9.1. fanjrebis kaskaduri ganlageba<br />
9.3 fanjrebis horizontaluri da vertikaluri ganlageba<br />
(Tile Horizontal, Tile Vertical)<br />
Window → Tile Horizontal brZaneba dokumentebis fanjrebs horizontalurad<br />
ganalagebs (nax.9.2), xolo Window → Tile Vertical brZaneba dokumentebis fanjrebs<br />
ganalagebs vertikalurad (nax.9.3), amasTan rogorc horizontaluri, ise<br />
vertikaluri ganlagebis dros yvela fanjris zoma erTi da igive iqneba.<br />
rac ufro metia fanjrebis raodenoba ekranze, miT ufro mcirea maTi zoma<br />
da Sesabamisad miT ufro mcirea fanjrebSi moTavsebuli dokumentebis xiluli<br />
nawili. amitom am brZanebebis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia ori_sami fanjris<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
fanjrebis horizontaluri da vertikaluri ganlagebisas moxerxebulia<br />
erTi Ffanjridan meoreSi obieqtebis kopireba_gadatana rogorc Edit → Copy, Edit<br />
→ Cut, Edit → Paste brZanebebiT (an konteqsturi menius igive punqtebiT an Standard<br />
128
instrumentTa panelis Sesabamisi RilakebiT), aseve Drag and Drop teqnikiT Tagvis<br />
meSveobiT.<br />
Tu gvaqvs fanjrebis didi raodenoba, M<strong>athcad</strong>_i uars ityvis damatebiTi<br />
dokumentebis gaxsnaze da gamoitans sainformacio Setyobinebas amis Taobaze.<br />
muSaobis gasagrZeleblad saWiroa nawili fanjrebis daxurva Sesabamisi<br />
fanjrebis saTauris striqonze mdebare daxurvis RilakiT an saTauris striqonis<br />
konteqsturi menius Close brZanebiT.<br />
nax.9.2. fanjrebis horizontaluri ganlageba<br />
9.4 dokumentebis fanjrebis marTva<br />
garda 9.1_Si moyvanili mTavari menius Window punqtis qvebrZanebebisa,<br />
dokumentebis fanjrebTan muSaoba SesaZlebelia sxva gziTac.<br />
rogorc ukve iTqva, programis CatvirTvis Semdeg momxmareblis mier yvela<br />
gamoyenebuli dokumenti dafiqsirdeba Sesabamisi saTauris saxiT mTavari menius<br />
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nax.9.3. fanjrebis vertikaluri ganlageba<br />
Window punqtSi, saidanac advilad SesaZlebelia sasurvel momentSi romelime<br />
maTganis gaaqtiureba. aqtiuri dokumentis saxels CarTuli aqvs alami. aqtiuri<br />
dokumentis fanjaraze SesaZlebelia vimoqmedoT menius striqonis marjvena kideSi<br />
arsebuli RilakebiT (minimizaciis, fanjris zomis Secvlis da fanjris daxurvis).<br />
aqtiuri dokumentis daxurva SesaZlebelia agreTve File → Close brZanebiT.<br />
130
Tavi X sainformacio resursebi. mTavari<br />
menius Help punqti<br />
10.1 mTavari menius Help (daxmareba) punqtis Semadgenloba<br />
mTavari menius Help punqti gvexmareba M<strong>athcad</strong>_is yvela SesaZleblobis<br />
gamoyenebaSi. is Sedgeba Semdegi qvepunqtebisagan:<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong> Help F1 _ sacnobaro sistemis gamoZaxeba;<br />
What’s This? (ra aris es?) Shift +F1 – daxmareba miTiTebuli Temis<br />
Sesaxeb;<br />
Developer’s Reference – ganmviTareblebTan mimarTva;<br />
Author’s Reference – avtorebTan mimarTva;<br />
Tutorials _ M<strong>athcad</strong>_Tan muSaobis TviTmaswavlebeli;<br />
QuickSheets _ M<strong>athcad</strong>_is gamoyenebis magaliTebi;<br />
Reference Tables _ <strong>maTematikuri</strong> formulebis da cxrilebis sruli<br />
cnobari;<br />
E_books _ eleqtronuli wignebi;<br />
User Forum – momxmarebelTa forumi;<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>.com – Web_misamarTze gadasvla;<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong> Update – M<strong>athcad</strong>_is ganaxleba;<br />
About M<strong>athcad</strong>... – mokle informacia M<strong>athcad</strong>_is Sesaxeb.<br />
aqve aRvniSnoT, rom menius am punqtebTan muSaoba moiTxovs inglisuri enis<br />
sabazo codnas.<br />
10.2 M<strong>athcad</strong>_is sacnobaro <strong>sistema</strong><br />
sacnobaro <strong>sistema</strong> warmoadgens did monacemTa bazas, romelic moculobiT<br />
aRemateba eleqtronul wigns. sacnobaro sistemis da eleqtronuli wignebis<br />
daniSnuleba erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia. eleqtronuli wigni M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si<br />
warmoadgens Tematikurad gaerTianebuli dokumentebis erTobliobas, romlebic<br />
exeba sistemis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva sferos da dakavSirebuli arian erTmaneTTan<br />
hiperlinkebiT.<br />
sacnobaro <strong>sistema</strong> Seicavs <strong>sistema</strong>sTan muSaobis yvela mniSvnelovani<br />
sakiTxis srul da detalur informacias.<br />
sacnobaro sistemis gamoZaxeba SesaZlebelia:<br />
menius Help → M<strong>athcad</strong> Help brZanebiT;<br />
klaviaturidan F1 funqcionaluri klaviSiT;<br />
131
Standard instrumentTa panelis RilakiT.<br />
samive SesaZleblobis gamoyenebiT gamodis daxmarebis dialoguri fanjara<br />
(nax.10.1), romelic Sedgeba sami CanarTisagan: Contents (Semadgenloba), Index<br />
(sagnobrivi saZiebeli) da Search (Zieba):<br />
nax.10.1. M<strong>athcad</strong> Help dialoguri fanjara<br />
Contents CanarTi warmodgenilia wignebis katalogis saxiT. yovel wigns<br />
gaaCnia Tavisi dasaxeleba da is Tavis mxriv Sedgeba qvesaTaurebisagan. mag.,<br />
Tu gvainteresebs M<strong>athcad</strong>_Tan muSaobis dawyeba, avirCioT Sesabamisi wigni<br />
(Getting Started), davawkapunoT mis marcxniv arsebul Rilakze da SevarCioT<br />
sasurveli qvesaTauri (nax.10.2). fanjris marjvena areSi ganTavsdeba arCeuli<br />
qvesaTauris Temis aRwera;<br />
Index CanarTSi moyvanilia terminebis da funqciebis CamonaTvali.<br />
