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N3<br />

<strong>'12</strong><br />

N3<br />

<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>34</strong>)’12

N<br />

marTlmsajuleba<br />

3(<strong>34</strong>)<br />

<strong>'12</strong><br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

Justice and Law<br />

<strong>#3</strong>(<strong>34</strong>)<strong>'12</strong><br />

Legal Journal

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

Justice and Law<br />

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis iuridiuli Jurnali<br />

LEGAL JOURNAL OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA AND OF THE JUDGES’ ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA<br />

redaqtori<br />

nino ZiZiguri<br />

redaqtoris TanaSemwe<br />

irma beqauri<br />

nomerze muSaobdnen:<br />

inga alaviZe<br />

leila koSkaZe<br />

maia CoCua<br />

dizaini:<br />

besik danelia<br />

fotouzrunvelyofa:<br />

daviT xizaniSvili<br />

saredaqcio sabWo:<br />

diana berekaSvili<br />

Tamar zambaxiZe<br />

inga kvaWantiraZe<br />

konstantine kublaSvili<br />

zaza meiSvili<br />

valeri cercvaZe<br />

Editorial Board:<br />

DIANA BEREKASHVILI<br />

TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE<br />

INGA KVACHANTIRADZE<br />

KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI<br />

ZAZA MEISHVILI<br />

VALERI TSERTSVADZE<br />

saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa<br />

asociacia<br />

JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA<br />

akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis<br />

gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba<br />

komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos<br />

mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlos werilobiTi<br />

nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe.<br />

Editor:<br />

NINO DZIDZIGURI<br />

Assistant to Editor:<br />

IRMA BEKAURI<br />

The issue was prepared by:<br />

INGA ALAVIDZE<br />

LEILA KOSHKADZE<br />

MAIA CHOCHUA<br />

Designed by<br />

BESIK DANELIA<br />

Photo support by<br />

DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI<br />

English version of articles has been provided by Candidates<br />

of Law faculty of Tbilisi State University<br />

uak (UDC) <strong>34</strong>0.11+<strong>34</strong>0.130.5<br />

m-306<br />

ISSN 1512-259X<br />

2

sarCevi/CONTENTS<br />

5<br />

daviT suxitaSvili<br />

sanotaro moqmedebis gamo sarCelis gansjadobis Sesaxeb<br />

JURISDICTION OF THE LAW SUIT ON NOTARY ACT<br />

DAVIT SUKHITASHVILI<br />

14<br />

qeTevan qoCaSvili<br />

mflobelobiTi (posesoruli) dacva kontinenturi evropis<br />

samarTalSi<br />

POSSESSION PROTECTION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN LAW<br />

KETEVAN KOCHASHVILI<br />

28<br />

TaTa erqvania<br />

mesame pirTa interesebis dacva warmomadgenlobaSi<br />

(saqarTvelosa da germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT)<br />

PROTECTION OF THIRD PERSONS’ INTERESTS IN REPRESENTATION<br />

(ACCORDING TO THE CIVIL CODES OF GEORGIA AND GERMANY)<br />

TATA ERKVANIA<br />

45<br />

ekaterine ninua<br />

meuRleTa urTierTobebis zogierTi samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi<br />

SEVERAL LEGAL ASPECTS OF RELATIONS BETWEEN SPOUSES<br />

EKATERINE NINUA<br />

54<br />

amiran zenaiSvili<br />

nebis gamovlenis Tavisufleba SromiT urTierTobebSi<br />

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION OF WILL IN LABOR RELATIONS<br />

AMIRAN ZENAISHVILI<br />

65<br />

daviT geferiZe<br />

saxelmwifos sasazRvro politikis saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi<br />

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL BASES OF STATE BOARDER POLICY<br />

DAVIT GEPERIDZE<br />

76<br />

Sorena gabiCvaZe<br />

sahaero transportiT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis samoqalaqo<br />

pasuxismgeblobisa da pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis<br />

safuZvlebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT<br />

CIVIL LIABILITY AND GROUNDS FOR THE EXEMPTION FROM THIS LIABILITY<br />

FOR AIR TRANSPORT – TRANSFER PROVIDERS ACCORDING TO<br />

THE GEORGIAN LEGISLATION<br />

SHORENA GABICHVADZE<br />

3

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

91<br />

giorgi dgebuaZe<br />

arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrina saerTaSoriso<br />

sisxlis samarTalSi (PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR-is saqmis analizi)<br />

INDIRECT (CO)PERPETRATION DOCTRINE IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL<br />

LAW (ANALYSES OF THE CASE PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR )<br />

GIORGI DGEBUADZE<br />

102<br />

baCana jiSkariani<br />

sicocxlis uflebis absoluturi dacva da TviTmkvlelobis<br />

problematika germanuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT<br />

ABSOLUTE PROTECTION OF RIGHT TO LIFE AND THE PROBLEM OF SUICIDE<br />

ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL CODE OF GERMANY<br />

BACHANA JISHKARIANI<br />

117<br />

irma gelaSvili<br />

embrionis kvlevisa da donaciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi<br />

RESEARCH OF EMBRYO AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF DONATION<br />

IRMA GELASHVILI<br />

133<br />

levan kokaia<br />

ucxouri investiciebis SidasamarTlebrivi dacvis garantiebi<br />

saqarTveloSi<br />

NATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION GUARANTEES FOR FOREING INVESTMENTS<br />

LEVAN KOKAIA<br />

145<br />

elene kavTuaSvili<br />

mediis gavlena nafic msajulTa verdiqtze<br />

INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON THE JURY VERDICT<br />

ELENE KAVTUASHVILI<br />

4

Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom sanotaro moqmedebis an mis<br />

Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo warmoSobili sasamarTlo davebis<br />

uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da gansjadoba bevr kiTxvas badebs.<br />

sakiTxis sworad gadawyvetis mizniT mniSvnelovania kerZo da sajaro<br />

samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis problema. samarTlis kerZo<br />

da sajaro samarTlad dayofa mecnierebis didi xnis Seswavlis<br />

sagania, sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />

Cvens SemTxvevaSi swored kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTdamokidebulebisa<br />

da maTi gamijvniT unda gairkves, sanotaro<br />

moqmedebiT (umoqmedobiT) warmoSobili sasamarTlo davebis gansjadoba,<br />

romelma sasamarTlom ganixilos _ samoqalaqo Tu administraciulma<br />

da romeli normebiT ixelmZRvanelos sasamar-<br />

Tlom _ kerZo Tu sajaro samarTliT.<br />

saqarTvelos samarTlis sistemis mixedviT, samarTlis yvela<br />

dargi miekuTvneba kerZo an sajaro samarTals. samoqalaqo samarTali,<br />

Sromis samarTali, sakorporacio samarTali da sxva<br />

miekuTvneba kerZo samarTals, radgan isini Tavisufalni arian<br />

sajaro samarTlis elementebisagan da piriqiT, sakonstitucio<br />

samarTali, saproceso kanonmdeblobebi, administraciuli da<br />

sisxlis samarTali, sagadasaxado da samarTlis sxva dargebi<br />

Tavisufalni arian kerZo samarTlis elementebisagan, amitom<br />

isini sajaro samarTals miekuTvnebian, rasac ver vityviT sanotaro<br />

samarTalze. sanotaro samarTali erTnairad aris gajeresanotaro<br />

moqmedebis<br />

gamo sarCelis<br />

gansjadobis Sesaxeb<br />

daviT suxitaSvili<br />

samarTlis doqtori, profesori<br />

5

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

buli, rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro samarTlis elementebiT, amitomacaa, rom is samarTlis calke,<br />

damoukidebel dargadaa aRiarebuli. da swored amis gamo aris ganpirobuli is sirTuleebi,<br />

rac sanotaro moqmedebis an mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo, sarCelebis gansjadobas axlavs.<br />

TviT `sanotaro moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb~ instruqciac wlebis ganmavlobaSi, 2012<br />

wlis 23 ianvars ganxorcielebul cvlilebamde, arasworad miiCnevda, rom notariusis dadgenileba<br />

sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb TiTqos yovelTvis individualur<br />

administraciulsamarTlebriv aqts warmoadgendes, rac ra Tqma unda, ar iyo swori.<br />

Tu saqarTvelos samarTlis sistemis uaxles istorias gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom dRevandeli<br />

samarTlis sistemisagan igi sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo. iseve rogorc mTlianad sabWoTa samar-<br />

Tali, saqarTvelos samarTlis sistema Sedgeboda samoqalaqo samarTlis, sisxlis samarTlisa<br />

da saxelmwifo samarTlisagan. samarTlis sistemis es nawilebi moicavda samarTlis yvela dargs.<br />

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali samoqalaqo samarTlis sistemaSi moiazreboda da is erTob<br />

farTo gagebiT ganixileboda. kerZod, aq is gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, rom samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis<br />

wesiT ganixileboda rogorc kerZo samarTalurTierTobidan, ise administraciul samar-<br />

TalurTierTobidan warmoSobili davebi da maT Soris, notariusis moqmedebis da/an mis Sesrulebaze<br />

uaris Tqma. aseT pirobebSi sruliad naTelia, rom dava gansjadobis Taobaze ar arsebobda.<br />

ramdenad misaRebia samarTlis sistemis amgvari diferenciacia, msjelobis sxva sakiTxia.<br />

mTavaria, rom dReisaTvis saqarTvelos samarTlis sistema iziarebs kontinenturi evropis qveynebis<br />

samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sistemas, romlis mixedviTac is dayofilia kerZo da sajaro<br />

samarTlad da Cvenc am CarCoebSi unda movaqcioT da ganvsazRvroT sanotaro moqmedebis<br />

an mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis samarTalwarmoebis wesi.<br />

samarTlis sistemis amgvari dayofis Sedegad calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saproceso samar-<br />

Tali, iqneba es samoqalaqo, administraciuli Tu sisxlis miekuTvneba sajaro samarTals, magram<br />

amis miuxedavad, isini sxvadasxva materialur samarTalurTierTobidan warmoSobil saqmeebs<br />

ganixilaven. ase magaliTad, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT ganixileba samoqalaqo<br />

materialuri samarTalurTierTobidan (kerZo samarTlidan) warmoSobili davebi, sisxlis samar-<br />

Tlis saproceso kodeqsis safuZvelze ganixileba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi, xolo administraciuli<br />

samarTalwarmoeba moicavs materialuri sajaro samarTalurTierTobebidan warmo-<br />

Sobil saqmeebs, garda sisxlis samarTlisa. samarTalwarmoebis zogadi diferenciaciiT TiTqos<br />

yvelaferi naTelia, magram sadavod rCeba notariusis moqmedebasTan (umoqmedobasTan) dakavSirebuli<br />

saCivris gansjadoba, rac rogorc ukve iTqva, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli TviT kerZo<br />

da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis problemasTan.<br />

kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis problema siaxle ar aris. mcdeloba maTi<br />

gamijvnis Sesaxeb saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da iqmneboda Sesabamisi Teoriebi.<br />

maTgan yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia interesebis Teoria, subordinaciis Teoria da subieqtebis<br />

Teoria. 1 romaeli iuristis ulpianes (170-228) mixedviT, interesebis TeoriisaTvis gadamwyvetia<br />

Tu mocemuli urTierTobebis mowesrigebis procesSi visi interesebia wina planze wamoweuli _<br />

kerZo Tu sajaro. interesebis Teoriis mixedviT, sanotaro samarTalze msjeloba, miekuTvneba<br />

igi kerZo Tu sajaro samarTals, erTmniSvnelovani pasuxis gacema Wirs, radgan sanotaro samar-<br />

Tlis realizacia xdeba rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro samarTalSi. rodesac notariusi amowmebs<br />

uZravi nivTis nasyidobis xelSekrulebas, is mimarTulia kerZo interesebis dasacavad (gansaxorcieleblad)<br />

da Sesabamisad, TviT sanotaro samarTalic kerZo samarTalSi poulobs Tavisi<br />

Tavis realizacias. sxva SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac igive notariusi saqarTvelos respublikis<br />

ministrTa kabinetis 1992 wlis 1 Tebervlis #107-e dadgenilebis safuZvelze, amowmebs<br />

TviTmmarTvelobis adgilobriv organosa da moqalaqeebs Soris binis privatizaciis xelSekru-<br />

6

lebas. ministrTa kabinetis aRniSnuli dadgenileba, rogorc administraciuli aqti, gamoxatavs<br />

sajaro interess, ramdenadac saxelmwifos yofili sabinao fondis binebi moqalaqeebs usasyidlod<br />

gadaecemaT da sanotaro samarTalic sajaro samarTalSi realizdeba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,<br />

kerZo da sajaro samarTlis gamijvna interesTa Teoriis mixedviT, sanotaro samarTlis<br />

magaliTze SeuZlebelia. amitom amave safuZvliT calsaxad imis mtkiceba, rom gasaCivrebuli<br />

sanotaro moqmedeba (umoqmedoba) an mxolod samoqalaqo an mxolod administraciuli sasamar-<br />

Tlos gansjadia, miuReblad unda CavTvaloT.<br />

subordinaciis TeoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia subieqtTa urTierTdaqvemdebarebuli<br />

samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, maSin rodesac kerZo samarTali `awesrigebs pirTa Tanasworobaze<br />

damyarebul kerZo urTierTobebs~ (samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirveli muxli). magram amjeradac,<br />

rodesac sanotaro samarTals vexebiT, is ganurCevlad, rogorc urTierTdaqvemdebarebul, ise<br />

Tanasworobaze damyarebul kerZo urTierTobebs awesrigebs, amitom verc subordinaciis Teoria<br />

uzrunvelyofs kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnas. mxareTa Tanasworobis safuZvelze<br />

warmoSobili urTierTobebis klasikuri magaliTia kerZosamarTlebrivi xasiaTis xelSekrulebebi,<br />

romelTa warmoSobisaTvis aucilebelia masSi monawile yvela mxaris Tanxmoba. am urTierTobebSi<br />

verc erTi mxare ver daakisrebs meores misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod raime valdebulebas.<br />

sajaro samarTalSi ki, mxareTa urTierTdaqvemdebareba Cveulebrivi maxasiaTebelia. amis sailustraciod<br />

xSirad sagadasaxado kodeqsi mohyavT, magram sabolood, verc subordinaciis Teoria<br />

wyvets notariusis moqmedebidan warmoSobili sasamarTlo davebis gansjadobas. sanotaro<br />

saqmeebi erTnairad exeba, rogorc mxareTa Tanasworobaze damyarebul urTierTobebs _ ise urTierTdaqvemdebarebuls.<br />

sruliad veTanxmebiT samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom `subieqtebis<br />

Teoria sworad axsnis kerZo da sajaro samarTals Soris gansxvavebis xasiaTsa da Sinaarss. mTavaria<br />

ara interesi (romlis gamijvna xSirad rTulia), ara subordinacia (romlis garkveva aseve,<br />

Znelia), aramed is funqcia, romlis matareblad gamodis subieqti samarTlebriv urTierTobeb-<br />

Si~. 2 aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 24-e muxli swored am princips ganamtkicebs.<br />

dasaxelebuli normis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebi<br />

da sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monawileoben<br />

iseve, rogorc kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi; anu aq mTavaria is, Tu konkretul<br />

samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi ra funqcias emsaxureba administraciuli organos Tu sajaro<br />

samarTlis iuridiuli piris moqmedeba. amiT samoqalaqo kodeqsma kerZo da sajaro samarTlis<br />

urTierTgamijvnis ZiriTad elementad gansazRvra urTierTobis sagani. aRniSnulis mixedviT,<br />

Tu administraciuli organo kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirTan debs kerZosamarTlebriv<br />

xelSekrulebas, aqedan warmoSobili davac samoqalaqo sasamarTlom unda ganixilos; xolo Tu<br />

mxareTa Soris administraciuli xelSekrulebaa dadebuli, davas administraciuli sasamarTlo<br />

ganixilavs.<br />

samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan gansxvavebuli pozicia daikava saqarTvelos zogadma administraciulma<br />

kodeqsma. kodeqsis Tavdapirveli redaqciis meore muxlis pirveli nawilis `z~ punqtiT<br />

administraciuli garigeba ganmartebuli iyo rogorc administraciuli organos mier fizikur<br />

an iuridiul pirTan, agreTve sxva administraciul organosTan dadebuli `samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />

garigeba~. administraciuli garigebis amgvarma definiciam sruliad gaugebari gaxada<br />

sajaro da kerZo samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba da maTgan warmoSobili sasamarTlo<br />

davebis uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da gansjadoba. 2005 wels saqarTvelos zogad administraciul<br />

kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT gaTvaliswinebul iqna subieqtebis Teoriisa da saqarTvelos<br />

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 24-e muxlis principebi da zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis<br />

7

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilis `z~ punqtis mixedviT, axla ukve administraciul xelSekrulebad<br />

miCneulia `administraciuli organos mier sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis mizniT<br />

fizikur an iuridiul pirTan, agreTve sxva administraciul organosTan dadebuli samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />

xelSekruleba~. kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi administraciuli<br />

xelSekrulebis definiciis dasadgenad wingadadgmuli nabijia, magram rodesac igive norma<br />

administraciul xelSekrulebas samoqalaqosamarTlebriv xelSekrulebasTan aigivebs da<br />

faqtobrivad sinonimebad warmoaCens, normaSi ganxorcielebuli dadebiTi cvlilebebic fermkrTaldeba,<br />

eWvis qveS ayenebs kerZo da sajaro samarTlis gansxvavebebs. ufro Tanmimdevrulia<br />

dasaxelebuli normis safuZvelze uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmarteba Semdeg saqmeze. saqarTvelos<br />

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sajaro samarTlis iuridiulma pirma _ dacvis policiis departamentma<br />

sarCeliT mimarTa Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mopasuxe a.i-Zis mimarT mopasuxisa<br />

da misi ojaxis wevrebis dacvis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, sazRauris gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb.<br />

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul da samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiebs Soris gansjadobasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli davis gadasawyvetad saqme saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos gadaeca.<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatam ixelmZRvanela<br />

administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtiT da zogadi<br />

administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilis `z~ punqtiT da 2008 wlis 5 ivnisis<br />

ganCinebiT ganmarta, rom `rogorc saxelmwifo struqturebis, ise kerZo pirebis xelSekrulebebis<br />

safuZvelze, dacva erTnairad warmoadgens dacvis policiis departamentis sajaro<br />

uflebamosilebas da mis uSualo, pirdapir funqcias, anu am SemTxvevaSi dacvis policiis<br />

departamenti axorcielebs sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebas da swored am mizniT aris<br />

dadebuli xelSekruleba, ris gamoc is administraciul xelSekrulebas ganekuTvneba.~ 3 unda<br />

aRvniSnoT, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier mocemul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT administraciuli<br />

xelSekrulebis ganmarteba ufro misaRebia, vidre TviT zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2<br />

muxlSi gadmocemuli misi definicia. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom zogadi administraciuli<br />

kodeqsi administraciuli xelSekrulebis ganmsazRvrel elementad administraciuli organos<br />

sajaro uflebamosilebas asaxelebs. amis mixedviT, zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis dasaxelebuli<br />

norma erTi mxriv, sajaro samarTals gamijnavs kerZo samarTlisagan, magram igive<br />

normaSi vkiTxulobT, rom sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis mizniT... dadebuli xel-<br />

Sekruleba aris samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xelSekruleba. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos uzenaesi<br />

sasamarTlos ganCinebidan citirebul teqsts, Cven im mniSvnelobas vaniWebT, rom Sss dacvis<br />

policiis departamentis mier Tundac kerZo pirTan dadebuli dacvis xelSekruleba administraciuli<br />

xelSekrulebaa da ara _ samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi, radgan dacvis policias, nebismier<br />

subieqtTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis miuxedavad, sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba<br />

evaleba. xolo maSin roca kerZo samarTlis subieqti kisrulobs dacvis funqciis ganxorcielebas,<br />

aseTi xelSekruleba calsaxad samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xelSekruleba iqneba, Tuki<br />

specialuri kanoniT, iseve, rogorc notariuss, sajaro uflebamosileba ar akisria.<br />

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ufro misaRebi iqneba, Tu administraciuli xelSekrulebis<br />

definicia zogad administraciul kodeqsSi Semdegnairad Camoyalibdeba: `administraciuli<br />

xelSekruleba aris administraciuli organos mier sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcilebis<br />

mizniT, administraciuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze fizikur an iuridiul pirTan, agreTve<br />

sxva administraciul organosTan dadebuli xelSekruleba~.<br />

ufro rTulad dgas sakiTxi, roca sanotaro moqmedebis an mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo,<br />

aRZruli sarCelis gansjadobas vixilavT. viTarebas isic arTulebs, rom `notariatis Sesaxeb~<br />

saqarTvelos kanoni, erTi SexedviT, urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebs adgens, Tumca, es ase<br />

8

ar aris. kanonis me-3 da me-4 muxli gvauwyebs, rom saqarTvelos notariusTa palata aris sajaro<br />

samarTlis iuridiuli piri, xolo notariusi ar aris sajaro moxele, Tumca, igi axorcielebs<br />

saxelmwifoebriv uflebamosilebas Tavisufali profesiis farglebSi.<br />

amrigad, kanonis me-3 da me-4 muxli gvaZlevs saSualebas davaskvnaT, rom notariuss, rogorc<br />

arasajaro pirs, Tavisufali profesiis farglebSi SeuZlia Seasrulos kerZosamarTlebrivi<br />

xasiaTis sanotaro moqmedebebi da aseT SemTxvevaSi, gasaCivrebuli sanotaro moqmedeba (umoqmedoba)<br />

gansaxilvelad samoqalaqo sasamarTlos daeqvemdebareba. meore mxriv, notariuss,<br />

romelsac saxelmwifosagan delegirebuli aqvs saxelmwifoebrivi uflebamosileba, ufleba aqvs<br />

gamosces individualuri samarTlebrivi aqti. aseT SemTxvevaSi, notariusis, rogorc administraciuli<br />

organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis (dadgenilebis) kanonierebis Semowmeba administraciuli<br />

sasamarTlos gansjadi iqneba.<br />

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis<br />

2009 wlis 22 oqtombris ganCinebiT, sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo, sarCeli<br />

gansaxilvelad daeqvemdebara Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegias.<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCineba, sxva safuZvlebTan erTad, imiT aris dasabuTebuli, rom<br />

`notariusi ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc administraciuli organo Tavisi funqciebidan<br />

gamomdinare, ramdenadac samarTlis doqtrinidan gamomdinare, administraciul organos<br />

ganekuTvneba is, vinc asrulebs mmarTvelobiT funqcias~. 4<br />

Tu sasamarTlos dasaxelebuli ganCinebis debulebas gaviziarebT, yvela pirobebSi unda gamovricxoT<br />

notariusis mier individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis miRebis SesaZlebloba,<br />

rasac Cven ver daveTanxmebiT. vfiqrobT, uzenaesi sasamarTlo arasworad ganmartavs<br />

saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan or sakiTxs:<br />

a) uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCinebisagan gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli<br />

kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilis `a~ punqtis Tanaxmad, administraciuli organo aris `yvela<br />

saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo an dawesebuleba, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli<br />

piri (garda politikuri da religiuri gaerTianebebisa), agreTve nebismieri sxva piri,<br />

romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze asrulebs sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebebs~.<br />

aRniSnulis mixedviT, notariusi swored is `sxva piria~, romelsac `notariatis<br />

Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis pirveli punqtiT miniWebuli aqvs saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

(sajaro) uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba. amitom notariusi, rodesac saxelmwifoebriv (sajaro)<br />

uflebamosilebas axorcielebs, is administraciuli organoa (zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis<br />

me-2 muxli).<br />

b) meore sakiTxi, rac aseve, mniSvnelovania sanotaro moqmedebis an mis Sesrulebaze uaris<br />

Tqmis gamo aRZruli sasamarTlo saqmeebis gansjadobisaTvis, aris notariusis uflebamosileba<br />

miiRos individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti, ris SesaZleblobasac uaryofs<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlos zemoaRniSnuli ganCineba. individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi<br />

aqtis legalur ganmartebas iZleva zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli<br />

nawilis `d~ punqti, romlis mixedviT `individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti aris<br />

administraciuli organos mier administraciuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze gamocemuli individualuri<br />

samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic awesebs, cvlis, wyvets an adasturebs piris an pirTa<br />

SezRuduli wris uflebebsa da movaleobebs. individualur administraciulsamarTlebriv aqtad<br />

CaiTvleba agreTve administraciuli organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba mis uflebamosilebas<br />

mikuTvnebuli sakiTxis dakmayofilebaze ganmcxadeblisaTvis uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, aseve,<br />

administraciuli organos mier gamocemuli an dadasturebuli dokumenti, romelsac SeiZleba<br />

mohyves samarTlebrivi Sedegebi~. citirebuli normis meore winadadeba sruliad Seesabameba<br />

9

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

notariusis mier Sesrulebul zogierT sanotaro moqmedebebs, romelic aRqmuli unda iyos,<br />

rogorc individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti. sailustraciod sakmarisia davasaxeloT<br />

mmarTvelobis adgilobriv organoebsa da fizikur pirs Soris saxelmwifo sabinao<br />

fondis binaze dadebuli privatizaciis xelSekrulebis damowmeba. binebis privatizaciis xel-<br />

Sekrulebis samarTlebriv safuZvels normatiuli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti warmoadgens<br />

(ministrTa kabinetis 1992 wlis dadgenileba), xolo notariusis mier am xelSekrulebis<br />

damowmeba am dokuments aniWebs individualuri administraciuli aqtis mniSvnelobas, radgan<br />

igi warmoSobs samarTlebriv Sedegebs.<br />

Tu davuSvebT da gaviziarebT uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazrebebs, rom notariusi ar SeiZleba<br />

iyos administraciuli organo da is ver gamoscems individualur administraciul aqts, maSin<br />

ismis kiTxva, ra mizniT mieniWa mas saxelmwifoebrivi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis ufleba?<br />

ratom aqvs uflebamosileba administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare urTierTobebis<br />

mosawesrigeblad Seasrulos sanotaro moqmedeba, romelic Semdgom samarTlebriv<br />

Sedegebs warmoSobs da sxva. dabolos, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier SemoTavazebul debulebas<br />

Tu utyuarad miviCnevT, maSin sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze an mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis<br />

gamo warmoSobili yvela dava samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wess unda daeqvemdebaros, magram<br />

ase ar fiqrobs igive uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis<br />

sxva Semadgenloba. sasamarTlom 2008 wlis 19 martis ganCinebiT x.k-Zis sasarCelo gancxadeba<br />

mopasuxe notarius v.W-Svilisa da sxvaTa mimarT binis privatizaciis xelSekrulebis baTilad<br />

cnobis Taobaze arsebiTi ganxilvisaTvis dauqvemdebara Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos<br />

samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegias martooden im safuZvliT, rom saprivatizacio bina ganekuTvneboda<br />

sabinao-samSeneblo kooperativis sabinao fonds da ara saxelmwifo sabinao fonds, 5 rac sruliad<br />

kanonierad migvaCnia. Sesabamisad, Tu saprivatizacio bina saxelmwifo sabinao fondis sakuTreba<br />

iqneboda, notariusis mier Sesrulebuli sanotaro moqmedebis kanonierebis Semowmeba moxdeboda<br />

(da unda moxdes) administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT administraciuli sasamarTlos<br />

mier.<br />

amrigad, im urTierTobaTa gamo Sesrulebuli sanotaro moqmedeba, romelsac safuZvlad<br />

udevs administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdebloba, notariusis mier miRebuli aseTi dadgenilebis<br />

kanoniereba gasaCivrdeba administraciul sasamarTloSi; xolo im urTierTobaTa gamo<br />

Sesrulebuli sanotaro moqmedeba, romelsac kerZo samarTlis kanonmdebloba daedo safuZvlad,<br />

individualur administraciul aqtad ver iqneba ganxiluli da aRniSnulis Taobaze notariusis<br />

moqmedebis kanonierebis Semowmeba samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT Sesruldeba. am princips,<br />

anu igive subieqtebis Teoriis princips bolo wlebSi mtkiced icavs saqarTvelos uzenaesi<br />

sasamarTlo.<br />

sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavla-analizma gviCvena, rom sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebis an<br />

mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis kategoriis saqmeTa Soris didi xvedriTi wili samkvidro mowmobis<br />

gacemaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb notariusis dadgenilebebis gasaCivrebaze modis da upiratesad<br />

sarCelebi administraciul sasamarTloSi Sedis, rac imiT aris dasabuTebuli, rom notariusi<br />

saxelmwifoebriv uflebamosilebas axorcielebs.<br />

administraciuli sasamarTlosadmi gansjadi administraciuli saqmeebis CamonaTvali<br />

mocemulia administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis meore muxlis pirvel da meore nawilSi, magram<br />

Cveni magaliTisaTvis (notariusis mier samkvidro mowmobis gacemaze uaris Tqma) arsebiTi da<br />

mniSvnelovania dasaxelebuli normis mesame nawili, romlis Tanaxmad, `am muxlis pirveli da me-2<br />

nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmeebis garda, sasamarTloSi administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis<br />

wesiT ganixileba sxva saqmeebic im samarTlebriv urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic<br />

10

agreTve gamomdinareobs administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan~. aRniSnuli norma<br />

warmoadgens administraciul saproceso kodeqsSi 2007 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis<br />

Sedegs, ramac momdevno wlebSi didi roli Seasrula erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebis<br />

saqmeSi. administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-3 nawilis safuZvelze, saqar-<br />

Tvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatam 2008 wlis<br />

12 ivnisis ganCinebiT samkvidro mowmobis gacemaze uaris Tqmis dadgenilebis gamo, sarCelis<br />

sasamarTlo gansjadobasTan dakavSirebiT ganmarta, rom `msgavsi kategoriis davebis gadawyvetisas<br />

arsebiTi yuradReba unda mieqces davis sagans, kerZod, notariusis mier sanotaro moqmedebis<br />

Sesrulebaze uaris Tqma emyareba samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamis normebs Tu dava gamomdinareobs<br />

administraciuli kanonmdeblobidan~. aseTi ganmarteba vfiqrobT, srulad asaxavs<br />

notariusisaTvis miniWebuli mravalmxrivi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas _<br />

Seasrulos rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis, ise administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT<br />

mowesrigebuli urTierTobebidan gamomdinare sanotaro moqmedeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc<br />

ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, notariusis mier miRebuli dadgenilebis gasaCivreba da kanonierebis<br />

Semowmeba dasaSvebia sasarCelo warmoebis wesiT misi samoqalaqo sasamarTloSi Setanis gziT;<br />

meore SemTxvevaSi, sarCeli aRiZvreba administraciul sasamarTloSi. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />

rom administraciul sasamarTloSi administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT saqmis ganxilvisaTvis<br />

saWiroa ori pirobis arseboba: a) urTierToba, romlis gamoc Sesrulda an ar Sesrulda<br />

sanotaro moqmedeba, unda gamomdinareobdes administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan<br />

; b) sasamarTlo davis erT-erTi monawile piri unda iyos administraciuli organo.<br />

konkretul SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSi gvyavs notariusi.<br />

notariusis mier sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo, davis sasamarTlo<br />

gansjadobasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis<br />

saqmeTa palatis ganmartebebTan dakavSirebiT gvaqvs erTi SeniSvna. palatis sxvadasxva<br />

Semadgenlobebi sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo, sxvadasxva saqmeebze<br />

Setanil sarCelebze akeTeben erTnair ganmartebebs, rom `kanonmdebelma administraciuli samar-<br />

TalwarmoebiT saqmis ganxilvis ZiriTad elementad gansazRvra davis sagani, romelic warmo-<br />

Sobilia im samarTalurTierTobidan, romelic sajaro, konkretulad, administraciuli samarTlis<br />

kanonmdeblobiTaa mowesrigebuli~. 6<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlos zemoaRniSnul ganmartebebTan dakavSirebiT, Cveni SeniSvna exeba gamonaTqvamSi<br />

_ kanonmdebelma gansjadobisaTvis ZiriTad elementad gansazRvra davis sagani; rac<br />

arasworad migvaCnia. sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo warmoSobili davis<br />

sagans warmoadgens modave mxareebs Soris erTi mxriv, mosarCelis (sanotaro moqmedebis monawilis)<br />

da meore mxriv, notariusis, rogorc mopasuxes, Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTier-<br />

Toba, ramac warmoSva maT Soris dava. rodesac notariusi uars ambobs sanotaro moqmedebis<br />

Sesrulebaze, is xelmZRvanelobs `notariatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 52-e muxliT, sadac<br />

gadmocemulia sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis safuZvlebi. kerZod, notariusi<br />

ar Seasrulebs sanotaro moqmedebas Tu: a) sanotaro moqmedebis Sesruleba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos<br />

kanonmdeblobas; b) sanotaro moqmedebis Sesasruleblad warmodgenili dokumentebi<br />

ar Seesabameba dadgenil moTxovnebs an Seicavs pirTa pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvel cnobebs,<br />

an ewinaaRmdegeba zneobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul normebs; g) sanotaro moqmedebis monawile<br />

ar aris uflebamosili piri an qmedunariani an Txovna sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb<br />

Semosulia im enaze, romelsac notariusi ar flobs da ar aris Tarjimnis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.<br />

amrigad, modave mxareebs Soris warmoSobili davis sagani gamomdinareobs sanotaro<br />

samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan, rasac CixSi SevyavarT. sanotaro kanonmdeblobiT sasamarTlo<br />

11

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

gansjadobis gadawyveta praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, radgan calsaxad, TviT sanotaro samarTlis<br />

kerZo da sajaro samarTlisaTvis mikuTvneba ar xdeba. vfiqrobT, ukeTesi iqneba Tu `davis sagnis~<br />

nacvlad gamoviyenebT frazas _ `samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romlis gamoc Sesrulda an ar<br />

Sesrulda sanotaro moqmedeba~.<br />

sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, sanotaro moqmedebis Semsrulebelma<br />

pirma werilobiTi formiT unda gamoitanos dadgenileba, romelSic unda aRiniSnos dadgenilebis<br />

gamotanis TariRi; dadgenilebis gamomtani sanotaro moqmedebis Semsrulebeli piris<br />

saxeli da gvari; sanotaro biuros adgilsamyofeli; vin da ra sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebas<br />

iTxovda. dadgenileba aseve, unda Seicavdes sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis<br />

dasabuTebas; dadgenilebis gasaCivrebis wess. sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, sanotaro moqmedebis Semsrulebelma pirma sami dRis vadaSi unda Caabaros sanotaro<br />

moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis dadgenileba dainteresebul pirs.<br />

sxva pretenziebi notariusis iseT moqmedebaze, romelic ar exeba mis mier Sesrulebuli<br />

sanotaro moqmedebis arss, rogoricaa magaliTad, sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebis vadebis<br />

darRveva, saqmiswarmoebis xelovnuri gaWianureba, samuSao da miRebis saaTebis daucveloba da<br />

sxva, SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saqarTvelos notariusTa palataSi, aseve, iusticiis ministrTan.<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

lado Wanturia, uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 2001w.,<br />

gv. 25.<br />

2<br />

lado Wanturia, samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2011w., gv. 12.<br />

3<br />

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani administraciul da sxva<br />

kategoriis saqmeebze, 2009w., <strong>#3</strong>, gv. 70-77.<br />

4<br />

susg administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeebze, 2009w., #7, gv. 112.<br />

5<br />

susg administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeebze, 2009w., #6, gv. 3.<br />

6<br />

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis<br />

saqmeTa palatis 2008 wlis 19 martis ganCineba; susg administraciul da sxva<br />

kategoriis saqmeebze, 2009 w., #6, gv. 3-8; aseve, 2008 wlis 12 ivnisis ganCineba,<br />

iqve, gv. 97-101 da sxva.<br />

12

JURISDICTION OF<br />

THE LAW SUIT ON<br />

NOTARY ACT<br />

DAVIT SUKHITASHVILI<br />

Doctor of Low, Profesor<br />

If we look at the Georgian justice system, we will see that all branches of alw<br />

belongs to either private or public law. Civil Law, labor law, corporate law and<br />

other belong to private law, as they are free from the elements of the public law<br />

and visa versa, Constitutional Law, procedural pieces of legislation, administrative<br />

and criminal law, tax law and other branches are free from private law elements,<br />

thus they belong to public law. We cannot say the same regarding notary law,<br />

notary law encompases private, as well as public law elements and this is exactly<br />

the cause of challenges related to the law suits on notary acts or on refusal to<br />

perform a nptary act. Even the instruction on “Carrying out notary acts”, before<br />

ammending it on January 23, 2012, wrongly stipulated that the notary act on the<br />

refusal to perform notart act was always individual administrative – legal act.<br />

This was certainly not true. In order to clarify disputable issue, presented Article<br />

reviews theoretical and practical aspects of seperating public and private law and<br />

possibilities of implementing them in the real life.<br />

To sum up, notary act, performed based on administrative (public) law /<br />

legislation, legality of such a decision made by a notary, should be appealed in<br />

administrative court; as for the nptary acts that were performed based on the private<br />

law, cannot be considered as individual adminsitartive act and the case should be<br />

handled through cvil procedure legislation.<br />

13

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

mflobelobiTi<br />

(posesoruli) dacva<br />

kontinenturi evropis<br />

samarTalSi<br />

qeTevan qoCaSvili<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori,<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis doqtoranti<br />

1. mflobelobiTi dacvis mniSvneloba<br />

me-19 saukunis kontinenturi evropis civilistur doqtrinaSi<br />

mflobelobis instituti kvlevis favoritad iqca. mis<br />

Sesaxeb aTeulobiT Seqmnil TxzulebaSi ikvlevdnen ara mxolod<br />

mflobelobis arss, aramed umTavresad, misi dacvis mizezebs.<br />

samoqalaqo samarTali icavs ama Tu im instituts, roca Seicnobs<br />

mis sargeblobas samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis an marTlmsajulebisaTvis.<br />

mflobelobiTi dacva samarTlebrivi wesrigis cocxali<br />

elementia, amitom marTlwesrigi mas TanamedroveobaSic<br />

xeluxleblad tovebs ZalaSi, 1 miuxedavad misi paradoqsuli Sedegisa<br />

(dacva vrceldeba ukanono mflobelzec), rac gadaWarbebuli<br />

SefasebiT, miuwvdomelia iuridiuli ganaTlebis armqone<br />

adamianis gonebisaTvis. 2<br />

romis samarTlidan moyolebuli piris mflobelad aRiareba<br />

damoukidebeli mflobelobiTi dacvis SesaZleblobas ukavSirdeba.<br />

savini mflobelobis dafuZnebisas animus domini-s aniWebda<br />

gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas, amdenad, mflobelad miiCnevda mxolod<br />

mesakuTresa da ukanono mflobels. am azrs iziarebda puxtac,<br />

romelic Tvlida, rom mflobeloba mxolod sakuTrad<br />

flobis ganzraxvasTan erTad moiazreba da aseTi mesakuTris<br />

garda, qurdisa da yaCaRis mflobelobaa. 3 amdenad, isini romis<br />

samarTalSi analogiiT daSvebul, interdiqtebiT dacul aramesakuTreTa<br />

marTlzomier, e.w. warmoebul mflobelobas, anomaliad<br />

miiCnevdnen: warmoebuli mflobeloba yovelTvis ar<br />

arsebobs, is mxolod maSin aris saxeze, rodesac nebadarTulia<br />

pozitiuri samarTlis mier. 4<br />

14

omis samarTlis mier interdiqtuli dacvis miniWeba mWerTa ramdenime kategoriisaTvis,<br />

ganpirobebuli iyo mflobelobis institutis istoriuli ganviTarebiT. ganuviTarebeli bazris<br />

arsebobisas mWerTa interesebis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad sakmarisi iyo mxolod mflobelTa,<br />

im pirTa dacva, visi saxeliTac, vis interesebSic flobdnen mWerebi. savaWro brunvis intensivobis<br />

pirobebSi saWiro gaxda mflobelTa wris gafarToeba. es procesi romis samarTalSive<br />

daiwyo, Tumca, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsiT SemoRebulma ormagi mflobelobis institutma<br />