informaciis mopoveba xdeba sagnobrivi miTiTebiT. Type in the keyword to find:<br />
teqstur velSi Caiwereba mosaZebni Temis dasaxeleba an dasaxelebis nawili.<br />
sasurvel Temaze ormagi wkapuniT an misi moniSvniT da Display Rilakze<br />
daWeriT fanjris marjvena areSi gamoitaneba arCeuli Temis aRwera;<br />
Search CanarTSi Type in the keyword to find: teqstur velSi mosaZebn<br />
informaciasTan dakavSirebuli sityvis SetaniT gamoitaneba yvela Tavebi,<br />
sadac naxsenebia miTiTebuli sityva. aseTi tipis Zieba gvaZlevs ufro<br />
farTo saSualebebs mivagnoT sasurvel Temas.<br />
132
nax.10.2. M<strong>athcad</strong> Help dialogi arCeuli qvesaTauris Temis ganxilviT<br />
mTavari menius Help → What’s This? brZanebis gamoyenebisas kursors eZleva<br />
kiTxvis niSnis simbolos forma, ris Semdeg SeiZleba menius brZanebebidan an<br />
instrumentTa panelidan avirCioT sasurveli Tema da davawkapunoT masze. miviRebT<br />
daxmarebas am Temis Sesaxeb. Help → What’s This? brZaneba warmoadgens informaciis<br />
mopovebis martiv da moxerxebul formas.<br />
mTavari menius Help → Developer’s Reference da Help → Autor’s Reference<br />
brZanebebiT SesaZlebelia eleqtronul biblioTekasTan dinamiuri kavSiris<br />
damyareba, sxva maTematikur sistemebTan mimarTva, gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli<br />
publikaciebis avtorebTan dakavSireba da a.S.<br />
10.3 sainformacio resursebis gamoyeneba (Resource Center)<br />
sainformacio resurs_centri warmoadgens mZlavr monacemTa bazas, romelic<br />
aerTianebs eleqtronul wignebs, sistemis Seswavlis sawyis sakiTxebs, swraf<br />
magaliTebs, sistemis SemqmnelTa Web_biblioTekasTan kavSirs da a.S.<br />
menius Help → Tutorials (Help → QuickSheets, Help → Reference Tables) brZanebiT<br />
gamoiZaxeba M<strong>athcad</strong>_is resursebis fanjara. Home Rilakze daWeriT gamoitaneba<br />
resurs_centrSi Semavali Tematikis CamonaTvali (nax.10.3), romelTa gaaqtiureba<br />
SesaZlebelia maTze dawkapunebiT.<br />
133
nax.10.3. resurs_centris fanjara<br />
resurs_centris gamoZaxebisTanave aqtiurdeba Resources instrumentTa<br />
paneli, sadac siis saxiT warmodgenilia yvela masSi Semavali Tematika (nax.10.4).<br />
nax.10.4. Resources instrumentTa paneli<br />
resurs_centris TematikebTan muSaobaSi gvexmareba M<strong>athcad</strong>_is resursebis<br />
fanjris instrumentTa paneli, romelSic Sedis Semdegi Rilakebi:<br />
_ sawyis furcelze dabruneba;<br />
_ Web_misamarTze gadasvlis instrumentTa panelis gaaqtiureba;<br />
134
_ aqtiuri dokumentidan erTi nabijiT ukan dabruneba (Back);<br />
_ Back moqmedebis uaryofa (Forward);<br />
_ aqtiuri Tematikidan wina Tematikaze gadasvla;<br />
_ aqtiuri Tematikidan momdevno Tematikaze gadasvla;<br />
_ istoriis anu momxmareblis mier Sesrulebuli yvela moqmedebis<br />
Cveneba;<br />
_ Zebnis fanjris gamoZaxeba, sadac misaTiTebelia saZebni Temis<br />
dasaxeleba;<br />
_ moniSnuli obieqtis kopireba buferSi;<br />
_ moniSnuli obieqtis Senaxva;<br />
_ aqtiuri dokumentis dabeWdva.<br />
resurs_centris Tematikebia:<br />
Tutorials – aq damxmare eleqtronul saxelmZRvaneloSi aRwerilia M<strong>athcad</strong>_i<br />
da ganxilulia sistemis axali versiis siaxleebi;<br />
Quicksheets – aq moyvanilia yvelaze gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva saxis<br />
sainJinro amocanebi, sadac Tavmoyrilia rogorc martivi, aseve rTuli<br />
magaliTebi, romlebsac praqtikulad iyeneben maTematikur da<br />
samecniero_teqnikur gamoTvlebSi, miTiTebani statistikuri gamoTvlebis<br />
Casatareblad, programebis magaliTebi, miTiTebebi statistikuri analizisa<br />
da monacemTa damuSavebis Casatareblad da a.S.;<br />
Reference Tables – aq Tavmoyrilia yvela fundamenturi teqnikuri mecnierebis<br />
cxrilebi, kanonebi, Teoremebi, mag., mendeleevis periodulobis <strong>sistema</strong>,<br />
geometriuli sxeulebis moculobis, farTobisa da perimetris<br />
gamosaTvleli formulebi, yvela metalis kuTri winaRoba da a.S.;<br />
Image Processing – videogamosaxulebis Seqmna da damuSaveba, raSic<br />
igulisxmeba M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si matricebis saxiT warmodgenili ricxviTi masivebis<br />
grafikul gamosaxulebad warmodgena, videogamosaxulebis warmodena<br />
ricxviTi masivebis saxiT, am procesebTan dakavSirebul funqciaTa aRwera<br />
da a.S.;<br />
Signal Processing – aq moyvanilia yvelaze gavrcelebul signalTa<br />
damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli informacia, aRwerilia Sesabamisi funqciebi,<br />
maTi gamoyenebis semantika da a.S.;<br />
Wavelets Extension Pack – aq Tavmoyrilia veivletis analizis (signalebis<br />
modelirebis sinusoidebis kombinaciebiT) funqciebis aRwera da magaliTebi.<br />
sainformacio resurs_centrSi arsebuli nebismieri magaliTis Casma<br />
momxmareblis samuSao furcelSi martivad SesaZlebelia.<br />
135
10.4 daxmarebis sxva saSualebebi<br />
mTavari menius Help → User Forum brZanebiT SesaZlebelia internetis<br />
gamoyenebiT daregistrireba rogorc M<strong>athcad</strong>_is momxmarebeli da sxva<br />
momxmareblebTan forumSi CarTva, sadac xdeba azrebis mimocvla, gamocdilebis<br />
gaziareba da a.S. (nax.10.5).<br />
nax.10.5. momxmarebelTa forumSi Sesvla<br />
Help → M<strong>athcad</strong>.com brZanebiT xdeba M<strong>athcad</strong>_is produqtis Semqmneli firmis<br />
Web_misamarTze gadasvla da siaxleebis gacnoba, xolo Help → M<strong>athcad</strong> Update<br />
brZanebiT _ M<strong>athcad</strong>_is ganaxleba.<br />
menius Help → About M<strong>athcad</strong>... brZanebiT SesaZlebelia momxmareblis<br />
kompiuterze dayenebuli M<strong>athcad</strong>_is versiis Sesaxeb informaciis moZieba.<br />
136
Tavi XI funqciebi M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si<br />
11.1 momxmareblis mier funqciebis Seqmna<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_s gaaCnia fundamentur da teqnikur mecnierebebSi arsebuli<br />
<strong>maTematikuri</strong> funqciebis farTo speqtri. maTi im saxiT gamoyeneba, rogoricaa<br />
Cadebuli <strong>sistema</strong>Si Tavisi sintaqsiTa da semantikiT, amartivebs dasaxuli<br />
amocanis gadaWras. funqciis mniSvnelobis gamosaTvlelad Insert → Function…<br />
brZanebiT CavsvaT SerCeuli funqciis Sabloni, markerebis adgilas SevitanoT<br />
funqciis argumentebis mniSvnelobebi da gamoviyenoT tolobis niSani an avkriboT<br />
funqciis saxeli, mrgval frCxilebSi mivuTiToT mZimeebiT erTimeorisagan<br />
gamoyofili argumentebis konkretuli mniSvnelobebi da gamoviyenoT tolobis<br />
niSani.<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi momxmarebels SeuZlia Seqmnas sakuTari funqciebic.<br />
funqciis Seqmnisas momxmarebelma unda daicvas moqmedebaTa Semdegi<br />
Tanmimdevroba:<br />
1. akribos funqciis saxeli;<br />
2. mrgval frCxilebSi Casvas funqciis argumenti an argumentebi, romlebic<br />
erTimeorisagan mZimiT gamoiyofa;<br />
3. gamoiyenos klaviaturis : simbolo an Calculator instrumentTa panelis<br />
miniWebis niSani;<br />
4. Seiyvanos formula, romelic gansazRvravs funqcias.<br />
momxmareblis mier Seqmnili funqciisa da CaSenebuli funqciis<br />
SedarebisaTvis ganvixiloT puasonis ganawileba – SevqmnaT sakuTari funqcia da<br />
gamoviyenoT M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si arsebuli puasonis ganawilebis funqcia (nax.11.1).<br />
11.2 CaSenebuli funqciebis mimoxilva<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si CaSenebuli funqciebi dayofilia kategoriebad: beselis<br />
funqciebi, kompleqsuri ricxvebis funqciebi, logariTmuli da eqsponencialuri<br />
funqciebi, trigonometriuli funqciebi, SemTxveviTi ricxvebis Ffunqciebi,<br />
finansuri funqciebi, interpolaciis da eqstrapolaciis funqciebi da a.S.<br />
aRvweroT ramdenime funqcia Tematikis mixedviT.<br />
funqciebi:<br />
matriculi da veqtoruli funqciebi<br />
arsebobs matricebTan muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnili Semdegi CaSenebuli<br />
augment(M1,M2,...) _ erT matricaSi aerTianebs M1,M2,... matricebs, romelTac<br />
striqonTa erTnairi raodenoba gaaCniaT;<br />
137
nax.11.1. momxmareblis mier Seqmnili puasonis ganawilebis amsaxveli funqciisa da<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si arsebuli puasonis ganawilebis funqciis Sedareba<br />
identity(n) _ qmnis kvadratul erTeulovan n X n zomis matricas;<br />
stack(M1,M2,...) _ erT matricaSi aerTianebs M1,M2,... matricebs, romelTac<br />
svetebis erTnairi raodenoba gaaCniaT, amasTan M2 matricis<br />
elementebi M1_is qveS iqnebian ganlagebuli, M3 matricis _<br />
M2_is qveS da a.S.;<br />
submatrix(A,ir,jr,ic,jc) _ gamoyofs sawyisi matricidan qvematricas, romlis striqonebi<br />
Sedgeba sawyisi matricis ir_dan jr_mde striqonebis<br />
elementebisagan, xolo svetebi – ic_dan jc_mde svetebis<br />
elementebisagan;<br />
diag(V) _ qmnis matricas, romlis mTavari diagonalis elementebi V<br />
veqtoris elementebia;<br />
matrix(m,n,f) _ qmnis matricas, romlis (i, j)_uri elementi udris f(i,j)_s,<br />
sadac i = 0,1..m da j = 0,1..n;<br />
length(V) _ gamoTvlis veqtoris sigrZes.<br />
138
kompleqsuri ricxvebis funqciebi<br />
Re(z) _ gvaZlevs kompleqsuri ricxvis namdvil nawils. z SeiZleba<br />
iyos rogorc skalari, ise kompleqsuri ricxvebiT Sedgenili<br />
veqtori an matrica;<br />
lm(z) _ gvaZlevs kompleqsuri ricxvis warmosaxviT nawils. z SeiZleba<br />
iyos rogorc skalari, ise kompleqsuri ricxvebiT Sedgenili<br />
veqtori an matrica;<br />
arg(z) _ gvaZlevs kompleqsuri ricxvis X RerZTan daxris kuTxis<br />
mniSvnelobas (radianebSi).<br />
interpolaciis da eqstrapolaciis funqciebi<br />
samecniero_teqnikuri gamoTvlebis Catarebisas xSirad warmoiqmneba<br />
interpolaciis (Caketili intervalis nebismier wertilSi fenqciis mniSvnelobebis<br />
gansazRvra am funqciis mocemuli diskretuli mniSvnelobebis mixedviT, rac<br />
grafikulad niSnavs funqciis warmodgenas sakvanZo (sayrdeni) wertilebis<br />
SeerTebiT ama Tu im saxis wirebis gamoyenebiT) da eqstrapolaciis (funqciis<br />
mniSvnelobebis gansazRvra Caketili intervalis gareT) Catarebis aucilebloba.<br />
interpolaciis amocana amoixsneba mocemul monacemTa aproqsimaciiT martivi<br />
funqciiT Secvlis safuZvelze, amasTan miRebuli funqcia zustad unda gadiodes<br />
sakvanZo wertilebSi. M<strong>athcad</strong> <strong>sistema</strong>Si SesaZlebelia ori saxis interpolacia:<br />
wrfivi da splainuri.<br />
wrfivi interpolacia grafikulad niSnavs sakvanZo wertilebis SeerTebas<br />
wrfis monakveTebiT, funqciis mniSvnelobebis gamoTvla xdeba wrfivi<br />
damokidebulebis safuZvelze.<br />
linterp(VX, VY, x) _ wrfivi interpolacia mocemuli sakvanZo wertilebis VX da<br />
VY veqtorTa safuZvelze; gamoiTvleba funqciis mniSvneloba<br />
miTiTebul x wertilSi.<br />
splainuri interpolaciis dros wertilebis SeerTeba xdeba garkveuli<br />
xarisxis mravalwevrebis gamoyenebiT, amasTan polinomis koeficientebi, rogorc<br />
wesi, gamoiTvleba ise, rom miRebuli funqcia splainebis SeerTebis wertilebSic<br />