Zireuli gardatexa moaxdina mflobelobis dafuZnebisa da dacvis saqmeSi. 5<br />

me-19 saukunis germaniaSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebam aucilebeli gaxada mwarmoebelTa uflebebis<br />

dacva. glexebi, miwis faqtobrivi mflobelebi, mWerTa kategorias Seadgendnen. maT ar<br />

hqondaT arc miwis sakuTari SexedulebebiT gankargvis da arc mebatoneTa, miwis mesakuTreTa<br />

winaaRmdeg sasarCelo dacvis ufleba. 6 mflobelad unda CaiTvalos nebismieri, visac aqvs faqtobrivi<br />

batonoba nivTze da dacul unda iqnes posesoruli dacviT, acxadebda ieringi. 7 savinisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, is usamarTlobad Tvlida mWerTa samarTlebriv dacvaze uaris Tqmas, rac<br />

gamowveuli iyo sajaro xelisuflebis TviTnebobiT.<br />

2. faqtobriv garemoebebze damyarebuli dacva<br />

mflobelobiTi dacva gulisxmobs piris dacvas sakuTriv, mflobelobis faqtze dayrdnobiT,<br />

nivTze uflebis sakiTxisagan damoukideblad, anu am procesSi ganixileba mxolod mflobelobis<br />

faqtobrivi mxare da ara mflobelobis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. posesoruli moTxovna emyareba<br />

nivTze SiSveli batonobis faqts, riTac is gansxvavdeba petitoruli moTxovnisagan (petitio<br />

_ laT. moTxovnis ufleba), romelic mxolod gansazRvruli uflebis safuZvelze warmoiSoba.<br />

8 mflobelobiTi dacvis moTxovna arsebobs warTmeuli mflobelobis aRdgenis an mflobelobis<br />

ganxorcielebaSi xelSemSleli garemoebebis aRkveTis SinaarsiT.<br />

mflobelobiTi dacva sakuTrebis uflebis dacvisagan damoukideblad warimarTeba, e.i. mflobelobiTi<br />

sarCelis wardgenisas sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilva dauSvebelia.<br />

mflobelobiT procesSi arc erT mxares, arc mas, visac surs SeinarCunos mflobeloba da arc<br />

mas, visac nivTze aqvs pretenzia, ar SeuZlia sakuTari moTxovnis uflebrivi dasabuTeba. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi, mtkicebulebebis Segroveba, ganxilva da Semowmeba mimarTulia mxolod mflobelobis<br />

faqtis arseboba-ararsebobis dasamtkiceblad. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo wyvets faqtobrivi<br />

mdgomareobis sakiTxs, iRebs gadawyvetilebas mflobelobis aRdgenis Taobaze da mxareebi<br />

valdebulni arian aRadginon mflobelobis status kvo. 9<br />

posesorul procesSi mosarCele valdebulia amtkicos Tavisi mflobelobis faqti mis<br />

darRvevamde, mflobelobis dakargva misi nebis winaaRmdeg da mopasuxis mflobelobis arseboba<br />

sadavo nivTze. xolo mopasuxe miuTiTebs mflobelobiTi sarCelis dakmayofilebis xelSemSlel<br />

garemoebebze, kerZod, mis mier mosarCelis mflobelobis darRvevis marTlzomierebaze da mosarCelis<br />

mflobelobis Sewyvetis faqtze, misi mflobelobis darRvevamde. 10<br />

3. mflobelobiTi dacvis droebiTi xasiaTi<br />

mflobelobiTi procesis Taviseburebaa, rom ar moiTxoveba sadavo nivTze uflebis arsebobis<br />

mtkiceba, SesaZlebels xdis nebismieri, maT Soris ukanono mflobelis dacvas. aq miRebuli<br />

gadawyvetileba droebiTi xasiaTisaa (ieringi) (arsebobs sapirispiro mosazrebac, rom es aris<br />

ara winaswari gadawyvetileba mflobelobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb, aramed saboloo _ savini), 11 rac<br />

gulisxmobs im garemoebas, rom Tu mflobelobiT procesSi nivTi miekuTvneba arauflebamosil<br />

15

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

pirs, ukanono mflobels, nivTze uflebis mqones eZleva SesaZlebloba, miaRwios uflebis dacvas<br />

petitorul procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi mflobeloba daculia ukve ara, rogorc SiSveli batonobis<br />

faqti, aramed titulze dayrdnobiT. aq, sasamarTlo ikvlevs ara mxolod faqtobriv garemoebebs,<br />

aramed uflebriv sakiTxebsac da gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs mflobelobaze uflebamosilis sasargeblod.<br />

12<br />

mflobelobiT procesSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba gansazRvravs petitorul procesSi mxareTa<br />

mdgomareobas. am procesSi mxare, mosarCele, romelmac SeinarCuna mflobeloba sadavo<br />

nivTze, momdevno procesSi mopasuxis adgils daikavebs. am SemTxvevaSi, mtkicebis tvirTi awevs<br />

mosarCeles, anu mxares, romelic ar aris kmayofili mflobelobiTi sarCelis ganxilviT. mtkicebis<br />

tvirTi samoqalaqo procesSi gulisxmobs mxaris valdebulebas daadginos garemoebebi,<br />

romelTa daudgenloba, ganuxilveloba SesaZloa, misTvis arasasurveli Sedegebis momtani iyos. 13<br />

petitorul procesSi mosarCeles evaleba amtkicos, rom mflobeli ar aris mesakuTre da arc<br />

masze ukeTesi uflebis mqone piri, aseve, is, rom mosarCeles ekuTvnis nivTze is ufleba, romelic<br />

moicavs mflobelobis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebas.<br />

Sesabamisad, sakuTrebiT procesSi SesaZloa, miRebul iqnes gadawyvetileba sadavo nivTze<br />

sakuTrebis uflebis aRiarebis Taobaze ara im piris mimarT, visac miekuTvna mflobeloba wina<br />

procesSi, aramed sapirispiro mxaris sasargeblod. 14 amgvarad, petitorul procesSi mtkicebis tvir-<br />

Ti mosarCeles awevs, xolo mflobelobiT procesSi gamarjvebuli mxaris poziciis dacva gamartivebulia:<br />

misi, rogorc mflobelis sasargeblod, mesakuTred yofnis prezumfcia moqmedebs. 15<br />

warmoadgens Tu ara posesoruli dacva petitoruli procesis winare, mosamzadebel etaps,<br />

amis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs: savini miiCnevda, rom romis samarTalSi interdiqtul<br />

da sakuTrebis sasarCelo dacvas Soris kavSiri iyo SemTxveviToba da ara interdiqtis samar-<br />

Tlebrivi bunebis Sedegi. xolo ieringis mosazrebiT, mflobeloba sakuTrebis sicxade, misi<br />

garegnuli niSania da interdiqtis mizani iyo mflobelobiTi urTierTobis mowesrigeba droebiT,<br />

sakuTrebiTi procesisaTvis. am azrs iziarebda puxtac _ interdiqti iyo mosamzadebeli<br />

procesualuri saSuleba momavali dacvisaTvis uflebis Sesaxeb. 16<br />

4. prezumfciis arsi da funqciebi<br />

amgvarad, mflobelis sasargeblod petitorul procesSi mesakuTred yofnis prezumfcia<br />

moqmedebs, rac mas aTavisuflebs nivTze uflebis arsebobis mtkicebisagan. prezumfcia laTinuri<br />

sityvaa da albaTobaze dafuZnebul varauds niSnavs. varaudi obieqturad daudgeneli<br />

garemoebaa, romelic ama Tu im faqtis arseboba an ararsebobis saeWvod Seqmnisas gamoiyeneba. 17<br />

faqtis aRiareba arsebuli varaudis safuZvelze, Seadgens prezumfciis arss. 18 samarTlebrivi<br />

prezumfcia gulisxmobs winaswar dadgenil, gansazRvrul samarTlebriv varauds, romelic<br />

mocemulia kanonSi an gamomdinareobs kanonidan da moqmedebs, vidre ar iqneba dadgenili an<br />

damtkicebuli misi sawinaaRmdego. daudasturebeli movlena an faqti miiCneva arsebulad da<br />

mas samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba. 19<br />

kanonismier prezumfcias (faqtis an uflebis prezumfcia) ori funqcia aqvs: materialursamarTlebrivi<br />

da saprocesosamarTlebrivi. am ukanasknels SeuZlia mtkicebis tvirTis gadatana.<br />

zogadad, faqtebis mtkicebis valdebuleba ekisreba procesis im mxares, romelic amtkicebs<br />

am faqtebis arsebobas da maTi meSveobiT asabuTebs Tavis moTxovnas. mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebisa<br />

da mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis zogad wess arsebiTad cvlis mtkicebiTi prezumfciebi.<br />

kerZod, is akisrebs meore mxares mtkicebis tvirTs, rac dakavSirebulia riskTan, man waagos<br />

procesi, Tu mtkicebuleba ar iqneba miRebuli. mtkicebis tvirTisagan gaTavisuflebulia is<br />

16

mxare, romlis sasargeblodac dadginda prezumfcia, 20 anu mxares, romelic emyareba romelime<br />

prezumirebul faqts, ar evaleba amtkicos igi, xolo dainteresebul pirebs ufleba aqvT es<br />

faqti uaryon. 21<br />

prezumfciis materialursamarTlebrivi funqciis Tanaxmad, normis aRwerilobiTi nawilis<br />

erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementi konkretul procesTan dakavSirebiT da gansazRvrul mxareTa<br />

Soris, maSinac mocemulad CaiTvleba, rodesac obieqturad ver xerxdeba am garemoebis dadgena. 22<br />

materialursamarTlebriv prezumfciebs Seicaven materialuri samarTlis normebi pirdapir an<br />

iribad da gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac prezumirebuli faqtebis arseboba namdvilia da arsebuli<br />

mtkicebulebebi ar aris sakmarisi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. 23<br />

5. mesakuTred yofnis prezumfciis daniSnuleba<br />

mesakuTred yofnis prezumfciis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia im garemoebasTan, rom swored,<br />

mflobelobis faqtma warmoSva sakuTrebis ufleba da cxovrebaSi yvelaze xSiri mflobelisa da<br />

mesakuTris Tanxvedraa. es miCneulia samoqalaqo brunvis mniSvnelovan konstruqciul elementad,<br />

radgan mis normalur arsebobas uzrunvelyofs. 24 am prezumfciis gareSe yvela subieqtis<br />

keTilsindisiereba, misi kuTvnilobis marTebuloba eWvis qveS dadgeboda. 25 mesakuTred yofnis<br />

prezumfciis arseboba mxolod moZrav nivTze, ganpirobebulia masze sakuTrebis warmoSobis<br />

wesiT. am varaudis damkvidrebaSi didi gavlena iqonia savaWro samarTalma, is warmoSva samoqalaqo<br />

brunvam, xolo Semdgom sasamarTlo praqtikam da kanonmdeblobam ganamtkica: 26 moZrav<br />

nivTTan mimarTebiT mflobeloba samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arsebobis tolfasia (safrangeTis<br />

sk-is 227-e muxli); moZravi nivTis mflobelis sasargeblod ivaraudeba, rom igi aris misi mesakuTre<br />

(germaniis sk-is 1006-e paragrafi); ivaraudeba, rom nivTis mflobeli aris misi mesakuTre<br />

(saqarTvelos sk-is 158-e muxli).<br />

amgvarad, sakuTrebis varaudi daSvebulia im pirTa mimarT, realurad vis xelSic aris moZravi<br />

nivTi da vinc axorcielebs masze faqtobriv batonobas. es midgoma ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSic. 27 SeuZlebelia, erTdroulad sakuTrebis varaudis daSveba,<br />

rogorc nivTis Zveli, ise axali mflobelis mimarT. Zveli mflobelis mimarT sakuTrebis prezumfcia<br />

moqmedebs mxolod misi mflobelobis periodSi. am viTarebaSi mflobeloba warTmeuli<br />

nivTis namdvili mesakuTre ufro mZime mdgomareobaSia, vidre mflobeli aramesakuTre, vidre<br />

gairkveva maTi namdvili uflebrivi mdgomareoba. 28<br />

prezumfcia WeSmaritebas ar gulisxmobs, amitom xSirad arsebobs sxvaoba faqtobriv da<br />

iuridiul mdgomareobas Soris, zogjer piri flobs nivTs mesakuTris nebis winaaRmdeg. 29 am<br />

varaudiT mflobeli Tavisufldeba mtkicebis tvirTisagan, anu mflobelobis mopovebis safuZvlis<br />

mtkicebisagan, xolo mesakuTres, mosarCeles awevs mtkicebis tvirTi. man unda daamtkicos,<br />

rogorc misi nebis winaaRmdeg mflobelobis dakargvis faqti, aseve, mopasuxis mflobelobis<br />

ukanonoba. mtkicebis tvirTis amgvari ganawileba petitorul procesSi aixsneba im garemoebiT,<br />

rom mflobelobiT procesSi mflobelma garkveuli saxiT daafuZna Tavisi mflobeloba, moixsna<br />

sisxlissamarTlebrivi deliqtis (qurdobis) ganxorcielebis braldeba, amitom masze meore<br />

procesSi xelaxla mtkicebis tvirTis dakisreba ar aris mizanSewonili. 30<br />

6. mflobelobiTi sarCelis warmoSoba da saxeebi<br />

me-12 saukunis bolomde, evropul samarTalSi yvela sanivTo ufleba daculi iyo sarCeliT<br />

`Gewere,~ romlis farglebSi ar xdeboda gamijvna posesorul da petitorul dacvas Soris. saf-<br />

17

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

rangeTSi pirvelad, me-13 saukuneSi, ludoviko IX-is ordonansSi aisaxa mflobelobiTi sarCeli<br />

ZaladobiT darRveuli mflobelobis aRsadgenad. Sua saukuneebis germanuli CveulebiTi samar-<br />

Tlis Zeglebic `saqsoniis sarke~ da `SvabeTis sarke~ ganamtkicebdnen mflobelobiT dacvas. 31<br />

pandeqtur samarTalSi romis samarTlis recepciis Semdeg, mflobelobiT dacvas ganamtkicebdnen<br />

erovnuli da kanonikuri samarTlis danawesebi.<br />

mflobelobis xelyofaSi moiazreba rogorc mflobelobis CamorTmeva, ise mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi<br />

xelis SeSla an momavalSi misi darRvevis safrTxis Seqmna. TanamedroveobaSi mflobelobiTi<br />

sarCelebi iyofa or did jgufad: 1. ordinaruli sarCelebi, mimarTuli arsebuli<br />

mflobelobis dasacavad samarTaldarRvevisagan; 2. rekupatoruli sarCelebi, mimarTuli TviTneburad<br />

warTmeuli mflobelobis dasabruneblad. 32<br />

6.1. posesoruli dacva frangul samarTalSi<br />

franguli samarTali icnobs sami saxis mflobelobiT sarCels:<br />

1. sarCeli, im iuridiuli da faqtobrivi moqmedebebis Sewyvetis winaaRmdeg, romlebic mar-<br />

Talia, ar aris dakavSirebuli mflobelobis dakargvasTan, magram xels uSlian mis ganxorcielebas;<br />

2. sarCeli, momavalSi SesaZlo darRvevis Tavidan acilebis Taobaze, rogorc prevenciuli<br />

zoma mflobelobisaTvis safrTxis Semqmnel qmedebaTa winaaRmdeg, magaliTad, sarCeli mezobel<br />

nakveTSi mflobelobisaTvis safrTxis Semqmneli samuSaoebis ganxorcielebis winaaRmdeg;<br />

3. sarCeli ZaladobiT warTmeuli mflobelobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. 33<br />

safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi daefuZna savinis mflobelobis Teorias, Sesamabisad, mflobelobiTi<br />

dacvis ufleba mianiWa mxolod mesakuTresa da ukanono mflobelebs, xolo vinc<br />

flobda droebiT, sanivTo an valdebulebiTi uflebis safuZvelze, anu mWerebs, es ufleba ar<br />

gaaCndaT. frangulma samarTalma mxolod 1975 wlidan aRiara mWerTa damoukidebeli dacvis<br />

ufleba. amasTan, mWers ara aqvs ufleba waradginos mflobelobiTi sarCeli im piris mimarT,<br />

visganac miRebuli aqvs nivTi. <strong>34</strong><br />

6.2. mflobelobiTi dacva germanul samarTalSi<br />

germaniis samoqalaqo samarTali aRiarebs ori tipis mflobelobiT sarCels: 1. sarCeli mflobelobis<br />

darRvevis Sewyvetis an momavalSi SesaZlo darRvevis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb; 2.<br />

sarCeli TviTnebobiT warTmeuli mflobelobis dabrunebis Sesaxeb. 35<br />

am SemTxvevaSi, TviTnebobad moiazreba ukanono qmedeba, maT Soris, nivTis mesakuTris mier<br />

mflobelisaTvis misi nebis winaaRmdeg mflobelobis CamorTmeva an mflobelobis xelSemSleli<br />

qmedebebis ganxorcieleba. magaliTad, Tu sacxovrebeli sadgomis damqiravebeli xelSekrulebis<br />

vadis gasvlis Semdeg, kvlav agrZelebs masSi cxovrebas, xolo mesakuTre ZaliT arTmevs xelSekrulebis<br />

sagans an xels uSlis mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi, damqiravebels ufleba aqvs mflobelobiT<br />

sarCelze. marTalia, mesakuTres aqvs upiratesi ufleba, magram marTlwesrigi dauSveblad<br />

Tvlis TviTnebobas.<br />

amitom, damqiraveblis moTxovna mimarTulia im mdgomareobis aRdgenisaken, romelic iarsebebda<br />

mflobelobis darRvevamde. 36<br />

ieringis koncefciam mflobelobis Sesaxeb asaxva hpova germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi da<br />

gaafarTova mflobelobiTi dacvis farglebi. is ganamtkicebs ormag mflobelobas 37 da dacvis<br />

uflebas aniWebs rogorc SualobiT, ise uSualo mflobels. mflobelobiTi dacviT sargeblobs<br />

xandazmuli mflobelic, romelsac jer ar SeuZenia sakuTrebis ufleba. marTalia, is jer ar<br />

18

aris marTlzomieri mflobeli, Tumca misi mflobeloba ar aris samarTlebrivad ugulebelyofili<br />

faqti da SesaZloa, is gaxdes mesakuTre garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas. xandazmulobiT<br />

mflobels SeuZlia moiTxovos rogorc mflobelobis aRdgena, ise xelSeSlis aRkveTa mesame<br />

pirTa mxridan, romlebic Tavad warmoadgenen utitulo mflobelebs. 38<br />

6.3. rusuli samarTlis midgoma<br />

rusuli samoqalaqo samarTali sabWouri gamocdilebis erTguli darCa da is srulyofilad<br />

ar ganamtkicebs mflobelobiT dacvas (civilistTa erTi nawili, mesakuTris garda, sxva titulovani<br />

mflobelis sarCels ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, mflobelobiT<br />

sarCels uwodebs, rac ar aris marTebuli). doqtrinaSi arsebobs mosazreba mflobelobiTi<br />

dacvis aRdgenis Taobaze: ruseTis sasamarTlo sistemaSi, sadac saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis dadgenilia<br />

xangrZlivi vadebi, saWiroa, samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis gamartiveba. uflebaTa dacva<br />

efeqtiania maSin, roca is Tanadroulia. xolo dacvis Tanadrouloba damokidebulia imaze, Tu<br />

procesualuri saqmianoba rogor asaxavs sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis simartivesa da siCqares.<br />

39 ruseTis sk icnobs mflobelobiTi dacvis mxolod erT SemTxvevas, kerZod, keTilsindisieri<br />

da sakuTrad flobis ganzraxvis mqone xandazmuli mflobeli daculia utitulo mflobelisagan,<br />

magram ara mesakuTris an sxva marTlzomier mflobelTa mier ganxorcielebuli xelyofisagan<br />

(2<strong>34</strong>-e muxlis me-2 nawili). 40<br />

mflobelobiTi dacvis aRdgenis mowinaaRmdegeTa poziciiT, am dacvas aqvs droebiTi xasiaTi,<br />

mas ar SeuZlia ugulebelyos ZiriTadi sarCeli uflebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, isedac datvirTuli<br />

sasamarTlos saqmianobis damZimeba axali saxis procesiT, miuRebelia. amasTan, mflobelobiTi<br />

sarCeli yovelTvis idga kerZo da sajaro samarTlis zRvarze, mis dacvas unda axorcielebdes<br />

ara sasamarTlo, aramed samarTaldamcavi organoebi, radgan maTi funqciaa pirovnebisa da<br />

marTlwesrigis dacva, rasac emsaxureba mflobelobiTi dacvac. aseve, dRes, roca uZrav nivTze<br />

sakuTrebis warmoSobis procesi saxelmwifo reestris mwarmoebel organoebSia Tavmoyrili,<br />

modave mxaris mier uflebis damadasturebeli sabuTis wardgenisas, SeuZlebelia, is sasamarTlom<br />

ar miiRos mxedvelobaSi da daakmayofilos posesoruli sarCeli. es ewinaaRmdegeba sasamar-<br />

Tlos saqmianobis principebsa da registraciis sistemis sandoobas. 41<br />

6.4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis normebi mflobelobiTi dacvis Sesaxeb<br />

saqarTvelos sk-is 160-161-e muxlebi ganamtkiceben mflobelobiT dacvas. isini icaven mflobelobas<br />

xelyofisgan, erTi mxriv, nivTis mflobelobaSi dabrunebisa da meore mxriv, mflobelobis<br />

ganxorcielebisas xelSeSlis aRkveTis gziT. es normebi moqmedebs mxolod keTilsindisieri<br />

mflobelis mimarT, romelSic samoqalaqo kodeqsi gulisxmobs rogorc marTlzomier,<br />

ise aramarTlzomier mflobels.<br />

keTilsindisier (aramarTlzomier) mflobels mflobelobiTi dacvis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia<br />

rogorc sxva utitulo mflobelis, ise titulovani mflobelis mimarT. keTilsindisier mflobels<br />

ufleba aqvs 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi moiTxovos nivTis dabruneba axali mflobelisagan. sasamarTlom<br />

unda gamoarkvios axali mflobelis uflebrivi damokidebuleba da Tu mas meti safuZveli<br />

aqvs nivTis flobisa, keTilsindisieri mflobeli dakargavs mflobelobis aRdgenis SesaZleblobas.<br />

42 es wesi ar moqmedebs maSin, rodesac ukeTesi uflebis mqone piri (mesakuTre, sxva<br />

kanonieri mflobeli) Zaladobis an motyuebis gziT CamoarTmevs nivTs mflobels, rogorc naklebi<br />

uflebis mqones.<br />

19

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

Tu mflobelobis xelyofa ar aris dakavSirebuli nivTis mflobelobis CamorTmevasTan,<br />

aramed mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi saxezea xelSeSla, keTilsindisier mflobels aqvs xel-<br />

SeSlis aRkveTis moTxovna, aseve, xelyofiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna, Tu SeuZlebelia<br />

xelSeSlis aRkveTis moTxovnis ganxorcieleba (161-e muxli). saqarTvelos uzenaesma<br />

sasamarTlom erT-erTi gadawyvetilebiT, 159-e muxlis safuZvelze, keTilsindisier mflobelad<br />

aRiara saqmian urTierTobebSi aseTad miCneuli piri, mesakuTre, romelsac kuTvnili miwis<br />

nakveTis mimdebare nakveTi ar hqonda daregistrirebuli da arc miumarTavs sajaro reestrisaTvis<br />

mis mesakuTred aRiarebis Taobaze da mas sk-is 161-e muxlze dayrdnobiT mianiWa mflobelobis<br />

ukanono xelSeSlis aRkveTis moTxovnis ufleba. 43<br />

mflobelobiTi dacvis moTxovnis buneba ar icvleba imiT, Tu uflebis dacvis romeli uwyebisaTvis<br />

aris mimarTuli _ sasamarTlosaTvis Tu administraciuli organosaTvis. pirvel Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi, is warmoadgens sarCels, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ gancxadebas. 44 am TvalsazrisiT<br />

sainteresoa, saqarTvelos sk-is 172-e muxlis me-3 nawili, romelic mesakuTris sasamarTlomde<br />

dacvis uflebas ganamtkicebs samarTaldamcavi organosaTvis mimarTvis da misTvis sakuTrebis<br />

uflebis damadasturebeli dokumentis wardgenis gziT. aRniSnuli, Tavisi arsiT posesoruli<br />

dacvaa, radgan Sesabamisi organo ZiriTadad, faqtobrivi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebs.<br />

marTalia, mas waredgineba sakuTrebis uflebis damadasturebeli dokumenti, magram es<br />

mflobelobis uflebrivi safuZvlis zedapiruli Semowmebaa. amas adasturebs is faqti, rom xelmyofis<br />

mier aseve, sakuTrebis an sxva uflebaze damyarebuli marTlzomieri mflobelobis damadasturebeli<br />

werilobiTi sabuTis wardgenisas, davis gadawyveta samarTaldamcavi organos kompetencias<br />

scildeba da sasamarTloSi gadadis.<br />

7. TviTdacva<br />

mflobelobiTi dacvisagan gansxvavdeba TviTdacva. amasTan, mflobelobis dacva aseve,<br />

uzrunvelyofilia TviTdacvis gziT. TviTdacvis, TviTdaxmarebis ufleba samoqalaqo samarTlis<br />

nebismier subieqts aqvs. mflobelobiTi dacvisagan gansxvavebiT, romliTac ver sargeblobs<br />

mWeri, TviTdacva romis samarTlidan moyolebuli misTvisac xelmisawvdomia. Tu winare saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

xanaSi TviTneboba dazaralebulis interesebis dacvis damkvidrebuli wesia, saxelmwifo<br />

Tavisi arsebobis pirvelive safexurze miznad isaxavs, Surisgebis miswrafeba garkveul<br />

farglebSi moaqcios. 45 Tanamedrove marTlwesrigi individebs ukrZalavs samarTlebrivi davebis<br />

gadawyvetas TviTneburad, TviTgasamarTlebis gziT, radgan marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis<br />

monopolia saxelmwifo xelisuflebas aqvs miniWebuli. Tumca, arsebobs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili<br />

gamonaklisi, rodesac mkacrad gansazRvruli winapirobebis arsebobisas individs SeuZlia<br />

Tavisi uflebis dacvis an maTi droebiT uzrunvelyofis mizniT Zalis gamoyeneba, Tu SeuZlebelia<br />

saxelmwifos mxridan drouli daxmareba. 46 TviTdacva gulisxmobs piris faqtobriv moqmedebas<br />

samoqalaqo uflebisa da kanoniT daculi interesis dacvisaTvis, romelsac is damoukideblad<br />

axorcielebs, saxelmwifo organoebisaTvis daxmarebis mimarTvis gareSe. 47<br />

mflobelobiTi dacvis TvalsazrisiT, es niSnavs, piris SesaZleblobas damoukideblad miiRos<br />

zomebi darRveuli mflobelobis aRsadgenad. TviTdacvas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac piri mflobels<br />

ukanonod waarTmevs mflobelobas an xels SeuSlis mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi. TviTdacvis<br />

ufleba uflebamosil pirs aqvs, rogorc samarTaldamrRvevis, ise misi memkvidris an im<br />

piris mimarT, vinc nivTis SeZenisas icoda mflobelobis xarvezis Sesaxeb. 48 TviTdacva ar xorcieldeba<br />

nivTis mesakuTris mimarT.<br />

germaniis sk-is 859-e paragrafis mixedviT, mflobels SeuZlia win aRudges akrZalul TviTnebobas,<br />

Tu moZrav nivTs ZaliT waarTmeven. mas SeuZlia Zalis gamoyenebiT waarTvas is damrRvevs<br />

20

adgilze an devnisas. Tu miwis nakveTis mflobels CamoerTmeva mflobeloba TviTnebobiT, mas<br />

SeuZlia dauyovnebliv daibrunos mflobeloba xelmyofis gaZevebiT nakveTidan. TviTdacvis<br />

marTlzomierebisaTvis saWiroa, rom mis farglebSi moqmed pirs gaaCndes nivTis flobis uflebamosileba,<br />

misTvis mflobeloba CamorTmeuli unda iyos ukanonod, dakarguli mflobelobis<br />

aRdgena unda moxdes gonivrul vadaSi da TviTdacvis farglebis gadametebis gareSe. 49<br />

8. posesoruli da petitoruli procesebis daaxloebis tendencia<br />

dRes, germanul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arsebobs mflobelobiTi da sakuTrebiTi procesebis<br />

daaxloebis tendencia. posesorul procesSi sasamarTlos uxdeba mflobelobis titulis gamo-<br />

Zieba, magram mxolod udavo mtkicebulebebis arsebobisas, ise, rom xeli ar SeeSalos saqmis<br />

droulad ganxilvas da ar Seicvalos procesis samarTlebrivi buneba. mflobelobiTi sarCelis<br />

ganxilvisas sasamarTlo adgens mflobelobis darRvevis faqts da ikvlevs samarTlebrivi safuZvlis<br />

Sesaxeb udavo mtkicebulebebs, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT, is damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis<br />

ganxilvis gareSe miiRebs gadawyvetilebas mflobelobis aRdgenis an misi xelyofis aRkveTis<br />

Sesaxeb. germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos praqtikaSi daSvebulia, rom mopasuxes mflobelobiT<br />

procesSi SeuZlia daeyrdnos mosarCelis mflobelobis ukanonobas, sadavo nivTze Tavisi<br />

uflebis mtkicebis safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo saWiroebs mflobelobis samarTlebrivi<br />

safuZvlis Seswavlas. mflobelobiTi sarCeli ar dakmayofildeba, Tu dadgindeba mosar-<br />

Celis mier mflobelobis ukanonod mopovebis faqti. am procesis dasrulebisas ar gamoiricxeba<br />

SesaZlebloba, gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo mxarem axali procesi wamoiwyos, sadac sasamarTlo<br />

siRrmiseulad Seiswavlis yvela mtkicebulebas petitorul warmoebaSi. 50<br />

9. Teoriebi mflobelobiTi dacvis Sesaxeb<br />

9.1. mflobelobiTi dacvis gansxvavebuli sawyisebi<br />

arsebobs mosazreba, rom mflobelobiTi dacvis mizezi mdgomareobs ama Tu im sazogadoebrivekonomikuri<br />

formaciis TaviseburebaSi. Zvel romsa da feodalur epoqaSi nivTze faqtobrivi<br />

batonobis dacvis safuZvels sajarosamarTlebrivi sawyisi, samoqalaqo wesrigis dacva Seadgenda;<br />

kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi kerZosamarTlebrivi pozicia dominirebda, rac sakuTrebis<br />

gamartivebuli dacvis uzrunvelyofiT, mesakuTris interesebis dacvaSi mdgomareobda; xolo<br />

TanamedroveobaSi _ pirovnebis dacvis bunebiTsamarTlebrivi sawyisia amosavali. 51 civilistur<br />

doqtrinaSi mflobelobiTi dacvis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebi iyofa absolutur da relatiur<br />

Teoriebad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra arealSi eZieben WeSmaritebas mflobelobis dacvis Taobaze,<br />

mflobelobis institutis gareT (relatiuri), Tu Tavad, mflobelobis bunebaSi (absoluturi).<br />

kerZod, relatiuri Teoriebi, mflobelobis dacvis mizezad moiazreben: sazogadoebrivi wesrigis<br />

dacvas, sazogadoebaSi samoqalaqo mSvidobis SenarCunebas, piris Zaladobisagan dacvasa da<br />

mesakuTris interesebis uzrunvelyofas. xolo absoluturi Teoriebis Tanaxmad, marTlwesrigi<br />

mflobelobis dacviT pirovnebas icavs, romelic samarTaldarRvevis miuxedavad, Rirsebis mqonea.<br />

9.2. relatiuri Teoriebi<br />

9.2.1. `samoqalaqo mSvidobis~ Teoria<br />

jer kidev, kacobriobis ganviTarebis adreul etapze, saxelmwifos xelSia samarTaldamrRvevis<br />

mimarT pirovnuli Tu qonebrivi sanqciis gamoyenebis berketi da uflebis dacva sakuTar<br />

21

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

prerogativad aqcia. amiT ailagma TviTneboba, TviTneburi angariSsworeba, rogorc saxelmwifo<br />

wesrigis arsis sawinaaRmdego movlena, Selaxuli interesis dacvis sferoSi. 52 ganviTarebuli<br />

marTlwesrigis pirobebSi dauSvebelia uflebamosili piris mier uflebis aRdgena, dacva ZaladobiT,<br />

kompetenturi organosaTvis mimarTvis gareSe. sakuTrebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />

dacvis WrilSi TviTneboba gamoricxulia, vidre ar gairkveva mflobelobis safuZveli, rogori<br />

cxadic ar unda iyos mflobelobis xarvezuloba. 53 mflobelobiTi urTierTobis aramarTlzomieri<br />

da TviTneburi xelyofiT gamowveuli Sedegi da Selaxuli samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba<br />

unda gamoswordes da aRdges Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba. aravin aris uflebamosili Tavisi SexedulebiT,<br />

sasamarTlo legitimaciis gareSe da Zaladobis gziT ganaxorcielos sakuTari ufleba.<br />

54 mflobelobis, rogorc nivTTan dakavSirebiT faqtobrivad Camoyalibebuli wesrigis, rogorc<br />

sazogadoebriv sikeTeTa ganawilebis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis (dernburgi) xelSeuxebloba,<br />

zogadi pirobaa samoqalaqo wesrigis SenarCunebisa 55 da sazogadoebrivi simSvidis arsebobisa.<br />

56 amitom, saxelmwifos amocanaa uzrunvelyos mSvidobiani wesrigi TviTnebobisagan maSinac,<br />

rodesac es ukanaskneli uflebis ganxorcielebisaken aris mimarTuli (endemani, rudorfi). 57<br />

mflobelobaSi arsebobs ori momenti _ individualuri da socialuri, pirveli _ pirsa da<br />

nivTs Soris kavSiria, sazogadoebis mxridan aRiarebis gareSe arsebuli, xolo meore _ pirsa da<br />

nivTs Soris urTierTobaa, mesame pirTa mxridan xelSeuvalad Secnobili, amdenad, misi xelyofa<br />

ganixileba saerTo wesrigis darRvevad. am mosazrebiT, qurdic, rogorc samarTlebrivad saSiSi<br />

pirovneba, rogorc mflobeli, saxelmwifo wesrigs warmoadgens. 58 mflobelobis dacva marTlwesrigis<br />

stabilurobas uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac. nivTis dauflebiT xorcieldeba<br />

adamianuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo brunvis moqniloba<br />

iTxovs qonebiT flobasa da sargeblobaSi xelSeSlis operatiul aRkveTas, mSvidi sargebloba<br />

aucilebelia sameurneo interesebSi, amitom sasurvelia, darRveuli mflobeloba swrafad<br />

aRdges.<br />

9.2.2. `piris Zaladobisagan dacvis~ Teoria<br />

relatiuria aseve, savinis mier ganviTarebuli Teoria, romelic mflobelobis dacvis mizezs<br />

xedavda pirovnebis Zaladobisagan dacvaSi. misi mosazrebiT, mflobelobis darRveva samoqalaqo<br />

deliqtia, rac gulisxmobs arsebul faqtobriv urTierTobaSi SeWras, amitom jer kidev,<br />

romis samarTali icavda mflobelobas Zaladobisagan interdiqtebiTa da pretorismieri sarCelebiT,<br />

romlebic deliqtur sarCelebs warmoadgenden. 59 savinis am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeboda<br />

ieringi, romelic miuTiTebda, rom romis samarTalSi interdiqtebis umravlesobas ar hqonda<br />

deliqturi xasiaTi, ar iyo mimarTuli ZaladobiT warTmeuli mflobelobis dabrunebisaken.<br />

amasTan, Tu mflobelobis dacvis mizezi iyo Zaladobisagan piris dacva, ratom ar sargeblobda<br />

dacviT mWeri an brunvidan amoRebuli nivTis mflobeli, _ Zaladoba xom ar iyo damokidebuli<br />

nivTis Tvisebaze an subieqtis mdgomareobaze. 60<br />

9.2.3. `sakuTrebis, rogorc mflobelobis ukan arsebuli uflebis, dacvis~ Teoria<br />

ieringi mflobelobiTi dacvis mizezs eZebda sakuTrebis uflebis ukeTesad dacvis interesSi.<br />

es mflobelobis dacvis kerZosamarTlebrivi sawyisia. cxovrebaSi nivTis mflobeli wesisamebr,<br />

aris kidec misi mesakuTre, aqedan prezumfcia _ mflobelSi mesakuTris arsebobis Taobaze.<br />

mflobelobis dacviT samarTali icavs mis ukan arsebul uflebas. mflobelobiTi dacva<br />

22

gamartivebuli dacvaa, radgan ar aris dakavSirebuli uflebis arebobis mtkicebasTan, rac<br />

mesakuTrisTvisac xelsayrelia. mflobelobiTi dacva, sadac iuridiuli yofierebis mtkiceba<br />

Secvlilia faqtobrivi yofierebis mtkicebiT, misTvisac misaRebia. 61<br />

amgvarad, posesorul procesSi sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis interesia gamokveTili: im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu pirs mflobeloba ar daukargavs, am procesis arsis gaTvaliswinebiT, is gaTavisuflebulia<br />

nivTze uflebis arsebobis mtkicebisagan, xolo Tu dakarga mflobeloba, mesakuTris<br />

interesebis dacva uzrunvelyofilia nivTze nebismieri piris mflobelobis dacvis gziT, rac<br />

mesakuTris mier nivTis normalur mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis garantiaa. 62 marTalia, mesakuTre<br />

da mflobeli xSirad erT pirovnebaSi iyrian Tavs, magram SesaZloa, mflobelobas ar hqondes<br />

tituli. amdenad, mflobelobiTi dacva vrceldeba ukanono mflobelzec. ieringis mosazrebiT,<br />

es aucdeneli borotebaa, mTavaria, rom wesisamebr, mflobelobiTi dacviT sargeblobs mesakuTre,<br />

samarTali raime wesis dadgenisas angariSs uwevs ara gamonaklisebs, aramed zogad viTarebas.<br />

ukanono mflobelobis dacva ar aris mflobelobiTi dacvis institutis mizani, aramed misi<br />

garduvali Sedegia. rogorc mze anaTebs marTalsac da mtyuansac, ise mflobelobiTi dacvis<br />

sikeTe vrceldeba uflebamosilzec da samarTaldamrRvevzec. amitom, mflobelobis dacva unda<br />

moxdes iq, sadac SesaZloa sakuTrebis varaudi da uari unda eTqvas mas iq, sadac am varauds<br />

adgili ara aqvs. 63 amdenad, saxelmwifos surs daicvas kanonieri mflobeloba, Tumca, iZulebulia<br />

daicvas ukanonoc, radgan zogjer ar arsebobs garegnuli niSani, romlis mixedviT SeiZleba<br />

erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos marTlzomieri da aramarTlzomieri mflobeloba. 64<br />

mosazrebas, rom mflobelobiTi dacvis procesSi amosavalia mesakuTris interesi, sakuTrebis<br />

uflebis efeqtiani dacva, sabWoTa samarTalSic hyavda mxardamWerebi. kerZod, miiCneoda,<br />

rom mflobelobis dacvis safuZveli iyo ara sazogadoebrivi mSvidobis interesi, radgan am<br />

mizans emsaxureba dacvis sxva saSualebebic, aramed sakuTrebis an sxva uflebis dacvis aucilebloba,<br />

romelic prezumirebulia mflobelobaSi. 65<br />

9.3. absoluturi Teoriebi<br />

absoluturi Teoriebi mflobelobis dacvis mizezs pirovnulobis ideis dacvaSi hpoveben.<br />