iyos uwyveti. splainuri interpolacia M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si 2 etapad tardeba: jer<br />
cspline(VX,VY), pspline(VX,VY) an lspline(VX,VY) funqciebis meSveobiT gamoiTvleba<br />
kuburi splainis koeficientebis VS veqtori, xolo Semdeg interp (VS, VX, VY, x)<br />
meSveobiT gamoiTvleba funqciis mniSvneloba mocemul wertilSi.<br />
interp (VS,VX,VY,x) _ gamoTvlis funqciis interpolirebul mniSvnelobas x<br />
wertilSi, romelic miiReba kuburi splainebis meSveobiT VX, VY<br />
veqtorebis mniSvnelobebis safuZvelze.<br />
cspline(VX,VY) _ gamoTvlis VS kuburi splainis koeficientebis veqtors.<br />
gamoTvlebisas gaTvaliswinebulia mrudis sayrden wertilebTan<br />
miaxloebisas kuburi damokidebuleba.<br />
139
pspline(VX,VY) _ gamoTvlis VS kuburi splainis koeficientebis veqtors.<br />
gamoTvlebisas gaTvaliswinebulia mrudis sayrden wertilebTan<br />
miaxloebisas paraboluri damokidebuleba.<br />
lspline(VX,VY) _ gamoTvlis VS kuburi splainis koeficientebis veqtors.<br />
gamoTvlebisas gaTvaliswinebulia mrudis sayrden wertilebTan<br />
miaxloebisas wrfivi damokidebuleba.<br />
predict(V,k,n) _ axdens eqstrapolacias, V _ monacemTa veqtori, k _ regresiis<br />
polinomis xarisxi, n _ wertilTa raodenoba.<br />
statistikuri funqciebi<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong> sistemis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia statistikuri gamoTvlebis<br />
warmoeba. statistikuri funqciebia:<br />
corr(VX,VY) _ gamoTvlis VX da VY erTnairganzomilebiani masivebis elementebis<br />
korelaciis koeficients;<br />
cvar(VX,VY) _ gamoTvlis VX da VY erTnairganzomilebiani masivebis elementebis<br />
kovariaciis koeficients;<br />
mean(A,B,C,...) _ gamoTvlis A,B,C,... elementebis saSualo ariTmetikul<br />
mniSvnelobas, sadac A,B,C,... masivebia an skalarebi;<br />
var(A,B,C,...) _ gamoTvlis A,B,C,... elementebis dispersias (variacias), sadac A,B,C,...<br />
masivebia an skalarebi;<br />
stdev(A,B,C,...) _ gamoTvlis A,B,C,… elementebis standartul gadaxras, sadac<br />
A,B,C,... masivebia an skalarebi;<br />
hist(int, V) _ gamoTvlis V monacemebis int intervalebSi moxvedris sixSiris<br />
veqtors. am funqcias iyeneben histogramebis asagebad;<br />
cnorm(x) _ komuliatiuri normaluri funqcia (Sedis Probability Distribution<br />
kategoriaSi);<br />
erf(x) _ cdomilebis funqcia anu albaTobis integrali (Sedis Special<br />
kategoriaSi);<br />
erfc(x) _ cdomilebaTa funqcia kompleqsuri argumentisaTvis (Sedis Special<br />
kategoriaSi);<br />
rnd(x) _ SemTxveviTi ricxvebis generaciis funqcia (Sedis Random Numbers<br />
kategoriaSi).<br />
nax.11.2_ze moyvanilia statistikuri funqciebis (rnd, mean, var, min, max, stdev,<br />
hist) gamoyenebis magaliTebi.<br />
SemTxveviTi (stoqastikuri) ricxvebis funqciebi<br />
SemTxveviT (stoqastikur) ricxvebTan muSaobisaTvis gamosayenebeli<br />
funqciebi iyofa oTx klasad:<br />
Tu funqciis saxeli “d“–Ti iwyeba, miiReba ganawilebis albaTobis<br />
simkvrivis mniSvneloba;<br />
140
nax.11.2. statistikuri funqciebis (rnd, mean, var, min, max, stdev, hist)<br />
gamoyenebis magaliTebi<br />
Tu funqciis saxeli “p“–Ti iwyeba, miiReba albaTobis ganawileba anu imis<br />
albaToba, rom SemTxveviTi ricxvis mniSvneloba iqneba konkretul<br />
miTiTebul mniSvnelobaze naklebi an toli;<br />
Tu funqciis saxeli “q“–Ti iwyeba, miiReba albaTobis ganawilebis Sebruneba<br />
anu mocemuli albaTobis mixedviT gamoiTvleba ricxvis iseTi mniSvneloba,<br />
romlis albaToba albaTobis miTiTebul konkretul mniSvnelobaze tolia<br />
an naklebi;<br />
Tu funqciis saxeli “r“–iT iwyeba, Seiqmneba veqtorebi garkveuli<br />
kanonzomierebiT ganawilebuli elementebiT.<br />
qvemoT moyvanilia ganawilebis albaTobis simkvrivis gamoTvlis funqciebi,<br />
romelTa saxelebi “d“ –Ti iwyeba (“p“, “q“ da “r“–iT dawyebuli Sesabamisi funqciebi<br />
moyvanili ar aris):<br />
dbeta(x, s1, s2) _ β ganawileba (formebis parametrebi s1>0, s2>0 da 0< x0 – masStabis parametri);<br />
141
dchisq(x, d) _ x_kvadrat ganawileba (x>0, Tavisuflebis xarisxi d>0);<br />
dexp(x,r) _ eqsponencialuri ganawileba (r>0, x>0);<br />
dF(x,d1,d2) _ fiSeris ganawileba (Tavisuflebis xarisxebi d1>0, d2>0 da x>0);<br />
dgamma(x,s) _ gama_ganawileba (formis parametri s>0, x≥0);<br />
dgeom(k,p) _ geometriuli ganawileba (calkeuli cdis Sedegebis warmatebis<br />
albaToba, 00 , sadac σ _ saSualo kvadratuli gadaxris<br />
naturaluri logariTmi, x>0);<br />
dlogis(x,l,s) _ logistikuri ganawileba (l – daSlis parametri, s>0 – masStabis<br />
parametri);<br />
dnbinom(k,n,p) _ uaryofiTi binomialuri ganawileba (n da k – mTeli dadebiTi<br />
ricxvebi, 0≤p≤1);<br />
dnorm(x,μ,σ) _ normaluri ganawileba (μ –saSualo mniSvneloba, σ>0 _ saSualo<br />
kvadratuli gadaxra);<br />
dpois(k,λ) _ puasonis ganawileba (λ>0, k – mTeli dadebiTi ricxvi);<br />
dt(x,d) _ stiudentis ganawileba (d>0 – Tavisuflebis xarisxis maCvenebeli, x _<br />
namdvili ricxvi);<br />
dunif(x,a,b) _ Tanabari ganawileba (a da b – intervalis zRvruli wertilebi,<br />
amasTan a0 – formis parametri, x>0).<br />
monacemTa gagluvebis funqciebi<br />
eqsperimentTa monacemebi umetesad Seicaven SemTxveviT cdomilebebs. amitom<br />
xSirad wamoiWreba monacemTa statistikuri gagluvebis aucilebloba. M<strong>athcad</strong>_s<br />
gaaCnia gagluvebis Semdegi funqciebi:<br />
medsmooth(VY, n) _ axdens mcocavi medianis meTodiT monacemTa gagluvebas.<br />
Sedegad miiReba gagluvebuli monacemebis m_ganzomilebiani<br />
VY veqtori. n parametriT moicema gagluvebis CarCos sigane,<br />
amasTan n unda iyos m_ze naklebi kenti ricxvi;<br />
ksmooth(VX, VY, b) _ axdens gagluvebas gausis ganawilebis safuZvelze. Sedegad<br />
miiReba gagluvebuli monacemebis n_ganzomilebiani VY veqtori.<br />
VX da VY – n_ganzomilebiani namdvil ricxvTa veqtorebi, b<br />
parametriT (gatarebis zoli) moicema gagluvebis CarCos sigane<br />
(b ramdenimejer unda aRematebodes X RerZis wertilebs Soris<br />
intervals);<br />
supsmooth(VX, VY) _ axdens gagluvebas wrfivi gagluvebis proceduris<br />
safuZvelze umcires kvadratTa meTodiT (k uaxloesi<br />
mezoblebis wesis Tanaxmad k_s adapturi SerCeviT). miiReba<br />
n_ganzomilebiani gagluvebuli VY veqtori. n_ganzomilebiani<br />
142
VX veqtoris elementebi zrdadobis mixedviT unda iyos<br />
dalagebuli. monacemTa gagluveba supsmooth funqciiT<br />
ilustrirebulia nax.11.3_ze.<br />
nax.11.3. monacemTa gagluveba supsmooth funqciiT<br />
Ggantolebebis da gantolebaTa sistemebis amoxsnis funqciebi<br />
bevr algebrul gantolebas da maT sistemebs ar gaaCniaT analizuri<br />
amonaxsni. maTi amoxsna SesaZlebelia ricxviTi meTodebiT dadgenili<br />
cdomilebebis farglebSi.<br />
root(f(x),x) _ gamoTvlis martivi arawrfivi erTcvladiani gantolebis (f(x)=0) fesvs.<br />
fesvis povna xdeba iteraciuli meTodiT, romlis dros saWiroa<br />
cvladisaTvis sawyisi mniSvnelobis miniWeba.<br />
Polyroots(V) _ gamoTvlis Cveulebrivi polinomis fesvebs. am funqciis gamoyeneba<br />
mizanSewonilia rodesac polinomis xarisxi 6_s ar aRematema.<br />
Lsolve(A,B) _ wrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis (A. X=B) amoxsna, A _ koeficientebis<br />
matrica, B _ Tavisufal wevrTa veqtori.<br />
arawrfivi gantolebis an gantolebaTa sistemis amosaxsnelad iyeneben<br />
find(v1,v2,...,vn) da minerr(v1,v2,...,vn) funqciebs. gamoTvliTi bloki iwyeba given<br />
direqtiviT, ris Semdeg Caiwereba gantoleba (gantolebebi) da SezRudvebi<br />
143
cvladebze. gamoTvliTi bloki mTavrdeba find(v1,v2,...,vn) an minerr(v1,v2,...,vn)<br />
funqciiT.<br />
nax.11.4. arawrfivi erTcvladiani gantolebis amoxsna root da given _ minerr<br />
funqciebis gamoyenebiT<br />
find(v1,v2,...) _ gamoTvlis cvladis an cvladebis zust mniSvnelobebs,<br />
romlebic akmayofileben mocemul gantolebas (gantolebebs) da<br />
SezRudvebs.<br />
minerr(v1, v2,...) _ gamoTvlis cvladis an cvladebis miaxloebiT mniSvnelobebs.<br />
nax.11.4_ze moyvanilia arawrfivi erTcvladiani gantolebis amoxsna root da<br />
given _minerr funqciebis gamoyenebiT, xolo nax.11.5_ze _ arawrfiv gantolebaTa<br />
sistemis amoxsna given _ find funqciebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si CaSenebulia agreTve Cveulebrivi diferencialuri gantolebebis<br />
amosaxsneli funqciebi:<br />
rkadapt(Y,x1,x2,acc,n,F,k,s) _ miiReba matrica, romelic Seicavs koSis amocanis<br />
amonaxsnebs. Ddiferencialuri gantolebebis sistemis amoxsna xdeba<br />
runge_kutas meTodiT cvladi bijiT, Y _ sawyisi pirobebis veqtori x1_dan<br />
x2_mde intervalSi. gantolebaTa sistemis marjvena nawilebi Cawerilia F<br />
simbolur veqtorSi, n – bijTa raodenoba, k – amoxsnis Sualeduri<br />
144
wertilebis maqsimaluri raodenoba, s – wertilebs Soris minimaluri<br />
dasaSvebi intervali, acc _ amoxsnis cdomileba;<br />
nax.11.5. arawrfiv gantolebaTa sistemis amoxsna given _ find<br />
funqciebis gamoyenebiT<br />
Rkadapt(Y,x1,x2,n,F) _ miiReba matrica, romelic Seicavs Cveulebriv<br />
diferencialur gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsnebs. diferencialuri<br />
gantolebebis sistemis amoxsna xdeba runge_kutas meTodiT adaptiuri<br />
bijiT, Y _ sawyisi pirobebis veqtori x1_dan x2_mde intervalSi.<br />
sistemis marjvena nawilebi Cawerilia F simbolur veqtorSi, n _ bijTa<br />
raodenoba;<br />
rkfixed(Y,x1,x2,n,F) _ miiReba matrica, romelic Seicavs x1_dan x2_mde<br />
intervalSi Cveulebriv diferencialur gantolebaTa sistemis amonaxsnebs.<br />
diferencialuri gantolebebis sistemis amoxsna xdeba runge_kutas<br />
meTodiT fiqsirebuli bijiT da Y veqtoris sawyisi mniSvnelobebiT.<br />
sistemis marjvena nawilebi Cawerilia F simbolur veqtorSi, n _ bijTa<br />
raodenoba. Rkadapt funqcia gvaZlevs ufro zust Sedegebs rkfixed<br />
funqciasTan SedarebiT, magram misi gamoTvlis siCqare, rogorc wesi, ufro<br />
dabalia.<br />
145
puasonis diferencialuri gantolebis (meore rigis kerZo warmoebulebSi)<br />
da laplasis gantolebis amosaxsnelad M<strong>athcad</strong>_s aqvs Semdegi funqciebi:<br />
bvalfit(V1,V2,x1,x2,xi,F,L1,L2,score) _ miiReba sasazRvro amocanis sawyisi pirobebi<br />
mocemuli F, V1 da V2 veqtorebisaTvis x1_dan x2_mde intervalSi, amoxsna<br />
cnobilia garkveul Sualedur wertilSi xi;<br />
relax(M1,M2,M3,M4,M5,A,U,r) _ miiReba puasonis gantolebis amoxsnis kvadratuli<br />
matrica r speqtraluri radiusisaTvis;<br />
multigrid(M,n) _ miiReba puasonis gantolebis amoxsnis matrica (rodesac<br />
sazRvrebze amonaxsni 0_is tolia);<br />
sbval(Y,x1,x2,F,L,score) _ miiReba F simbolur veqtorSi gansazRvruli sasazRvro<br />
amocanis sawyisi pirobebi. sawyisi pirobebi Caiwereba Y veqtorSi x1_dan<br />
x2_mde intervalSi.<br />
furies pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli gardaqmna<br />
maTematikis fundamentur debulebas miekuTvneba periodul funqciaTa<br />
warmodgenis SesaZlebloba furies mwkriviT _ harmoniuli mdgenelebis jamis<br />
saxiT. amiT SeiZleba visargebloT mraval SemTxvevaSi. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom<br />