Tu ieringis mtkicebiT, ukanono mflobelobis dacva garduvali borotebaa, pokrovskis mosazrebiT,<br />

is adamianis pirovnulobis pativiscemis, rogorc ZiriTadi ideis ganviTarebis mwvervalia.<br />

mflobeli pirovnebaa da samarTaldarRveva ar aqcevs mas uuflebo arsebad, 66 mflobelobiTi<br />

dacva ganpirobebulia adamianuri Rirsebis motiviT, Zaladobisagan dacvas nebismieri<br />

individi imsaxurebs. dabalganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi samarTaldamrRvevi gareSe pirTa<br />

mxridan TviTnebobis obieqti xdeba, xolo kulturul erebSi yvelaze mZime danaSaulis Camdeni<br />

subieqtic garSemomyofTaTvis adamianuri Rirsebis mqonea, uflebawarTmeulic adamiania da<br />

mis mimarT kerZo pirTa mxridan TviTneboba dauSvebelia. 67<br />

sxva absoluturi TeoriiT, mflobelobis dacvisas amosavalia, piris Sinagani, Tavisufali<br />

neba, romelic mimarTulia miTvisebaze, nivTis sakuTrad qcevaze 68 da gansxeulebulia mflobelobaSi,<br />

riTac garSemomyofT emcno neba garegnuli formiT. neba, romelic mflobelobaSia<br />

realizebuli, daculi unda iyos nebis zogadi bunebidan gamomdinare, radgan neba TavisTavad<br />

Tavisufalia, misi aRiareba da ganxorcieleba samarTlis amocanaa (brunsi, puxta, hansi). 69<br />

23

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

Ìóðîìöåâ Ñ., Ðåöåïöèÿ ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà íà çàïàäå, Ì., 1886, 135.<br />

2<br />

Øåðøåíåâè÷ Ã.ô.,Ó÷åáíèê ðóññêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ò.1, Ì., 1914, 151.<br />

3<br />

mosazreba miTiTebulia: Ãðèìì Ä.Ä., Ëåêöèè ïî äîãìå ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà, 5-<br />

îå èçä., Ïåòðîãðàä, 1916, 15.<br />

4<br />

mosazreba miTiTebulia: Âàñüêîâñêèé Å.À.,Ó÷åáíèê ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ì.,<br />

2003, 212.<br />

5<br />

Ïîêðîâñêèé È. À., Èñòîðèÿ ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà, ÑÏÁ., 1998, 350.<br />

6<br />

Ëóêèí- Àíòîíîâ Í., Î÷åðêè ïî íîâåéøåé èñòîðèè Ãåðìàíèè, 1890-1914 ãã.,<br />

Ì., 1925, 35.<br />

7<br />

Èåðèíã Ð., Òåîðèÿ âëàäåíèÿ, ñîêðàù. ïåð. Âàñüêîâñêîãî Å.Â., òèïîãðàôèÿ<br />

Ìåðêóøåâà Ì., ÑÏÁ., 1895.<br />

8<br />

boelingi h., lutringhausi p., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis calkeuli<br />

moTxovnis safuZvlebis sistemuri analizi, bremeni-Tbilisi, 2004-2009, gv.<br />

73.<br />

9<br />

ßè÷êîâ Ê.Ê.,(ðåä.),Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî êàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêèõ<br />

ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ì., 1966,193.<br />

10<br />

Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå,<br />

Ì., 2002, 100.<br />

11<br />

mosazreba miTiTebulia: Äåðíáóðã Ã., Ïàíäåêòû, Âåùíîå ïðàâî, Ò.1, ÷. 2,<br />

ÑÏÁ., 1902, 43.<br />

12<br />

Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå,<br />

Ì., 2002, 552.<br />

13<br />

Òðåóøíèêîâ Ì.Ê., (ðåä.), Õðåñòîìàòèÿ ïî ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðîöåññó, Ì., 1996,<br />

108.<br />

14<br />

Øåðøåíåâè÷ Ã.Ô., Ó÷åáíèê ðóññêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ò. 1, 11-îå èçä.,<br />

Ì., 1914, 267.<br />

15<br />

Àííåíêîâ Ê., Ñèñòåìà ðóññêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ò.II, 2-îå èçä., ÑÏÁ.,<br />

1900, 600.<br />

16<br />

mosazreba miTiTebulia: Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â.,Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â<br />

ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå, Ì., 2002, 89.<br />

17<br />

futkaraZe r., samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi prezumfciebi, Jurn. `samarTali~,<br />

#8-9,2000, 48.<br />

18<br />

Ìåéåð Ä.Ì., Èçáðàííûå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ ïî ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðàâó, Ì., 2003, 98.<br />

prezumfciuli daskvniT erTi faqti an movlena dadgenilad iTvleba<br />

araerTgzis momxdari analogiuri faqtebisa Tu movlenebis safuZvelze.<br />

SuSanaSvili al., udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, prof. g. inwkirvelis 70-e<br />

wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 1996, 149. prezumfcia<br />

faqtis dadgenis safuZvelia, magram ar xdeba navaraudevi faqtis mtkiceba,<br />

is mas ar saWiroebs. Ìåéåð Ä.Ì., Èçáðàííûå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ ïî<br />

ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðàâó, Ì., 2003, 115.<br />

19<br />

Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,<br />

Tb.,1997, 160.<br />

20<br />

gagua i., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis TaviseburebaTa analizi, Jur.<br />

`marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, <strong>#3</strong>, 2010, 79.<br />

21<br />

qurdaZe S., samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi,<br />

Tb., 2005, 350-351.<br />

22<br />

boelingi h., lutringhausi p., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis calkeuli<br />

moTxovnis safuZvlebis sistemuri analizi, bremeni-Tbilisi, 2004-2009, 69.<br />

23<br />

futkaraZe r., samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi prezumfciebi, Jur. `samarTali~,<br />

#8-9,2000, 27.<br />

24<br />

Ñêëîâñêèé Ê.È., Î ïðàâå íà îò÷óæäåíèå èìóùåñòâà áåç ïåðåäà÷è âëàäåíèÿ,<br />

æ. «Õîçÿéñòâî è ïðàâî», ¹8, 2003, 12.<br />

25<br />

Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,<br />

Tb.,1997, 160.<br />

24

26<br />

Óäèíöåâ Â.À., Èçáðàííûå òðóäû ïî òîðãîâîìó è ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðàâó, Ì.,<br />

2003, 239.<br />

27<br />

susg #as-1365-1491-04, 6 ivnisi, 2005w, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />

gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #2,<br />

2005, 66.<br />

28<br />

zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2003, 70.<br />

29<br />

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ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå, Â êíèãå: Ïðîáëåìû ñîâðåìåííîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà,<br />

ïîä. ðåä. Ëèòîâêèíà Â.Í., Ðàõìèëîâè÷à Â.À., Ì., 2000, 116.<br />

30<br />

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31<br />

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âîåííîãî âðåìåíè, Ó÷åíûå òðóäû ÂÈÞÍ, Âûï. IX, Ì., 1947, 55.<br />

32<br />

Ëîðåíö Ä.Â., Ñèñòåìà ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâûõ ïðèòÿçàíèé è ïðîáëåìà èõ<br />

êîíêóðåíöèè. æ. «Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî», ¹4, 2008, 7.<br />

33<br />

Âàñèëüåâ Å.À., Êîìàðîâ À.Ñ., (ðåä.), Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî<br />

çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ò.1, Ì., 2004, 414. italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi<br />

ganamtkicebs ori saxis mflobelobiT sarCels: 1. ZaladobiT an farulad<br />

warTmeuli mflobelobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb; 2. mflobelobis<br />

ganxorcielebaSi xelSemSleli moqmedebebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb. orive<br />

sarCeli waredgineba xelyofis momentidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (muxli<br />

1170), italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, Targmani z. WeWelaSvilis, qarTuli<br />

kerZo samarTlis krebuli, w. I, Tb., 2004, <strong>34</strong>9.<br />

<strong>34</strong><br />

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êàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêèõ ñòðàí, Ì.,1980, 144.<br />

35<br />

Âàñèëüåâ Å.À., Êîìàðîâ À.Ñ., (ðåä.), Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî<br />

çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ò.1, Ì., 2004, 415.<br />

36<br />

Êíèïåð Ð.,Âëàäåíèå â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå Òóðêìåíèñòàíà, Â êíèãå: Ïðàâî,<br />

ýêîíîìèêà, áëàãîñîñòîÿíèå, àêòóàëüíûå âîïðîñû ïðàâîâîé ðåôîðìû â<br />

Òóðêìåíèñòàíå, (Íóðûåâ ß.,×àíòóðèÿ Ë.,èçä.),Asgabat ,2010, 102.<br />

37<br />

ormagi mflobelobis SemoRebas akritikebdnen revoluciamdeli rusi<br />

civilistebi, radgan sadavo iyo, Tu romel mflobels unda miniWeboda<br />

dacvis ufleba. aseve, maTi azriT, SesaZlo iyo mWers hqonoda dacvis<br />

ufleba, misTvis mflobelis titulis miniWebis gareSe. Ñèìîëèí À.À.,<br />

Îïðåäåëåíèå âëàäåíèÿ ïî íàøåìó ïðîåêòó è Ãåðìàíñêîìó óëîæåíèþ, Â<br />

êíèãå: Âîçìåçäíîñòü, áåçâîçìåçäíîñòü, ñìåøàííûå äîãîâîðû è èíûå<br />

òåîðåòè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ì., 2005,508.<br />

38<br />

Ñåðãååâ À.Ï., Òîëñòîé Þ.Ê, (ðåä.), Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ò.1, 6-îå èçä., Ì.,<br />

2004, 427.<br />

39<br />

Âåðøèíèí À.Ï., Ñïîñîáû çàùèòû ãðàæäàíñêèõ ïðàâ â ñóäå, ÑÏÁ., 1997, 87.<br />

40<br />

Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ðîññèéñêîì ïðàâå, æ.<br />

«Ïðàâîâåäåíèå», ¹9, 1998, 144.<br />

41<br />

Áàáàåâ À.Á., Ñèñòåìà âåùíûõ ïðàâ, Ì., 2007, 246. saerTo samarTalSi ar<br />

ganasxvaveben mflobelobis da sakuTrebis dacvas. orive instituti<br />

daculia zianis miyenebidan gamomdinare, deliqturi sarCelebiT, radgan<br />

saerTo samarTali mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis darRvevas deliqtad<br />

ganixilavs. Ìàòòåé Ó., Ñóõàíîâ Å.À., Îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ ïðàâà<br />

ñîáñòâåííîñòè, Ì., 1999, 248. sarCeliT mflobelobis darRvevis<br />

winaaRmdeg, daculia moZrav da uZrav nivTebze mflobeloba xelyofisagan.<br />

am sarCelis ganxorcielebis procesSi ar mowmdeba mflobelobis tituli,<br />

misi daxmarebiT xorcieldeba imgvari aramarTlzomieri qmedebebisgan<br />

dacva, rogoricaa: sxvis miwis nakveTSi an nagebobaSi samarTlebrivi<br />

safuZvlis gareSe Sesvla an nivTebis moTavseba, miwaTmflobelobisa da<br />

miwaTsargeblobisTvis xelSemSleli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba. Âàñèëüåâ<br />

Å.À., Êîìàðîâ À.Ñ., (ðåä.), Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ<br />

ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ò.1, Ì., 2004, 416.<br />

42<br />

zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2003, 73.<br />

43<br />

susg #501-03, 10 ivnisi, 2003 w, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />

gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #7,<br />

2003, 1911.<br />

25

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

44<br />

Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå,<br />

Ì., 2002, 145.<br />

45<br />

qoCaSvili q., brali, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />

piroba, Jur. `samarTlis Jurnali~, #1, 2009, 86.<br />

46<br />

henSeli s., samoqalaqo kazusebis damuSavebis meTodika, Tb., 2009, 20.<br />

47<br />

galdava g., samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis formebi da saSualebebi<br />

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, Jur. `samarTlis Jurnali~,<br />

#1, 2009, 121.<br />

48<br />

Æàëèíñêèé À., иðèõò À., Ââåäåíèå â íåìåöêîå ïðàâî, Ì., 2001, 413.<br />

49<br />

Âàñèëüåâ Å.À.,Êîìàðîâ À.Ñ.,(ðåä.),Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ<br />

ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ò.1,Ì., 2004, 417.<br />

50<br />

Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå ,<br />

Ì., 2002, 106.<br />

51<br />

Êîìïàíååö Å.Ñ., Ê âîïðîñó î ïðîáëåìå âëàäåíèÿ â ñîâåòñêîì ïðàâå , Ñá.<br />

ñòàòåé ïàìÿòè àêàäåìèêà Ãîðäîíà Â.Ì., Õàðüêîâ, 1927, 144.<br />

52<br />

Âèíäøàèä Á.,Ó÷åáíèê ïàíäåêòíîãî ïðàâà, ÑÏÁ., 1874, 312.<br />

53<br />

zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 47.<br />

54<br />

boelingi h., Wanturia l., samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo<br />

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis meTodika, I I gamocema, Tb., 2004, 125.<br />

55<br />

Äåðíáóðã Ã., Ïàíäåêòû, Ò.2, ïåð. Áëîõà À.Þ., Ãàëüïåðà À.ß., Óíòåëîâà<br />

Ä.È., Øíåéäåðà Ê.À., ïîä. ðåä. Ìåéåíäîðôà À.Ô., ÑÏÁ., 1905, 7.<br />

56<br />

Àííåíêîâ Ê., Ñèñòåìà ðóññêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, ÑÏÁ., 1900, 597.<br />

57<br />

mosazreba miTiTebulia: Ïîêðîâñêèé È.À., Èñòîðèÿ ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà. http://<br />

www.sud09ru/bibliot/Elib/1265.htm/.<br />

58<br />

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59<br />

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îå èçä., Ïåòðîãðàä, 1916, 166.<br />

60<br />

Èåðèíã Ð., Òåîðèÿ âëàäåíèÿ, ñîêðàù. ïåð. Âàñüêîâñêîãî Å.Â., òèïîãðàôèÿ<br />

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61<br />

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62<br />

zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali,Tb., 2003, 70.<br />

63<br />

zoiZe b., mflobeloba Zveli qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, Jurn. `adamiani<br />

da konstitucia~, #1, 2004, 106.<br />

64<br />

Êàâåëèí, mosazreba miTiTebulia: Âàñüêîâñêèé Å.Â., Ó÷åáíèê ãðàæäàíñêîãî<br />

ïðàâà, Ì., 2003, 228.<br />

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66<br />

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26

POSSESSION PROTECTION<br />

IN CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN<br />

LAW<br />

KETEVAN KOCHASHVILI<br />

Assistant Professor at the Tbilisi State University, Private Law. PHD<br />

Presented Article describes so-called possession protection problem. Originating<br />

from the Roman Law, recognition of a person as a possessor is related with<br />

the independent possession capability. Possession protection means protection of<br />

a person individually, based on the fact of possession, independently from jura in<br />

re.<br />

Decision made in the possession process determines condition of parties in<br />

the following process. Plaintiff, that maintained possession on the disputed items,<br />

is respondent on the following trail. Burden of proof lies with the plaintiff and<br />

protection of respondent’s position is simplified: there is a presumption that possessor<br />

is owner.<br />

Possession protection is typical for the Continental European law. Relevant<br />

norms are strengthened by German, French, Italian civil codifications. As far as<br />

Georgian Civil Code is similar to the European private law, it also stipulates protection<br />

on possession. Common Law system does not recognize possession protection<br />

institute, where protection of property and possession is carried out through<br />

delict law suits because their violation is considered as delict.<br />

In civil doctrine, theories on the protection of possession are divided as absolute<br />

and relational theories. Relational theories search for the reason of possession<br />

beyond possession, for example, protection of public order, maintenance of<br />

civil peace, protection of a person from violence and providing safeguards for the<br />

interests of an owner. According to the absolute theories, through providing pubic<br />

order, it protects free will among the individuals.<br />

27

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

mesame pirTa<br />

interesebis dacva<br />

warmomadgenlobaSi<br />

(saqarTvelosa da<br />

germaniis samoqalaqo<br />

kodeqsis mixedviT)<br />

TaTa erqvania<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universtetis iuridiuli fakultetis magistri, ganaTlebis<br />

xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris ganaTlebis<br />

aRiarebis sammarTvelos koordinatori<br />

I. Sesavali<br />

samoqalaqo samarTalSi moqmedi kerZo avtonomiis principisa<br />

da saqarTvelos konstituciiT garantirebuli pirovnebis<br />

Tavisufali ganviTarebis ZiriTadi uflebis realizaciis erTerTi<br />

saintereso forma rwmunebulebiTi urTierTobaa.<br />

rwmunebulebiT urTierTobaSi mxareTa interesebis Tanafardobis<br />

dacva xorcieldeba kerZo avtonomiis principis uzrunvelyofiT,<br />

romlis moqmedebis sfero sruldeba iq, sadac<br />

iwyeba sxvisi moqmedebis Tavisufleba 1 .<br />

warmomadgenlobaSi mxareTa interesebis Tanafardobis dacva<br />

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />

mier regulaciebsa da mis swor gamoyenebaze sasamarTlo<br />

praqtikaSi.<br />

statiis mizania saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi<br />

_ ssk) warmomadgenlobis momwesrigebeli muxlebis germaniis<br />

samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi _ gsk) Sesabamis paragrafebTan<br />

SedarebiTi da logikur-sistemuri analizis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos<br />

samoqalaqo samarTalSi warmomadgenlobis institutis<br />

farglebSi mxared moqmedi mesame piris interesebis dacvis amsaxveli<br />

debulebebis Seswavla, problemuri regulirebebis warmoCena<br />

da maTi srulyofisaTvis novatoruli winadadebebis Se-<br />

Tavazeba. 2<br />

28

statiaSi ganxilulia rwmunebulebiTi urierTobis mxareebis interesTa Tanafardobis sakiTxebi;<br />

mesame piris moTxovnis uflebis safuZvlebi da winapirobebi; daxasiaTebulia germanul<br />

doqtrinasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli, modificirebul safuZvlebze warmoSobili<br />

rwmunebulebis saxeebi, maTi gansazRvris winapirobebi da gamoyenebis aqtualoba praqtikaSi;<br />

statiaSi gaanalizebulia mesame piris moTxovnis uflebebi ararsebuli subieqtis warmomadgenlisadmi.<br />

daskvnis saxiT, warmodgenilia kvlevis Sedegebi da kvlevis Sedegad SemuSavebuli<br />

mosazrebebi ssk-is warmomadgenlobis maregulirebeli normebis srulyofisaTvis, mesame pirTa<br />

interesebis dacvis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

II.<br />

interesTa Tanafardoba warmomadgenlobaSi<br />

2.1. mesame piris interesi kontrahentis vinaobis sicxadis Sesaxeb<br />

Tanamedrove samarTalbrunva moiTxovs imgvari urTierTobebis kanonismier mowesrigebas,<br />

romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba konkretuli qmedebis ganxorcielebiT sxvisTvis samarTlebrivi<br />

Sedegis warmoSoba. 3 am mizans emsaxureba gsk-sa (164_181-e paragrafebi) 4 da ssk-Si (103-114-e muxlebi)<br />

5 damkvidrebuli normebi garigebismieri warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb. mesame piri samarTalurTierTobaSi<br />

warmomadgenlis pirispir gamodis rogorc kontrahenti da warmomadgenlis meSveobiT<br />

warmodgenili piris mimarT avlens nebas. warmomadgenlis sxvisi saxeliT moqmedebis<br />

faqti mesame pirisaTvis Secnobadi unda iyos; 6 germaniis samoqalaqosamarTlebriv doqtrinaSi<br />

moqmedi warmomadgenlobis Secnobadobis, igive, sajaroobis principi 7 emsaxureba mesame piris<br />

interesis dacvas masTan samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi myofi piris sicxadisa da aseve, aw ukve<br />

warmoSobili samarTlebrivi urTierTobis mimarT misi ndobis dacvis TvalsazrisiT 8 (xelSekrulebis<br />

dadebisas SesaZloa kontrahentis pirovneba, magaliTad, gadaxdisunarianobis xarisxis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis iyos). sajaroobis principi warmomadgenlobiT ur-<br />

TierTobaSi valdebulebiT samarTalSi moqmedi xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebis principis<br />

erTgvari gamovlinebaa.<br />

gsk-Si sajaroobis principi gansazRvrulia warmomadgenlobiTi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli<br />

pirvelive _ 164-e paragrafis I nawilis I winadadebiT: `neba, romelic gamovlenil iqna<br />

piris mier misTvis miniWebuli warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis farglebSi marwmuneblis<br />

saxeliT, moqmedebs uSualod marwmuneblisaTvis da mis mimarT.~ 9 ssk-is 104 e muxlis I nawili<br />

imeorebs gsk-is 164-e paragrafis I nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul regulirebas, romlis 104-e muxlis<br />

I nawilis Tanaxmad: `im garigebiT, romelsac warmomadgeneli debs Tavisi uflebamosilebis<br />

farglebSi da im piris saxeliT, romelsac igi warmoadgens, uflebebi da movaleobebi warmoeSoba<br />

mxolod warmodgenil pirs.~ ramdenadac nebis gamovlena garigebis aucilebeli komponentia 10<br />

da ara piriqiT, kontrahentis vinaobis sicxadis interesi mniSvnelobas iZens warmomadgenlis<br />

mier nebis gamovlenis momentidan.<br />

gsk-is 164-e paragrafis I nawilis me-2 winadadebis mixedviT, `mniSvneloba ara aqvs, gakeTda<br />

Tu ara gancxadeba aSkarad marwmuneblis saxeliT, Tu garemoebebidan ikveTeba, rom igi am<br />

ukanasknelis saxeliT gakeTdeboda.~ 11 gsk-is aRniSnuli paragrafis arsobrivad msgavs, 12 Tumca,<br />

teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, xarvezian danawess iTvaliswinebs ssk-is 104-e muxlis II nawili, romelic<br />

sasurvelia, Camoyalibdes teqnikurad gamarTuli formiT. 13 aRsaniSnavia, rom ssk-is regulirebiT<br />

warmomadgenlis mier gamovlenili nebis samarTlebrivi Sedegis gansazRvrisas gaiTvaliswineba<br />

mesame piris keTilsindisieri varaudi rwmunebulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. sagulisxmoa<br />

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCineba, 14 sadac sasamarTlom ssk-is 104-e muxlis II nawili<br />

29

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

ssk-is 111-e muxlTan urTierTkavSirSi ganixila. sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom uZrav qonebaze dadebuli<br />

xelSekrulebis baTilobas ar uSvebs erTi mxaris sasargeblod da sakiTxis gadawyvetas<br />

iseTi garemoebebis dadgenas ukavSirebs, rogoricaa warmodgenili piris qceva, aseve, SemZenis<br />

(mesame piri) keTilsindisieri damokidebuleba warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis damadasturebeli<br />

dokumentisa da warmodgenili piris mier Seqmnili garemoebebis mimarT. ssk-is 104-e<br />

muxlis me-2 nawilis farglebSi, sasamarTlom miuTiTa warmomadgenlis damokidebulebis<br />

dadgenaze mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebis mimarT; kerZod, mas Tavisi braleuli Tu arabraleuli<br />

moqmedebiT an umoqmedobiT iseTi garemoebebi xom ar hqonda mesame pirisaTvis Seqmnili,<br />

rac am ukanasknels afiqrebinebda, rom mas rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba hqonda.<br />

2.1.1. warmomadgenlobis mowesrigeba calmxriv garigebebSi<br />

gsk-is 180-e paragrafis I winadadeba, ganxvavebiT xelSekrulebebSi warmomadgenlobisagan,<br />

calmxriv garigebebSi dauSveblad miiCnevs warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe moqmedebas.<br />

15 calmxriv garigebaSi, gsk-is 180-e paragrafis I winadadebis farglebSi gamonaklisis gareSe<br />

moiazreba calmxrivi aramiRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena. 16 Tu warmomadgenloba Sesabamisi<br />

uflebamosilebis gareSe gsk-is 177-e paragrafis 17 Sesabamisad, meryevad baTilia, calmxrivi<br />

garigebisas warmomadgenloba uflebamosilebis gareSe, baTilia. 18<br />

aRniSnuli danawesidan gamonakliss iTvaliswinebs gsk-is 180-e paragrafis me-2 da me-3<br />

winadadebebi 19 calmxrivi miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenisa da garigebis msgavsi urTierTobebis<br />

20 mimarT. kerZod, `Tu pirma, romlis mimarTac aseTi garigeba unda dadebuliyo, garigebis<br />

dadebis dros warmomadgenlis mier miTiTebuli uflebamosilebis mimarT ar gamoTqva eWvi an<br />

Tu igi Tanaxmaa, rom warmomadgeneli moqmedebda warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe,<br />

maSin Sesabamisad, gamoiyeneba normebi xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb. analogiuri wesi moqmedebs im<br />

SemTxvevaSic, rodesac calmxrivi garigeba ideba warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe<br />

moqmedi warmomadgenlis mimarT am ukanasknelis TanxmobiT.~ amdenad, rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis<br />

gareSe ganxorcielebuli calmxrivi miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena, gansxvavebiT<br />

calmxrivi aramiRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenisagan, meryevad baTilia.<br />

ssk-Si calmxrivi garigebisas warmomadgenlobis maregulirebeli specialuri normebi gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

ar aris da amdenad, uflebamosilebis gareSe ganxorcielebuli calmxrivi arami-<br />

Rebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena eqceva ssk-is 111_113-e muxlebis regulirebis qveS da amgvari<br />

calmxrivi aramiRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena meryevad baTilia.<br />

2.1.2. sakuTar TavTan dadebuli garigeba<br />

ssk-is 114-e muxli iTvaliswinebs gsk-is 181-e paragrafis msgavs regulirebas sakuTar TavTan<br />

garigebis dadebis dauSveblobis TvalsazrisiT. es paragrafi aregulirebs erTi da imave<br />

pirovnebis xelSekrulebis orive mxared formaluri monawileobis dauSveblobas 21 da emsaxureba<br />

interesTa koliziis Tavidan aridebisa da interesTa Soris samarTliani Tanafardobis uzrunvelyofas.<br />

22 kerZod, `warmomadgenels ar SeuZlia _ garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac mas pirdapir<br />

eZleva nebarTva _ dados garigeba marwmuneblis saxeliT Tavis TavTan arc sakuTari saxeliT an<br />

arc rogorc mesame piris warmomadgenelma, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac garigeba mdgomareobs<br />

mxolod valdebulebis SesrulebaSi.~ 23 sakuTar TavTan dadebuli garigebisas (Insichgeschäfte)<br />

ganasxvaveben TviTkontrahirebasa (Selbstkontrahieren) da ormxriv warmomadgenlobas (Mehrvertertung) 24 .<br />

pirvel SemTxvevaSi, warmomadgeneli warmodgenili piris saxeliT Tavis TavTan debs garigebas, 25<br />

30

xolo ormxrivi warmomadgenlobisas, igi warmodgenili pirisa da mesame piris saxeliT erTdroulad<br />

gamodis erTsa da imave urTierTobaSi. 26 Tumca, gsk-is 181-e paragrafi ar gamoiyneba, Tu<br />

saxeze ar aris interesTa kolizia da warmodgenili piris diskriminaciis saSiSroeba. es ki, maSin<br />

xdeba, rodesac amgvari garigeba warmodgenili pirisaTvis mxolod samarTlebrivi upiratesobis<br />

momtania. 27<br />

2.2. ndoba rwmunebulebis moqmedebisadmi<br />

warmomadgenlobisas mesame piri moqmedebs samarTalSegnebiT, rom ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi<br />

Sedegebs warmodgenili piris mimarT da misTvis warmoSobs. 28 rTulad warmosadgenia, rom<br />

igi regularulad informirebuli iyos rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis modificirebis an<br />

Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. 29 amdenad, mesame piris interesebi warmomadgenlobaSi daculia rwmunebulebiTi<br />

uflebamosilebiTa da rwmunebulebisa da mis safuZvlad arsebuli urTierTobis abstraqtuli<br />

xasiaTiT. 30 rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba da mis safuZvlad arsebuli Sida urTierToba<br />

warmodgenil pirsa da warmomadgenels Soris samarTlebrivad gamijnulia. 31 warmomadgenelsa<br />

da warmodgenil pirs Soris arsebuli Sida urTierTobidan gamomdinare, warmomadgenlis ufleba-movaleobebis<br />

modificireba, maT Soris, maTi Sewyveta gavlenas ar axdens rwmunebulebiT<br />

uflebamosilebaze da igi namdvilia mesame piris mimarT. 32<br />

gsk-is 170-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, „Tu mindobiloba gaicema mesame piris mimarT gakeTebuli<br />

gancxadebiT, maSin igi inarCunebs Zalas mis mimarT, vidre Sewyvetis Sesaxeb mas ar Seatyobinebs<br />

marwmunebeli.~ 33 gsk-is 171-e paragrafis I nawilis safuZvelze, `Tu pirma specialuri SetyobinebiT<br />

mesame pirisadmi an sajarod, gancxadebiT ganacxada, rom igi warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebas<br />

aniWebs sxva pirs, maSin am ukanasknels warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba aqvs sajaro<br />

gancxadebis safuZvelze, pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ mesame piris winaSe, xolo ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi<br />

_ nebismieri mesame piris winaSe.~ <strong>34</strong> amave 171-e paragrafis I I nawilis safuZvelze, `warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

uflebamosileba SenarCundeba masze uaris gancxadebamde, romelic unda gakeTdes<br />

imave wesiT, romliTac moxda misi miniWeba.~ 35 specialur Setyobinebas uTanabrdeba, rodesac<br />

warmomadgeneli mesame pirs warudgens warmodgenili piris mier gacemul rwmunebulebiT uflebamosilebas.<br />

36 gsk-is 173-e paragrafi gamoricxavs zemoaRniSnuli paragrafebis gamoyenebas,<br />

rodesac mesame pirma icoda an unda scodnoda warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis gauqmebis<br />

Sesaxeb. 37 aq saubaria ara im garemoebebis codnis gaTvaliswinebaze, ramac rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis<br />

nakli gamoiwvia, aramed Tavad rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis codnis<br />

gaTvaliswinebaze. 38 igive wesi moqmedebs rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis gamoxmobis SemTxvevaSi<br />

da aseve _ rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis farglebis SezRudvis an raime saxiT modificirebis<br />

dros. 39<br />

ssk-is 107-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad, rwmunebuleba gaicema rwmunebulis, an im mesame piris<br />

mimarT nebis gamovleniT, romelTanac unda Sedges warmomadgenloba. ssk-is 108-e muxlis I<br />

winadadebis Tanaxmad, uflebamosilebaSi cvlilebebi da misi gauqmeba unda ecnobos mesame<br />

pirebs. ssk iziarebs germanul doqtrinaSi damkvidrebul abstraqciis princips obieqturad<br />

arsebuli rwmunebulebis mimarT mesame piris ndobis dacvis gaTvaliswinebis Sesaxeb. Tumca,<br />

ssk-Si gansazRvruli ar aris normebi uflebamosilebaSi cvlilebis an Sewyvetis Taobaze mesame<br />

piris informirebis Sesaxeb, im wesis relevanturad, ra wesiTac mesame piris mimarT uflebamosileba<br />

moqmedi gaxda. gsk-is 173-e paragrafis msgavs, Tumca, xarvezian regulirebas iTvaliswinebs<br />

ssk-is 108-e muxlis me-2 winadadeba, romlis Tanaxmad, „uflebamosilebis gauqmeba ar<br />

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mesame pirTa mimarT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca mxareebma xelSek-<br />

31

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

rulebis dadebisas amis Sesaxeb icodnen an unda scodnodaT.~ codnis valdebuleba, mocemul<br />

SemTxvevaSi, ekisreba mesame pirs; rwmunebulebisa da mis safuZvlad arsebuli Sida urTierTobis<br />

abstraqciis Tanaxmad, rwmunebulebis moqmedebisadmi mesame piris ndobis dacvis motiviT, gadamwyvetia<br />

mesame piris informirebis faqti rwmunebulebis gauqmebisa Tu modificirebis Sesaxeb;<br />

warmomadgenlis an/da warmodgenili piris codnam an codnis valdebulebam rwmunebulebis<br />

gauqmebis Sesaxeb, gavlena ar unda moaxdinos rwmunebulebis namdvilobaze mesame piris mimarT.<br />

2.3. mesame piris moTxovnis uflebebi<br />

rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, urTierTobis Sedegebi<br />

warmodgenil pirs ver daukavSirdeba. 40 amasTan, arc warmomadgeneli moiazreba urTierTobis mxared,<br />

vinaidan misi moqmedeba, rogorc warmomadgenlisa, mesame pirisaTvis Secnobadi iyo. 41 gsk-is 179-e<br />

paragrafis I nawilis Tanaxmad, `piri, romelmac dado xelSekruleba rogorc warmomadgenelma, im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver daamtkicebs Tavis warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebas, valdebulia, meore<br />

mxares am ukanasknelis arCevaniT Seusrulos xelSekruleba an aunazRauros am ukanasknelis<br />

miyenebuli ziani, Tu marwmunebeli uars ganacxadebs xelSekrulebis mowonebaze.~ 42 ssk-is 113-e<br />

muxlis I nawili sityvasityviT imeorebs gsk-is aRniSnuli paragrafiT mocemul regulirebas.<br />

warmomadgenlis mier xelSekrulebis dadebisas uflebamosilebis naklis arcodnis faqtis<br />

Sefasebisas, mniSvneloba ara aqvs aRniSnuli garemoeba gamowveuli iyo Tu ara warmomadgenlis<br />

gaufrTxileblobiT 43 _ mis mier saTanado gulisxmierebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSic, aRniSnuli<br />

garemoebis aRkveTis SeuZleblobis drosac ki, igi valdebulia mesame piris mimarT ndobis zianis<br />

anazRaurebaze. 44 zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna ar iTvaliswinebs naturiT restitucias, saubaria<br />

mxolod fuladi TanxiT anazRaurebis valdebulebaze, romlis odenobac im interesis proporciulad<br />

izomeba, rac mesame pirs Sesrulebis mimarT eqneboda. 45 zianis anazRaurebis an saxelSekrulebo<br />

moTxovnis Sesrulebis xandazmulobis vada ganisazRvreba im xelSekrulebis mimarT<br />

moqmedi xandazmulobis vadis Sesabamisad, romlis farglebSic arsebobs Sesrulebis moTxovnis<br />

ufleba. 46 xandazmulobis vada iwyeba warmodgenili piris mier xelSekrulebis mowonebaze uaris<br />

Tqmis momentidan. 47<br />

III. warmomadgenlobidan gamomdinare mesame piris moTxovnis ganxorcieleba<br />

rogorc wesi, mesame pirs aqvs gansazRvruli moTxovnis ufleba im saxelSekrulebo urTier-<br />

Tobidan gamomdinare, romelSic igi imyofeba warmodgenil pirTan warmomadgenlis meSveobiT.<br />

misi moTxovnis ganxorcieleba ukavSirdeba warmomadgenlobis arsebobas da rwmunebulebis arsebobis<br />

Sesaxeb mis keTilsindisier varauds. rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis nakli saxezea:<br />

pirveli, rodesac warmomadgenlis nebis gamovlenas warmodgenili piris saxeliT samarTlebrivi<br />

qmedebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, ar emTxveva warmodgenili piris neba; 48 meore _ rwmunebulebiTi<br />

uflebamosleba drois intervalSi Sewyda 49 da mesame, rodesac rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis<br />

farglebi SezRudulia da saxezea uflebamosilebis farglebis gadameteba. 50<br />

3.1. warmomadgenlis nebis gamovlena<br />

gsk-is 164-e paragrafis I nawilis I winadadebis Tanaxmad, warmomadgenlobis namdvilobis erTerTi<br />

winapirobaa warmomadgenlis nebis gamovlena. 51 gamomdinare iqidan, rom warmomadgeneli<br />

avlens sakuTar nebas, mis mier gamovlenili nebis Sinaarsisa da namdvilobis gansazRvrisas mxed-<br />

32

velobaSi miiReba warmomadgenlis pirovneba. 52 am mizans emsaxureba gsk-is 166-e paragrafis I<br />

nawili, romlis mixedviT: `Tu nebis gamovlenis samarTlebriv Sedegebze gavlenas axdens nebis<br />

nakli, an gansazRvruli garemoebebis codna an savaldebulo codna, mxedvelobaSi miiReba ara<br />

marwmuneblis, aramed warmomadgenlis pirovneba.~ 53 ssk-is 106-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad, `nebis<br />

gamovlenis naklis gamo, garigebis saciloobisas gadamwyvetia warmomadgenlis neba.~ mizanSewonilad<br />

miiCneva, 54 rom ssk-is aRniSnuli muxlis ganmartebisas, mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli<br />

`yvela is SemTxveva, rodesac warmomadgenlis mier sakuTari nebis gamovlenis faqti arsebiTi<br />

SeiZleba iyos samarTlebrivi SedegisaTvis.~ 55<br />

warmomadgeneli Tavad unda moqmedebdes, rac mas ganasxvavebs "Bote"-gan, 56 romelic `nebis<br />

gamomvlenis gamtaris Tu gadamtanis funqcias asrulebs.~ 57 "Bote"-s institutis Sinaarsis<br />

Semcvelia ssk-is 396-e muxli, romelic piris pasuxismgeblobas adgens `im pirTa moqmedebisaTvis,<br />

romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTar valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad.~ 58 "Bote" gansxvavebiT warmomadgenlisagan,<br />

mxolod faqtobriv xasiaTs atarebs. 59 maTi moqmedebis gamijvnisas, gadamwyvetia<br />

nebis mimRebis obieqturi Tvalsawieri, Tu rogor unda aReqva mas moqmedi piris gamosvla samar-<br />

Tlebriv urTierTobaSi. 60 Tu "Bote" nebis gamovlenas gadascems gaucnobiereblad, mcdarad<br />

samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba davalebis mimcems; 61 Tumca, mas mis mier gamovlenili nebis<br />

mcdarad gadacemis Secileba SeuZlia moaxdinos; 62 nebis gamovlenis Segnebulad mcdarad<br />

gadacemis SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi Sedegebi davalebis mimcems ar ukavSirdeba. 63 Tu nebis<br />

gamovlenis samarTlebriv Sedegebze gavlenas axdens nebis nakli an codna Tu arcodna saTanado<br />

garemoebebis Sesaxeb, "Bote"-s SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSi miiReba davalebis mimcemi piris vinaoba,<br />

xolo warmomadgenlobis SemTxvevaSi _ warmomadgenlis vinaoba 64 (gsk-is 166-e paragrafis I nawili,<br />

ssk-is 106-e muxlis I nawili); rodesac nebis mimRebia "Bote", nebis miRebis momenti ganisazRvreba<br />

davalebis mimcemis mier misi miRebis droidan. 65 warmomadgenlobisas nebis gamovlena misulad<br />

iTvleba warmomadgenlis mier misi miRebis momentidan. 66 warmomadgenlobisagan "Bote"-s ganmasxvavebeli<br />

niSnebi analogiurad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli ssk is 396-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

pasuxismgebeli piris moqmedebisagan `im piris~ moqmedebis gamijvnisas, ‘romelsac igi iyenebs<br />

sakuTar valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad.~<br />

3.1. moqmedeba warmodgenili piris saxeliT<br />

warmomadgenlobis namdviloba ukavSirdeba mesame pirisaTvis misi meore mxaris Secnobadobis<br />

interesis dacvis gaTvaliswinebas. 67 ssk-is 164-e paragrafis I I nawili Seicavs mniSvnelovan danawess<br />

mxareTa urTierTobebis gamartivebis kuTxiT. kerZod, `Tu sxva piris saxeliT moqmedebis<br />

neba ar aris naTlad gamoxatuli, maSin sakuTari saxeliT moqmedebis nebis ararseboba, mxedvelobaSi<br />

ar miiReba.~ 68 aq saubaria sakuTari saxeliT moqmedebis varaudze. 69 kerZod, SeiZleba moxdes<br />

isec, rom pirs surdes warmodgenili piris saxeliT moqmedeba, Tumca, es garemoeba mesame<br />

pirisaTvis Secnobadi ar gamxdara. man moqmedeba Seasrula sakuTari saxeliT, Tumca, surda<br />

emoqmeda warmodgenili piris saxeliT. 70 miuxedavad misi faruli survilisa, nebis gamovlena<br />

samarTlebriv Sedegebs gamoiwvevs mxolod mis mimarT, 71 radganac mesame piri „warmomadgenels~<br />

aRiqvams, rogorc kontrahents, brunvis stabilurobidan da mesame piris ndobis dacvidan<br />

gamomdinare, Secileba nebis naklze apelirebiT gamoiricxeba. 72<br />

ssk ar Seicavs gsk-is 164-e paragrafis I I nawilis msgavs regulirebas, Tumca, Sesabamisi Sedegi<br />

ssk-is 104-e muxlis I I I nawilis I winadadebis safuZvelze dgeba. 73 am muxlidan gamomdinareobs,<br />

rom warmomadgenlis mier mesame piris mimarT warmomadgenlobis Secnobadobis interesis<br />

ugulvebelyofa samarTlebriv Sedegebs warmoSobs warmomadgenlisaTvis.<br />

33

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

mesame piris interesi samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmomadgenlobis farglebSi, Tu mis<br />

gareT mimdinareobis Sesaxeb, xSirad mniSvnelobas moklebulia. 74 magaliTad, yoveldRiuri garigebebis<br />