is udevs safuZvlad kavSirgabmulobis arxebisa da gadacemuli signalebis<br />
analizs. furies pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli gardaqmna saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />
signalis droiTi warmodgenidan gadavideT mis sixSirul warmodgenaze da<br />
piriqiT. Ffuries pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli gardaqmnis funqciebia:<br />
fft(V) _ furies pirdapiri swrafi gardaqmna. sawyisi monacemebis V veqtori<br />
Sedgenilia namdvili ricxvebisagan. amasTan V veqtors unda hqondes 2 n<br />
mdgeneli, sadac n – mTeli ricxvia. am funqciis Semotana ganpirobebulia<br />
imiT, rom namdvili elementebisagan Sedgenili veqtorisaTvis furies<br />
gardaqmna xorcieldeba ufro swrafi algoriTmiT da angariSs sWirdeba<br />
naklebi dro;<br />
cfft(A) _ furies pirdapiri gardaqmna. sawyisi A veqtori kompleqsur ricxvebs<br />
Seicavs. Tu A matricaa, cfft funqcia axdens furies organzomilebian<br />
pirdapir gardaqmnas;<br />
ifft(V) _ furies Sebrunebuli gardaqmna, Seesabameba fft pirdapir gardaqmnas.<br />
sawyisi V veqtori kompleqsur ricxvebs Seicavs. ifft funqciiT miiReba<br />
namdvili ricxvebisagan Sedgenili veqtori;<br />
cifft(A) _ furies Sebrunebuli gardaqmna sruli algoriTmiT, Seesabameba cfft<br />
pirdapir gardaqmnas. rogorc sawyisi, aseve miRebuli veqtorebi an<br />
matricebi Seicaven kompleqsur ricxvebs. Tu A matricaa, cifft funqcia<br />
axdens furies organzomilebian Sebrunebul gardaqmnas.<br />
nax.11.6_ze moyvanilia furies pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli gardaqmna fft da ifft<br />
funqciebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
146
nax.11.6. furies pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli gardaqmna<br />
fft da ifft funqciebis gamoyenebiT<br />
11.3 momxmareblis mier operatoris Seqmna<br />
funqciebs da operatorebs bevri saerTo gaaCniaT. isini gansxvavdebian<br />
erTmaneTisagan ara Sinaarsobrivad, aramed gamosaxvis formiT. magaliTad, funqcia<br />
f(x,y) SegviZlia gamovsaxoT xfy operatoris saxiT, x+y Canaweri SevcvaloT +(x,y)_iT<br />
da a.S. funqciebis msgavsad, momxmarebels SeuZlia Seqmnas sakuTari operatorebic.<br />
ganvixiloT momxmareblis mier operatoris Seqmna magaliTze (SevqmnaT<br />
gaerTianebis <br />
operatori):<br />
1. CavsvaT samuSao furcelSi gaerTianebis simbolo<br />
Help → QuickSheets → Extra Math Symbols CamonaTvalidan;<br />
2. avkriboT klaviaturidan (x,y);<br />
3. gamoviyenoT miniWebis operatori;<br />
147
4. markerSi SevitanoT operatoris gansazRvra (Cven<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
magaliTSi gamoyenebulia gaerTianebis funqcia stack).<br />
SemdgomSi dokumentSi stack funqciis nacvlad SesaZlebelia operatoris<br />
momxmareblis mier Seqmnili operatorebis gamosayeneblad vsargeblobT<br />
Evaluation instrumentTa panelis (nax. 11.2) bolo oTxi RilakiT:<br />
nax.11.7. Evaluation instrumentTa paneli<br />
Cvens mier Seqmnili <br />
operatoris gamosayeneblad:<br />
1. SeviyvanoT operandebi;<br />
2. gamoviyenoT Evaluation instrumentTa panelis<br />
Rilaki;<br />
3. Sua markerSi SevitanoT operatoris simbolo;<br />
4. marcxena da marjvena markerebSi SevitanoT operandebi;<br />
5. gamoviyenoT tolobis niSani.<br />
oroperandiani operatoris gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia agreTve Evaluation<br />
instrumentTa panelis RilakiT.<br />
erToperandiani operatoris gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia Evaluation instrumentTa<br />
panelis da RilakebiT.<br />
148
Tavi XII daprogrameba M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si<br />
12.1 Programming instrumentTa panelis operatorebis aRwera<br />
cvladebi da funqciebi M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc<br />
Cveulebrivi gamosaxulebebis meSveobiT, aseve programis saxiT.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_is programa warmoadgens daprogramebis operatorebis meSveobiT<br />
Seqmnil brZanebaTa erTobliobas. arsebiTad programa warmoadgens gamosaxulebis<br />
specifikur nairsaxeobas da sxva gamosaxulebebis msgavsad, ricxviTi an<br />
simboluri gamoTvlebisas miRebuli iqneba misi mniSvneloba. programis<br />
mniSvneloba M<strong>athcad</strong>_Si SeiZleba iyos ricxvi, ricxviTi masivi, masivi masivSi<br />
(Nested Arrays) an striqoni (String). brZanebebis raodenoba programaSi ar aris<br />
SezRuduli.<br />
programis Sesaqmnelad gamoviZaxoT Programming instrumentTa paneli<br />
mTavari menius View → Toolbars CamonaTvalidan an <strong>maTematikuri</strong> panelis<br />
RilakiT (nax.12.1).<br />
nax.12.1. Programming instrumentTa paneli<br />
daprogramebis operatorebia (frCxilebSi miTiTebulia klaviaturis<br />
klaviSebi an klaviSebis kombinacia, romelTa meSveobiT SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi<br />
operatoris Casma programaSi):<br />
(]) _ xazis Casmis operatori. am operatoris gamoyenebiT iwyeba<br />
programis Cawera. gamodis vertikaluri xazi ori markeriT.<br />
programaSi SesaZlebelia nebismieri markeris gamoyofa da Add Line<br />
operatoris xelmeore gamoyeneba, ris Sedegad vertikaluri xazis<br />
sigrZe izrdeba da Sesabamisad matulobs markerTa ricxvic;<br />
({) _ miniWebis operatori;<br />
(}) _ if (Tu) pirobiTi gadasvlis operatori. misi gamoyenebisas<br />
marjvena markerSi Caiwereba piroba (logikuri gamosaxuleba), xolo<br />
149
marcxenaSi _ brZaneba an gamosaxuleba, romelic gamoiTvleba pirobis<br />
Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi;<br />