75 dadebisas xSirad umniSvneloa garemoeba, warmomadgeneli moqmedebs TavisTvis Tu<br />

sxvisTvis samarTlebrivi Sedegis warmosaSobad. 76 aseT dros, sajaroobis principi araaqtualuria,<br />

radganac ar arsebobs kontrahentis Semxvedri interesi. 77 warmomadgenlis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />

moqmedeba, warmodgenili piris saxeliT misi nebis gamovlenis Secnobadobis ugulebelyofis<br />

miuxedavad, warmoSobs samarTlebriv Sedegebs „misTvis, visac es exeba~ 78 (Geschäft für<br />

den, den es angeht), kerZod ki _ warmodgenili pirisaTvis. winapirobad gaiTvaliswineba Semdegi<br />

garemoebebi: moqmedi piri („faruli warmomadgeneli~) moqmedebs gacnobierebulad sxvisi saxeliT,<br />

kerZod, surviliT, samarTlebrivi Sedegebi warmoeSvas warmodgenil pirs 79 da mesame pirisaTvis<br />

sulerTia, nebis gamomvleni moqmedebs sakuTari Tu sxvisi interesebis farglebSi, samar-<br />

Tlebrivi Sedegebis misaRwevad sakuTari Tu sxvisi interesebisaTvis. 80 samarTlebrivi SedegisaTvis<br />

kontrahentis vinaobis umniSvnelobis regulireba ssk-Si asaxulia 104-e muxlis I I I<br />

nawilSi. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi Sesamowmebelia, mesame pirisaTvis ramdenad aris mniSvnelobas<br />

moklebuli samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi monawile mxaris vinaoba.<br />

3.2. rwmunebulebis warmoSoba da moqmedeba<br />

mesame piris mimarT warmodgenili piris mxridan valdebulebis Sesrulebis safuZvelia warmodgenil<br />

pirsa da warmomadgenels Soris arsebuli e.w. Sida urTierTobis safuZvelze warmo-<br />

Sobili rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba, 81 romelic warmodgenili piris nebidan 82 da kanonismieri<br />

daSvebidan gamomdinare 83 zepirovnul urTierTobebSi warmomadgenlobis gamoyenebis dauSveblobas<br />

iTvaliswinebs ssk-is 103-e muxlis I I nawili. kerZod, amgvar urTierTobebSi warmomadgenlobis<br />

gamoyeneba gamoiricxeba, Tu: `garigebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, igi uSualod unda<br />

dados pirma, an roca kanoniT akrZalulia garigebis dadeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT~.<br />

gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebas isaxavs miznad. rwmunebuleba, rogorc<br />

warmomadgenlobis namdvilobis winapiroba, 84 aris ara subieqturi ufleba, aramed `piradi<br />

samarTlebrivi uflebamosilebis gamoxatuleba.~ 85 rwmunebulebis warmoSobas safuZvlad udevs<br />

Sida urTierToba rwmunebulebis gamcem pirsa da rwmunebulebiT aRWurvil pirs Soris. 86 Sida<br />

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze _ umetesad esenia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi<br />

davalebis, nardobis, SromiTi, Cuqebis, nasyidobis an sxva valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi<br />

urTierTobebi 87 _ xdeba marwmuneblis mier rwmunebulis rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebiT<br />

aRWurva. 88<br />

ssk-is 103-e muxlis I nawilis me-2 winadadebis Tanxmad, ‘warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba...<br />

warmoiSoba davalebis (mindobilobis) safuZvelze.~ davaleba, rogorc konkretuli xelSekruleba,<br />

xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare, 89 ar SeiZleba iyos<br />

warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis (rwmunebulebis) warmoSobis erTaderTi safuZveli, 90 vinaidan<br />

igi SesaZlebelia sxva valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinareobdes. 91<br />

rwmunebuleba mis safuZvlad arsebuli Sida urTierTobisagan (magaliTad, davalebis xelSekruleba)<br />

abstraqtulia. 92 warmomadgenlis mier Sida urTierTobis farglebis gadameteba, Tu is<br />

moqmedebs rwmunebulebis farglebSi, gavlenas ar axdens warmomadgenlobis namdvilobaze 93 _<br />

samarTlebrivi Sedegebi moqmedebs warmodgenili piris mimarT da misTvis. rwmunebulebis abstraqcia<br />

moqmedebs, vidre mesame piris interesebis dacvis gaTvaliswinebis valdebuleba arsebobs.<br />

94 gsk-is 170-e da 172-e paragrafebis meSveobiT, mesame piris ndoba rwmunebulebisadmi daculia<br />

maSinac ki, Tu rwmunebuleba Sewyvetilia. 95 am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, warmomadgeneli<br />

<strong>34</strong>

`samarTlebrivi nebarTvis~ gadametebis gamo, warmodgenili piris mimarT pasuxs agebs zianis<br />

anazRaurebis normebiT an sxva Sesabamisi safuZvliT. 96<br />

rogorc aRiniSna, Tu warmomadgeneli arRvevs Tavissa da warmodgenil pirs Soris arsebuli<br />

Sida urTierTobidan gamomdinare movaleobebs, warmomadgenloba inarCunebs namdvilobas.<br />

Tumca, am wesidan arsebobs ori gamonaklisi: saidumlo Tanxmoba (Kollusion) 97 da rwmunebulebis<br />

Secnobadad borotad gamoyeneba (Öffentlicher Missbrauch) 98 . saidumlo Tanxmoba gulisxmobs warmomadgenlisa<br />

da mesame piris gacnobierebul erTobliv moqmedebas warmodgenili piris sazianod 99 .<br />

saidumlo Tanxmobisas warmomadgenlis mier warmodgenili piris saxeliT ganxorcielebuli qmedebis<br />

safuZvelze, warmodgenili piris valdebuleba ar warmoiSoba. 100 Tu rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba<br />

warmomadgenlisa da mesame piris gacnobierebuli erToblivi TanaqmedebiT gamoyenebuli<br />

iqneba warmodgenili piris sazianod, amgvari garigeba gsk-is 138-e paragrafis 101 Tanaxmad,<br />

baTilia. 102 aseve, rodesac warmodgenili piri Secnobadad borotad iyenebs rwmunebulebiT uflebamosilebas<br />

da mesame pirs obieqturad unda scodnoda warmomadgenlis mier keTilsindisierebis<br />

movaleobis darRvevis faqti, 103 warmomadgenlobaSi abstraqciis principi ar gamoiyeneba.<br />

rwmunebulebis Secnobadad borotad gamoyeneba utoldeba rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis<br />

ararsebobis faqts da warmomadgeneli xdeba Sesrulebaze valdebuli piri. 104 yovel konkretul<br />

SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi Sedegi SeiZleba Seicvalos keTilsindisierebis principis meSveobiT.<br />

105<br />

gsk-is 168-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, `mindobilobis gauqmeba damokidebulia im samarTlebriv<br />

urTierTobaze, rasTan dakavSirebiTac igi gaica. mindobilobaze aseve, SeiZleba uari samarTlebrivi<br />

urTierTobis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSic, Tu am ukanasknelidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs.<br />

ssk, gansxvavebiT gsk-isagan, rwmunebulebis Sewyvetis safuZvlis gansazRvrisas, konkretulad<br />

miuTiTebs valdebulebis Sewyvetis zogad safuZvlebze. 106 kerZod, amaze metyvelebs ssk-is 109-e<br />

muxli (uflebamosilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli moqmedebis Sesruleba, rwmunebulebis vadis gasvla<br />

da urTierTobis erT-erTi mxaris mier rwmunebulebis Sewyvetaze mimarTuli nebis gamovlena).<br />

rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piris gardacvaleba gsk-is 673-e da 675-e<br />

paragrafebis safuZvelze, ukavSirdeba uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas. 107 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rwmunebuleba<br />

ukve gacemuli iyo warmomadgenlis interesebisaTvis, SesaZlebelia misi moqmedeba memkvidreobis<br />

farglebSi gagrZeldes. 108 warmodgenili piris gardacvaleba ar iwvevs rwmunebulebiTi<br />

uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas; 109 aseve, misi qmeduunaroba ar axdens gavlenas rwmunebulebiTi<br />

uflebamosilebis moqmedebaze. 110 Tumca, warmodgenili piris qmeduunarobis dadgomisTanave<br />

warmomadgenlis mimarT moqmedebs igive SezRudvebi, rac gaTvaliswinebulia kanonismieri<br />

warmomadgenlis mimarT. 111<br />

3.3. mesame piris keTilsindisieri damokidebuleba rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis<br />

arsebobisadmi<br />

warmomadgenlobidan gamomdinare, mesame piris moTxovnis ganxorcielebas gamoricxavs warmomadgenlobis<br />

momwesrigebel normebSi dakonkretebuli keTilsindisierebis principi. 112 gsk-is<br />

179-e paragrafis III nawilis I winadadebis safuZvelze, mesame pirs ar gaaCnia moTxovnis ufleba,<br />

Tu rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb man icoda an unda scodnoda. 113 Tumca,<br />

germaniis uzenaesi federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, 114 miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame<br />

piri flobs informacias rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb, fiqciuri warmomadgenlis<br />

pasuxismgebloba ar gamoiricxeba, Tu saxezea gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi (da am garemoebebis<br />

warmoSobas warmomadgenlis qmedebebma Seuwyo xeli) da maT safuZvelze _ mesame piris<br />

35

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

ndoba xelSekrulebis namdvilobisadmi. warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis sapirispirod,<br />

mesame piris sasargeblod moqmedebs keTilsindisierebis principi, ganmtkicebuli gskis<br />

242-e paragrafiT. 115 ramdenadac gsk-is samarTlebrivi struqtura Zlier hgavs Sesabamisi qar-<br />

Tuli kodifikaciis analogiur debulebebs, zemoaRniSnuli praqtikis gamoyeneba qarTuli<br />

sasamarTlo praqtikis sferoSi upriania.<br />

IV. rwmunebulebis modificirebuli safuZvlebi da maTi mesame piris<br />

interesebisadmi mimarTeba<br />

germaniis sasamarTlo praqtikasa da iurdiul literaturaSi 116 ganviTarda Tmenisa da moCvenebiTobis<br />

safuZvelze warmoSoboli rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebebis konstruqciebi, romlebic<br />

emsaxureba rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sevsebis mizans, keTilsindisierebis<br />

principis safuZvelze. 117 Tmenis safuZvelze warmoSobili rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba<br />

(Duldungsvollmacht) da moCvenebiTi uflebamosileba (Anscheinsvollmacht) 118 gaicema ara nebis gamovlenis<br />

safuZvelze, aramed maTi gacema ivaraudeba samarTlebrivad moCvenebiTi garemoebebis arsebobiT,<br />

romlebic mowmoben rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis gacemas. 119 aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

maT germanul doqtrinaSi garigebismieri rwmunebulebisagan calke saxedac gamoyofen 120 . germaniis<br />

uzenaesi federaluri sasamarTlo rwmunebulebebis amgvar interpretacias iyenebs maSinac,<br />

rodesac gacemuli uflebamosileba kanonismieri akrZalvebis gamo baTilia. 121<br />

Tmenis safuZvelze warmoSobili rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba saxezea, rodesac warmodgenili<br />

piri Segnebulad uSvebs, rom sxva piri samarTalurTierTobaSi gamodis, rogorc misi<br />

warmomadgeneli da kontrahentma _ mesame pirma keTilsindisierad aRiqva, rom warmomadgeneli<br />

moqmedebda rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis farglebSi. 122 mocemul SemTxvevaSi, samarTalurTierTobaSi<br />

moqmedebs arauflebamosili piri, rogorc warmomadgeneli; 123 misi amgvari qmedeba<br />

cnobilia warmodgenili pirisaTvis; 124 warmodgenili piris Tmenis safuZvelze samarTalbrunvaSi<br />

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom moqmedi piris qmedebas safuZvlad Sesabamisi rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba<br />

udevs. 125<br />

Tmenis safuZvelze warmoSobili rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis sapirispirod, moCvenebiTi<br />

rwmunebulebisas warmodgenili piri ar icnobs warmomadgenlad moqmedi piris qmedebas, 126<br />

Tumca, saTanado gulisxmierebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi, mas SeeZlo warmomadgenlad moqmedi<br />

piris qmedebis Secnoba da misi aRkveTa. 127 moCvenebiTi rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis dros<br />

„saxeze ar aris nebis gamovlenis komponeneti, aramed xdeba braleuli nebis gamovlenis miTvla.~<br />

128 amasTan, qmedeba, romelic aRZravs rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis arsebobis varauds,<br />

unda atarebdes gangrZobad an xSir xasiaTs; 129 warmodgenil pirs ekisreba gulisxmierebis movaleoba,<br />

kerZod, mas unda hqonoda SesaZlebloba, winaswarve ganeWvrita da aRekveTa rwmunebulebiTi<br />

uflebamosilebis gareSe moqmedi piris qmedeba; 130 mesame piri keTilsindisierad unda<br />

varaudobdes rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis arsebobas 131 iseve, rogorc Tmenis safuZvelze<br />

warmoSobili rwmunebulebis, aseve moCvenebiTi rwmunebulebis winapirobad warmodgenili piris<br />

garigebaunarianoba moiazreba. 132<br />

V. ararsebuli subieqtis warmomadgenlis pasuxismgebloba<br />

germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrasTan<br />

mimarTebiT ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi arsebiTad cvalebadia. 133 ararsebuli subieqtis<br />

warmomadgenlobis dros marTlmsajuleba warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas<br />

36

ganasxvavebs Semdeg SemTxvevebs: warmodgenili piri ar arsebobs da saxezea rwmunebulebiTi<br />

uflebamosilebis nakli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo praqtika adgens warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobas,<br />

xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ uaryofs. 1<strong>34</strong> aRniSnuli midgomis sawinaaRmdegod, germanul<br />

samecniero literaturaSi 135 gamoTqmulia mosazreba, gsk-is 164-e paragarfis farglebSi,<br />

orive SemTxvevaSi warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb.<br />

aRniSnuli Temis garSemo arsebuli mosazrebebi sayuradReboa, agreTve qarTuli sasamarTlo<br />

praqtikisaTvis, romelic ganxiluli Tematikis Sesaxeb mwiria.<br />

germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier aRiarebuli iyo Tezisi, romlis mixedviT, ararsebuli<br />

subieqtis warmomadgeneli piradad agebda pasuxs ganxorcielebul samarTlebriv Sedegebze gskis<br />

179-e muxlis I nawilis safuZvelze. sasamarTlo praqtika warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis<br />

gamoricxvisaTvis ar iyenebda gsk-is 179-e paragrafis I I I nawilis I winadadebas, romelic gamoricxavs<br />

warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobas im motiviT, rom mesame pirma icoda an unda scodnoda<br />

rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb. rogorc samecniero literaturaSia warmo-<br />

Cenili, 136 sasamarTlos amgvari pozicia ganpirobebuli iyo Tavad rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis<br />

naklis cnebis Taviseburi ganmartebiT. kerZod, sasamarTlo Tvlida, rom SemTxveva,<br />

rodesac warmomadgeneli moqmedebs ararsebuli subieqtis saxeliT, ar SeiZleba movaqcioT rwmunebulebiTi<br />

uflebamosilebis naklis cnebis qveS. vinaidan saerTod ar arsebobs warmodgenili<br />

piri, arc SeiZleboda msjeloba rwmunebulebiT uflebamosilebasa da mis naklze. Sesabamisad,<br />

sasamarTlo warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxav normas (gsk-is 179-e paragrafis I I I<br />

nawilis I winadadeba) ar avrcelebda warmomadgenelze, romelic moqmedebda realurad ararsebuli<br />

subieqtis saxeliT.<br />

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ganixileboda sakiTxi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra garemoebebis arsebobisas<br />

gamoiricxeba warmomadgenlis pasuxismgebloba: gamoiricxeba Tu ara warmomadgenlis<br />

pasuxismgebloba rwmunebulebis siyalbis SemTxvevaSi _ gsk-is 179-e paragrafis I I I nawilis I<br />

winadadebis safuZvelze, Tu kontrahentisaTvis rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis nakli cnobili<br />

iyo an unda scodnoda. am sakiTxze sasamarTlom erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi warmomadgenlis<br />

pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvaze uari ganacxada. garkveuli periodis Semdgom, germaniis uzenaesma<br />

sasamarTlom uari Tqva zemoaRniSnul praqtikaze da ararsebuli subieqtis warmomadgeneli<br />

(mas Semdeg, rac daadgina, rom mesame pirisaTvis cnobili iyo rwmunebulebiTi uflebamoslebis<br />

nakli) gsk-is 179-e paragrafis III nawilis I winadadebis gamoyenebiT, gaaTavisufla pasuxismgeblobisagan.<br />

germanul samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, 137 ararsebuli subieqtis<br />

warmomadgenlisadmi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas gadamwyveti unda iyos gamijvnis kriteriumebis<br />

dadgena pirdapir da arapirdapir warmomadgenlobas Soris. ararsebuli subieqtis<br />

pasuxismgebloba, SesaZloa SemxeblobaSi iyos ara gsk-is 164-e paragrafiT regulirebul arapirdapir<br />

warmomadgenlobasTan, aramed pirdapir warmomadgenlobasTan. aseT dros warmomadgeneli<br />

TviTon iqneba xelSekrulebis mxare da rasakvirvelia _ xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare,<br />

Sedegebze pasuxismgebeli piri.<br />

arapirdapiri warmomadgenlobis gansxvaveba pirdapiri warmomadgenlisagan calsaxaa: arapirdapiri<br />

warmomadgenlobis specifika mdgomareobs imaSi, rom samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba<br />

ara warmomadgenels, aramed warmodgenil pirs. am miznis misaRwevad, gsk-is 164-e paragrafis<br />

gamoyeneba ar aris erTaderTi gza. SesaZlebelia pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis gziT warmomadgenelma<br />

sakuTari saxeliT ganaxorcielos samarTlebrivi moqmedeba, xolo Semdeg, damoukidebeli<br />

samarTlebrivi aqtebis meSveobiT, mis mier miRebuli samarTlebrivi Sedegebi gadasces `warmodgenil<br />

pirs.~ rogorc arapirdapiri, aseve pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis meSveobiT miRweuli<br />

37

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

iqneba igive rezultati _ samarTlebrivi Sedegebi daukavSirdeba warmodgenil pirs, xolo am<br />

ukanasknelis ararseboba Sefasebuli iqneba Semdegnairad: xelSekruleba namdvili iqneba kontrahentsa<br />

da pirdapir warmomadgenels Soris, xelSekrulebis mxare iqneba pirdapiri warmomadgeneli.<br />

pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis gansazRvrisas gadamwyvetia saxelSekrulebo riskis ganawileba<br />

138 da warmomadgenlis piradi ekonomiuri interesi 139 samarTlebrivi moqmedebis ganxorcielebisas.<br />

ararsebuli subieqtis warmomadgenlobisas pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis institutis<br />

niSnebi ikveTeba.<br />

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli mosazrebebi sayuradReboa, gansakuTrebiT im faqtoris<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom zemoaRniSnuli Tematikis irgvliv msjelobisas germaniis uzenaes<br />

federalur sasamarTlos sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi ar ganuxilavs 140 warmodgenili piris<br />

ararsebobisas warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis WrilSi.<br />

VI. daskvna<br />

kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom ssk-is warmomadgenlobis maregulirebeli debulebebis SemuSavebisas<br />

gaTvaliswinebul iqna gsk-is Sesabamisi regulirebebi. zogadad misaRebia, rom sskis<br />

warmomadgenlobis momwesrigebeli calkeuli debulebis ganmartebisas xdebodes germaniis<br />

doqtrinasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli wesebis gaTvaliswineba. miuxedavad<br />

zemoaRniSnulisa, aucilebelia samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi rwmunebulebis<br />

mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, ssk-Si arsebuli xarvezebis Sevseba da daxvewa, kerZod:<br />

1. rwmunebulebis, rogorc garigebismieri warmomadgenlobisa da calmxrivi miRebasavaldebulo<br />

nebis gamovlenis safuZveli SesaZlebelia iyos nebismieri valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi<br />

urTierToba. ramdenadac mesame piris interesebis gaTvaliswineba aqtualuria rwmunebulebis<br />

warmoSobis momentidan (ssk-is 103-e muxlis I nawili), sakanonmdeblo doneze rwmunebulebis<br />

warmoSobis safuZvlebis SekumSva gamoricxavs mesame piris interesebis dacvas. amdenad, ssk-is<br />

103-e muxlis I nawilSi ar unda xdebodes davalebis xelSekrulebaze, rogorc rwmunebulebis<br />

warmoSobis erTaderT safuZvelze, miTiTeba.<br />

2. rwmunebulebiT urTierTobaSi kontrahentis sicxadis interesi aqtualuria rwmunebulis<br />

mier marwmuneblis saxeliT ara garigebis dadebisas, aramed marwmuneblis saxeliT nebis gamovlenis<br />

momentidan, romelic uTuod garigebis komponentia. mizanSewonili iqneba, rom ssk-is<br />

104-e muxlis I nawili Camoyalibdes Semdegi formulirebiT: `nebis gamovleniT, romelsac warmomadgeneli<br />

axdens Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi da im piris saxeliT, romelsac igi warmoadgens,<br />

uflebebi da movaleobebi warmoeSoba warmodgenil pirs.~<br />

3. rwmunebulebiTi urTierTobis maregulirebel debulebaTa miznebis, aseve, ssk-is 106-e<br />

muxlis I nawilis farTod gamoyenebisaTvis mizanSewonilia misi Semdegi saxiT Camoyalibeba: `Tu<br />

nebis gamovlenis samarTlebriv Sedegebze gavlenas axdens nebis nakli, an gansazRvruli garemoebebis<br />

codna, an savaldebulo codna, mxedvelobaSi miiReba ara marwmuneblis, aramed warmomadgenlis<br />

pirovneba.~ aseve, ssk-is 106-e muxlis I I nawilis arsis sworad aRqmisaTvis sasurvelia,<br />

moxdes misi Semdegi saxiT formulireba: `Tu garigebiT miniWebuli warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, warmomadgeneli moqmedebda marwmuneblis mier micemuli miTiTebebis<br />

mixedviT, maSin am ukanasknels ar SeuZlia miuTiTos warmomadgenlis mier iseTi garemoebebis<br />

arcodnaze, romelTa Sesaxebac man Tavad icoda.~<br />

4. teqnikurad sworad formulirebisaTvis mizanSewonilia, ssk-is 104-e muxlis I I nawili Camoyalibdes<br />

Semdegnairad: `warmomadgenlobiTi uflebis ararseboba ar SeiZleba gamoiyenos warmodgenilma<br />

pirma, Tu mis mier Seqmnili garemoebebis mixedviT, meore mxares keTilsindisierad<br />

egona, rom aseTi uflebamosileba arsebobda.~<br />

38

5. mizanSewonili iqneba, rom ssk-is garigebismieri warmomadgenlobis maregulirebel debulebebSi<br />

gaTvaliswinebul iqnes specialuri normebi, romlebic calmxriv garigebebSi warmomadgenlobis<br />

regulirebas moaxdens. kerZod, sasurvelia, warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis<br />

gareSe ganxorcielebuli calmxrivi aramiRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena, aseTi nebis gamovlenisas<br />

mesame piris upiratesi dacvis interesidan gamomdinare, miCneul iqnes baTilad, gansxvavebiT<br />

rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe gamovlenili calmxrivi miRebasavaldebulo<br />

nebis gamovlenisagan, romelic ssk-is 111-e muxlis Tanaxmad, meryevad baTilia.<br />

6. rwmunebuleba, Tavisi Sinaarsisa da moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa mimarTuli<br />

iyos pirTa gansazRvruli an ganusazRvreli wris mimarT. rwmunebulebis safuZvlad arsebul<br />

Sida kauzalur urTierTobasa da rwmunebulis mesame piris mimarT gamovlenili nebis safuZvelze<br />

warmoSobil samarTlebriv Sedegs Soris mkafio zRvris gavlebis mizniT, sasurvelia,<br />

rom abstraqciis principi, rogorc rwmunebulebisa da warmodgenil pirsa da warmomadgenels<br />

Soris arsebuli Sida kauzaluri urTierTobis gamijvnis meqanizmi, ssk-is warmomadgenlobis<br />

maregulirebel debulebebSi dainergos TvalnaTliv, principis saxiT. rwmunebulebisa da Sida<br />

kauzaluri urTierTobis abstraqcia uzrunvelyofs mesame piris ndobis dacvas obieqturi<br />

formiT arsebuli rwmunebulebis mimarT.<br />

amdenad, rwmunebulebis gacemis formebis diferencirebis paralelurad, ssk-is 108-e muxlis<br />

I nawilis regulirebasTan erTad sasurvelia, gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes norma uflebamosilebaSi<br />

cvlilebis an Sewyvetis Taobaze mesame piris informirebis Sesaxeb im wesis relevanturad, ra<br />

wesiTac mesame piris mimarT uflebamosileba moqmedi gaxda. kerZod:<br />

`Tu mindobiloba gaicema mesame piris mimarT gancxadebiT (gare uflebamosleba), maSin igi<br />

inarCunebs Zalas mis mimarT, vidre Sewyvetis Sesaxeb mas ar Seatyobinebs marwmunebeli;~<br />

`Tu pirma gansakuTrebuli SetyobinebiT mesame pirisaTvis an sajaro gacnobis gziT nebismieri<br />

mesame pirisaTvis cnobili gaxada rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis gacemis faqti, rwmunebulebiTi<br />

uflebamosileba namdvilia pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ mesame piris, xolo ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi<br />

_ nebismieri mesame piris mimarT, vidre misi gamoxmoba ar moxdeba imave gziT, ra gziTac<br />

misi Setyobineba moxda;~<br />

amasTan, rwmunebulebisa da mis safuZvlad arsebuli Sida kauzaluri urTierTobis mkafiod<br />

gasamijnad mizanSewonilia, ssk-is 108-e muxlis me-2 winadadeba Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: `am<br />

moTxovnis Seusruleblobisas es cvlilebebi da uflebamosilebis gauqmeba ar SeiZleba<br />

gamoyenebul iqnes mesame piris mimarT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca man uflebamosilebis<br />

gauqmebis an cvlilebis Sesaxeb icoda an unda scodnoda.~<br />

7. rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis mowesrigebisas, konkretulad valdebulebis<br />

Sewyvetis zogad safuZvlebze miTiTebis nacvlad, umjobesia, miTiTeba xdebodes im samarTlebriv<br />

urTierTobaze, romelTan dakavSirebiTac rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba gaica. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />

umjobesia, ssk-is 109-e muxli Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: `rwmunebulebis gauqmeba<br />

damokidebulia im samarTlebriv urTierTobaze, romelTan dakavSirebiTac igi gaica. SesaZlebelia,<br />

rwmunebulebaze iTqvas uari samarTlebrivi urTierTobis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSic, Tu<br />

am ukanasknelidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs. rwmunebulebaze uari unda iTqvas im formiT, ra<br />

formiTac igi gaica.~ ukanaskneli winadadebis alternatiulad, SesaZlebelia, miTiTeba xdebodes<br />

Sesabamis muxlze, romelic rwmunebulebis modificirebis an Sewyvetis Sesaxeb mesame piris<br />

relevanturi formiT informirebis valdebulebas gaiTvaliswinebs.<br />

39

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

ix.: d. kereseliZe, samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebebi, Jur. `qarTuli<br />

samarTlis mimoxilva~, 7/2004-1, gv. 26.<br />

2<br />

ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv. 403.<br />

3<br />

Tanamedrove garemos faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi mravalferovneba<br />

xSirad ganapirobebs sxvis mier samarTlebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebis<br />

aucileblobas. ix.: Schilken/Staudinger, Kommentar zum BGB, 2009, Vorbemerkung vor<br />

§ 164, RdNr. 1; H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor<br />

§164, RdNr. 1; Brox/Walker, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, RdNr. 508.<br />

4<br />

Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch von Deutschland (BGB), in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom<br />

2. Januar 2002.<br />

5<br />

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1997.<br />

6<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor §164, RdNr. 2.<br />

7<br />

Grundsatz der Offenkundigkeit, Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, Einführung vor<br />

§164, RdNr. 1; Stoffels, in: Daunel-Lieb/Heidel/Ring, Anwaltkommentar, BGB Allgemeiner<br />

Teil mit EGBGB, Band I, 2005, § 164, RdNr. 9.<br />

8<br />

iqve.<br />

9<br />

„Eine Willenserklärung, die jemand innerhalb der ihm zustehenden Vertretungsmacht im<br />

Namen des Vertreters abgibt, wirkt unmittelbar für und gegen den Vertretenen”.<br />

10<br />

ix.: kereseliZe, iuridiul cnebaTa erTiani sistemis Camoyalibeba, Jur.<br />

`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 6/2003-4, gv. 446; SedarebisTvis ix.:<br />

Wanturia, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,<br />

1997, gv. 330; germanul literaturaSi SedarebisTvis ix.: Medicus, Allgemeiner<br />

Teil des BGB, 2002, §21, RdNr.244; Heinrichs, in: Palandt, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, 2003,<br />

Einführung vor §116, RdNr. 1.<br />

11<br />

„Es macht keinen Unterschied, ob die Erklärung ausdrücklich im Namen des Vertretenen<br />

erfolgt oder ob die Umstände ergeben, dass sie in dessen Namen erfolgen soll”.<br />

12<br />

ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv.<br />

405-406.<br />

13<br />

ssk-is 104-e muxlis teqnikurad swori formulirebiT Camoyalibebis<br />

mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb ix.: iqve.<br />

14<br />

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCineba #as-203-622-06, 24.01.2006 w.<br />

15<br />

„Bei einem einseitigen Rechtsgeschäft ist Vertretung ohne Vertretungsmacht unzulässig”,<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §180, RdNr. 1.<br />

16<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §180, RdNr. 1; Frensch, in:<br />

Prütting/Wegen/Weinreich, BGB Kommentar, 1. Auflage, 2006, § 180, RdNr. 1.<br />

17<br />

gsk-is 177-e paragrafis msgavsad, meryevad baTilia warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

uflebamosilebis gareSe dadebuli xelSekruleba _ ssk-is 111-e muxlis<br />

Tanaxmad.<br />

18<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §180, RdNr. 1, 3.<br />

19<br />

“Hat jedoch derjenige, welchem gegenüber ein solches Rechtsgeschäft vorgenohmen war, die<br />

von dem Vertreter behauptete Vertretungsmacht bei der Vornahme des Rechtsgeschäfts nicht<br />

beanstandet oder ist er damit einverstanden gewesen, dass der Vertreter ohne<br />

Vertretungsmacht handele, so finden die Vorschriften über Verträge entsprechende Anwendung.<br />

Das Gleiche gilt, wenn ein einseitiges Rechtsgeschäft gegenüber einem Vertreter ohne<br />

Vertretungsmacht mit dessen Einverständnis vorgenommen wird”.<br />

20<br />

warmomadgenlobis maregulirebeli normebi analogiurad gamoiyeneba<br />

garigebis msgavs urTierTobebSi. garigebis msgavsia nebis gamovlena, romlis<br />

Sedegadac samarTlebrivi Sedegi dgeba kanonis safuZvelze (mag.,<br />

gafrTxileba, damatebiTi vadis micema, xarvezebis aRmofxvris moTxovna,<br />

zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba, Tanxmoba garigebaze da sxva).<br />

garigebis msgavsi urTierTobebis sawinaaRmdegod, realaqti ar eqceva<br />

warmomadgenlobis moqmedebis sferoSi. realaqti aris nebiTi qmedebis<br />

meSveobiT kanonis safuZvelze warmoSobili samarTlebrivi Sedegi. is ar aris<br />

nebis gamovlenis komponentis Semcveli. realaqtia ama Tu im nivTis ZiriTadi<br />

nivTis sakuTvneblad gansazRvra, aseve, nivTis SeerTeba, Sereva, gadamuSaveba<br />

da sxva. ix.: Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §104, RdNr. 6.<br />

21<br />

Frensch, in: Prütting/Wegen/Weinreich, BGB Kommentar, 1. Auflage, 2006, §181, RdNr. 1;<br />

22<br />

iqve.<br />

23<br />

Ein Vertreter kann, soweit nicht ein anderes ihm gestattet ist, im Namen des Vertretenen mit<br />

sich im eigenen Namen oder als Vertreter eines Dritten ein Rechtsgeschäft nicht vornehmen,<br />

40

sei es denn, dass das Rechtsgeschäft ausschliesslich in der Erfüllung einer Verbindlichkeit<br />

besteht”.<br />

24<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §181, RdNr. 1.<br />

25<br />

iqve.<br />

26<br />

iqve.<br />

27<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §181, RdNr. 2, 10.<br />

28<br />

iqve, Vorbemerkung vor §164, 543 RdNr. 2; Brox/Walker, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32.<br />

Auflage, 2008, Rd.Nr. 510; Schmidt, BGB Allgemeiner Teil, 3.Auflage, 2006, Rd.Nr. 613.<br />

29<br />

Medicus, Bürgerliches Recht, 21. Auflage, 2007, RdNr. 93.<br />

30<br />

„Abstraktionsprinzip”, Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, Einführung vor §164, RdNr.<br />

2; H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor §164, RdNr. 8.<br />

31<br />

Stoffels,in: Daunel-Lieb/Heidel/Ring, Anwaltkommentar, BGB Allgemeiner Teil mit EGBGB,<br />

Band I, 2005, § 164, RdNr. 10.<br />

32<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor §164, RdNr. 2.<br />

33<br />

„Wird die Vollmacht durch Erklärung gegenüber einem Dritten erteilt, so bleibt sie diesem<br />

gegenüber in Kraft, bis ihm das Erlöschen von dem Vollmachtgeber angezeigt wird”.<br />

<strong>34</strong><br />

„Hat jemnad durch besondere Mitteilung an einen Dritten oder durch öffentliche<br />

Bekanntmachung kundgegeben, das er einen anderen bevollmächtigt hat, so ist dieser auf<br />

Grund der Kundgebung im ersten Falle dem Dritten gegenüber, im letzteren Falle jedem<br />

Dritten gegenüber zur Vertretung befugt”.<br />

35<br />

„Die vertretungsmacht bleibt bestehen, bis die Kundgebung in derselben Weise, wie sie<br />

erfolgt ist, widerrufen wird”.<br />

36<br />

Schwab, Einführung in das Zivilrecht, 7. Auflage, 1987, 316, RdNr. 646-647.<br />

37<br />

„Die Vorschriften des § 170, des § 171 Abs. 2 und des § 172 Abs. 2 finden keine<br />

Anwendung, wenn der Dritte das Erlöschen der Vertretungsmacht bei der Vornahme des<br />

Rechtsgeschäfts kennt oder kennen muss”.<br />

38<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006,§ §170-173, RdNr. 2.<br />

39<br />

iqve, RdNr. 3.<br />

40<br />

iqve, RdNr. 3; Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, Einführung vor<br />

§164, RdNr. 2; Brox/Walker, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, 203, RdNr. 512.<br />

41<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, RdNr. 3; Heinrichs, in: Palandt,<br />

BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, Einführung vor §164, RdNr. 2.<br />

42<br />

„Wer als Vertreter einen Vertrag geschlossen hat, ist, sofern er nicht seine Vertretungsmacht<br />

nachweist, dem anderen Teil nach dessen Wahl zur Erfüllung oder zum Schadenersatz<br />

verpflichtet, wenn der Vertretene die Genehmigung des Vertrags verweigert”.<br />

43<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008,§179, RdNr. 11.<br />

44<br />

iqve.<br />

45<br />

iqve, RdNr. 9.<br />

46<br />

iqve, RdNr. 10.<br />

47<br />

iqve.<br />

48<br />

iqve.<br />

49<br />

iqve.<br />

50<br />

iqve.<br />

51<br />

Wanturia, Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, gv. 418-419;<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, §164, RdNr. 1.<br />

52<br />

Wanturia, Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, gv. 418-419;<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §166, Rn 1.<br />

53<br />

„Soweit die rechtlichen Folgen einer Willenserklärung durch Willensmängel oder durch die<br />

Kenntnis oder das Kennenmüssen gewisser Umstände beeinflusst werden, kommt nicht die<br />

Person des Vertretenen, sondern die des Vertreters in Betracht”.<br />

54<br />

ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv.<br />

408.<br />

55<br />

iqve.<br />

56<br />

Schilken/Staudinger, Kommentar zum BGB, 2009, Vorbemerkung vor § 164, RdNr. 73;<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, RdNr. 1.<br />

57<br />

ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv. 405.<br />

58<br />

iqve.<br />

59<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006,Einführung vor §164, RdNr. 11.<br />

60<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, RdNr. 25.<br />

61<br />

Brox/Walker, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, 207, RdNr. 521.<br />

62<br />

iqve.<br />

63<br />

iqve.<br />

41

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

64<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, RdNr. 23; Brox.Walker,<br />

Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, 207, RdNr. 521.<br />

65<br />

iqve, RdNr. 523.<br />

66<br />

iqve.<br />

67<br />

iqve, Vorbemerkung vor §164, RdNr. 5; Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar,<br />

26.Auflage, 2006, §164, RdNr.1; Schmidt, BGB Allgemeiner Teil, 3.Auflage, 2006, 193,<br />

RdNr. 665.<br />

68<br />

„Tritt der Wille, in fremden Namen zu handeln, nicht erkenbar hervor, so kommt der Mangel<br />

des Willens, im eigenen Namen zu handeln, nicht in Betracht”.<br />

69<br />

Schwab, Einführung in das Zivilrecht, 7. Auflage, 1987, 306, RdNr. 6<strong>34</strong>.<br />

70<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, 553, RdNr. 22.<br />

71<br />

iqve.<br />

72<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006,§164, RdNr.16.<br />

73<br />

Kereselidze, AT des ZGB, 276.<br />

74<br />

iqve, RdNr. 10-12.<br />

75<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, RdNr. 9.<br />

76<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, § 164, RdNr. 8.<br />

77<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26. Auflage, 2006, § 164, RdNr. 8.<br />

78<br />

iqve.<br />

79<br />

Schwab, Einführung in das Zivilrecht, 1987, 313-314, RdNr. 638-639.<br />

80<br />

iqve.<br />

81<br />

iqve, Einführung vor § 164, RdNr. 2.<br />

82<br />

iqve, §164, RdNr. 1. kanonis teqstis zusti formulirebis miznidan<br />

gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, warmomadgenlobis dauSveblobis<br />

regulirebisas ar xdebodes kanonze miTiTeba, ramdenadac kanonismieri<br />

akrZalva (misi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi), warmomadgenlobis maregulirebel<br />

normebSi damatebiTi miTiTebis miuxedavad, TavisTavad dauSvebels xdis<br />

mas. iqve, RdNr. 4; H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor<br />

§ 164, RdNr. 30; Schmidt, BGB, Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Auflage, 2006, 181, RdNr. 624;<br />

ssk-is 103-e I I muxlis arsebuli formiT moqmedebis mizanSewonilobis<br />

Sesaxeb, ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi,<br />

2009, gv. 403.<br />

84<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, § 164, RdNr. 13.<br />

83<br />

warmomadgenloba gamoiricxeba zepirovnul urTierTobebSi, rogoricaa<br />

qorwineba (gsk-is 1311-e paragrafi), anderZis gaformeba (gsk-is 2064-e<br />

paragrafi) da sxva saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi.<br />

85<br />

"Die Vertretungsmacht ist kein subjektives Recht, sondern eine Rechtsmacht eigener Art",<br />

iqve, RdNr. 5.<br />

86<br />

Schmidt, BGB, Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Auflage, 2006, 170, RdNr. 616.<br />

87<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, § 167, RdNr. 4; §168, RdNr. 2;<br />

Kereselidze, AT des ZGB, 2005, 274.<br />

88<br />

Schmidt, BGB, Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Auflage, 2006, RdNr. 616.<br />

89<br />

ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv.<br />

404; ix.: Kereselidze, AT des ZGB, 2005, 274.<br />

90<br />

iqve.<br />

91<br />

iqve.<br />

92<br />

iqve.<br />

93<br />

iqve.<br />

94<br />

Pawlowski, Grundlagen des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 7.Auflage, 2003, <strong>34</strong>1, RdNr. 678.<br />

95<br />

Schiemann/Staudinger, Kommentar zum BGB, 2010, 171, RdNr. 215.<br />

96<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor § 164, RdNr. 6.<br />

97<br />

iqve.<br />

98<br />

iqve, RdNr. 14.<br />

99<br />

iqve, RdNr. 13.<br />

100<br />

iqve.<br />

101<br />

gsk-is 138-e paragrafi iTvaliswinebs garigebis baTilobas sajaro<br />

wesrigisadmi winaaRmdegobis gamo. baTilobis analogiuri safuZveli<br />

gaTvaliswinebulia ssk-is 54-e muxliT _ „marTlsawinaaRmdego da<br />

amoraluri garigebani”.<br />

102<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, § 167, RdNr. 47; Schilken/Staudinger,<br />

Kommentar zum BGB, 2009, § 167, RdNr. 93.<br />

103<br />

iqve.<br />

42

104<br />

iqve, RdNr. 14b.<br />

105<br />

iqve. amasTan, dispoziciuri normebis keTilsindisierebis principiT<br />

dakonkretebis Sesaxeb ix.: vaSakiZe, keTilsindisiereba saqarTvelos<br />

samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT _ abstraqcia Tu moqmedi samarTali, Jur.<br />

`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 10/2007-1, gv. 20.<br />

106<br />

ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv. 410.<br />

107<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §168, RdNr. 3.<br />

108<br />

iqve.<br />

109<br />

iqve, RdNr. 4.<br />

110<br />

iqve.<br />

111<br />

iqve.<br />

112<br />

Köhler, BGB Allgemeiner Teil, 31 Auflage, 2007, 151, RdNr. 43; Brox/Walker, Allgemeiner<br />

Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, 203, RdNr. 512.<br />

113<br />

analogiur danawess iTvaliswinebs ssk-is 113-e muxlis I I I nawilis I<br />

winadadeba.<br />

114<br />

BGHZ,VIIIZR170/07,http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgibin/rechtsprechung/document.py?<br />

Gericht=bgh&Art=en&sid=bb1a6c5f89f6c056ada9b11af5db73f9&nr=46276&pos=0&anz=2 ,<br />

12.11.2008<br />

115<br />

iqve.<br />

116<br />

BGHZ 102, 60, 64; BGH NJW 2002, 2325, 2327; NJW 2003, 2091; Brox, AT, Rn 562;<br />

Heinrichs, in:Palandt, §173 Rn9; Köhler, AT, §11, RdNr. 43; citirebulia: Schmidt, BGB<br />

Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Auflage, 2006, 132-133, RdNr. 825.<br />

117<br />

Medicus, Bürgerliches Recht, 21. Auflage, 2007, 56, RdNr. 98.<br />

118<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §167, RdNr. 1.<br />

119<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12. Auflage, Band I, 2008, §167, RdNr. 7.<br />

120<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §167, RdNr. 1; Pawlowski,<br />

Grundlehren des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 7. Auflage, 2003, 360, RdNr. 717.<br />

121<br />

BGH NJW 03, 2091, ZIP 05, 1357; citirebulia: Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.<br />

Auflage, 2006, §§170-173, RdNr. 9.<br />

122<br />

iqve, RdNr. 11.<br />

123<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §167, RdNr. 7; Köhler, BGB<br />

Allgemeiner Teil, 31. Auflage, 2007, 151, RdNr. 43.<br />

124<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §167, RdNr.7.<br />

125<br />

iqve.<br />

126<br />

H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §167, RdNr. 7.<br />

127<br />

iqve.<br />

128<br />

„Bei der AnschVollm handelt es sich nicht um einen rgschäftl Tatbestd, sond um die Zurechng<br />

eines schuldh verursachten Rscheins”, Sead., Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar,<br />

26.Auflage, 2006, §§170-173, 181, RdNr. 14.<br />

129<br />

iqve, RdNr.15.<br />

130<br />

iqve.<br />

131<br />

Musielak, Grundkurs BGB, 8.Auflage, 2003, 432, RdNr. 831.<br />

132<br />

Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, 170-173, RdNr. 14.<br />

133<br />

Fehrenbach,Vertretung nicht existierenden Person, NJW 30/2009.<br />

1<strong>34</strong><br />

iqve.<br />

135<br />

iqve.<br />

136<br />

iqve.<br />

137<br />

iqve.<br />

138<br />

iqve.<br />

139<br />

iqve.<br />

140<br />

iqve.<br />

43

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

PROTECTION OF THIRD<br />

PERSONS’ INTERESTS IN<br />

REPRESENTATION<br />

(ACCORDING TO THE CIVIL<br />

CODES OF GEORGIA AND<br />

GERMANY)<br />

TATA ERKVANIA<br />

Tbilisi State University – Master studies at the law faculty,<br />

Coordinator at the National Centre of Education Quality Development,<br />

Education Recognition Division<br />

Article represents the updated version of the dissertation thesis prepared at<br />

the Tbilisi State University law faculty in September 2011, title of the work:<br />

Protection of third Persons’ Interests in Representation (according to the civil<br />

codes of Germany and Georgia), supervisor Davit Kereselidze, evaluation: very<br />

good (written part). Based on the principle of freedom of signing an agreement,<br />

for the party involved in representation relation, it is important, to know the name<br />

of contrahent. Interest to know the name of contrahent becomes important from<br />

the moment of representation relations. Relevant norms regulating representation<br />

relations in Georgian Civil Code contain shortcomings, that need to be addressed.<br />

Article provides an overview on the provisions and practice of Germany in regard<br />

with the third persons representation and contrahents. Taking into consideration<br />

relevant Georgian legislation and as a sum up provides an overview of survey<br />

results.<br />

44

meuRleTa<br />

urTierTobebis<br />

zogierTi<br />

samarTlebrivi<br />

aspeqtebi<br />

ekaterine ninua<br />

samarTlis doqtori<br />

a. meuRleTa piradi urTierTobani<br />

qorwineba aris ara marto qalisa da mamakacis nebayoflobiTi<br />

kavSiri, aramed samarTaldamdgeni iuridiuli faqtic, romelic<br />

warmoSobs maT Soris iseT uflebebsa da movaleobebs, rogoricaa<br />

meuRleTa piradi da qonebrivi ufleba-movaleobani.<br />

meuRleebi qorwinebis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi sruli<br />

moculobiT inarCuneben samoqalaqo uflebaunarianobasa da qmedunarianobas,<br />

amitom SeiZleba hqondeT nebismieri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi<br />

ufleba da movaleoba, maT Soris, erTmaneTTan<br />

urTierTobaSic. amasTan, saqorwinosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis<br />

farglebSi meuRleTa ufleba-movaleobaTa zogierTi nawili<br />

ganicdis modificirebas, agreTve warmoiSoba axali uflebamovaleobebi.<br />

swored es cvlilebebi ganapirobebs meuRleTa Soris<br />

saqorwinosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa Sinaarsis Taviseburebas.<br />

saqorwinosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa SinaarsSi Ziri-<br />

Tadi cvlilebebi dakavSirebulia qorwinebasTan an mis SewyvetasTan.<br />

amasTan, saqorwinosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa farglebSi<br />

cvlilebebis Setana SesaZlebelia qorwinebis ganmavlobaSic.<br />

magaliTad, saerTo sakuTrebis uflebiT axali nivTebis<br />

SeZena, alimentis gadaxdevineba da a.S. 1<br />

meuRleTa pirad da qonebriv ufleba-movaleobebs warmoSobs<br />

mxolod kanoniT dadgenili wesiT registrirebuli qorwineba<br />

(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1106-e muxli). religiuri an<br />

adaT-wesebis dacviT ganxorcielebuli qorwineba ar warmoSobs<br />

45

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

samarTlebriv Sedegs. qalisa da mamakacis faqtobrivi Tanacxovreba, qorwinebis registraciis<br />

gareSe, raoden xangrZlivi ar unda iyos igi, ar warmoSobs meuRleebs Soris pirad da qonebriv<br />

ufleba-movaleobebs. Tumca, isini SeiZleba iyvnen saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis monawileebi,<br />

rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom maT aqvT garkveuli uflebebi da movaleobebi Svilebis<br />

mimarT.<br />

ojaxSi col-qmari mowodebulia aRzardon Svilebi, pativi scen da daexmaron erTmaneTs, gamoamJRavnon<br />

zrunva ojaxis moxuc da Sromisuunaro wevrebze. col-qmris es movaleoba gansazRvravs<br />

maTi piradi urTierTobebis Sinaarss. 2<br />

meuRleTa Soris piradi da qonebrivi ufleba-movaleobebis ganawilebisas moqmedebs Tanasworobis<br />

principi. mas safuZvlad udevs saqarTvelos konstituciis 36-e muxlis pirveli nawilis<br />

Sinaarsi, sadac naTqvamia, rom qorwineba emyareba meuRleTa uflebriv Tanasworobasa da nebayoflobas.<br />

aRniSnuli konstituciuri debuleba safuZvlad udevs meuRleTa mier saojaxo sakiTxebis<br />

erToblivad gadawyvetas, sacxovrebeli adgilisa da saqmianobis arCevis Tavisuflebas.<br />

ojaxSi meuRleTa Tanasworobis principi, gamoxatulebas poulobs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />

kodeqsis 1152-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviTac, `saojaxo urTierTobebSi meuRleebi sargebloben<br />

Tanabari piradi da qonebrivi uflebebiT da ekisrebaT Tanabari movaleobani,~ savsebiT<br />

Seesabameba ara marto saqarTvelos konstitucias, aramed saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv aqtebsac.<br />

saqarTvelos moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1153-e muxlis Tanaxmad, daqorwinebisas da saojaxo<br />

urTierTobebSi ar daiSveba uflebaTa pirdapiri an arapirdapiri SezRudva, miuxedavad<br />

maTi warmoSobis, socialuri da qonebrivi mdgomareobisa, rasobrivi da erovnuli kuTvnilebis,<br />

sqesis, ganaTlebis, enis, religiisadmi damokidebulebis, saqmianobis saxeobisa da xasiaTis, sacxovrebeli<br />

adgilisa da sxva garemoebaTa mixedviT. Tumca, aRniSnuli muxlis debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba<br />

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1123-e muxlis meore nawilis Sinaarss, kerZod, `colis<br />

orsulobis dros da bavSvis dabadebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qmars ufleba ara aqvs colis<br />

Tanxmobis gareSe aRZras saqme ganqorwinebaze.~ e. i. aRniSnuli norma arRvevs meuRleTa Tanasworobis<br />

princips, vinaidan saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT colis mimarT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

analogiuri SezRudvebi.<br />

meuRleebs daqorwinebamde SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc piradi, ise qonebrivi uflebebi. iseTi<br />

piradi uflebebi, rogoricaa profesiis arCevis an sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris ufleba<br />

miekuTvneba maT SromiT an samoqalaqo uflebaunarianobas da araviTari kavSiri saojaxo samarTlis<br />

sferosTan ar gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, maTi regulireba xdeba samarTlis sxva dargebiT. magram<br />

qorwinebis registaciis Semdeg, aseTi piradi uflebebis dacva xorcieldeba saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT.<br />

adamiani profesias irCevs misi interesebisa da SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

saqmianobis saxisa da profesiis arCevisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos ara mxolod<br />

sakuTari mizanswrafva, aramed ojaxis wevrTa sulieri da materialuri interesebis dakmayofilebac.<br />

3 amitom meuRleebs ara aqvT ufleba ukarnaxon erTmaneTs TavianTi neba profesiisa da<br />

saqmianobis arCevisas. saqarTvelos konstituciis 29-32-e muxlebiT ganmtkicebulia moqalaqis<br />

mier iseTi saqmianobisa da profesiis arCevis ufleba, rac kanoniT ar aris akrZaluli. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, meuRleebs ufleba aqvT damoukideblad miiRon gadawyvetileba profesiisa da<br />

saqmianobis arCevisas.<br />

safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 216-e muxlis Tanaxmad, qmars kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

SemTxvevebis garda (qmeduunaroba, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba), SeuZlia cols aukr-<br />

Zalos Tavisi profesiiT saqmianoba. Tu meuRlis akrZalva ewinaaRmdegeba ojaxis interesebs,<br />

qals ufleba aqvs mimarTos sasamarTlos da mxolod misi nebarTvis safuZvelze gaagrZelos<br />

Tavisi saqmianoba.<br />

46

TiToeul meuRles Tavisuflad SeuZlia airCios sacxovrebeli adgili. kanoniT ar aris dawesebuli<br />

raime akrZalva meuRleebis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevisas. es niSnavs, rom meuRleebis<br />

sacxovrebel adgilad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes rogorc colis, ise qmris sacxovrebeli<br />

adgili. erT-erTi meuRlis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla, ar iwvevs avtomaturad meore<br />

meuRlis valdebulebas aseve, Seicvalos sacxovrebeli adgili. realur cxovrebaSi xSirad<br />

warmoiSoba is garemoebebi, rac iwvevs meuRleTa cal-calke cxovrebas. magaliTad, qalaqgareT<br />

gasvla dasasaqmeblad, magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom meuRleebi imyofebian fiqtiur qorwinebaSi,<br />

aramed konkretul SemTxvevaSi meuRleTa cal-calke cxovrebis mizania saojaxosamarTlebrivi<br />

urTierTobebidan gamomdinare valdebulebebis Sesruleba. amitom ar SeiZleba vaiZuloT<br />

meuRleebi icxovron erTad.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 213-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad,<br />

qmari, rogorc ojaxis ufrosi saojaxo araqonebriv urTierTobebSi sargeblobda upiratesobiT.<br />

mas ekuTvnoda saojaxo meurneobis warmarTvis adgilis arCevis ufleba. qali ki, valdebuli<br />

iyo ecxovra qmarTan. aRniSnuli normis Sinaarsi savsebiT ar emTxveva saqarTvelos saojaxo<br />

kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul Sexedulebebs, meuRleebis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis<br />

Tavisuflad arCevis uflebaSi (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1157-e muxli), rac aramar-<br />

Tebulad migvaCnia, vinaidan rogorc zemoT aris aRniSnuli ojaxis interesebidan gamomdinare<br />

meuRleebs xSirad uwevT cal-calke cxovreba.<br />

meuRleTa mier saojaxo sakiTxebis erToblivad gadawyveta moicavs ojaxuri cxovrebis yvela<br />

mxares: Svilebis aRzrda, saswavleblis SerCeva, saojaxo biujetis gankargva, dasvenebis adgilis<br />

arCeva da sxva. meuRleebis Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare, yvela saojaxo sakiTxi wydeba<br />

urTierTSeTanxmebiT. bavSvis aRzrdis, maT swavla-ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, meuRleebma SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon bavSvis azric. meuRleTa mier<br />

kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebis sworad gadanawileba da amave dros, dakisrebul movaleobaTa<br />

jerovani Sesruleba udavod Seuwyobs xels srulfasovani momavali Taobis formirebas da ojaxuri<br />

urTierTobebis ganmtkicebas.<br />

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic ganmtkicebulia samecniero literaturaSi,<br />

da ara sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, frangul samarTalSi bavSvis pirvel sacxovrebel adgils ewodeba<br />

Domicile dorigine. es niSnavs, rom bavSvi dabadebiT moipovebs im mSoblis (mSoblebis) sacxovrebel<br />

adgils, romelTanac (romlebTanac) is cxovrobs. 4 roca mSoblebi cal-calke cxovroben, franguli<br />

samarTlis mixedviT, bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gasarkvevad mniSvnelovania, Tu romel<br />

mSobelTan cxovrobs bavSvi.<br />

saojaxo samarTlis bolo reformis ganxorcielebamde, rogorc frangul aseve, dasavleT<br />

evropis sxva qveynebis samarTalSi bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad miiCneoda mamis sacxovrebeli<br />

adgili. es ganpirobebuli iyo mamis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobiT ojaxSi, rasac moqmedi samar-<br />

Talic ganamtkicebda. 5<br />

qonebrivi uflebebisagan gansxvavebiT, meuRleTa pirad uflebebs ar gaaCnia ekonomikuri<br />

Sinaarsi da ar atarebs materialur xasiaTs. amasTan, qorwinebis arsidan gamomdinare, rogorc<br />

qalisa da mamakacis nebayoflobiTi kavSiri, romelic agebulia meuRleTa Tanasworobis sawyisebze<br />

ojaxis Seqmnis mizniT, meuRleTa piradi uflebebi gansazRvruli xasiaTisaa. meuRleTa<br />

piradi ufleba-movaleobebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis mizania, ojaxis wevrTa Soris<br />

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa, TiToeuli maTganis ganviTarebisaTvis normaluri pirobebis Seqmna<br />

da ojaxis ganmtkiceba. amitom, saojaxo samarTlis normebiT regulirdeba meuRleTa piradi<br />

uflebebis mxolod gansazRvruli nawili. meuRleTa Soris arsebuli piradi urTierTobebis<br />

umetesi nawili ki, samarTlebrivi regulirebis farglebs gareT rCeba, anu isini regulirdebian<br />

47

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

zneobrivi normebiT. magaliTad, megobroba, siyvaruli, pativiscema, urTierTpasuxismgebloba<br />

da a. S. amitom aris, rom gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba meuRleebs Soris pirad urTierTobebs,<br />

vidre qonebrivs, radgan isini regulirdebian saojaxo samarTlis normebiT.<br />

meuRleTa mier piradi uflebebis SeusruleblobisaTvis kanoni pirdapir ar iTvaliswinebs<br />

raime `sanqcias~, Tumca, piradi uflebebis borotad gamoyeneba erT-erTi meuRlis mier ojaxis<br />

interesebis upativcemloba an ugulebelyofa, meore meuRlisaTvis piradi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi<br />

xelis SeSla SeiZleba gaxdes qorwinebis Sewyvetis an meuRleTa qonebis gayofisas<br />

aseTi meuRlis wilis Semcirebis safuZveli. 6<br />

b. meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobani<br />

samoqalaqo reestris saagentos teritoriul samsaxurSi registrirebuli qorwineba warmo-<br />

Sobs ara marto pirad, aramed qonebriv urTierTobebsac. piradi urTierTobebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobebi sakmaod detalurad aris mowesrigebuli saojaxo<br />

samarTlis normebiT.<br />

saojaxo qonebrivi urTierTobebis Sinaarsi Sedgeba meuRleebis qonebrivi uflebebisa da<br />

movaleobebisagan, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc sanivTo, ise valdebulebiTi xasiaTis.<br />

meuRleebs SeuZliaT hqondeT samoqalaqo kodeqsiT aRiarebuli nebismieri sanivTo uflebebi,<br />

maT Soris, erTmaneTis mimarTac. amasTan, saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT detalurad aris mowesrigebuli<br />

iseTi sanivTo ufleba, rogoricaa meuRleebis qonebaze saerTo TanasakuTrebis ufleba.<br />

swored es ufleba warmoadgens meuRleebis qonebaze kanonieri reJimis warmoSobis safuZvels.<br />

saerTo TanasakuTrebasTan erTad meuRleebs ufleba aqvT iqonion agreTve sakuTrebis ufleba<br />

individualur qonebaze. e. i. saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia meuRleTa sakmaod<br />

mravalferovani sanivTo uflebebi, rac SeiZleba damaxasiaTebeli iyos gansakuTrebulad SeZlebuli<br />

wyvilebisaTvis. 7<br />

zogadad, saojaxo qonebrivi urTierTobebi samoqalaqo qonebrivi urTierTobebisagan gansxvavdebian<br />

garkveuli TaviseburebebiT, kerZod, meuRleebs Soris qonebrivi urTierTobebi SeiZleba<br />

davyoT or jgufad:<br />

a) meuRleTa individualuri, anu gancalkevebuli qoneba, romelic SeZenilia rogorc qorwinebamde,<br />

ise qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi memkvidreobiT an CuqebiT (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1161-e muxli);<br />

b) meuRleTa TanasakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi (e.i. meuRleTa mier qorwinebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qoneba).<br />

saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT gancalkevebulad iTvleba erT-erTi meuRlis mier qorwinebamde<br />

CuqebiT an memkvidreobiT (kanoniT an anderZiT) miRebuli qoneba. qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi meuRleTa<br />

saerTo TanxebiT SeZenili qoneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos erT-erTi meuRlis individualur<br />

sakuTrebad, Tu igi gankuTvnilia misi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. aseTi piradi<br />

moxmarebis nivTebia: profesiuli saqmianobisaTvis saWiro nivTebi, tansacmeli, fexsacmeli,<br />

saaTi, sayure da a.S. Zvirfaseulobis garda. individualuri sakuTrebis saxiT aRniSnuli niv-<br />

Tebis mikuTvneba TiToeuli meuRlisaTvis ganpirobebulia ara meuRleTa SeTanxmebiT, aramed<br />

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1162-e muxliT.<br />

saojaxo urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, gamoricxuli ar aris SemTxveva, rodesac ojaxis<br />

saerTo sargeblobisaTvis gankuTvnil qonebas, saCuqris saxiT uZRvnian erT-erT meuRles. Tu<br />

SeuZlebeli ar aris (arsebobs Sesabamisi dokumenti) imis dadgena, rom mCuqebels mxedvelobaSi<br />

hqonda erT-erTi meuRlis interesebi, maSin aseTi qoneba individualur (gancalkevebul) qonebad<br />

CaiTvleba.<br />

48

meuRleTa gancalkevebuli qonebis reJimi moqmedebs piradi moTxovnilebebis nivTebze da ar<br />

vrceldeba Zvirfaseulobasa da fufunebis sagnebze. 8 isini Seadgenen maT saerTo TanasakuTrebas,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom gankuTvnilia erT-erTi meuRlis individualuri moxmarebisaTvis.<br />

meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qonebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, meuRleTa individualur sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis mflobelobas, sargeblobas<br />

da gankargvas TiToeuli meuRle axorcielebs erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom SeiZleba moxdes meuRleTa gancalkevebuli qonebis transformacia (saxecvlileba)<br />

saerTo TanasakuTrebad. igi gamomdinareobs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1163-e muxlis<br />

Sinaarsidan, romlis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli meuRlis qoneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos meuRleTa TanasakuTrebad,<br />

Tu dadgindeba, rom qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli xarjebis Sedegad, am qonebis<br />

Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad gadidda (gadagegmareba, mSeneblobis dasruleba, gadakeTeba da sxva),<br />

Tu saqorwino xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. aq igulisxmeba gaweuli<br />

xarjebi, rogorc im meuRlis mier, romelsac Tavdapirvelad ekuTvnoda es qoneba, ise meore<br />

meuRlis, romelsac ar ekuTvnoda. meuRleebma SeiZleba saerTo saxsrebiT Cautaron erT-erTi<br />

meuRlis individualur qonebas mimdinare remonti an daabandon masSi umniSvnelo Tanxa, rac ar<br />

gamoiwvevs am qonebis Rirebulebis mniSvnelovnad gadidebas da saerTo TanasakuTrebad<br />

transformacias. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu qonebis remonti an gansakuTrebiT didi Tanxebis dabandeba<br />

gamoiwvevs am qonebis Rirebulebis mniSvnelovnad gadidebas, rogorc zemoT aris aRniSnuli,<br />

igi SeiZleba gaxdes safuZveli erT-erTi meuRlis individualuri qonebis saerTo TanasakuTrebad<br />

aRiarebisaTvis. magram, amisaTvis mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli qonebis Rirebuleba<br />

xarjebis gawevamde da gawevis Semdeg. amasTan, meuRleTa Soris saerTo TanasakuTrebaSi TavianTi<br />

wilis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa gairkves Tu romelma meuRlem ra xarji gaswia am qonebis transformaciisTvis.<br />

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1158-e muxlis Tanaxmad, meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

SeZenili qoneba warmoadgens maT saerTo qonebas (TanasakuTrebas), Tu maT Soris saqorwino<br />

xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili.<br />

meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebas warmoadgens qorwinebis periodSi<br />

orive meuRlis mier erToblivi SromiTa da saxsrebiT SeZenili qoneba (uZravi da moZravi). meuRleTa<br />

erTobliv SromaSi igulisxmeba ojaxis sakeTildReod gaweuli yovelgvari sazogadoebrivad<br />

sasargeblo da aucilebeli Sroma, rasac meuRleebi asruleben rogorc ojaxSi, ise ojaxis<br />

gareT. aqeden gamomdinare, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1158-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, meuRleebs<br />

aqvT Tanabari uflebebi qonebaze im SemTxvevaSic, Tu erT-erTi maTgani eweoda saojaxo<br />

saqmianobas, uvlida Svilebs an sxva sapatio mizezis gamo (avadmyofoba, swavla da a.S.) damoukidebeli<br />

Semosavali ar hqonia.<br />

meuRleTa sakuTreba misi subieqturi da obieqturi Semadgenlobis, mflobelobis, sargeblobisa<br />

da gankargvis, aseve saerTo qonebis gayofis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavdeba zogadad, TanamesakuTreTa<br />

samarTlebrivi mdgomareobisagan, rac gamomdinareobs qorwinebis arsidan.<br />

meuRleTa TanasakuTrebis subieqturi Semadgenloba SezRudulia, rac gamowveulia imiT,<br />

rom masSi ar SeiZleba monawileobdes orze meti TanamesakuTre. magaliTad, Tu meuRleebi mesame<br />

pirTan erTad iZenen raime nivTs, maSin isini erTad gamodian saerTo Tanaziari sakuTrebis monawileebad.<br />

amasTan, maTi wili saerTo Tanaziari sakuTrebidan Seva meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebaSi.<br />

gamomdinare iqidan, rom meuRleebis TanasakuTrebis monawilea mxolod ori piri,<br />

TiToeuli maTganisaTvis saerTo qonebidan wilis gamoyofa gamoiwvevs meuRleebis saerTo<br />

sakuTrebis gauqmebas. es ki niSnavs, rom meuRleTa Soris nebismieri wilis gayofa erTdroulad<br />

iwvevs maTi saerTo sakuTrebis gayofasac.<br />

49

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT specialurad aris gansazRvruli meuRleTa saerTo qonebis obieqtis<br />

Semadgenloba. meuRleTa qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebas (meuRleebis saerTo qonebas)<br />

miekuTvneba:<br />

1. Sromis saqmianobiT miRebuli orive meuRlis Semosavali (xelfasi, premiebi da sxva anazRaurebebi,<br />

romlebic Seadgenen Sromis anazRaurebas);<br />

2. samewarmeo saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebi (im meuRlis Semosavali, romelic aris individualuri<br />

mewarme, komerciuli organizaciidan miRebuli mogebis wili da sxva);<br />

3. inteleqtualuri SemoqmedebiT miRebuli Semosavlebi (saavtoro honorari da sxva anazRaurebebi);<br />

4. miRebuli pensiebi, daxmarebebi, agreTve, sxva saxis fuladi gadasaxadebi, romlebsac ara<br />

aqvT specialuri miznobrivi daniSnuleba (materialuri daxmarebisaTvis gamoyofili fuladi<br />

resursi);<br />

5. nebismieri sxva qoneba, romelic SeZenilia meuRleebis mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi miuxedavad<br />

imisa, vis saxelzea igi SeZenili an romeli meuRlis mier aris gadaxdili Tanxa. Semosavlebi<br />

Seadgenen meuRleebis saerTo TanasakuTrebas maTi faqtobrivi miRebis momentidan. 9<br />

iuridiul literaturaSi sadavoa is sakiTxi, Tu ra momentidan unda CaiTvalos xelfasi da<br />

sxva fuladi Semosavali meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebad. zogierTi avtoris azriT, 10 xelfasi<br />

da sxva fuladi Semosavali meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebad CaiTvleba maTi miRebis momentidan.<br />

arsebobs gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisic, romlis Tanaxmadac, xelfasi da sxva fuladi SromiTi<br />

Semosavali meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebad CaiTvleba im momentidan, rodesac meuRleni maT<br />

kuTvnil Semosavals saerTo saojaxo biujetSi Seitanen. 11<br />

mocemuli Tvalsazrisi ar Seesabameba saojaxo samarTlis normebs, romlis Tanaxmad, meuRleTa<br />

qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qoneba warmoadgens meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebas.<br />

meuRleTa Soris saerTo TanasakuTrebis warmoSoba kanonieri qorwinebis Sedegia da igi damokidebuli<br />

ar aris maT SeTanxmebaze _ Seitanon Tu ara miRebuli xelfasi saerTo-saojaxo biujetSi.<br />

meuRleebi TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gankargvas, sargeblobas da flobas axorcieleben<br />

urTierTSeTanxmebiT. arc erT maTgans ar aqvs ufleba gankargos igi meore meuRlis<br />

nebis sawinaaRmdegod. meuRles, rogorc TanamesakuTres kanoni uflebas aZlevs moiTxovos<br />

qonebis gankargviT miRebuli sargebeli (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1159-e da 1160 e muxlebi). aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, erT-erT meuRles, rogorc TanamesakuTres ufleba aqvs imoqmedos saerTo TanasakuTrebis<br />

farglebSi, meore meuRlis Tanxmobis gareSe. amitom, mesame pirTan garigebis dadebisas<br />

meuRles ar sWirdeba Tanxmoba saerTo qonebis gankargvaze. aseTi Tanxmoba gamomdinareobs saojaxo<br />

kanonmdeblobis ganawesebidan da colqmruli urTierTobebidan, rac meuRleTa urTierTndobas,<br />

maTi piradi da qonebrivi interesebis erTianobas efuZneba. Tumca migvaCnia, rom meuRlis<br />

saerTo qonebis gankargvis Sesaxeb garigebis dadebaze meore meuRlis Tanxmobis arsebobis<br />

varaudi praqtikaSi SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes garemoebaTa namdvil viTarebas, rac SeiZleba<br />

araerTxel gamxdariyo garigebis gabaTilebis safuZveli. magaliTad, meuRlis Tanxmobis gareSe<br />

iseTi qonebis gayidva, romelic warmoadgens ojaxis saarsebo wyaros. aRniSnuli garigeba baTilad<br />

SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas mxolod maSin, Tu SemZeni arakeTilsindisieria e.i. man icoda (an<br />

unda scodnoda), rom meuRle moqmedebda meore meuRlis nebis sawinaaRmdegod.<br />

im meuRles, romlis interesebic iqna darRveuli meuRlis mier saerTo qonebis TviTneburi<br />

gankargviT, ufleba aqvs moiTxovos fuladi an sxvagvari kompensacia saerTo qonebis gayofisas<br />

(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1166-e muxli). meuRleTa Soris usiamovno SemTxvevebis<br />

Tavidan acilebis mizniT, umjobesi iqneboda erT-erTi meuRlis mier saerTo qonebis gankarg-<br />

50

visas kanonmdebels gaeTvaliswinebina meore meuRlis werilobiTi Tanxmobis savaldebulo<br />

forma. qorwineba da ojaxis Seqmna ar niSnavs meuRleTa qorwinebamdeli qonebis avtomaturad<br />

gardaqmnas saerTo sakuTrebad. qorwinebis Semdeg erT-erTi meuRlisaTvis iseTi qonebis Cuqeba,<br />

rac SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos ojaxis saerTo sargeblobisaTvis, meuRleTa Soris davis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, aseTi qoneba sasamarTlom SeiZleba CaTvalos meuRleTa TanasakuTrebad.<br />

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia sxvadasxva azri meuRleTa saerTo qonebis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

qonebrivi xasiaTis valdebulebebis (valebis) CarTvis Sesaxeb. zogierTi avtoris azriT,<br />

meuRleTa saerTo qonebis cnebaSi unda moiazrebodes, rogorc moTxovnis uflebebi (magaliTad,<br />

dividendis miRebis ufleba da sxva), ise movaleobebi _ valebis dabruneba (ojaxis interesebidan<br />

gamomdinare, aRebuli sesxis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. fuladi Tanxis dabrunebis<br />

valdebuleba). sxva avtorebi uaryofiTad afaseben aseT mosazrebas da aRniSnaven, rom valdebulebebi<br />

(valebi) ar SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodes meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebas. 12 pirveli<br />

mosazreba, savsebiT Seesabameba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1169-e muxliT dadgenil wess,<br />

romlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo meuRleTa saerTo qonebis gayofisas anawilebs agreTve maT Soris<br />

saerTo valebs saerTo qonebaSi TiToeulis kuTvnili wilis Tanazomierad, rac adasturebs<br />

imas, rom valebi miekuTvneba meuRleTa saerTo qonebriv valdebulebas.<br />

meuRleTa vali SeiZleba iyos piradi da saerTo. pirads ganekuTvneba erT-erTi meuRlis<br />

vali, rac warmoSobilia qorwinebamde an Tundac, qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi erT-erTi meuRlis<br />

piradi miznebidan da ara mTlianad ojaxis interesebidan gamomdinare, magaliTad, piradi sargeblobis<br />

nivTebis (ZviradRirebuli samkaulis, tansacmlis) SeZenasTan dakavSirebuli garigebis<br />

dadebiT, agreTve piradi xasiaTis valdebulebaTa Seusruleblobis gamo (saalimento valdebulebebi,<br />

zianis anazRaureba) da sxva.<br />

erT-erTi meuRlis piradi valis dasafarad gadaxdevineba SeiZleba moxdes misi qonebidan<br />

an/da TanasakuTrebaSi misi wilidan, romelsac igi miiRebda qonebis gayofis SemTxvevaSi (saqarTvelos<br />

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1170-e muxlis pirveli nawili).<br />

saerTo valad iTvleba is, rac meuRleebma an Tundac erT-erTma maTganma aiRo mTeli ojaxis<br />

saerTo interesebisaTvis, magaliTad, Svilis samkurnalod an ganaTlebis misaRebad, erToblivad<br />

meurneobis gaZRolis da sxva saerTo miznebisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gadaxdevineba unda moxdes<br />

meuRleTa saerTo qonebidan, romelic iyofa saerTo qonebaSi TiToeulis kuTvnili wilis Tanazomierad<br />

(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1169-e muxli).<br />

meuRleebs SeuZliaT gansazRvron TavianTi rogorc individualuri, ise saerTo qonebis<br />

gankargvis bedi saqorwino xelSekrulebiT. meuRleebs SeuZliaT gaaerTianon mTeli TavianTi<br />

qoneba (qorwinebamde da qorwinebis Semdeg SeZenili), anda mTlianad an nawilobriv Tqvan uari<br />

amgvar gaerTianebaze da daadginon TiToeulis wilobrivi an gancalkevebuli sakuTreba qonebaze<br />

(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1176-e muxlis mesame nawili). saqorwino xelSekruleba, SeiZleba<br />

daidos rogorc qorwinebamde, ise qorwinebis Semdeg, Tumca ZalaSi Sedis qorwinebis<br />

registraciis momentidan. kanonis moTxovnaa, rom saqorwino xelSekruleba aucileblad daidos<br />

werilobiTi formiT da damowmdes sanotaro wesiT. aRniSnuli xelSekruleba warmoadgens<br />

siaxles samoqalaqo kodeqsSi da kerZod, saojaxo samarTalSi, romliTac SeiZleba daregulirdes<br />

meuRleTa Soris warmoSobili qonebrivi urTierTobebi.<br />

statiaSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi, romelic ukavSirdeba meuRleTa rogorc piradi, ise qonebrivi<br />

xasiaTis ufleba-movaleobebs ar aris amomwuravi, vinaidan, misi detaluri ganxilva ar warmoadgens<br />

mocemuli statiis mizans.<br />

51

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ó÷åáíèê, ïîä ðåäàêöèåé À. Ï. Ñåðãååâà è Þ. Ê.<br />

Òîëñòîãî, Ò. 3, Ì., 2006 ã., ñòð. 403.<br />

2<br />

s. jorbenaZe, sabWoTa samarTali, Tb., 1957 w., gv. 215.<br />

3<br />

r. Sengelia. e. Sengelia. saojaxo samarTali, gamomc. `meridiani~, Tb., 2011<br />

w., gv. 146.<br />

4<br />

Feried/Sonnenberger, 1/1, S. 3<strong>34</strong> ix.: l. Wanturia, Sesavali samoqalaqo<br />

samarTlis zogad nawilSi, gamomc., `samarTali~, Tb., 2000 w., gv. 185.<br />

5<br />

Feried/Sonnenberger, 1/1, S. 3<strong>34</strong> ix.: l. Wanturia, Sesavali samoqalaqo<br />

samarTlis zogad nawilSi, gamomc. `samarTali~, Tb., 2000 w., gv. 186.<br />

6<br />

S. CikvaSvili, saojaxo samarTali, gamomc. `meridiani~, Tb., 2000 w., Ggv. 94.<br />

7<br />

Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ó÷åáíèê, ïîä ðåäàêöèåé À. Ï. Ñåðãååâà è Þ. Ê.<br />

Òîëñòîãî, Ò. 3, Ì., 2006 ã., ñòð. 411.<br />

8<br />

kanoni ar iZleva imis ganmartebas, Tu romeli nivTebi miekuTvneba<br />

Zvirfaseulobas. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli gagebiT,<br />

Zvirfaseulobas miekuTvneba iseTi nivTebi, romlebic araa aucilebeli<br />

yofiTi moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. maT miekuTvneba Zvirfasi<br />

liTonebisa da iSviaTi qvebisagan damzadebuli sagnebi, antikvaruli<br />

nivTebi, originaluri da faseuli mxatvruli nawarmi, uZvelesi da iSviaTi<br />

nakeTobebi da sxva. ix.: S. CikvaSvili, saojaxo samarTali, gamomc.<br />

`meridiani~, Tb., 2000 w., gv. 97.<br />

9<br />

Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ó÷åáíèê, ïîä ðåäàêöèåé À. Ï. Ñåðãååâà è Þ. Ê. Òîëñòîãî,<br />

Ò. 3, Ì., 2006 ã., ñòð. 415.<br />

10<br />

Î. Ñ. Èîôôå. Ñîâåòñêîå ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ò. III, Ì., 1965 ã., ñòð. 226; À.<br />

Äçûáà, Ðàâíîïðàâèå ñóïðóãîâ îñíîâíîé ïðèíöèï ñîâåòñêîãî ñåìåéíîãî ïðàâà,<br />

Èçä. Êàçàíñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 1972 ã., ñòð. 49.<br />

11<br />

Â. À. Ðÿñåíöåâ. Ñåìåéíîå ïðàâî. ,,Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóða”, Ì., 1971 ã., ñòð.<br />

107, Â.Ô. Ìàñëîâ, Èìóùåñòâåííûå îòíîøåíèÿ â ñåìüå, Èçä. Õàðüêîâñêîãî<br />

óíèâåðñèòåòà, 1972 ã., ñòð.21.<br />

12<br />

Êîììåíòàðèé ê êîäåêñó î áðàêå è ñåìüå ÐÑÔÑÐ, Ïîä ðåä. È.À. Îñòðîâà. Ì.,<br />

1982 ã., ñòð. 41.<br />

52

SEVERAL LEGAL ASPECTS<br />

OF RELATIONS BETWEEN<br />

SPOUSES<br />

EKATERINE NINUA<br />

Doctor of Low<br />

Scientific article concerns the topic: several legal aspects of relations between<br />

spouses (a. personal relations of spouses; b. property relations of the spouses).<br />