(Ctrl + Shift) _ otherwise (sxva SemTxvevaSi) operatoris Casma, romelic<br />
gamoiyeneba if logikur operatorTan erTad. markerSi Caiwereba<br />
brZaneba an gamosaxuleba, romelic gamoiTvleba pirobis<br />
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi;<br />
(Ctrl + Shift + “) _ ciklis operatori. for cikli gamoiyeneba rodesac<br />
ciklSi Sesasrulebeli brZanebebis gameorebis ricxvi winaswar anu<br />
ciklSi Sesvlamde gansazRvrulia. for operatoris marcxena markerSi<br />
Sesatania ciklis parametris identifikatori, marjvena markerSi am<br />
parametris mniSvnelobaTa Secvlis diapazoni, xolo qvedaSi _ ciklSi<br />
Sesasrulebeli brZaneba;<br />
(Ctrl + ]) _ ciklis operatori. while (manam ... sanam) cikli gamoiyeneba<br />
rodesac ciklSi Sesasrulebeli brZanebebis gameorebis ricxvi<br />
winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli. while operatoris marjvena markerSi<br />
Sesatania piroba, xolo QqvedaSi _ ciklSi Sesasrulebeli brZaneba.<br />
pirobis Seusruleblobisas xdeba ciklidan gamosvla;<br />
(Ctrl + Shift + {) _ ciklis Sesrulebis Sewyvetis operatori;<br />
(Ctrl + [) _ continue operatori, gamoiyeneba ciklis morig iteraciaze<br />
gadasasvlelad;<br />
(Ctrl + Shift + |) _ return operatori, gamoiyeneba programis Sesrulebis<br />
Sesawyvetad. Mmis markerSi Sesatania programidan dokumentSi misawodi<br />
informacia;<br />
(Ctrl + ‘) _ on error (Secdomis SemTxvevaSi) operatori. am operatoriT<br />
jer gamoiTvleba marjvena argumenti, xolo Secdomis SemTxvevaSi _<br />
marcxena.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom operatorebis dasaxelebebis klaviaturidan akreba<br />
dauSvebelia.<br />
12.2 miniWebisa da striqonis Casmis operatorebi<br />
rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, miniWebis operatori gamoiyeneba<br />
cvladebisaTvis an funqciebisaTvis mniSvnelobis misaniWeblad, xolo Add Line<br />
operatori Casvams programaSi axal xazs.<br />
x y<br />
f( x y)<br />
log <br />
ganvixiloT programis Seqmnis procesi. vTqvaT, gvinda ganvsazRvroT<br />
<br />
funqcia programis meSveobiT. amisaTvis:<br />
2 y<br />
<br />
<br />
150
1. avkriboT klaviaturidan f( x y)<br />
da : miniWebis niSnis<br />
Sesatanad;<br />
2. gamoviyenoT Programming panelis Add Line operatori;<br />
3. davawkapunoT zeda markerze, avkriboT k da<br />
gamoviyenoT Programming panelis operatori;<br />
x y<br />
4. miniWebis marjvniv myof markerSi SevitanoT ;<br />
2 y<br />
5. qveda markerze gadasaadgileblad davaWiroT Tab<br />
klaviSs da avkriboT log(k).<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom programis SigniT akrZalulia miniWebis niSnis (:=)<br />
gamoyeneba. is cvladebi, romlebic gansazRvrulia programis SigniT<br />
operatoriT (rogorc wina magaliTSi k cvladi), warmoadgenen programis lokalur<br />
cvladebs da ar arian gansazRvrulebi samuSao furclis sxva adgilas.<br />
12.3 pirobiTi gadasvlis iperatori<br />
programis operatorebi sruldeba mimdevrobiT, zemodan qvemoT. xSirad<br />
saWiroeba moiTxovs am Tanmimdevrobis Secvlas, rac SesaZlebelia if pirobiTi<br />
gadasvlis operatoriT. if operatori gamoiyeneba algoriTmis ganStoebuli<br />
struqturis aRsawerad.<br />
vTqvaT, gvinda ganvsazRvroT Semdegi funqcia:<br />
<br />
0<br />
w ( x)<br />
<br />
25 x<br />
amisaTvis:<br />
2<br />
,<br />
Tu<br />
sxva<br />
x 5<br />
SemTxvevaSi<br />
1. avkriboT w(x): da gamoviyenoT Programming<br />
panelis Add Line operatori;<br />
2. gamovyoT zeda markeri da gamoviyenoT Programming<br />
panelis if operatori;<br />
3. if sityva_gasaRebis marjvniv mdgom markerSi<br />
SevitanoT x >5 logikuri gamosaxuleba<br />
Boolean panelis gamoyenebiT. marcxena markerSi<br />
151<br />
.<br />
f( x y ) <br />
f( x y)<br />
<br />
f( x y)<br />
k <br />
f( x y ) k<br />
f( x y)<br />
k<br />
<br />
<br />
log( k)<br />
w( x)<br />
<br />
w( x)<br />
if<br />
x y<br />
2 y<br />
x y<br />
2 y<br />
w( x)<br />
0 if x 5
magaliTi.<br />
SevitanoT 0, romlis mniSvneloba mieniWeba w (x)<br />
funqcias, roca<br />
marjvena markerSi Setanili logikuri gamosaxulebis mniSvnelobaa<br />
“WeSmariti” (true);<br />
4. gamovyoT qveda markeri da gamoviyenoT Programming panelis otherwise<br />
operatori da mis marcxniv mdgom markerSi SevitanoT<br />
romlis mniSvneloba mieniWeba<br />
w (x)<br />
funqcias, roca programis<br />
logikuri pirobis mniSvnelobaa<br />
“mcdari” (false).<br />
152<br />
w ( x)<br />
<br />
0 if x 5<br />
2<br />
25 x ,<br />
nax.12.2–ze moyvanilia if pirobiTi gadasvlis operatoris gamoyenebis<br />
nax.12.2. if logikuri operatoris gamoyenebis magaliTi<br />
25 x 2<br />
otherwise<br />
if operatoris piroba logikur gamosaxulebas warmoadgens, romlis<br />
Sesatanad vsargeblobT Boolean instrumentTa panelis operatorebiT (nax.12.3).<br />
Boolean instrumentTa panelSi Tavmoyrilia Sedarebis operatorebi (Equal to (Ctrl+<br />
=) _ tolia, Less Than () _ metia, Less Than or Equal to
(Ctrl+ ( ) _ naklebia an toli, Greater Than or Equal to (Ctrl+ ) ) _ metia an toli,<br />
Not Equal to (Ctrl+ 3) _ ar udris) da logikuri operatorebi (Not (Ctrl+Shift+5) _<br />
logikuri uaryofa, And (Ctrl+Shift+7) _ koniunqcia anu logikuri “da”, Or<br />
(Ctrl+Shift+6) _ dizunqcia anu logikuri “an”, Exclusive or (xor) (Ctrl+Shift+1) _<br />
dizunqciis uaryofa).<br />
nax.12.3. Boolean instrumentTa paneli<br />
Sedarebis operatorebis operandebia ricxviTi an striqonuli tipis<br />
monacemebi (orive operandi unda iyos erTi da igive tipisa), xolo logikuri<br />