Personal as well as property rights and obligations of the spouses are described<br />

in the article.<br />

It is mentioned in the Article, that personal as well as property relations are<br />

generated only in cases of the marriages registered at the territorial offices of the<br />

Civil Registry Agency. The issue of spouses’ personal relations are emphasized,<br />

because it only depends on their free will and love to create a family. Property<br />

relations are hierarchical and are regulated through family law.<br />

Article pays special attention to the concept of personal as well as common<br />

debt of spouses, grounds for their generation and ways of paying it back. It also<br />

briefly described rules of marriage contracts and their purpose.<br />

53

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

nebis gamovlenis<br />

Tavisufleba<br />

SromiT<br />

urTierTobebSi<br />

amiran zenaiSvili<br />

qarTul-amerikuli universitetis<br />

samarTlis skolis doqtoranti<br />

saqarTveloSi mimdinare samarTlebrivi reformebis konteqstSi<br />

Sromis bazris samarTlebrivi reforma yvelaze gonivruli<br />

da windaxeduli unda iyos, radgan Sromis kanonmdebloba tradiciulad,<br />

delikatur da adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze didi<br />

zegavlenis mqone samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneba, romlis dabalansebac<br />

aucilebelia rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelsayofad,<br />

aseve, socialuri simSvidis SesanarCuneblad.<br />

evropul standartebTan daaxloeba fokusirebas unda axdendes<br />

daqiravebulTa da damqiravebelTa interesebis balansze, amavdroulad,<br />

marTalia mewarmeebs xeli unda miuwvdebodeT yvelaze<br />

ZviradRirebul ekonomikur resursze – adamianur resursze,<br />

magram aman ar unda gaaZnelos mosaxleobisaTvis Sromis xelmisawvdomoba.<br />

koleqturi xelSekrulebis mxareTa mier nebis gamovlenisaTvis<br />

xSir SemTxvevaSi, unda arsebobdes politikuri<br />

neba, rac mimarTuli iqneba socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaken.<br />

Sromis samarTlis umTavres wyarod konstituciisa da saer-<br />

TaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Semdeg, samoqalaqo kodeqsi miiCneva.<br />

samoqalaqo kodeqsi moicavs valdebulebiT normebs, romelTa<br />

gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia SromiTi urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad.<br />

samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogierTi xelSekrulebebi, magali-<br />

Tad, nardoba, davaleba SeiZleba miekuTvnos SromiTi urTier-<br />

Tobis sferos da maT mxolod am tipis xelSekrulebis sagnis<br />

zust gansazRvrebad Tu ganvixilavT. Sromis samarTliT mowes-<br />

54

igebuli urTierToba kerZosamarTlebrivia da warmoiSoba mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis<br />

safuZvelze nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, aRniSnulidan<br />

gamomdinare, Sromis samarTali kerZo samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneba. 1<br />

koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis dadebisas fundamenturia monawileTa simravlis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

nebis gamovlenis namdvilobis problemebis warmoCena da misi gadawyvetis gzis povna, garigebis<br />

monawileebi gadian etapebs erToblivi gadawyvetilebis misaRwevad.<br />

neba (yovelgvari metafizikuri interpretaciis gareSe) aris is, riTac goneba irCevs am Tu<br />

im sagans. nebis arsi aris Zala, anu gonebis principi, romliTac mas SeuZlia arCevanis gakeTeba.<br />

moqmedeba nebis mixedviT igivea, rac arCevanis gakeTeba an moqmedeba arCevanis mixedviT. profesori<br />

lokis ganmartebiT `neba araferia, garda Zalis an SesaZleblobisa, rom raimes mianiWo<br />

upiratesoba an raime airCio.~ aRsaniSnavia is movlenebic, roca neba mkafiod gansxvavdeba survilisagan,<br />

romelsac erTsa da imave qmedebaSi SeiZleba hqondes aSkarad sapirispiro tendencia<br />

imisagan, rasac Cveni neba gvkarnaxobs. is ar uSvebs, rom neba da survili zustad erTi da imave<br />

mniSvnelovnebis mqone sityvebia. 2<br />

xSir SemTxvevaSi, dasaqmebulTa gaerTianeba gvxvdeba erTi sawarmos sxvadasxva sferoSi<br />

dasaqmebul pirTa gaerTianebisas, romlebTac SesaZlebelia hqondeT sxvadasxva SromiTi Tu<br />

socialuri problemebi. erTisTvis Tu saWiroa usafrTxo Sromis pirobebis gaumjobeseba,<br />

meoresTvis SesaZlebelia moTxovnadi iyos samuSao saaTebis daregulireba, saxelfaso odenobis<br />

zrda da sxv. koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis proeqtis Sedgenisas, dasaqmebulTa neba mTlianobaSi<br />

unda moeqces erTi xelSekrulebis qveS. swored amitomac, koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis monawile<br />

mxareebi mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlenisas, angariSs uweven xelSekrulebis Tanamonawile sxva<br />

pirebs.<br />

xelSekruleba, rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis instituti, aris ormxrivi (an mravalmxrivi)<br />

nebis gamovlena, romelic mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an<br />

Sewyvetisaken. xelSekruleba ideba mxareebis urTierTTanmxvedri, saerTo miznisken mimarTuli<br />

nebis gamoxatvis Sedegad. 3<br />

koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis, rogorc mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlenis _ garigebis miRwevisas<br />

mniSvnelovania nebis gamovlenis namdvilobis dadgena.<br />

nebis gamovlenis (declaratio voluntatis) instituti 1997 wlis saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />

(ssk) mier Semotanili erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi siaxlea. ssk-is I wignis I I karis saTauria `garigebani~,<br />

Tumca, mis calkeul debulebaSi xSirad ixmareba aseve, cneba `nebis gamovlena~. kiTxvas<br />

_ saWiroa Tu ara garigebis cnebis gverdiT nebis gamovlenis cnebis arseboba – gansxvavebulad<br />

gaeca pasuxi garigebaTa Sesaxeb germanuli da arsebiTad, mis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli sabWouri<br />

doqtrinis mier. germanul literaturaSi nebis gamovlenis cnebis mniSvnelobas xedaven garigebebSi<br />

nebis gamovlenasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli sakiTxis (problemis) ukeT gadaWris SesaZleblobaSi.<br />

4 amis sapirispirod, sabWourma doqtrinam uari Tqva nebis gamovlenis cnebis gamoyenebaze<br />

da iyenebda iseT frazebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `qmedeba, romelic avlens nebas~. 5<br />

ssk-is 50-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `garigeba aris calmxrivi, ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlena,<br />

romelic mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken.~<br />

rogorc muxlis formulirebidan irkveva, kanonmdebeli garigebas miiCnevs nebis gamovlenis<br />

konkretul saxed, romelsac samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis datvirTva aqvs imdenad, ramdenadac<br />

igi mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken. gamodis,<br />

rom `nebis gamovlena~ ufro farTo cnebaa da igi konkretdeba terminiT _ `garigeba~, romelSic<br />

unda moiazrebodes mxolod samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis nebis gamovlena. Tumca, momdevno muxlebSi<br />

kanonmdebeli am or termins erTi datvirTviT iyenebs da gamodis, rom muxlebSi, sadac<br />

55

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

saubaria `nebis gamovlenaze~, igi moiazrebs nebis iseT gamovlenasac, romelsac samarTlebrivi<br />

daniSnuleba ar gaaCnia. 6 termini `nebis gamovlena~ yovelTvis moiazrebs sakuTar TavSi samar-<br />

Tlebrivi Sedegis dadgomis survils. piri nebas avlens imisaTvis, raTa gamoxatos Tavisi<br />

survili konkretuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisa, Sesabamisad, unda vaRiaroT, nebis<br />

gamoxatvamde pirs uyalibdeba nebis gamovlenis motivi da igi eZebs miznis miRwevis saSualebebs.<br />

ssk-is 50-e muxlSi mniSvnelovani Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebiTaa gadmotanili saqarTvelos<br />

ssr-is 1963 wlis kodeqsis 41-e muxlis debuleba.<br />

kanonmdebeli garigebisa da nebis gamovlenis cnebebs, rogorc wesi, erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT<br />

xmarobs. konkretuli debulebis SemuSavebisas nebis gamovlenis cnebis gamoyenebas upiratesoba<br />

eniWeba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mas calkeuli qmedebisa Tu qcevis wesisaTvis centraluri<br />

datvirTva aqvs (magaliTad, ssk-is 51-e da 52-e muxlebi). gamonaklisia mxolod is SemTxvevebi,<br />

rodesac kanonmdebeli awesrigebs ormxriv an mravalmxriv garigebas, romelTa dadebisaTvis<br />

ori an meti nebis gamovlenaa aucilebeli da mxolod erTi nebis gamovleniT ver dadgeba samarTlebrivi<br />

Sedegi. 7<br />

`nebis gamovlena, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi nawilis debulebebis Tanaxmad, aris<br />

gamoxatva nebisa, romelic uSualod mimarTulia samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken; igi<br />

avlens samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomis nebas, anu nebas, mimarTuls kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis<br />

damyarebis, Sinaarsobrivi Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken.~ 8<br />

ssk-is 50-e muxlSi Tu cneba `nebis gamovlenis~ nacvlad mis ganmartebas gamoviyenebT, maSin<br />

kidev ufro cxadi gaxdeba mocemuli garigebis cnebis xarvezi. kerZod, kanonis formulirebidan<br />

gamomdinareobs, rom garigeba aris calmxrivi, ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi `nebis gamovlena~, anu<br />

`gamoxatva nebisa, romelic uSualod mimarTulia samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken~,<br />

`romelic mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken~. 9<br />

ama Tu im kerZo sawarmoSi koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis, rogorc socialuri aqtis aucileblobis<br />

miuxedavad mxareebs ver vaiZulebT gamoxaton neba mis dasadebad. TiToeuli mxare<br />

xelSekrulebis dadebisas Tavisufalia. mis pirobebze SeTanxmeba warmoadgens xelSekrulebis<br />

yvela mxaris nebis gamovlenis Sedegs da sasamarTlos mier romelime mxaris iZulebiT davaldebuleba,<br />

dadon xelSekruleba ama Tu im pirobiT, zRudavda samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas. 10<br />

rogorc individualur-SromiTi aseve, koleqtiuri xelSekruleba Tavisi specifikiT gamoirCeva<br />

mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobaze dafuZnebul kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobisagan, igi<br />

valdebulebiTi xelSekrulebis specialuri saxea da mas sxva kerZosamarTlebrivi xelSekrulebebisagan<br />

ganasxvavebs is garemoeba, rom SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, kerZo samarTlis<br />

erT-erTi umTavresi _ mxareTa Tanasworobis principi garkveul saxecvlilebas ganicdis<br />

da daqiravebuli damokidebulia damqiraveblis nebaze, mis miTiTebebze da mis mier gansazRvrul<br />

samuSao Tu organizaciul pirobebze. gansxvavebiT Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi<br />

mxareTa biznes interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT garigebaSi gamovlenili nebisa, SromiTsamarTlebrivi<br />

urTierTobaSi damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls (dasaqmebulTa gaerTianebas) Soris xelSekrulebis<br />

dadeba xdeba socialuri, komerciuli, garkveuli SezRudvebisa da sxv. garemoebebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT. am urTierTobebSi aSkarad gamokveTilia damqiraveblis upiratesi mdgomareoba<br />

`sust~ mxaresTan _ daqiravebulTan SedarebiT, rac udavod iwvevs `Zlieri~ mxaris mier<br />

Tavisi uflebebis gadametebulad, meore mxaris sazianod gamoyenebis saSiSroebas. 11<br />

socialuri aqtis gaformebis aucileblobasa da mxareTa Tavisufali nebis institutis dacvas<br />

Soris zRvarze mdgom aqtebs adgens saerTaSoriso aqtebi da konvenciebi. Tavisufali bazris<br />

pirobebSi unda moxdes mxareTa Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Tanasworobis balansis<br />

dacva. qveynis umTavresi institutebis dacva _ qveynis moqalaqis uflebebisa da Tavisufali<br />

56

azris xelSewyobas Soris saWiroa moinaxos oqros gasaRebi, bazarma TviTmoqmedebiT unda SeZlos<br />

am Sualedis naxva qveynis liberalur kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT, romelic dafuZnebuli<br />

unda iyos jansaR da keTilsindisier urTierTobaze.<br />

koleqtiuri xelSekruleba mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlenaa, garigebis definiciaSi mTavaria<br />

nebis arseboba. xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba ganmtkicebulia rogorc samoqalaqo kodeqsiT<br />

aseve, Sromis kodeqsiT, _ ufleba mxareebma TavianTi survilisamebr dadon esa Tu is xelSekruleba,<br />

mxareebs eZlevaT SesaZlebloba TavianTi Sexedulebisamebr gansazRvron dasadebi xel-<br />

Sekrulebis Sinaarsi. kerZo samarTlis subieqtebs SeuZliaT dadon iseTi xelSekrulebebic,<br />

romlebic kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris Tumca, ar ewinaaRmdegeba kanons. aRniSnuli<br />

principis Tanaxmad, mxareebi marTalia Tavisufalni arian arCevanSi visTan da ra saxiT<br />

dadon xelSekrulebebi, Tumca, es ufleba ar aris absoluturi da igi xSir SemTxvevaSi, akrZalulia<br />

kanoniT. magaliTad, Sromis kodeqsi krZalavs arasrulwlovanTan Sromis xelSekrulebis<br />

dadebas saTamaSo biznesSi, akrZalulia Ramis samuSaoze dasaqmeba orsuli da meZuZuri qalebis<br />

da a.S. SezRudva gamoixateba kerZo samarTlis konkretuli subieqtisTvisac, kerZod, im pirebis<br />

mimarT visac dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia bazarze, kanoniT SesaZlebelia gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

iqnes xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi pirobebic. 12 koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis gaformebis iniciatori<br />

umetes SemTxvevaSi, dasaqmebulTa gaerTianebaa, swored dasaqmebulebi cdiloben individualuri<br />

xelSekrulebidan Semdgom SeuerTdnen da gaerTianebul ZalTa balansiT Tanaswor<br />

pirobebSi dasxdnen molaparakebis magidaze. koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis miRebiT miRweuli<br />

Sedegi Tanabari iuridiuli Zalis mqonea.<br />

garigeba mxolod iseTi nebis gamovlenaa, romelic iwvevs iuridiul Sedegs, garigeba yovel-<br />

Tvis samarTlebriv sanqciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. garigeba rogorc wesi, marTlzomieri nebis gamovlenaa,<br />

magram aramarTlzomieri nebis gamovlenac SeiZleba warmoadgendes garigebis faqts. 13<br />

nebis gamovlenis meSveobiT mxareebi miznad isaxaven garkveuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis miRwevas.<br />

isini ara mxolod samarTlebriv Sedegebze Tanxmdebian, aramed wesebzec, romlebsac unda<br />

daemorCilon am samarTlebrivi Sedegis misaRwevad. amitomac amboben, rom garigebas mxareebisaTvis<br />

kanonis Zala aqvs da misi darRveva iwvevs mxaris samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. 14<br />

koleqtiur-mravalmxrivi garigebis nebis gamovlenamde, monawile mxareebma unda gaiazron<br />

masSi mocemul normaTa iuridiuli Sedegis arsi, mosalodneli sargeblis miRebisa Tu valdebulebis<br />

warmoSobis safuZvlebi, garigebis proeqtSi asaxuli is normebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia<br />

misaRebi iyos dasaqmebulTa garkveuli wrisTvis, miuRebeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes imave, erT<br />

mxares mdgom dasaqmebulTa meore jgufisaTvis. koleqtiuri nebis gamovlenis instituti Tavisi<br />

specifikiT gamoirCeva calmxrivi an ormxrivi nebis gamovlenisagan im TvalsazrisiTac, rom<br />

mravalmxrivi garigebisas xelSekrulebis meore mxaris mimarT gamoxatuli nebisagan gansxvavebiT<br />

umniSvnelovanesi momentia Tavad xelSekrulebis erT mxares (dasaqmebulTa) Soris nebis gamovlenis<br />

namdviloba.<br />

neba, romliTac piri kisrulobs saxelSekrulebo TviTboWvas, aucilebelia, iyos namdvili.<br />

piri Tavisufalia dados garigeba da amdenad, mis mier gamovlenili neba unda Seesabamebodes<br />

mis Sinagan nebas, romlis Camoyalibebac moxda damoukideblad, yovelgvari marTlsawinaaRmdego<br />

faqtorebis zemoqmedebis gareSe. nebis Tavisuflebis principi pirs aZlevs uflebas, Tavisuflad<br />

miiRos samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi monawileobis gadawyvetileba. am principis dacvas<br />

arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTaTvis. 15 mas Semdeg, rac<br />

piri gadawyvets aRniSnul urTierTobaSi Cabmas, igi avlens nebas, romlis meSveobiTac iuridiul<br />

mniSvnelobas sZens xelSekrulebis dadebis sakuTar gadawyvetilebas. 16 dasaqmebulebis umTavresi<br />

mizani, Seqmnan gaerTianeba, mimarTulia erTianobis xarjze garigebis dasadebad miRebuli<br />

57

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

Tanasworoba, romelic miscems samarTlebriv CarCoebSi damsaqmebels boWvas koleqtiuri<br />

garigebis dasadebad. swored gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavisuflebis safuZvelze pirebi monawileoben<br />

kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi.<br />

germanuli samarTlis doqtrinaSi ganviTarebulia azri imis Taobaze, rom Sinagani neba Sedgeba<br />

3 fsiqologiuri komponentisagan, piri samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi Casabmelad nebis gamovlenisaTvis<br />

gadis garkveul fsiqologiur komponents, romelTa unaklod gavlac nebis namdvilobis<br />

winapirobaa. fsiqologiuri kategoriebis mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan gamoyofen Semdeg<br />

etapebs, esenia:<br />

a) moqmedebis neba (Handlungswille)<br />

moqmedebis neba gulisxmobs piris survils, imoqmedos sakuTari nebidan gamomdinare, neba<br />

aRar iqneba saxeze, roca igi ver acnobierebs sakuTari nebis gamoxatvis moments. 17 am etapze<br />

xdeba piris mier garkveuli warmodgenis Camoyalibeba, Tu risTvis avlens igi nebas. kerZod,<br />

mxares warmoeSoba garkveuli moTxovnileba, romlis dasakmayofileblad igi iwyebs saSualebebis<br />

Ziebas. nebis amgvari safuZveli, anu is, risTvisac piri debs garigebas, samarTalSi motivis<br />

saxeliTaa cnobili, romelsac rogorc wesi, urTierTobis namdvilobisaTvis samarTlebrivi<br />

datvirTva ara aqvs, Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, igi Tavisi mniSvnelobidan da garkveuli<br />

garemoebebidan gamomdinare, iZens samarTlebriv mniSvnelobas da Sedis nebis SinaarsSi. 18<br />

b) gamovlenis neba (Erklärugswille)<br />

gamovlenis nebis dros pirs survili aqvs, Tavisi nebis gamovleniT gaxdes samarTlebrivi<br />

urTierTobis monawile. cxadia, samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi monawileobis survili yovelTvis<br />

mimarTulia samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken, magram am etapisaTvis sakmarisia, mxare acnobierebdes,<br />

rom avlens samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis nebas da araa aucilebeli igi mimarTuli iyos<br />

konkretuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken. 19 nebis gamovlenis namdviloba faqtobrivi<br />

TvalsazrisiT, samarTlebriv Sedegze orientirebuli iqneba, roca igi meore mxares miuva, rodesac<br />

gamgzavnis neba, dokumenti romelSic gamoxatulia neba, gadaecema adresats. roca<br />

vsaubrobT koleqtiuri molaparakebebis dawyebaze, igulisxmeba, rom ofertis SemTavazebelma<br />

misca winadadeba (magaliTad, xelSekrulebis proeqti) meore mxares, oferti aris calmxrivi<br />

nebis gamovlena, romelic mimarTulia garkveuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken.<br />

piri irCevs miznis miRwevis xerxs. igi SearCevs kontrahents da nebis gamovlenis saSualebas,<br />

romelic mas daexmareba sasurveli Sedegis miRwevaSi. igi sakuTari nebis gamovlenas iyenebs<br />

miznis miRwevis iaraRad, risTvisac sWirdeba nebis uxarvezo formireba. piri sworad unda<br />

afasebdes garemoebebs da nebis gamovlenis savaraudo Sedegebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, xelSekrulebis<br />

SesrulebiT mxare miiRebs sasurvelisagan gansxvavebul Sedegs, rac garigebis saciloobis<br />

safuZveli gaxdeba. 20 magaliTisTvis, SeiZleba movitanoT gaficvis an lokautis uflebis<br />

gamoyeneba. dasaqmebulebi konstituciiT miniWebuli uflebis gamoyenebis SezRudvis sanacvlod,<br />

meore mxaris mimarT mosalodneli zianis Tavidan acilebis mizniT avlenen nebas.<br />

neba Tavis TavSi moicavs nebis gamomvlenis warmodgenaSi arsebuli miznisaken swrafvas, gamovlena<br />

ki, yovelTvis mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken,<br />

anu samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken, vinaidan neba, rogorc mxarisaTvis sasurveli<br />

miznis miRwevis formula, iuridiul mniSvnelobas mxolod misi gamovleniT iZens. 21<br />

`marTalia, nebis gamovlenis adresatamde misvlis faqti mas namdvilobas aniWebs, magram es<br />

ar niSnavs, rom adresati valdebulia miiRos igi. meore mxares am muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze<br />

58

SeuZlia nebis gamovlena iuridiuli Zalis armqoned aqcios, Tu igi winaswar an maSinve ganacxadebs<br />

uars. analogiuri ufleba unda hqondes winadadebis SemTavazebelsac.~ 22<br />

g) garigebis neba (Geschäftswille)<br />

garigebis neba saxezea maSin, rodesac neba mimarTulia konkretuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis<br />

dadgomisaken (nebis gamovlena-gamoxatva). pirs aqvs gacnobierebuli moqmedebiT samarTlebriv<br />

urTierTobaSi Cabmis survili da amave dros, igi miznad isaxavs konkretuli samarTlebrivi<br />

Sedegis dadgomas. piri SearCevs Tavisi survilis miRwevis saSualebas, anu Camoayalibebs Sinagan<br />

nebas, igi gamoxatavs mas nebis mimRebisaTvis misi gamxelis mizniT, riTac samarTlebriv mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebs Sinagan nebas da Tavs iboWavs misi savaldebuloobiT. nebis gamovlenis dros arsebiTia,<br />

rom zustad moxdes Sinaganad formirebuli nebis gadmocema, anu nebis gamovlena obieqturad<br />

aRqmadi iyos nebis mimRebisaTvis, rac SemdgomSi mxareTa SeTanxmebis miRwevis winapirobaa. 23<br />

Sejerebuli koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis normebis mimarT dasaqmebulebma urTierTSoris neba<br />

unda gamoavlinon.<br />

xelSekrulebis dadeba da Sesruleba xorcieldeba mxareTa Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze,<br />

maTTvis sasurveli samarTlebrivi Sedegis miRwevis mizniT. nebis gamovlena nakluli xdeba da<br />

Sesabamisad, xelSekruleba mxareTaTvis savaldebulo Zalas ver iZens, Tu mxareTa mier dasaxuli<br />

mizani da realuri Sedegi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. 24 nebis gamovlenis Semadgeneli meore elementia<br />

Sinagani nebis gamovlena, SeTanxmebis misaRwevad aucilebelia, mxare sworad aRiqvamdes meore<br />

mxaris Sinagan nebas, raTa SeZlos sakuTari nebis misadageba am ukanasknelisaTvis. amdenad, arsebiTia,<br />

rom neba da misi gamoxatva zustad Seesatyvisebodes erTmaneTs, raTa nebis mimRebs saSualeba<br />

hqondes, sworad aRiqvas mxaris Sinagani neba. 25<br />

neba da misi gamoxatvis Sedegad gamovlenili neba identuri unda iyos. nebis gamovlenis<br />

dros piri adasturebs Tavisi nebis namdvilobas da aniWebs mas iuridiul Zalas. nebis gamovlena<br />

ara sakuTari nebis gacnobisa da gamJRavnebis, aramed misi samarTlebrivi xasiaTiT datvirTvis<br />

iaraRia.<br />

ra samarTlebrivi riskebis matarebelia koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis dadebis dros damsaqmeblis<br />

motivacia (iZuleba) nebis gamovlenasTan dakavSirebiT?<br />

_ nebis formirebis dros piri unda imyofebodes iseT garemoSi, rom Tavisuflad SeZlos<br />

gadawyvetilebis miReba da nebis gamovlena. am moTxovnis darRveviT gamovlenili neba misi<br />

Semdgomi Secilebis safuZvelia. mniSvnelovania imis dadgena, Tu ra igulisxmeba terminSi _<br />

`iZuleba~. samoqalaqo kodeqsi akonkretebs, rom aRniSnul terminSi moiazreba rogorc Zaladoba<br />

(fizikuri iZuleba), ise muqara (fsiqikuri iZuleba). aRniSnuli pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli nebis<br />

naklTan, vinaidan isini xelisSemSleli garemoebebia nebis Tavisuflad CamoyalibebisaTvis.<br />

koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis gaformebis iZulebad ra Tqma unda, ar CaiTvleba xelSekrulebis<br />

erTi mxaris (dasaqmebulis _ maTi gaerTianebis) mier saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saerTaSoriso<br />

aqtebiTa da konvenciebiT da organuli kanonis Sromis kodeqsiT garantirebuli gaficvis<br />

uflebis gamoyeneba.<br />

mxareTa keTilsindisier samarTalurTierTobas unda pasuxobdes namdvili nebis gamovlena.<br />

germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebis Tanaxmad, mxares aqvs SekiTxvis gareSe faqtebis<br />

gamxelis valdebuleba maSin, roca keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare, igi valdebuli<br />

iyo gaemxila es faqtebi da konkretuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis samoqalaqo brunvaSi<br />

damkvidrebuli praqtikis mixedviT, meore mxare moeloda aRniSnuli informaciis gamxelas. 26<br />

aseve, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, samoqalaqo brunvis praqtikidan gamomdinare, garigebis<br />

59

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

monawileni, romelTac urTierTsapirispiro interesebi aqvT, valdebulni arian, gaumxilon<br />

erTmaneTs iseTi garemoebebic, romlebmac SesaZloa, mxares daakargvinos nebis gamovlenis interesi.<br />

rac Seexeba araswori cnobebis miwodebas, am sakiTxze saubrisas erTmaneTisagan unda<br />

gaimijnos mxaris mier dasmuli dasaSvebi (zulässige) da dauSvebeli (unzulässige) kiTxvebi. dasaSvebi<br />

araa, magaliTad, damsaqmeblis kiTxva samuSaoze misaRebi kandidati qalis fexmZimobis Taobaze.<br />

amgvar kiTxvaze araswori pasuxis gacema, germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, ar CaiTvleba motyuebad.<br />

ssk-is 81-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad ki, zemoaRniSnuli mainc garigebis saciloobis safuZveli<br />

gaxdeba, vinaidan fexmZime qalbatonis uaryofiTi pasuxi, marTlsawinaaRmdego xasiaTis<br />

ararsebobis miuxedavad, mainc motyuebad CaiTvleba, rogorc aseTi da mas mizez-Sedegobrivi<br />

kavSiri eqneba nebis gamovlenasTan. 27<br />

koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis normebi vrceldeba organizaciaSi (sawarmoSi, dawesebulebaSi<br />

da a.S.) dasaqmebulTa da damsaqmebelTa farTo wreze, aseT SemTxvevaSi, didia riski moCvenebiTi<br />

da TvalTmaqcuri garigebis dadebisa.<br />

sasamarTlo praqtikam gviCvena, rom ZiriTadad, moCvenebiTi garigebis dadeba dakavSirebulia<br />

mesame pirebTan arsebul urTierTobasTan, (magaliTad, moCvenebiTi garigebis dadebis erT-erT<br />

motivs SeiZleba warmoadgendes mesame piris motyueba, pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavis arideba da<br />

a.S.). amrigad, imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom sadavo garigeba miiCnios moCvenebiT garigebad, aucilebelia<br />

iseTi faqtobrivi garemoebebis arseboba, romlebic miuTiTeben nebis gamovlenis naklze,<br />

fiqtiuri garigebis Sesaxeb `urTierTSeTanxmebaze~, saerTo mizanze, rac ar Seesabameba maT<br />

mier garegani nebis gamovlenas.<br />

rogorc wesi, moCvenebiTi garigeba formalurad Seesabameba kanonis moTxovnebs, magram nebis<br />

nakli, misi aranamdvilobis gamo, warmoadgens im arsebiTi xasiaTis nakls, rac gamoricxavs samar-<br />

Tlebrivi Sedegis dadgomas. amdenad, is faqti, romelic miuTiTebs sadavo garigebis mxareTa<br />

nebis gamovlenis aranamdvilobaze, unda daamtkicos iman, visac miaCnia, rom mosaCveneblad dadebuli<br />

garigebiT Seilaxa misi ufleba.<br />

sasamarTlo prqtikis Sesabamisad garigeba im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba moCvenebiTad, roca garigebis<br />

mxareebs ar surT am garigebiT gaTvaliswinebuli iuridiuli Sedegis dadgoma. moCvenebiTi<br />

garigeba moklebulia namdvilobas da mxareTa moCvenebiTi garigebis dros mosaCveneblad iqceva<br />

am garigebis monawile nebis gamovlenis yvela subieqti da maT ar surT garigebis Sesruleba.<br />

aseTi garigebis Sedegad, kanonsawinaaRmdego miznis miRweva an sxva garigebis dafarva orive<br />

mxaris interesi da mizani unda iyos. moCvenebiTi garigebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs<br />

gamovlenis garegani daTqma. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, rom nebis gamomvleni da nebis mimRebi<br />

moqmedebdnen SeTanxmebiT da orive acnobierebdnen nebis nakls. moCvenebiTi garigebis dros<br />

kanoni adgens kavSirs fiqtiur garigebasa da nebis mimRebi adresatis Tanxmobas Soris. moCvenebiT<br />

garigebas axasiaTebs mxareTa `urTierTSeTanxmeba~, `garigeba~ moCvenebiT nebis gamovlenis<br />

Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi orives gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom maT mier aseTi nebis gamovlenas ar<br />

mohyveba iuridiuli Sedegi. 28<br />

TvalTmaqcuri garigebis dadebis dros nebis gamovlenis subieqtebis neba SeTanxmebulia da<br />

maT ganzraxuli aqvT, gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgoma, Tumca maTi Sinagani da<br />

gamovlenili neba ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. dadebuli garigebiT isini faraven sxva garigebas,<br />

romlis dadebis nebac realurad aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi dgeba am normis safuZvelze nebis gamovlenis<br />

baTilobis sakiTxi.<br />

TvalTmaqcuri garigebis dros ganxilvis sagania garigebis mxareTa mier Sinagani da garegani<br />

gamovlenili nebis urTierTmimarTeba, vinaidan maT Soris arsebobs Seusabamoba.<br />

60

garigebis baTilobis dros gadamwyvetia swored garigebis mxareTa mier gamovlenili nebis<br />

samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis dadgena. amdenad, TvalTmaqcuri garigebis dros nebis gamomvleni mxareebi<br />

igivea, rac dafaruli garigebis mxareebi. ama Tu im garigebis fiqtiurobis mTavar ganmsazRvrel<br />

faqtorad gvevlineba Sesabamisi ganzraxvis ararseboba. kerZod, moCvenebiTi garigeba<br />

baTilia imdenad, ramdenadac is ar emyareba WeSmarit ganzraxvas. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am<br />

SemTxvevaSi, moiTxoveba ara mxolod gamovlenili nebis namdvilobis, aramed sakuTriv namdvili<br />

nebis dadastureba, rac gansxvavebuli kategoriebia. anu, SesaZlebelia pirma moCvenebiT gamoavlinos<br />

neba, magram es ar aris sakmarisi garigebis namdvilobisaTvis, radgan gamoxatvis garda<br />

aucilebelia, piris mier WeSmariti nebis gamovlena. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 52-e muxlis<br />

Tanaxmad, nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas neba unda dadgindes gonivruli gansjis Sedegad,<br />

da ara martooden gamoTqmis sityvasityviTi azridan. 29<br />

bibliografia:<br />

1. marina musxeliSvili, socialuri dialogi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2011;<br />

2. Junko Ishikawa. Key Features of National Social Dialogue: A Social Dialogue Resource Book.<br />

Geneva, International Labour Offi ce, 2003.<br />

3. Social Dialogue in Developing Countries, A Desk Study, prepared for Norad, March 2011.<br />

4. E.M.Brandolini et al, “Europe as our common future: the European welfare model”, INPDAP,<br />

Rome 2007<br />

5. R. Thamarajakshi,Overview. Best practices in social dialogue. Role of social dialogue<br />

6. European Commission Communication on the European Social Dialogue, COM(2002) <strong>34</strong>1<br />

7. Habermas and the European Social Dialogue: Deliberative Democracy as Industrial Democracy?<br />

Ruth Dukes* and Emilios Christodoulidis<br />

8. A. Sivananthiran; C.S. Venkata Ratnam Edited by. Best practices in social dialogue. Role of<br />

social dialogue<br />

9. Social Dialogue. ILO. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/themes/sd.htm<br />

10. Adalberto Cardoso, “Industrial Relations, Social Dialogue and Employment in Argentina, Brazil<br />

and Mexico”, ILO, Geneva, 2004<br />

11. HLF4 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION SPACE - Social Dialogue in East Africa<br />

12. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2010, U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/<br />

drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/index.htm.<br />

13. A Dufresne, C.Degryse and P.Pochet (eds), “The European Sectoral Social Dialogue, actors,<br />

developments and<br />

14. challenges”, Brussels, 2006.<br />

15. S Clauewaert, ‘2011: 20 Years of European Interprofessional Social Dialogue: Achievements and<br />

Prospects’ (2011) 17 Transfer 169-79<br />

16. UEAPME v Council of the European Union Case T-135/96; discussed in B Bercusson,<br />

‘Democratic Legitimacy and European Labour Law’ (1999) 28 Industrial Law Journal 153<br />

17. A Lo Faro, Regulating Social Europe: Reality and Myth of Collective Bargaining in the EC Legal<br />

Order (Hart2000)<br />

18. C Barnard, ‘The Social Partners and the Governance Agenda’ (2002) 8 European Law Journal 80-<br />

101; Oliver Gerstenberg and Charles F. Sabel: ‘Directly-Deliberative Polyarchy: An Institutional<br />

Ideal for Europe?’ in C Joerges (ed) Good Governance in Europe’s Integrated Market (Oxford<br />

University Press 2002); J Bohman and W Rehg (eds), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason<br />

and Politics (MIT Press 1997)<br />

19. European Commission DG for Employment and Social Affairs, Report of the High Level Group<br />

on Industrial Relations and Change in the EU (European Communities, January 2002), 25<br />

20. European Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee on “Temporary Agency Work” Work Program<br />

2011 – 2012.<br />

61

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

21. European social model http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary/<br />

definitions/EUROPEANSOCIALMODEL.htm<br />

22. P.C.Schmitter, “Reflections on where the theory of neocorporatism has gone and where the praxis<br />

of neocorporatism may be going”. In G.Lehmbruch and P.C.Schmitter (eds.), Patterns of a<br />

corporatist policymaking, London 1982.<br />

23. European Commission (EC), “Industrial Relations in Europe 2010”. Brussels, October 2010.<br />

24. Social Dialogue in Developing Countries, A Desk Study, prepared for Norad, March 2011.<br />

25. Slavina Spasova - Luca Tomini Phd - Centre d’Etude de la Vie Politique - Université Libre de<br />

Bruxelles. Democratisation Through Social Dialogue? The Influence of EU’s Social Dialogue<br />

Norms on the Role of the Social Partners in the National Council for Tripartite Negotiation. Paper<br />

presentend at the ECPR Graduate Conference, Dublin 1-3 september 2010.<br />

26. Social dialogue: a tool to promote and defend decent work and quality jobs in Europe-<br />

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN STAKEHOLDERS.<br />

normatiuli masala:<br />

1. konvencia _ koleqtiuri molaparakebebis organizebisa da gamarTvaze<br />

uflebaTa principebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.<br />

2. evropis socialuri qartia.<br />

3. konvencia _ asociaciebisa da koleqtiuri garigebebis Tavisuflebis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

internet masala:<br />

1. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/<br />

2. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-agenda/social-dialogue/lang—en/index.htm.<br />

3. http://www.etuc.org/a/104<br />

4. http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/employment_and_social_policy/social_dialogue/<br />

index_en.htm<br />

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dialogue<br />

6. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-agenda/social-dialogue/lang—en/index.htm<br />

7. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/index.htm/<br />

8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dialogue<br />

9. http://www.ose.be/EN/research_topics/social_dialogue.htm<br />

10. http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary/definitions/<br />

EUROPEANSOCIALMODEL.htm<br />

11. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=329&langId=en<br />

12. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=750<br />

13. http://www.etuc.org/r/59 http://www.epsu.org/r/73<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsTan dakavSirebiT<br />

(momzadebulia Sromis kodeqsis monitoringis angariSis safuZvelze)<br />

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monitoringi, gv. 2.<br />

2<br />

Freedom of the Will _ Jonathan Edwards.<br />

3<br />

Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 12.01.2011 w. gadawyvetileba saqme #2b/<br />

866.<br />

4<br />

magaliTisaTvis ix.: Flume, Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, Bd. 2, Das<br />

Rechtsgeschäft, 1975, § 2 (3), 28.<br />

5<br />

ix.: 1963 wlis saqarTvelos ssr-is samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e<br />

muxli.<br />

6<br />

d. kereseliZe, iuridiul cnebaTa erTiani sistemis Camoyalibeba, qarTuli<br />

samarTlis mimoxilva, 6/2003-4, gv. 444.<br />

62

7<br />

Sead. germanul samarTalTan dakavSirebiT Medicus, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB,<br />

2002, § 21, RdNr. 243.<br />

8<br />

ix.: federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo saqmeebze<br />

(Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Zivilsachen, BGHZ), Neue Juristische<br />

Wochenschrift (NJW), 2001, 289, 290.<br />

9<br />

d. kereseliZe, `jeplakis~ saqmianoba iuridiul cnebaTa erTiani sistemis<br />

Camoyalibeba. qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, gv. 448.<br />

10<br />

Tbilisis samoqalaqo saqmeTa palata, saqme # as-803-752-2010 18 noemberi,<br />

2010 weli, #as-803-752-2010.<br />

11<br />

iqve,<br />

12<br />

iqve,<br />

13<br />

lado Wanturia, besarion zoiZe da sxv., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />

komentarebi, wigni pirveli, gv. 167-168.<br />

14<br />

l. Wanturia, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni mesame,<br />

Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 89<br />

15<br />

Larenz/Wolf, Allgemeiner Teil des Burgerlichen Rechts, 9. Auflage, Beck, München, 2004,<br />

440.<br />

16<br />

ix.: iqve.<br />

17<br />

Larenz/Wolf, Allgemeiner Teil des Burgerlichen Rechts, München, 2004, 436-437.<br />

18<br />

Pawlowski, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, Grundlehren des Burgerlichen Rechts, 7. Auflage,<br />

Müller, Heidelberg, 2003, 272.<br />

19<br />

iqve.<br />

20<br />

iqve.<br />

21<br />

s. kikoSvili, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva _ specialuri gamocema, nebis<br />

nakli qarTul samarTalSi, samagistro naSromi, Tsu-is iuridiuli<br />

fakultetis magistri, 2008.<br />

22<br />

b. zoiZe, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni I, 1999, 151-e<br />

muxli, 172.<br />

23<br />

iqve, gv. 203.<br />

24<br />

iqve, gv. 272.<br />

25<br />

Pawlowski, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, Heidelberg, 2003, 203.<br />

26<br />

Larenz/Wolf, Allgemeiner Teil des Burgerlichen Rechts, München, 2004, 684.<br />

27<br />

Kereselidze, Der Allgemeine Teil des Georgischen Zivilgesetzbuches von 1997,Frankfurt am<br />

Main, 2005, 257.<br />

28<br />

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, saqme #as-571-879-09, 30.04.2010 w.<br />

29<br />

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, saqme #as-498-467-2010 19.11.2010 w.<br />

63

marTlmsajuleba<br />

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kanoni<br />

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION<br />

OF WILL IN LABOR<br />

RELATIONS<br />

AMIRAN ZENAISHVILI<br />

Georgian – American University<br />

PHD of the Law School<br />

Purpose of this Article is to analyze the problem of detecting authenticity<br />

of expressing the will when signing collective agreements, taking into<br />

consideration number of parties to the agreement and find solution to this,<br />

define the legal risks related with the motivation of the employer (coercion)<br />

related with the expression of will in collective agreements.<br />

We review issues related with the expression of will when signing collective<br />

agreement, collective agreements are very specific unlife from private legal<br />

contractual relations, it is the special form of mandatory agreement.<br />

Parties, before expressing their will, should realize consequence of legal<br />

norms that it ocnains, grounds for expected benefits or obligations. Norms<br />

enviseged in the agreement, may be acceptable for certain employers, and<br />

unaccaptable for the others. Norms of the collective agrement are applied in<br />

wide range of organizations (enterprise, institution, etc.), employers and<br />

employees, thus there is a high risk of signing hypocritical and ostantious<br />

contracts.<br />

Author analyzes the issues in the article porving that through expressing<br />

the will, parties aim to reach certain legal outcome. They agree not just on the<br />

legal outcomes, but also on the rules, that they shall follow. For this reason, it<br />

is considered that contract has the legal force for parties and breaking it is<br />

subject of legal responsibility of a party.<br />

64

saxelmwifos sasazRvro<br />

politikis saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTlebrivi<br />

safuZvlebi<br />

daviT geferiZe<br />

samarTlis doqtori,<br />

sruli profesori<br />

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali ar moicavs raime saxis<br />

imperatiuli normebis CamonaTvals. magram udavoa, rom saerTa-<br />

Soriso samarTlis zogadi principebi warmoadgenen imperatiul<br />

normebs, mniSvnelovan fundamentur principebs. saerTaSoriso<br />

da erovnul normebs Soris Tanafardoba niSnavs, rom es ukanaskneli<br />

ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes moqmedi saerTaSoriso samar-<br />

Tlis normebs, anu Tavisi safuZvlebiT unda Seesabamebodes maT.<br />

amasTan, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis umetesi nawili dispozitiuri<br />

normebia, anu iseTi normebi, romlebic xelSekrulebaTa<br />

mxareebis nebis Tavisuflebas ar zRudaven da maT uflebas<br />

aZleven Tavad gansazRvron arsebuli wesisagan gansxvavebuli<br />

axali qcevis wesi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki, maTze Zveleburad<br />

gavrceldeba ukve arsebuli norma. 1<br />

saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis sferoSi saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv<br />

principebTan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisobis<br />

dadgenisas sakvanZo sakiTxs warmoadgens erovnul kanonmdeblobasa<br />

da saerTaSoriso samarTals Soris Seusabamobebis<br />

arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxi. mecnierebaSi saxelmwifo<br />

sasazRvro politikis sferoSi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis saer-<br />

TaSoriso samarTalTan Sesabamisobis problema ar Seiswavleboda.<br />

am mizeziT statiis farglebSi ganixileba saqarTveloSi<br />

dResdReobiT arsebuli rogorc samarTlebrivi, aseve, saerTa-<br />

Soriso saxelSekrulebo baza, romelic exeba saxelmwifo sasaz-<br />

Rvro politikis gatarebasa da sasazRvro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas.<br />

winamdebare statiis mizania _ saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis,<br />

saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis, gaformebuli saerTaSoriso<br />

65

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze gansazRvros maTi Sesabamisoba saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTlis principebTan.<br />

sasazRvro politika da saerTaSoriso samarTali<br />

sasazRvro politika _ moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis zogadi saxelmZRvaneloa,<br />

romelic aiolebs miznebis miRwevas. politika mimarTavs moqmedebas miznis misaRwevad an amocanis<br />

Sesasruleblad.<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvarze fizikuri pirebis, satransporto saSualebebisa da saqonlis mimosvlis<br />

zrda moiTxovs sasazRvro usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebeli subieqtebis Sesabamisi saqmianobis<br />

praqtikaSi sasazRvro kontrolTan mimarTebaSi erTiani standartebis danergvasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

Sesabamisi zomebis miRebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT aqtualuria, saxelmwifo sazRvris integrirebuli<br />

marTvis koncefciis erovnul doneze danergvisa da gamoyenebis sakiTxi. saxelmwifoSi<br />

aRniSnuli koncefcia unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis moqmed normebs.<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sasazRvro politikis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi safuZvelia<br />

saerTaSoris samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebi da normebi, romlebic mimarTulia<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvarze stabilurobisa da keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis Senar-<br />

Cunebaze. sasazRvro politikaSi saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi safuZvlebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel<br />

rols asruleben saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. maT Soris, gansakuTrebuli adgili<br />

ukavia gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, romlis erT-erTi mTavari mizania mSvidobisa da<br />

saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis SenarCuneba da saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTareba. 2<br />

gaeros wesdebam safuZveli Cauyara mniSvnelovani mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebis ganStoebuli<br />

sistemis daarsebas. swored amis bazaze SemuSavebuli da 1970 wlis 24 noembers miRebuli iqna<br />

gaeros generaluri asambleis mier deklaracia saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis Sesaxeb, 3<br />

romelic exeba saxelmwifoTa Soris megobrul urTierTobebsa da TanamSromlobas, gaeros<br />

wesdebis Sesabamisad. agreTve deklaracia principebis Sesaxeb (miRebulia evropis usafrTxoebisa<br />

da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb TaTbiris daskvniTi oqmiT, 1975 wlis 1 agvistos), romliTac<br />

wevri saxelmwifoebi xelmZRvaneloben ormxriv urTierTobebSi. 4<br />

gaeros wesdebis debulebebidan da sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo<br />

sasazRvro politikis organizaciuli da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis gansazRvrisas, „saqarTvelos<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT 5 gaTvaliswinebulia Semdegi<br />

principebis realizeba:<br />

saqarTvelos erovnuli da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;<br />

saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis, Tanabaruflebianobisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis urTierTpativiscema;<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvrebis urRvevoba;<br />

sasazRvro sakiTxebisa da incidentebis mSvidobiani gadawyveta;<br />

adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis pativiscema;<br />

ucxour saxelmwifoebTan urTierTsasargeblo yovelmxrivi TanamSromloba.<br />

saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis principebisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi normebis<br />

SedarebiTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis funqcionireba<br />

Tanamedrove pirobebSi damokidebulia urTierTmoqmedebaze saerTaSoriso samarTal-<br />

Tan.<br />

66

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi aris saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />

Tavdapirveli da urTierTdakavSirebuli normebis sistema, romelic ganzogadebuli saxiT<br />

aregulirebs saxelmwifoTa da sxva saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebis moqmedebebs saerTa-<br />

Soriso urTierTobebis yvela sferoSi, romlebsac aqvT imperatiuli xasiaTi da koncentrirebulad<br />

gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTad Sinaarssa da mizanmimarTulebas.<br />

ZiriTadi principebi warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze zogad normebs, romlebic<br />

gansazRvraven mis mTavar Sinaarssa da maxasiaTebel Tvisebebs, romlebic sargebloben umaRlesi<br />

politikuri, moraluri da iuridiuli avtoritetiT. principebi asaxaven da ganamtkiceben<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs. Tavis erTobliobaSi principebi<br />

saxelmwifoTa zogadi uflebebisa da valdebulebebis qartias warmoadgenen.<br />

saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos statusis mopovebis Semdeg, ikveTeba saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTlis normebis implementaciis erovnuli meqanizmebis formireba. amasTan, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />

samarTlebrivi sistema aRiqvams saerTaSoriso samarTals ara rogorc gansakuTrebul<br />

sistemas, aramed misi normebis Sinaarss. Sedegad, Sesabamisi normebi inarCuneben TavianT<br />

statuss saerTaSoriso samarTalSi da ar ganicdian raime saxis cvlilebebs. am normebis safuZvelze<br />

iqmneba Sida samarTlis normebi. amaSi mdgomareobs inkorporaciis, saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />

normebis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi CarTvis procesis arsi.<br />

erovnul samarTalSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis gamoyeneba moiTxovs mis Sesabamobas<br />

dadgenil saerTaSoriso standartebTan.<br />

saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebisa da<br />

saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba urTierTdakavSirebuli politikuri,<br />

diplomatiuri, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi, policiuri, informaciuli da sxva kompleqsuri<br />

saSualebebis realizebiT, romlebic mimarTulia piris, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos uSiSroebasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli Sida da gare riskebis, gamowvevebisa da saSiSroebis gamovlenis aRkveTasa<br />

da neitralizaciaze, aseve, saqarTvelos erovnul interesebze zaralis miyenebis aRkveTaze an<br />

misi masStabebis minimumamde dayvanaze. arsebuli resursebis koncentraciis xarisxi da gamoyenebis<br />

moculoba ganisazRvreba saqarTveloze konkretuli safrTxeebis zemoqmedebis albaTobisa<br />

da xarisxis mixedviT, aseve, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis realuri SesaZleblobebidan<br />

gamomdinare.<br />

rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis mimarTulebas, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo<br />

aris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis aqtiuri subieqti, aris saerTaSoriso da evropuli<br />

usafrTxoebis donori, romelic xelmZRvanelobs urTierTpativiscemis, Tanasworuflebianobisa<br />

da samarTlianobis principebiT.<br />

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis dadgenisas, romlebic safuZvlad udevs<br />

gaeros, mis wesdebaSi erT-erTi pirvelia saxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tanasworobis principi.<br />

aRniSnuli principi aseve, mTeli saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvelia, romlis maxasiaTebeli<br />

Tvisebebi upirveles yovlisa, ganisazRvreba imiT, rom mis subieqtebs Tanasworuflebiani da<br />

suverenuli saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenen.<br />

suverenitetis urTierTpativiscemis principis realizeba niSnavs, rom TiToeuli saxelmwifo<br />

valdebulia pativi sces sxva saxelmwifoTa suverenitets, anu maT uflebas TavianTi teritoriis<br />

farglebSi ganaxorcielon sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba, garedan<br />

Caurevlad, aseve, Tavad awarmoon sagareo politika. suvereniteti aRiqmeba rogorc qveynis<br />

SigniT saxelmwifos sruli xelisufleba da garedan damoukidebloba. saxelmwifo sargeblobs<br />

suverenitetiT miuxedavad misi teritoriis sididisa, mosaxleobis raodenobisa da politikuri<br />

reJimisa. 6<br />

67

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

saxelmwifos suverenitets aqvs ekonomikuri, politikuri da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi.<br />

saxelmwifos suverenitetis ekonomikur safuZvels warmoadgens teritoriebis floba, romelic<br />

gansazRvrulia sakuTrebis uflebiT, kulturuli memkvidreobiTa da sxva faqtorebiT. suverenitetis<br />

politikuri safuZvelia Camoyalibebuli stabiluri saxelmwifos arseboba, saTanadod<br />

ganviTarebuli politikuri xelisuflebis organizaciis arseboba. suverenitetis samarTlebriv<br />

safuZvels warmoadgens konstitucia, kanonmdebloba, saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod<br />

aRiarebuli principebi, romlebic afiqsireben saxelmwifoTa Tanasworuflebianobas, maT teritoriul<br />

urRvevobas, Sida da sagareo saqmeebSi Caurevlobas, erebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebas<br />

da sxva.<br />

saxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tanasworoebis principi rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis principi<br />

pirvelad, gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlSi damkvidrda, romlis Tanaxmad: „organizacia daarsebulia<br />

misi yvela wevris suverenuli Tanasworobis principiT~. 7<br />

sasazRvro politikis erovnuli da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebi<br />

„saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvrulia, rom „saqarTvelos<br />

sasazRvro politikas, rogorc saqarTvelos damoukideblobis, saxelmwifo suverenitetisa<br />

da teritoriuli mTlianobis uzrunvelyofis politikis Semadgenel nawils, gansazRvravs<br />

saqarTvelos parlamenti. saqarTvelos prezidenti, saqarTvelos, afxazeTisa da aWaris<br />

avtonomiuri respublikebis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis<br />

aRmasrulebeli organoebi uzrunvelyofen saqarTvelos sasazRvro politikis<br />

ganxorcielebas saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli kompetenciis farglebSi. saqarTvelo<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvris dadgenisas, saxelmwifo sazRvarTan dakavSirebiT sxva saxelmwifoebTan<br />

urTierTobaTa regulirebisas sasazRvro zonasa da sasazRvro zolSi, saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze<br />

saerTaSoriso mimosvlis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebisas xelmZRvanelobs Semdegi principebiT:<br />

a) saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa; b) urTierTxelsayreli<br />

da yovelmxrivi TanamSromloba sxva saxelmwifoebTan; g) saxelmwifo suverenitetis, teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobisa da saxelmwifo sazRvrebis urRvevobis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTlis principebisa da normebis dacva; d) sasazRvro davis mSvidobiani gadawyveta.<br />

saqarTvelo mosazRvre saxelmwifoebTan sasazRvro sakiTxebs wyvets urTierTmegobrobisa da<br />

keTilmezoblobis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos konstituciis, saqarTvelos sxva sakanonmdeblo<br />

aqtebis, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisad~. 8<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, aravis aqvs ufleba saxelmwifos waarTvas suvereniteti,<br />

misi teritorebi da bunebrivi resursebi. samxedro okupaciis SemTxvevaSic ki, okupanti saxelmwifos<br />

suvereniteti ar vrceldeba misi samxedro Zalebis mier dakavebul teritoriaze.<br />

suverenuli Tanasworebis principis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa uzrunvelyos yvela saxelmwifos<br />

iuridiulad Tanaswori monawileoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, miuxedavad ekonomikuri,<br />

socialuri, politikuri an sxva xasiaTis sxvaobebisa. vinaidan saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso<br />

urTierTobebis Tanabaruflebiani monawileebi arian, yoveli maTgani sargeblobs principulad<br />

erTnairi uflebebiTa da valdebulebebiT.<br />

teritoriuli mTlianoba saxelmwifoebriobis aucilebeli piroba da suverenitetis erTerTi<br />

safuZvelia. saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebi ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo sazRvriT. „saqarTvelos<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb~ aqtSi damkvidrebulia debuleba,<br />

rom „saqarTvelos suverenuli respublikis teritoria erTiani da ganuyofelia. mis<br />

teritoriaze uzenaesia mxolod saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucia da xelisufleba. yoveli<br />

68

qmedeba, mimarTuli saqarTvelos respublikis xelisuflebis uzenaesobis SezRudvis an teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobis darRvevisaken, CaiTvleba suverenuli saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevad<br />

da agresiad, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis uxeS darRvevad~. 9<br />

saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis principi niSnavs, rom saxelmwifoebi valdebulni<br />

arian Tavi Seikavon sxva saxelmwifos teritoriis yovelgvari samxedro da sxva xelyofisagan,<br />

aseve, misi aneqsiisagan. yovel saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs miiRos saWiro zomebi Tavisi teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobis dacvisaTvis mis xelT arsebuli yvela SesaZleblobis gamoyenebiT. agresiis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, mas ufleba aqvs da unda daicvas Tavi, anu agresors gauwios samxedro winaaRmdegoba<br />

moigerios agresori, aseve, daxmarebisaTvis mimarTos sxva saxelmwifoebs.<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvris urRvevobis principi gulisxmobs Camoyalibebuli, realurad arsebuli<br />

sazRvrebis aRiarebas, rig saerTaSoriso aqtSi aisaxa, maT Soris, 1970 wlis gaeros saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTlis deklaraciaSi, sadac aRniSnulia: „wevri saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTis sazRvrebs ganixilaven<br />

rogorc urRvevs, iseve rogorc evropis yvela saxelmwifos sazRvrebs, amitom amJamad da<br />

momavalSic Tavs Seikaveben yvela am sazRvrebis yovelgvari xelyofisagan~, es principi aseve,<br />

aisaxa evropaSi TanamSromlobisa da usafrTxoebis TaTbiris daskvniT aqtSi (1975 w., q. helsinki).<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvrebis urRvevobis principi saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs daicvan saxelmwifo<br />

sazRvris dadgenili xazi da ar dauSvan misi TviTneburi Secvla.<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris dadgenas win uZRvoda rigi movlenebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia<br />

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebasTan, upirvelesad, 1991 wels umaRlesi sabWos mier<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo damoukideblobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb 10 miRebuli deklaracia. umaRlesma<br />

sabWom gamoacxada damoukidebloba, respublikis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis suvereniteti misi<br />

teritoriis farglebSi, misi kanonebis uzenaesoba da sagareo politikuri damoukidebloba.<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvris dadgenisa da gavlebis ZiriTadi principebi da aRniSvnasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

ZiriTadi moTxovnebi pirvelad dadginda 1996 wlis saqarTvelos kanoniT „saqarTvelos<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb~.<br />

samwuxarod, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari dadgenilia mxolod TurqeTis respublikasTan<br />

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirisa da TurqeTs Soris gaformebuli 1926<br />

wlis 8 seqtembris xelSekrulebiT sabWoTa kavSir-TurqeTis saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb.<br />

momijnave saxelmwifoebs sazRvris demarkaciisas an redemarkaciis dros SeuZliaT gacvalon<br />

patara da ekvivalenturi teritoriis nakveTebi, rodesac Cndeba sazRvris xazis gasworebis<br />

aucilebloba calkeul monakveTebze. amasTan, axali sazRvris gavlebis safuZveli gaTvaliswinebulia<br />

saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelSeuxeblobis saerTaSoriso principiT.<br />

„saxelmwifos sazRvrebis Secvla SesaZlebelia mxolod dainteresebuli qveynebis interesebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze e.i. Tanasworuflebiani SeTanxmebis Sedegad~. 11 sasazRvro sakiTxebis<br />

mSvidobiani gadawyvetis principis realizeba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvis<br />

amocanebis Sesrulebis dros, rodesac mis calkeul monakveTebze SesaZloa gaCndes sasazRvro<br />

winaaRmdegobebi, romelTa mougvarebloba destabilizacias iwvevs sasazRvro urTierTobebSi<br />

saqarTvelos momijnave qveynebTan.<br />

saxelmwifoTaSorisi sasazRvro winaaRmdegobebi ZiriTadad, mJRavndeba sasazRvro davebis,<br />

incidentebisa da konfliqtebis saxiT. gaeros wesdeba adgens, rom „gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis<br />

yvela wevri saerTaSoriso davebs gadaWris mSvidobiani saSualebebiT imgvarad, rom<br />

ar Seuqmnas saSiSroeba saerTaSoriso mSvidobas, usafrTxoebasa da samarTlianobas~. gaeros<br />

wesdebis 33 muxli 12 moicavs tradiciul, saxelmwifoTa mravalwliani praqtikiT dadgenil saer-<br />

TaSoriso davebisa an davebis warmomSobi situaciebis mSvidobiani gziT gadamwyvet saSualebebs<br />

(molaparakeba, Suamavloba, Serigeba, arbitraJi da sxva).<br />

69

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

davebis gadawyvetis mSvidobiani saSualebebi arsebiTad, SeiZleba daiyos or kategoriad:<br />

saSualebebi, romelTa Sedegs warmoadgenen davebTan dakavSirebuli mxareebis mimarT momzadebuli<br />

rekomendaciebi, romlebic iuridiulad ar aris maTTvis savaldebulo da saSualebebi,<br />

romelTa Sedegs warmoadgenen gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic iuridiulad savaldebuloa davaSi<br />

myofi mxareebisaTvis.<br />

rogorc wesi, incidentebis gadawyveta xdeba sazRvris konkretul monakveTze saxelmwifoTa<br />

sasazRvro samsaxuris organoebis meSveobiT qveynis samxedro/SeiaraRebuli Zalebis policiuri<br />

struqturebis CarTvis gareSe. sasazRvro incidentis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria ar daiSvas<br />

misi sasazRvro konfliqtSi CarTva, xolo sasazRvro konfliqtis _ SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi<br />

an lokalur omSi gadazrda.<br />

saqarTvelo ikavebs iseT pozicias, rom yvela sasazRvro sakiTxebis gadaWra SesaZlebelia<br />

mSvidobiani gziT. warmoSobili sasazRvro incidentic (konfliqtic) ki, operatiulad unda iqnas<br />

lokalizebuli, xolo Semdeg gadawydes mSvidobiani gziT, upirveles yovlisa, molaparakebebisa<br />

da urTierTkompromisis gziT, romelic iTvaliswinebs yvela konfliqturi mxaris interesebs.<br />

saqarTvelos sasazRvro sakiTxebis mSvidobianad gadawyvetis mizniT sasazRvro teritoriebze<br />

xorcieldeba zomebi, romlebic mimarTulia ekonomikur, socialur-politikur, ekologiur,<br />

aseve, mosaxleobis sxva pirobebis gaumjobesebaze; saxelmwifo urTierTobebSi tendenciebisa<br />

da axali movlenebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo sazRvris saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi gaformebis<br />

mudmiv gaumjobesebaze; saxelmwifo sazRvarze urTierTmoqmedi saxelmwifoebis interesebis<br />

ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo sazRvrisa da sasazRvro reJimis gatarebaze; sasazRvro<br />

warmomadgenlebis muSaobis gaumjobesebasa da uflebamosilebis gazrdaze; saxelmwifo sazRvris<br />

dacvis formebisa da meTodebis mudmiv srulyofaze da momijnave saxelmwofoTa sasazRvro<br />

uwyebebs Soris mudmivi TanamSromlobis SenarCunebaze.<br />

saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis gatarebaSi erT-erT prioritetul adgils ikavebs adamianisa<br />

da moqalaqis uflebebis pativiscemis principi.<br />

adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemis principi pirvelad, 1945 wels, gaeros wesdebis miRebisas<br />

damkvidrda, romlis pirveli muxlis me-3 punqtSi dadgenilia, rom gaeros erT-erTi amocanaa<br />

saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba „adamianis uflebebisa da yvelasaTvis, ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis<br />

waxalisebiT, miuxedavad rasisa, sqesisa, enisa da religiisa~.<br />

adamianisa da saqarTvelos moqalaqis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi Camoyalibebulia<br />

qveynis konstituciaSi. ZiriTadi kanonis me-7 muxli acxadebs, rom `saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs<br />

adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes<br />

adamianur Rirebulebebs. xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRuduli<br />

arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT~. 13<br />

saqarTvelos konstituciis mniSvnelovani debulebaa me-6 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, „saqarTvelos<br />

kanonmdebloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa<br />

da normebs. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba<br />

saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />

normatiuli aqtebis mimarT~. 14<br />

yvela uflebebi, romlebic Camoyalibebulia saerTaSoriso dokumentebsa da saqarTvelos<br />

kanonmdeblobaSi aris ganuyofeli. termini „adamianis uflebebi~ aseve, asaxavs saqarTvelos<br />

moqalaqis Tavisuflebebs.<br />

saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis ganxorcieleba dakavSirebulia kanonisa da wesrigis, saxelmwifo<br />

sazRvarze da sasazRvro sivrceSi kanonierebis dacvis aucileblobasTan adamianisa da<br />

moqalaqis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacviT.<br />

70

„saqarTvelos sasazRvro policiis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 muxlis Sesabamisad,<br />

„sasazRvro policiis saqmianoba emyareba kanonierebis, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis<br />

dacvis, marTlzomierebis, sajaroobis, agreTve aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan, adgilobrivi<br />

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebTan da sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis principebs~.<br />

amave kanonis me-19 muxlis me-5 punqtis Tanaxmad, „sasazRvro policia piris Sesaxeb informacias<br />

gadascems saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv organizacias, Tu es aucilebelia:<br />

a) sasazRvro policiisaTvis dakisrebuli amocanebis Sesasruleblad;<br />

b) sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis an adamianis uflebebis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad~.<br />

15<br />

moqalaqes, romelic Tvlis, rom Tanamdebobis pirebis moqmedebebma an umoqmedobam gamoiwvia<br />

misi uflebebis, Tavisuflebebis da kanonieri interesebis Selaxva, ufleba aqvs maT winaaRmdeg<br />

Seitanos sarCeli Semdeg zemdgom organoebSi: Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi, prokuraturaSi da<br />

sasamarTloSi.<br />

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mxridan sazRvrispira regionebSi mcxovrebi da sameurneo,<br />

aseve, sxva samuSaoebiT dakavebul pirTa mimarT konstituciiT dadgenili uflebebis ugulebelyofa<br />

xels uwyobs sxvadasxva incidentebis warmoSobas, qmnis arajansaR zneobriv atmosferos.<br />

saxelmwifos erovnuli interesebi mdgomareobs ara mxolod konstituciuri wyobis, suverenitetis<br />

da teritoriuli urRvevobis dacvaSi, aseve, erovnuli siZlieris zrdasa da erovnuli uSiSroebis<br />

gamowvevebis dasustebaSi, aramed saxelmwifos teritoriis perimetrze keTilmezoblobis<br />

sartyelis SeqmnaSi, urTierTsasargeblo partniorobis safuZvelze Tanasworuflebiani<br />

saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofaSi.<br />

saerTaSoriso sasazRvro TanamSromloba<br />

saerTaSoriso sasazRvro TanamSromloba aris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mimarTuleba<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis realizebaSi, romelic bolo periodSi iZens<br />

ufro farTo perspeqtivebs.<br />

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis farglebSi wydeba saqarTvelos sasazRvro politikis amocanebi,<br />

romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia:<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis uzrunvelyofisaTvis pirobebis<br />

Seqmna, misi sasazRvro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi kuTxiT dadgena da damkvidreba;<br />

saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSromloba samxedro safrTxis, krizisebisa da saqarTvelos sasaz-<br />

Rvro sivrceSi konfliqtebis aridebaze.<br />

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso sazRvrispira TanamSromloba upiratesad moicavs ormxriv vaWrobas,<br />

investiciebis mozidvas da erToblivi sainvesticio proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, ur-<br />

TierTdamatebiTi sawarmoebis Seqmnas, magram aseve, SesaZloa ganxorcieldes sxva mimarTulebiTac<br />

(bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebaze erTiani standartebis dacva, wyalsacavebis, sxva<br />

bunebrivi resursebis, komunikaciebisa da nagebobebis erToblivi gamoyenebis sakiTxebis gadawyveta,<br />

urTierTdaxmareba sagangebo situaciebsa da stiqiuri ubedurebebis dros, sxvadasxva<br />

71

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

samarTaldarRvevebis aRkveTasa da profilaqtikaze Zalisxmevis koordinacia, humanitaruli<br />

kontaqtebi).<br />

saqarTvelos problemebis gadawyvetis farglebSi, romlebic warmoiSva saxelmwifo sasazRvro<br />

politikis realizebis procesSi, dadebulia sasazRvro sakiTxebze ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi<br />

SeTanxmebebi mraval saxelmwifosTan, romelTa klasifikacia pirobiTad SesaZlebelia sam jgufze.<br />

pirvel jgufs ganekuTvneba xelSekrulebebi, romlebic afuZneben saxelmwifo sazRvris reJimis<br />

regulirebisa da mxardaWeris safuZvlebs. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebi ideba momijnave<br />

saxelmwifoebs Soris sazRvarze stabilurobis SenarCunebis, sazRvrispira regionebSi simSvidis,<br />

TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis momdevno gamyarebisa da ganviTarebis mizniT. amaTSi<br />

detalurad daregulirebulia sakiTxebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia saxelmwifo sazRvris xazis<br />

gavlebasTan, sasazRvro niSnebis aRvniSnasa da aRdgenasTan (maTi kontrolis, movlis, remontis<br />

da sxva), saxelmwifo sazRvris gadakveTasTan, sasazRvro wylebsa da sazRvris gadamkveTi sarkinigzo<br />

da saavtomobilo gzebis, aseve, sakomunikacio nagebobebis gamoyenebasTan, sasazRvro<br />

warmomadgenlebis statusis damkvidrebasTan. magaliTad, TurqeT-saqarTvelos Soris saerTa-<br />

Soriso samarTlebrivi baza moicavs: 1921 wlis 16 marti _ moskovis xelSekruleba (yarsis xelSekrulebis<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi safuZveli); 1921 wlis 13 oqtomberi _ yarsis xelSekruleba<br />

(xelSekrulebis me-4 muxlis Sesabamisad, dgindeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari);<br />

1926 wlis 8 seqtemberi _ generaluri oqmi (saxelmwifo sazRvris demarkacia); 1967 wlis 28 Tebervali<br />

_ ankaris oqmi (saxelmwifo sazRvris redemarkaciis Catarebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi<br />

safuZveli).<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvris reJimis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli wesebi, saxelmwifos<br />

da momijnave qveynis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba ar iqnas dadgenili, gaTvaliswinebul<br />

iqnas saxelmwifo sazRvris gamartivebuli reJimi.<br />

meore jgufs ganekuTvneba xelSekrulebebi, romlebic daido sasazRvro gamtari punqtebis<br />

gamtarianobis gazrdisa da saxelmwifo sazRvris fizikuri pirebis, satransporto saSualebebisa<br />

da saqonlis mier gadakveTisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnis mizniT, aseve, calkeul qveynebTan<br />

saxelmwifo sazRvris gadakveTis gamartivebis mizniT.<br />

mesame jgufs ganekuTvneba SeTanxmebebi saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan erToblivi proeqtebisa<br />

da programebis farglebSi sasazRvro sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. dReisaTvis „aRmosavleT partniorobis~<br />

saflagmano iniciativis farglebSi mimdinareobs „sazRvris integrirebuli marTvis~<br />

Sesaxeb axali saproeqto winadadebebis erToblivi SemuSaveba. am mimarTulebiT prioritetulad<br />

iTvleba saqarTvelos sazRvris dacvaze pasuxismgebeli organoebis urTierTmoqmedeba evrokav-<br />

Siris sasazRvro saagentosTan _ „fronteqsTan~. 2008 wlis 4 dekembrs, xeli moewera „SeTanxmebas<br />

evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoTa gare sazRvrebze operatiuli TanamSromlobis marTvis evropul<br />

saagentosa (FRONTEX) da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Soris TanamSromlobis<br />

Sesaxeb~. aRniSnuli dokumentis safuZvelze SeTanxmda „evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoTa gare<br />

sazRvrebze operatiuli TanamSromlobis marTvis evropul saagentosa (FRONTEX) da saqarTvelos<br />

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Soris 2010-2012 wlebSi TanamSromlobis gegma~. gegma iTvaliswinebs<br />

TanamSromlobas sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT (personalis momzadeba, riskebis analizi,<br />

informaciis gacvla da sxva), agreTve saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sazRvris dacvaze<br />

pasuxismgebeli Sesabamisi struqturuli danayofebis monawileobas `fronteqsis~ mier organizebul<br />

RonisZiebebSi, proeqtebSi, swavlebebSi, aseve, erTobliv operaciebSi da sxva proeqtebSi.<br />

agreTve moqmedebs evrokavSiris samxreT kavkasiaSi sazRvris integrirebuli marTvis<br />

programa (SC IBM), romelic 2009 wels daiwyo da misi mizania sazRvris integrirebuli marTvis<br />

72

sistemebis ganviTreba saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi. programas afinansebs evrokav-<br />

Siri da axorcieleben UNDP, ICMPD da evrokavSiris partniori wevri saxelmwifoebis Sesabamisi<br />

uwyebebi.<br />

„saqarTvelosa da nato-s Soris werilebis gacvlis gziT dasadebi SeTanxmebis~ proeqti (Crdiloatlantikuri<br />

sabWos gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos mier xmelTaSua zRvaSi sazRvao operaciebSi<br />

mxardaWeris aRmoCenis Taobaze, romlebic xorcieldeba operacia ACTIVE ENDEAVOUR~-is<br />

(OAE) formatSi, SeTanxmebuli procedurebisa da 2006 wlis 19 ivlisiT daTariRebuli werilis<br />

Sesabamisad) ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2008 wlis 15 ivlisis #2<strong>34</strong> dadgenilebiT.<br />

mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobis farglebSi gaformebulia: a) 2001 wlis „SeTanxmeba Savi zRvis<br />

samxedro-sazRvao TanamSromlobis jgufis daarsebis Sesaxeb~ (ratificirebulia saqarTvelos<br />

parlamentis 21.06.2002 wlis #1572-I I s dadgenilebiT); b) 2002 wlis „SeTanxmeba Sav zRvaze samxedro-sazRvao<br />

sferoSi ndobisa da usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis zomebis Sesaxeb~; g) 2006 wlis 8<br />

noembris „SeTanxmeba SavizRvispira qveynebis sasazRvro/sanapiro dacvis uwyebebs Soris TanamSromlobis<br />

Sesaxeb~.<br />

daskvna<br />

warmodgenili masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia ganvsazRroT sasazRvro<br />

politikis cneba. sasazRvro politika _ saxelmwifo politikis gansakuTrebuli nawilia, romelic<br />

moicavs programis an garkveuli saqmianobis mimarTulebas, xerxebisa da meTodebis erTobliobas,<br />

aseve, uflebamosili subieqtis mier specialuri interesebis realizacias gansazRvruli<br />

miznebis misaRwevad. sasazRvro politika gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesia, agreTve specialuri<br />

samarTlebrivi normebis erToblioba, romlebic awesrigeben saxelmwifo sazRvris marTvasTan<br />

dakavSirebul urTierTobebs.<br />

amgvarad, saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis sferoSi arsebuli normatiulsamarTlebrivi<br />

da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi bazis Catarebuli mcire analizi gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifos<br />

samarTlebriv sistemas, iseve rogorc calkeuli qveynis ekonomikas, ar SeuZlia iarsebos Caketil<br />

sivrceSi. evropul sivrceSi integraciasTan dakavSirebuli obieqturad ganviTarebadi procesebi<br />

ufro da ufro did gavlenas axdenen erovnul samarTlebriv sistemebze. sul ufro naTeli<br />

xdeba erovnuli samarTlis normebis Seqmnis procesi. 1991 wlidan rCeba norma saqarTvelos<br />

mier saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebis aRiarebasa da masTan kanonmdeblobis<br />

SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT. amgvarad, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebi gamoiyeneba<br />

rogorc sakanonmdeblo da kanonganmtkicebis veqtori saqarTvelos sasazRvro usafrTxoebis<br />

uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.<br />

73

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni _ cnobari, (red.<br />

l. aleqsiZe) Tb., 2003, gv. 101.<br />

2<br />

ix.: d. geferiZe a. xazalia, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis samarTali,<br />

Tb., 2011, gv. 44.<br />

3<br />

http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/intlaw_principles.shtml<br />

4<br />

CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL<br />

ACT; http://www.osce.org/ru/mc/39505<br />

5<br />

saqarTvelos kanoni `saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~ https://matsne.gov.ge/<br />

index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=31966<br />

6<br />

dawvr. ix.: l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 2012,<br />

gv. <strong>34</strong>-35.<br />

7<br />

ix.: d. geferiZe a. xazalia, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis samarTali,<br />

Tb., 2011, gaeros wesdeba, gv. 152.<br />

8<br />

saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb.“<br />

https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=31966<br />

9<br />

http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis<br />

aRdgenis aqti.<br />

10<br />

http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti.<br />

11<br />

ix.: l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 2012, gv. 42.<br />

12<br />

ix.: d. geferiZe a. xazalia, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis samarTali, Tb.,<br />

2011, gaeros wesdeba, gv. 163.<br />

13<br />

saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995, https://matsne.gov.ge<br />

14<br />

iqve.<br />

15<br />

saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos sasazRvro policiis Sesaxeb”.<br />

https://matsne.gov.ge<br />

74

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL<br />

BASES OF STATE BOARDER<br />

POLICY<br />

DAVIT GEPERIDZE<br />

Doctor of Low, Full Professor<br />

Key issue when assessing the compatability of the Georgian legislation regulating<br />

state boarder policy with the international principles is to detemined whether<br />

there is conflict between national legislation and international standards. There<br />

was no practice of studying this issue scientifically. For this very reason, Article<br />

offers an overview of legislation, as well as international contracts governing<br />

state border policy, its implemnttaion and providing boarder security.<br />

Purpose of the presented Article is determine compliance of georgian legislation,<br />

state boarder policy, signed internitaonal agreements and contracts with the<br />

international principles.<br />

Conducted research of the normative and international legal framework shows<br />

that state legal system, as well as economy of certain individual countries, cannot<br />

exist seperately in closed environment. Developments taking place objectively in<br />

relation with the european integration, more and more effect national legal systems.<br />

The process of designing national legal norms becomes more and more<br />

clear. Georgia continues to enforce the norm, since 1991, enviseging recognition<br />

of internataional universal principles and complying georrgian legislation with<br />

them. Thus, universally declared principles are used as the vector of elsgislative<br />

strengthening in the area of border security.<br />

75

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

sahaero transportiT<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

samoqalaqo<br />

pasuxismgeblobisa da<br />

pasuxismgeblobisagan<br />

gaTavisuflebis<br />

safuZvlebi<br />

saqarTvelos<br />

kanonmdeblobis mixedviT<br />

Sorena gabiCvaZe<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti<br />

saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebis (magaliTad: ruseTis federacia,<br />

moldaveTi) kanonmdeblobiT, aseve varSavisa 1 da monrealis 2<br />

konvenciebiT, gadamyvan-gadamzidveli aRiarebulia rogorc<br />

tvirTis gadazidvisa da/an mgzavris gadayvanis xelSekrulebis<br />

aucilebeli mxare, romelic saerTaSoriso unificirebuli normebidan,<br />

moqmedi kanonmdeblobidan (sadac asaxulia valdebulebis<br />

jerovani Sesrulebis principi) an Tavad xelSekrulebidan<br />

gamomdinare, ufleba-movaleobebis matarebeli subieqtia. `kanoni<br />

iTxovs valdebulebis Sesrulebas jerovnad, keTilsindisierad.<br />

Sesabamisad, Tu valdebuleba ase ar sruldeba, saxezea valdebulebis<br />

darRveva.~ 3 es ki, pirdapir kavSirSia gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

pasuxismgeblobasTan. amdenad, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

pasuxismgeblobis winapiroba, mis mierve nakisri valdebulebis<br />

Seusrulebloba an arajerovani Sesrulebaa. dasaSvebia,<br />

kanonmdeblobam gansazRvros aseT winapirobaTa CamonaTvali,<br />

magram maTi srulad gansazRvra praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, ris<br />

76

gamoc kanonmdeblebi xSir SemTxvevaSi, zogadi gansazRvrebebiT Semoifarglebian. `saerTaSoriso<br />

sahaero mimosvlebi saWiroebs erTgvarovan midgomas aviagadamzidvelis materialuri<br />

pasuxismgeblobis mimarT.~ 4<br />

saqarTvelos sk-is me-12 Tavis me-2 nawili (`gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba~) aerTianebs<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis maregulirebel normebs. aRniSnuli nawilis rigiT<br />

pirvel, xolo kodeqsis 686-e muxlSi, romlis saTauria `cneba, Sinaarsi~, saubaria gadamyvangadamzidvelis<br />

mxolod tvirTTan mimarTebaSi pasuxismgeblobaze da aseTi pasuxismgeblobis<br />

gamomricxvel garemoebebze. rac Seexeba gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mgzavrTan mimarTebaSi pasuxismgeblobas<br />

da aseTi pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis sakiTxs, amis Sesaxeb saubaria kodeqsis<br />