operatorebis operandebi logikuri gamosaxulebebia. striqonebis Sedareba<br />
warmoebs simboloebis mixedviT marcxnidan marjvniv. Tu striqonebis raime wyvili<br />
ar emTxveva erTmaneTs, ufro metis mniSvnelobis mqoned iTvleba is simbolo,<br />
romlis Sesabamisi kodi (koduri cxrilidan) ufro metia. Sedarebisa da logikuri<br />
operaciebis Sedegad miiReba 1 (“WeSmariti”) an 0 (“mcdari”).<br />
12.4 ciklis operatorebi<br />
gameorebadi anu cikluri procesi gamoTvliTi procesebis metad<br />
gavrcelebul tips warmoadgens. ciklis operatorebi gankuTvnilia algoriTmis<br />
cikluri struqturis aRsawerad.<br />
M<strong>athcad</strong>_s aqvs ori ciklis operatori: for da while.<br />
rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, for cikli gamoiyeneba rodesac ciklSi<br />
Sesasrulebeli brZanebebis gameorebis ricxvi winaswar anu ciklSi Sesvlamde<br />
gansazRvrulia. for ciklis Sesaqmnelad:<br />
1. davawkapunoT Programming panelis for operatorze;<br />
2. “”_is marcxniv mdebare markerSi SevitanoT ciklis cvladis saxeli,<br />
marjvniv mdebare markerSi _ ciklis cvladis sawyisi da bolo<br />
mniSvnelobebi da agreTve misi mniSvnelobis Secvlis for i 1 n<br />
biji (Tu es biji 1_sagan gansxvavebulia);<br />
3. qveda markerSi SevitanoT ciklSi Sesasrulebeli brZaneba. Tu ciklSi<br />
sruldeba ramdenime brZaneba, gamovyoT qveda markeri<br />
da Add Line operatoriT jer CavsvaT axali striqonebi,<br />
xolo Semdeg markerebSi SevitanoT ciklis brZanebebi.<br />
153<br />
for<br />
for<br />
<br />
i 1 n<br />
s s i
while (manam ... sanam) tipis cikls viyenebT rodesac ciklis gameorebis<br />
raodenoba ar aris winaswar cnobili da is dasruldeba mxolod miTiTebuli<br />
pirobis Seusruleblobisas.<br />
while ciklis Sesaqmnelad:<br />
1. davawkapunoT Programming panelis while operatorze;<br />
2. zeda markerSi SevitanoT gameorebis pirobis<br />
Sesabamisi logikuri gamosaxuleba, xolo qveda<br />
markerSi SevitanoT ciklSi Sesasrulebeli<br />
brZaneba. Tu ciklSi sruldeba ramdenime brZaneba,<br />
gamovyoT qveda markeri da Add Line operatoriT jer<br />
CavsvaT axali striqonebi, Semdeg ki markerebSi<br />
SevitanoT ciklis brZanebebi.<br />
nax.12.4_ze moyvanilia for da while operatorebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi.<br />
nax.12.4. for da while operatorebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi<br />
154<br />
while<br />
while<br />
v j<br />
j j 1<br />
t
12.5 Break, Continue da Return operatorebi<br />
break operatori gamoiyeneba ciklis Sesawyvetad anu raime pirobis<br />
Sesrulebisas ciklidan gamosasvlelad.<br />
Tu saWiroa pirobis Sesrulebisas SevwyvitoT ciklis morigi iteracia da<br />
gavagrZeloT ciklis Sesruleba Semdegi iteraciebisaTvis, vsargeblobT continue<br />
operatoriT.<br />
break da continue operatorebis Sesatanad vsargeblobT Programming<br />
panelis Sesabamisad da punqtebiT.<br />
break da continue operatorebi, rogorc wesi, gvxdebian if operatorSi da<br />
ciklis operatorebSi.<br />
return operatoris meSveobiT SesaZlebelia programis Sesrulebis Sewyveta.<br />
am dros cvlads an funqcias mieniWeba ara bolo, aramed mimdinare brZanebiT<br />
gamoTvlili mniSvneloba (skalari, veqtori, masivi an striqoni). return operatori,<br />
break da continue operatorebis msgavsad, ZiriTadad gvxdeba if operatorSi.<br />
return operatoris Sesatanad:<br />
1. davawkapunoT Programming panelis operatorze;<br />
2. operatoris marcxena markerSi CavsvaT Programming panelis<br />
operatori;<br />
3. return sityva_gasaRebis marjvniv mdgom markerSi avkriboT gamosaxuleba.<br />
Tu gamosaxuleba striqonuli tipis konstantaa, klaviaturidan<br />
SevitanoT “ simbolo da Sesabamisi teqsti;<br />
4. if operatoris marjvniv mdebare markerSi davbeWdoT logikuri<br />
gamosaxuleba.<br />
12.6 operatori on error<br />
am operatoris programaSi CarTva saSualebas gvaZlevs gamoTvlebSi<br />
SesaZlo Secdomebis SemTxvevaSi movaxdinoT Secdomis damuSaveba raTa M<strong>athcad</strong>_ma<br />
ar Sewyvitos programis Sesruleba da gaagrZelos gamoTvlebi. on error operatori<br />
arsebiTad SecdomebisaTvis “xafangs” warmoadgens.<br />
on error operatoris Sesaqmnelad gamoviyenoT Programming panelis<br />
punqti. marjvena markerSi Caiwereba ZiriTadi gamosaTvleli gamosaxuleba, xolo<br />
marcxenaSi _ is gamosaxuleba, romelic Sesruldeba Secdomis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
nax.12.5_Si moyvanilia on error operatoris da error funqciis, romelic<br />
gamoiyeneba Secdomis Sesaxeb teqsturi Setyobinebis gamosatanad, gamoyenebis<br />
magaliTebi.<br />
155
nax.12.5. on error operatorisa da error funqciis gamoyeneba<br />
156
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. Brent Maxfield, “ENGINEERING with MATHCAD”. Using M<strong>athcad</strong> to Create and Organize your<br />
Engineering Calculations. B/H, 2007.<br />
2. Е. Макаров, «Инженерные расчеты в Маthcad». Учебный курс. Издательство «Питер», 2007,<br />
486 стр.<br />
3. В.П. Дьяконов, «Энциклопедия M<strong>athcad</strong> 2001 и M<strong>athcad</strong> 11». Солон-Пресс, 2004, 832 стр.<br />
4. M<strong>athcad</strong> 11. User’s Guide. Mathsoft Engineering &Education, Inc, 2001, p. 473.<br />
5. Е.М.Кудрявцев, «M<strong>athcad</strong> 8». Издательство ДМК. Москва, 2000, 318 стр.<br />
6. В.П.Дьяконов, “MathCAD Plus 7.0 PRO”. Справочник по MathCAD Plus 7.0 PRO.<br />
Издательство « СК ПРЕСС», Москва, 1998, 345 стр.<br />
7. www. mathsoft.com .<br />
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