669-e muxlSi, romelic aseve, saTaurdeba rogorc `gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba~. dasaxelebuli<br />

muxli ar aris moqceuli kodeqsis me-12 Tavis me-2 nawilSi, anu gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

pasuxismgeblobis maregulirebel normebs Soris. ikveTeba sakanonmdeblo teqnikis problema,<br />

romlis daZlevisaTvis saWiroa normaTa inkorporaciul-kodifikaciuri gadamuSaveba. sworia<br />

kodeqsSi pasuxismgeblobis damdgeni da ganmsazRvreli normebis calke nawilad gaerTianeba,<br />

magram am nawilis saTauri unda iyos `gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba~ da moicavdes,<br />

rogorc tvirTis mimarT, aseve, mgzavris mimarT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis momwesrigebel<br />

normebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sk-is 669-e muxli, mis mimarT iuridiuli interesis dakargvis<br />

gamo, amoRebul unda iqnes.<br />

saqarTvelos sk-gan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsSi gamijnulia gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis pirobebi saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi gadayvana-gadazidvebis<br />

dros. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba amave kodeqsiT,<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebiTa da saqarTvelos mier ucxo saxelmwifoebTan dadebuli<br />

xelSekrulebebiT. bunebrivia, ZiriTadi aqcenti monrealis konvenciaze keTdeba, rac saqarTvelos<br />

Sida sakanonmdeblo normebis masTan misadagebis kidev erTi safuZvelia. meore SemTxvevaSi<br />

ki, am kodeqsiTa da saqarTvelos sxva, Sida sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT. kodeqsi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

pasuxismgeblobas cal-calke muxlebSi ar gamijnavs mgzavrisa da tvirTis mixedviT,<br />

rac Cveni azriT, saWiroa ganxorcieldes. amasTan, samarTlis normaTa sistematizaciis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

aq arsebuli analogiuri xasiaTis problemebi aRmofxvril unda iqnes. rf-is kanonmdeblobis<br />

Tanaxmad, tvirTis gadazidvis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadawyveta xdeba<br />

rf-is sk-is da masTan erTad satransporto dargSi miRebuli kanonebisa da kanonqvemdebare<br />

normatiuli aqtebis, wesdebebisa da debulebebis gamoyenebiT, sadac aseve, gansazRvrulia<br />

rogorc pasuxismgeblobis, ise misgan gaTavisuflebis safuZvlebi. tvirTis gadazidvasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

valdebulebebi eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis<br />

saerTo wesebs mxolod im zomiT, rac gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris am sakiTxebze gamocemuli<br />

satransporto normatiuli aqtebiT.<br />

uzbekeTis respublikis sk icnobs xelSekrulebis mxareTa pasuxismgeblobis zogad safuZvlebs,<br />

rogorc wesi, valdebulebaTa Seusruleblobis an arajerovani Sesrulebis saxiT, rac<br />

eqvemdebareba samarTlebriv regulirebas amave qveynis kanonmdeblobisa da mxareTa xelSekrulebis<br />

Sesabamisad, xolo saerTaSoriso gadayvana-gadazidvebisas, aseve, gamoiyeneba uzbekeTisaTvis<br />

Sesasruleblad savaldebulo saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi. somxeTis respublikis sk<br />

sainteresoa im mxriv, rom xelSekrulebis werilobiT gaformebis Semdgom, imave zogadi safuZvliT,<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis momwesrigebel normebad asaxelebs<br />

xelSekrulebas, Tu Sida saxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobiT sxva rame ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />

ufro konkretulad, uzbekeTis respublikis sk-is Tanaxmad, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelma SeiZleba<br />

pasuxi agos mgzavris gadayvanis xelSekrulebis darRvevisaTvis, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos<br />

77

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

mgzavris janmrTelobis dazianebaSi an mis gardacvalebaSi an dagvianebiT gadayvanaSi. bargis<br />

da/an tvirTis gadazidvis xelSekrulebis darRvevisaTvis _ bargis da/an tvirTis nawilobriv<br />

an mTlianad dazianebaSi an dakargvaSi, miuwodeblobaSi an dagvianebiT miwodebaSi. kanonmdebeli<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvels avaldebulebs gaataros yvela RonisZieba, raTa ar warmoiSvas misi<br />

pasuxismgeblobis romelime zemoT dasaxelebuli safuZveli. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi<br />

valdebuli xdeba misi bralis Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis mizniT, amtkicos aseT<br />

RonisZiebaTa gatarebis SeuZlebloba. aqac, pasuxismgeblobis ZiriTadi principi gadamyvangadamzidvelis<br />

braleulobaa. kanonmdebloba mas akisrebs mtkicebis valdebulebasac, rac cxadia,<br />

missave interesebs emsaxureba. saqarTvelos sk-is analogiurad, vidre damtkicebuli ar<br />

iqneba pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli garemoeba, ivaraudeba, rom tvirTis dazianeba, dakargva<br />

an dagvianebiT miwodeba gadazidvis procesSi moxda. Tumca, am sakiTxSi qarTveli kanonmdeblisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, uzbeki kanonmdebeli ufro loialuri aRmoCnda, ganacxada ra, rom<br />

pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli gadazidvis procesSi warmoiSva. amiT man Seqmna samarTlebrivi davis<br />

safuZveli braleuli piris gamokveTasTan dakavSirebiT. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma ki, pirdapir<br />

ganacxada, rom imave situaciaSi CaiTvleba, rom ziani gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mizeziTaa<br />

gamowveuli, Sesabamisad, cxadia, zianis anazRaurebis pretenzia udavod masve waeyeneba. vTvliT,<br />

rom am SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli kanonmdebeli ufro mkacri aRmoCnda, ris gamoc SesaZlebelia<br />

sawinaaRmdegos damtkicebamde gadamyvan-gadamzidvels mouwios zianis anazRaureba, rac sawinaaRmdegos<br />

damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa aRmoCndes usamarTlo da obieqturobas moklebuli.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveli kanonmdebeli aseT mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenil gadamyvangadamzidvels,<br />

zogadi samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze, saSualebas aZlevs idavos regresis<br />

wesiT, mainc gaumarTleblad migvaCnia samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevis arasruli Semadgenlobisas<br />

(mxedvelobaSia, braleuli piris gamokveTis problema) gadamyvan-gadamzidvelisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis<br />

dakisreba. 5 safrangeTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, 6 dakargvis da dazianebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

gadamzidveli orientirebulia Sedegze, magram Cavardnis albaToba dasaSvebia. Tumca,<br />

mgzavris gadayvanis SemTxvevaSi ZalaSi rCeba Sedegze orientirebuli midgoma, ra drosac Cavardnis<br />

albaToba gamoricxulia. inglisuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, 7 sawinaaRmdego wesi arsebobs.<br />

gadamzidveli valdebulia garkveuli Zalisxmeva gaswios mgzavrebis gadasarCenad, magram<br />

albaToba rom zarali, an msxverpli yofiliyo, dasaSvebia. ufro metic, Tu damtkicdeboda, rom<br />

zarali, msxverpli gamowveuli iyo uflis nebiT, ubeduri SemTxveviT, maSin is pasuxismgeblobisagan<br />

Tavisufldeboda. es sxvaoba inglissa da safrangeTs Soris asaxavs maT sxvadasxva<br />

damokidebulebas pirovnebebisa da nivTebis mimarT. germanuli kanonmdeblobis 8 mixedviT ki,<br />

gadamzidveli nebismier SemTxvevaSi iyo pasuxismgebeli.<br />

varSavis konvencia aseve, iTvaliswinebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis ganmsaz-<br />

Rvrel normebs mgzavris sikvdilis an sxeulis dazianebis, tvirTis an bargis dakargvis, dazianebis<br />

an ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi, aseve, mgzavris gadayvanis, tvirTis an bargis gadazidvis<br />

dayovnebisaTvis.<br />

sasamarTlo praqtikidan: kanadaSi ganxilul iqna samoqalaqo sarCeli 50000 aSS dolaris<br />

Rirebulebis integraluri mikrosqemebis dakargvis faqtTan dakavSirebiT, sadac mosarCele<br />

iTxovda zianis anazRaurebas mopasuxe gadamzidvelisagan. es ukanaskneli sarCels ar cnobda<br />

da Tavis pozicias amyarebda varSavis konvenciis 26-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul, mosarCelis<br />

mier dauyovnebliv Setyobinebis valdebulebis Seusruleblobaze. amavdroulad miiCnevda, rom<br />

misi pasuxismgebloba amave konvenciis pirobebis Sesabamisad, unda SezRuduliyo. mosarCele<br />

acxadebda, rom mas zarali miadga gadamzidvelis ganzraxi braliT da rom es cudi qceva (gulisxmobda<br />

tvirTis moparvas) varSavis konvenciis 25-e muxliT unda dakvalificirebuliyo.<br />

78

protonotariam ar gaiziara mosarCelis argumenti da CaTvala, rom gadamzidvelma ubralod<br />

dakarga tvirTi. aseve, miuTiTa, rom mosarCelis mier Setyobinebis valdebuleba Sesrulebuli<br />

ar iyo. amasTan, aRniSna mtkicebulebis ararseboba, Tu sad, rodis da rogor moxda tvirTis<br />

dakargva da varSavis konvenciis me-18 muxlze dayrdnobiT SezRuda mopasuxe gadamzidvelis<br />

pasuxismgebloba. mosarCelis Semdgomi mimarTva federaluri sasamarTlosaTvis da saapelacio<br />

federaluri sasamarTlosaTvis varSavis konvenciis me-18 muxlis me-3 punqtze miTiTebiT,<br />

warumatebeli aRmoCnda, radgan orive doneze miCneul iqna, rom saqmeze varaudi sworad iqna<br />

gamoyenebuli. 9<br />

rf-is sk-iT gansazRvruli ar aris tvirTis gadazidvis vadis darRvevis gamo pasuxismgeblobis<br />

sakiTxi, gansxvavebiT rf-is sk-is 795-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli mgzavris gagzavnis<br />

dayovnebisa da satransporto saSualebis dagvianebiT wardgenis gamo pasuxismgeblobisagan.<br />

amdenad, tvirTis sahaero gadazidvebis ganxorcielebisas aucilebelia aRniSnuli muxliT xelm-<br />

ZRvaneloba. mgzavris gadayvanis dayovneba praqtikaSi SesaZloa gamoiwvios sxvadasxva drois<br />

monakveTSi warmoSobilma sxvadasxva garemoebam, romelTa konkretizacias varSavis konvencia<br />

ar iTvaliswinebs. satransporto saSualebis SeTanxmebisamebr warudgenloba warmoadgens gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis erT-erT<br />

safuZvels _ somxeTis respublikis sk-is 864-e muxlis Tanaxmad, romlis gamoricxvac mxolod<br />

dauZleveli Zalis, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesisamebr, gansazRvruli mimarTulebebiT<br />

tvirTis gadazidvis SezRudvis an Sewyvetis an aseve, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul sxva SemTxvevebSia<br />

dasaSvebi. gansxvavebulia, amave kodeqsis 865-e muxli, romlis mixedviT, mgzavrebis gadamyvani<br />

satransporto saSualebis gagzavnis dayovnebisaTvis an daniSnulebis punqtSi miRebis dayovnebisaTvis<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidveli mgzavrs jarimas uxdis, Tu ver daamtkicebs, rom yovelive gamoiwvia<br />

garemoebebma, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelisagan damoukideblad. kanonmdeblis mier aq dakonkretebulia<br />

dayovnebis Sinaarsi _ Tu dayovnda satransporto saSualebis gamgzavreba an Tu<br />

mimReb aeroportSi dagvianda misi miReba. zogad valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi SefasebiT, saxezea<br />

pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli, romelic moiazrebs namdvili valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi<br />

urTierTobis, Sesrulebis vadamosulobisa da valdebulebis darRvevis, rogorc winapirobebis<br />

arsebobas. Cveni azriT, mTlianobaSi aq saubaria mgzavris dagvianebiT gadayvanaze, rac isedac<br />

pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelia. arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes imas, misi warmoSoba<br />

ganapiroba satransporto saSualebis dagvianebiT gamgzavrebam Tu miRebam. mTavaria, dagvianeba<br />

gamowveuli iyos gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis braliT. somexi kanonmdebelic saubrobs bralis principiT<br />

pasuxismgeblobaze da uSvebs misi gamoricxvis iuridiul SesaZleblobebsac.<br />

monrealis konvenciis me-18 muxlis 1-li punqti tvirTTan mimarTebaSi pasuxismgeblobas<br />

analogiurad, gadamyvan-gadamzidvels akisrebs tvirTis mTlianad an nawilobriv dakargvisa da<br />

dazianebis, aseve, tvirTis mitanis vadis gadacilebis safuZvlis arsebobisas. praqtikulad, konvenciam<br />

SeinarCuna 1975 wlis #4 oqmiseuli formulireba. mTavari maxasiaTebeli niSani, romelic<br />

am safuZvelTagan romelimes pasuxismgeblobis ganmpirobeblad miiCnevs, aris is, rom tvirTis<br />

nawilobrivi an sruli dazianeba an/da dakargva unda warmoiSvas gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier<br />

tvirTis miRebidan uflebamosili pirisaTvis Cabarebamde drois SualedSi.<br />

rf-is sahaero kodeqsi gadamyvan-gadamzidvels pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs tvirTis an bargis<br />

miuwodeblobis, dakargvis an dazianebisaTvis im momentidan, roca man gadasazidad miiRo igi da<br />

im momentamde, vidre gadasca igi uflebamosil pirs, Tu ar daamtkicebs, rom man yvela Rone<br />

ixmara zianis Tavidan asacileblad an SeuZlebeli iyo aseTi zomebis miReba. imave Sinaarsis<br />

momcvelia somxeTis respublikis sk-is 866-e muxlic. marTalia, qarTveli kanonmdebeli samarTlis<br />

normaSi, konkretulad tvirTis dakargviT, dazianebiT an mitanis vadis gadacilebiT zianis<br />

79

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

gamowvevis faqtis arsebobas xazs ar usvams, magram logikuria, TiToeuli aRniSnuli safuZvliT<br />

dakisrebuli pasuxismgebloba am safuZvlebiT gamowveul zianis anazRaurebas gulisxmobs.<br />

sasurvelia, samarTlis norma Sinaarsobrivad aqac Seivsos imdagvarad, rom gamoikveTos samoqalaqo<br />

samarTaldarRvevis sruli Semadgenloba. saqarTvelos sk-is mixedviT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvels,<br />

tvirTis gadacemisas, zemoaRniSnuli safuZvlebiT pasuxismgebloba SesaZloa daekisros<br />

mimReb tvirTis gadazidvis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, mimRebis mier sakuTari saxeliT moTxovnis<br />

SemTxvevaSi (muxli 681).<br />

qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis erT-erTi safuZvelia<br />

mis mier tvirTis gadazidvis procesSi gamgzavnis miTiTebebis Seusrulebloba an maTi Sesruleba<br />

zednadebis pirveli piris moTxovnis gareSe. pasuxismgebloba dgeba uflebamosili piris winaSe,<br />

romelic Tu vin SeiZleba iyos, kodeqsi ar ganmartavs, magram aqac logikuria, es subieqti aris<br />

an Tavad gamgzavni an misgan uflebamosili piri, romelSic SeiZleba moazrebuli iqnes Tavad<br />

mimRebic, rogorc tvirTis gadazidvis xelSekrulebaSi mesame piri im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamgzavnis<br />

miTiTebebis jerovani Sesrulebis mimarT mas raime iuridiuli interesi hqonda. garda amisa,<br />

aseTi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis qmedebis ganxorcielebiT zianis gamowveva savaldebuloa, ris<br />

Sesaxebac kanonmdebeli pirdapir uTiTebs samarTlis normaSic.<br />

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba damokidebulia uSualod<br />

mis xelSemkvrel mxaresTan SeTanxmebul pirobebze da zednadebSi maT aRiarebaze. magaliTad,<br />

saqarTvelos sk-is 676 e muxli 1-el nawilSi aRiarebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis valdebulebas<br />

Seamowmos gadasazidad miRebuli tvirTis raodenoba, niSnebi, nomrebi, tvirTisa da SefuTvis<br />

garegnuli iersaxe da arsebuli monacemebi Seitanos zednadebSi. imave muxli me-3 nawilSi gamgzavns<br />

uflebas aZlevs gadamyvan-gadamzidvels mosTxovos tvirTis wonis an sxvagvari raodenobis,<br />

aseve, tvirTis Semcvelobis Semowmeba, romlis Sedegebi zednadebSi unda aisaxos. Tu gadazidvis<br />

pirobebi zednadebSi aRniSnuli ar iqna, sapirispiros damtkicebamde ivaraudeba, rom<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier tvirTis miRebisas, tvirTi da misi SefuTva garegnulad karg<br />

mdgomareobaSi iyo da rom tvirTis calobrivi raodenoba, misi aRniSvnebi da nomrebi emTxveva<br />

zednadebSi Caweril monacemebs. amdenad, mocemul situaciaSi izrdeba gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

valdebulebebi da Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobis riski, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, roca yovelgvari<br />

damatebiTi valdebulebis dakisrebis gareSe am ukanasknels gadasazidad Caabareben tvirTs.<br />

maszea mtkicebis tvirTic, gadasazidad Cabarebul tvirTTan dakavSirebiT zianis dadgomis Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi gamokveTos Tavisi arabraleuloba da amiT gamoricxos sakuTari pasuxismgebloba, romelic<br />

advili SesaZlebelia gadatanil iqnes gamgzavnze, Tu damtkicdeba am ukanasknelis braleuloba,<br />

magaliTad, gadasazidad Cabarebuli tvirTis arasaTanado SefuTvaSi an gadamyvan-gadamzidvelisaTvis<br />

tvirTTan dakavSirebiT, arasaTanado informaciis miwodebaSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos,<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis kidev erTi konkretuli safuZvlis Sesaxeb, rac<br />

gamgzavnis mier zednadebSi aRniSnuli da TandarTuli gadamyvan-gadamzidvelisaTvis gadacemuli<br />

sabuTebis dakargvisas an araswori gamoyenebisas, zianis anazRaurebaSi gamoixateba.<br />

ramdenadac dasaSvebia gadaziduli iqnes samoqalaqo brunvaSi myofi, magram safrTxis Semcveli<br />

tvirTi, 10 saqarTvelos sk gamgzavns avaldebulebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvels miawodos sruli<br />

da zusti informacia gadasazidi tvirTis safrTxis Semcvelobis Taobaze da gaafrTxilos igi<br />

amis Sesaxeb. gamgzavnis es valdebuleba gaTvaliswinebulia ara mxolod saqarTvelos sk-is 691-e<br />

muxlSi, aramed gamomdinareobs zogadvaldebulebiTi normebidan. imave kodeqsis 318-e muxli<br />

saubrobs informaciis miwodebis valdebulebis Sesaxeb da acxadebs, rom `valdebulebidan<br />

SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes ama Tu im informaciis miRebis ufleba. informaciis gacema uzrunvelyofili<br />

unda iyos maSin, roca mas mniSvneloba aqvs valdebulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisaTvis<br />

80

da kontrahents SeuZlia sakuTari uflebis Selaxvis gareSe gasces es informacia. informaciis<br />

gacemis xarjebi valdebul pirs unda aunazRauros misma mimRebma~. amdenad, mocemuli norma<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvels uflebamosils xdis, gamgzavnisagan moiTxovos saTanado informacia<br />

tvirTis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebul unda iqnes aseve, saTanado dros. vfiqrobT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

mxridan aseTi informaciis gamoTxovis valdebuleba xels Seuwyobda tvirTis usafrTxo<br />

gadazidvas da Seamcirebs pasuxismgeblobis risks. gamgzavnis am valdebulebis Seusruleblobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, anu roca gadamyvan-gadamzidvelma tvirTis safrTxeSemcvelobis Sesaxeb araferi<br />

icoda, kodeqsi am ukanasknels uflebas aZlevs nebismier dros da adgilas gadmocalos,<br />

mospos an gaauvnebelyos tvirTi ise, rom mas zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar warmoeSoba.<br />

aSkaraa, rom kodeqsi arc Tavad am normaSi da arc sxvagan ar uTiTebs safuZvlebs, roca gadamyvangadamzidvelma<br />

es ufleba SeiZleba gamoiyenos. nebismier drosa da adgilas am uflebis<br />

realizacia, Cveni azriT, yovelTvis gamarTlebuli ver iqneba. vfiqrobT da yovel SemTxvevaSi<br />

Teoriulad dasaSvebad migvaCnia, gadamyvan-gadamzidvels zogierT SemTxvevaSi mainc mouwios<br />

mtkiceba imisa, Tu ratom, ra faqtobrivi saSiSi garemoebebis arsebobis gamo gadmocala, mospo<br />

an gaauvnebelyo tvirTi. man es rom gaakeTos, sWirdeba gadasazidi tvirTiT gamowveuli an masTan<br />

dakavSirebuli realuri faqtobrivi saSiSroeba, romlis mtkicebulebac unda hqondes, SemdgomSi<br />

pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan asarideblad. amitom, vTvliT, rom kodeqsma unda gansazRvros is<br />

safuZvlebi, roca gadamyvan-gadamzidvels mocemuli uflebis gamoyeneba SeeZleba. garda<br />

aRniSnulisa, miTiTebuli unda iyos gadamyvan-gadamzidvelisaTvis miniWebuli uflebis realizaciis<br />

Sesaxeb _ safrTxeSemcveli tvirTis gadmoclis, mospobis an gauvnebelyofis wesze.<br />

saqarTvelos sk-is mixedviT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba SesaZloa warmoSvas<br />

mesame piris SerCevis valdebulebis darRvevamac. tvirTis gadacemis xelSemSleli garemoebebis<br />

warmoSobisas an xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas uflebamosili piris gankargulebis<br />

safuZvelze, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelma tvirTi unda gadmocalos, riTac gadazidva dasrulebulad<br />

CaiTvleba da uzrunvelyos am tvirTis Senaxva. tvirTis Senaxvis valdebuleba man<br />

SesaZloa miandos mesame pirs, romlis SerCevac misi uflebaa, xolo sworad SerCeva ki, valdebuleba.<br />

arc saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi da arc saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsi ar akonkretebs,<br />

Tu ra niSan-TvisebebiT unda xasiaTdebodes mesame piri, ra kriteriumebiT unda moxdes<br />

misi SerCeva. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, migvaCnia, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier mesame piris<br />

SerCeva unda moxdes konkretuli situaciidan gamomdinare. man unda Seafasos garemo, romelSic<br />

aRmoCnda tvirTTan erTad, Sesanaxi tvirTis arsebuli mdgomareoba, gansazRvros SenaxvisTvis<br />

saWiro pirobebi da yovelive aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SearCios mesame piri. gadamyvan gadamzidvelis<br />

qceva unda iyos keTilsindisieri 11 da emsaxurebodes tvirTis gamgzavnis interesebs.<br />

miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, vfiqrobT, Tu ziani mainc dadgeba, gadamyvan-gadamzidvels pasuxismgebloba<br />

ar unda daekisros.<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ukavSirdeba drois garkveul periods.<br />

saubaria mgzavris gadayvanis (bargis gadatanis) an tvirTis gadazidvis droze. gadamyvan-gadamzidveli<br />

mxolod maSin agebs pasuxs, Tu tvirTi dazianda an daikarga misi miRebidan Cabarebamde<br />

drois SualedSi, aseve, mitanis vadis gadacilebisas. saqarTvelos sk-is 688-e muxlSi ganmartebulia,<br />

Tu ra iTvleba vadis gadacilebad _ roca tvirTi ar aris mitanili SeTanxmebul vadaSi<br />

an Tu vada ar iyo daTqmuli, _ gadasazidad saWiro Cveulebriv droSi im garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

romlebic dakavSirebulia nawil-nawil datvirTvisas am nawilebis Sesakrebad aucilebeli<br />

drois gansazRvrasTan, Tu darRveulia vada, romelic windaxedul gadamzidvels unda<br />

daecva Cveulebriv SemTxvevebSi. imave Sinaarsi gamomdinareobs somxeTis respublikis sk-is 862-<br />

e muxlidanac, romelic saubrobs tvirTis gadazidvisa da mgzavris gadayvanis (bargis gadatanis)<br />

81

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

vadebze, romelTa daucveloba ganixileba nakisri valdebulebis darRvevad, rac ukve pasuxismgeblobis<br />

safuZvelia. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, monrealis konvencia acxadebs, rom<br />

mgzavris, bargisa da tvirTis dagvianebiT gadayvana-gadazidva namdvilad warmoadgens gadamyvangadamzidvelis<br />

pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebriv safuZvels, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca<br />

is ver daamtkicebs, rom man da misma agentebma da mosamsaxureebma yvela SesaZlo, gonivrulad<br />

aucilebeli zoma miiRes zianis asacileblad, Tumca, gatarebuli RonisZiebebis miuxedavad,<br />

ziani mainc dadga an Tu ver daamtkicebs, rom mas an mis agentebsa da mosamsaxureebs aRniSnuli<br />

zomebis miReba ar SeeZloT.<br />

rac Seexeba tvirTis dakargvas, saqarTvelos sk prezumfciis sakiTxze msjelobs da mas ukav-<br />

Sirebs vadebs damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis warudgenlad. gadazidva-gadayvanis vadis amowurvidan<br />

30 dRis gasvlis Semdeg, uflebamosil pirs ufleba aqvs tvirTi dakargulad miiCnios da<br />

ganacxados zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis wardgenis gareSe. im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadazidvis vada SeTanxmebuli ar yofila, aseTi moTxovna uflebamosil pirs<br />

warmoeSoba samoci dRis Semdeg, roca gadamyvan-gadamzidvelma tvirTi miiRo. zianis anazRaurebis<br />

moTxovnasTan erTad, uflebamosil pirs ufleba aqvs aseve, werilobiT moiTxovos tvirTis<br />

povnis SemTxvevaSi, dauyovnebliv werilobiTi Setyobineba. am moTxovnaze kodeqsi erTwlian<br />

xandazmulobis vadas avrcelebs. Tu uflebamosil pirs aseTi SetyobinebiT acnobeben misi dakarguli<br />

tvirTis povnas, momdevno ocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi igi uflebamosili xdeba miiRos<br />

napovni tvirTi zednadebidan gamomdinare, uflebebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg da miRebuli anaz-<br />

Raurebis dabrunebis sanacvlod. amasTan, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, zianis anazRaurebisas warmo-<br />

Sobili xarjebis gamoklebiT. am dros uflebamosil pirs unarCundeba gadazidvis vadis darRvevis<br />

gamo zianis anazRaurebaze moTxovnis ufleba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moTxovna wardgenili ar<br />

aris an ocdaaT dRian vadaze miTiTeba gakeTebuli ar iqna, an/da tvirTi napovni iqneba xandazmulobis<br />

erT wliani vadis gasvlis Semdeg, maSin gadamzidvels SeuZlia tvirTi gankargos tvir-<br />

Tis adgilmdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, adgilze moqmedi wesebis mixedviT. aRniSnul wess iTvaliswinebs<br />

moldaveTis respublikis sk-is 1011-e muxlic. amave kodeqsis 1007-e muxli aregulirebs<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs tvirTTan mimarTebaSi. misi pasuxismgeblobis<br />

samarTlebrivi safuZvelia tvirTis daRupva, mTliani an nawilobrivi dakargva an dazianeba,<br />

aseve, mitanis dayovneba. safuZvlad ganixileba gadazidvis xelSekrulebis sxva pirobebis<br />

darRvevac. garda safuZvlebisa, muxli iTvaliswinebs dispoziciur normas zianis anazRaurebis<br />

moTxovnis zomis xelSekrulebiT SesaZlo SezRudvis Taobazec, Tumca, sainteresoa, me-3 nawili,<br />

sadac naTqvamia, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidvels ufleba ara aqvs ataros an SeizRudos pasuxismgebloba<br />

sxvagvarad, vidre es kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi da pirobebiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis erT-erT safuZvlad, saqarTvelos<br />

sahaero kodeqsis 82-e muxli ganixilavs saqarTvelos sk-gan gansxvavebul samarTlis normebs<br />

ori an meti sahaero xomaldis Setakebisas (an mis gareSe) xomaldis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi, maT<br />

mflobelTa pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT. aq braleulobis xarisxs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs. im SemTxvevaSi, roca ziani gamowveul iqna erT-erTi mxaris mizeziT, ziani mis mier<br />

srulad anazRaurdeba, magram ori an meti mxaris mizeziT gamowveuli zianis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba<br />

nawildeba braleul pirTa Soris calkeulis braleulobis farglebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

magram Tu aRniSnuli ver dadgindeba, maSin pasuxismgebloba nawildeba Tanabrad. mocemul<br />

situaciaSi calsaxad ikveTeba Sereuli bralis principiT pasuxismgebloba. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

normis simkacris Sesaxeb, radgan kanonmdebelma masSi gaiTvaliswina gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

mier zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas brali SesaZloa ar miuZRodes<br />

82

zianis dadgomaSi. ase, gamonaklisis saxiT maSin daiSveba, Tu aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi mgzavri<br />

gardaicvleba, moiSleba misi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba an daziandeba xomaldze myofi mesame<br />

piris qoneba. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom kodeqsi imperatiulad uTiTebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

pasuxismgeblobaze, Tumca, iqve uSvebs regresis wesiT braleul pirTan Sedavebisa da zianis<br />

anazRaurebis SesaZleblobas. amasTan, kodeqsma zogadad, gansazRvra da miTiTebiTi normiT<br />

ixelmZRvanela sahaero xomaldis Setakebisas, aseve, haerSi myofi sahaero xomaldidan mesame<br />

pirebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis farglebis dadgenis Sesaxeb. imeorebs ra, gadamyvangadamzidvelis<br />

mier mTlianad anazRaurebis valdebulebas farglebis dadgenis mizniT,<br />

paralelurad miuTiTebs zogadad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaze da saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />

normebze. amdenad, saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsma gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />

kidev erTi safuZveli gamokveTa. es aris pasuxismgebloba mesame pirebis winaSe haerSi<br />

myofi sahaero xomaldidan maTTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi. aseT specialur normas saqarTvelos<br />

sk ar iTvaliswinebs.<br />

SedarebisaTvis, saintereso debulebebia rf-is sahaero kodeqsis 12 129-e muxlSi, romelic<br />

aregulirebs sahaero xomaldebis SejaxebiT an erTi sahaero xomaldis meore sahaero xomaldTan<br />

Seujaxeblad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sahaero xomaldebis<br />

pasuxismgebloba aseve, ganisazRvreba braleulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu zianis dadgomaSi mxolod<br />

erTis braleuloba damtkicdeba, pasuxismgeblobac mas daekisreba, xolo oris (an ramdenimes)<br />

SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuls daekisreba bralis xarisxis mixedviT, magram Tu amis dadgena SeuZlebeli<br />

aRmoCnda, maSin _ Tanazomierad. rogorc vxedavT, sakiTxi analogiurad aris mowesrigebuli,<br />

Tumca, rf-is sahaero kodeqsi aqve gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs swored braleulobis<br />

dadgenis sakiTxs, acxadebs ra, rom sahaero xomaldis verc erTi mflobeli braleulad<br />

ver miiCneva, Tu ar damtkicdeba sawinaaRmdego. braleulobis daudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebeli<br />

imperatiulad ucxadebs sahaero xomaldis mflobelebs, rom erTmaneTis mimarT<br />

zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba ara aqvT. Cveni azriT, amiT kanonmdebelma aq daicva<br />

samarTlianobis principi. vfiqrobT, ukeTesi iqneboda, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi analogiuri<br />

konkretizacia. rac Seexeba imave safuZvliT mgzavris sicocxlis an janmrTelobis dazianebis<br />

an/da sahaero xomaldze myofi mesame piris qonebis dazianebis SemTxvevebs, zemoaRniSnuli<br />

normis Tanaxmad, mflobeli pasuxs agebs amave kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebis mixedviT, miuxedavad<br />

misi braleulobisa, Tumca, braleulobis gamokveTis safuZvelze, mas SemdgomSi ufleba eZleva<br />

regresis wesiT edavos braleul subieqts. aq, SeiZleba iTqvas, rogorc qarTvelma, ise rusma<br />

kanonmdebelma prioritetulad daicva momxmareblis ineteresebi, rac Cveni azriT, dadebiT<br />

Sefasebas imsaxurebs.<br />

garda imisa, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidveli pasuxs agebs tvirTis dazianebis, dakargvis an mitanis<br />

vadis gadacilebis gamo, igi pasuxs agebs mgzavris gadayvanisa da misi bargis gadatanisaTvis,<br />

rogorc nakisri valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis. pasuxismgebloba<br />

aqac qonebrivi xasiaTisaa da miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebaSi gamoixateba. saqar-<br />

Tvelos sk-is 669-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gadamyvan-gadamzidveli pasuxs agebs mgzavrisaTvis miyenebuli<br />

zianisaTvis, aseve, misi bargis dazianebis an dakargvisaTvis. kodeqsi konkretulad ar<br />

saubrobs, Tu raSi gamoixateba mgzavrisaTvis miyenebuli ziani, Tumca, am mxriv arsebuli samar-<br />

Tlis normaTa kompleqsuri ganmartebiT, nagulisxmevia mgzavris sicocxlis mospoba an janmrTelobis<br />

dazianeba, romelic calkeul SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa xarisxis mixedviT Sefasdes. mgzavris<br />

mimarT, gadamyvan gadamzidvelis qcevis Sedegi unda ukavSirdebodes mgzavris gardacvalebas,<br />

dasaxiCrebas an sxeulis sxvagvar dazianebas, xolo es qceva unda ganxorcieldes aeroportis<br />

sazedamxedvelo areSi an sahaero xomaldze. am nawilSi monrealis konvencia me-17 muxlSi<br />

83

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

gadamyvan gadamzidvels imave safuZvlebiT akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas, rac mgzavrisaTvis<br />

miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebaSi gamoixateba, Tumca qmedeba, rogorc damdgari Sedegis<br />

gamomwvevi mizezi, ganxorcielebuli unda iyos sahaero xomaldis bortze dajdomis an<br />

gadmosxdomis nebismieri operaciis dros. konvenciis es debuleba novacia ar aris da zogierTis<br />

azriT, ukangadadgmul nabijadac ki, fasdeba 1971 wlis gvatemalis oqmTan mimarTebiT.<br />

konferenciam SGMW jgufis proeqtidan Tavis droze amoricxa winadadeba, romliTac gadamyvangadamzidveli<br />

pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufldeboda (an im xarisxiT) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />

mgzavris sikvdili an dazianeba gamowveuli iqneboda misive janmrTelobis mdgomareobidan<br />

gamomdinare.<br />

sasamarTlo praqtikidan: torontodan sankt-peterburgSi Carteruli reisis mgzavri iyo<br />

72 wlis adamiani. reisis ganxorcielebisas sahaero xomaldi Seejaxa qariSxals. mosarCele<br />

mgzavri amtkicebda, rom swored amis Sedegad ganicada janmrTelobis dazianeba _ xerxemlis<br />

motexiloba. igi varSavis konvenciis me-17 muxlze miTiTebiT miiCnevda, rom qariSxali ubeduri<br />

SemTxveva iyo da mopasuxe gadamyvan-gadamzidvels avaldebulebda aenazRaurebina janmrTelobis<br />

dazianebiT gamowveuli ziani. mopasuxe gadamyvan-gadamzidveli ki, amtkicebda, rom mgzavrma<br />

dazianeba miiRo reisis dasrulebis Semdeg. amasTan, varSavis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />

mniSvnelobiT qariSxals ubedur SemTxvevad ar ganixilavda. rac Seexeba sasamarTlos, saqme<br />

Sewyvita, CaTvala ra, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidveli mxolod maSin aris pasuxismgebeli, Tu mgzavris<br />

dazianebas iwvevs moulodneli an uCveulo SemTxveva. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mgzavris<br />

dazianebis erT-erTi mizezi qariSxali iyo, Tumca, igi ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas uCveulo,<br />

moulodnel an seriozuli simZimis SemTxvevad, rameTu damaxasiaTebelia frenebisaTvis. amdenad,<br />

konkretul SemTxvevaSi, ar iyo varSavis konvenciis me-17 muxlis gamoyenebis winapiroba, ris<br />

gamoc mosarCelis moTxovna ar daakmayofila. 13<br />

qarTvelma kanonmdebelma, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa mgzavrebis winaSe<br />

pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs da sahaero kodeqsis 75 e muxlis me-3 nawilSi daakonkreta, rom maT mimarT<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba garda am kodeqsisa, ganisazRvreba mgzavrebis<br />

gadayvanis, tvirTisa da bargis gadazidvis wesebis Sesabamisad. vfiqrobT, kanonmdebels imave<br />

formulireba unda gaevrcelebina tvirTis gadazidvis SemTxvevaze. am fonze zedmetad migvaCnia<br />

saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsis 77-e muxlis me-2 nawilis arseboba, romelic imaves imeorebs _<br />

`gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT~.<br />

saqarTvelos sk-gan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis am<br />

kuTxiT pasuxismgeblobis damatebiT samarTlebriv safuZvlad uTiTebs mgzavris piradi nivTebis<br />

nawilobriv an mTlianad dazianebis, dakargvis an dagvianebiT gadatanis SemTxvevas da pasuxismgeblobis<br />

imave reJims adgens, rasac tvirTis mimarT iTvaliswinebs.<br />

bargis mimarT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze saubrobs moldaveTis respublikis<br />

sk-is 989-e muxli, sadac pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad miTiTebulia bargis dakargva,<br />

ganadgureba an dazianeba. monrealis konvencia ufro detalurad sazRvravs bargis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis<br />

safuZvlebs. xazs usvams ra, bargis registrirebulad da araregistrirebulad<br />

dayofas, acxadebs, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidveli pasuxs agebs registrirebuli bargis ganadgurebiT,<br />

dakargviT an dazianebiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis, Tu dazianebis mizezi sahaero xomaldis<br />

bortze moxda an nebismieri periodis dros, romlis ganmavlobaSi registrirebuli bargi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

dacvis qveS imyofeboda. rac Seexeba araregistrirebuli bargisa da piradi<br />

nivTebis mimarT pasuxismgeblobas, konvenciis Tanaxmad, gadamyvan-gadamzidveli pasuxs ar<br />

agebs, roca ziani gamoiwvia bargis defeqtma, xarisxma an naklma. igi pasuxs aseve ar agebs, Tu<br />

ziani miyenebuli ar aris misi mosamsaxureebisa da agentebis braliT. amasTan, konvencia xazs<br />

usvams pasuxismgeblobis kidev or safuZvels: pirveli _ gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier regist-<br />

84

irebuli bargis dakargvis aRiareba, xolo meore _ gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier bargis mitanis<br />

SeTanxmebul droze 21 dRiT gadacileba. orive SemTxvevaSi, konvencia mgzavrs uflebas aZlevs<br />

gamoiyenos gadayvana-gadazidvis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare uflebebi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

mimarT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabaJo zonis farglebSi an aeroportis usafrTxoebis zonaSi,<br />

bargi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mzrunvelobis qveS ar imyofeba. amitom is ar unda miiCneodes<br />

pasuxismgebel subieqtad aseT zonebSi warmoSobil zaralze.<br />

moldaveTis respublikis sk-Si, bargis mimarT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis<br />

gamomricxvel garemoebad, garda forsmaJoruli situaciebisa, asaxelebs nivTebis naklovanebas<br />

an mgzavris braleulobas. pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT, mtkicebis<br />

tvirTi gadamyvan-gadamzidvels ekuTvnis. es ukanaskneli pasuxs ar agebs dokumentebis, fulis<br />

an sxva fasiani nivTebis dakargvisaTvis, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca igi gaafrTxiles nivTis<br />

xasiaTis an Rirebulebis Sesaxeb da man Tanxmoba gamoTqva maT gadazidvaze. is miT umetes ar<br />

agebs pasuxs, mgzavris mier TavisTan datovebuli bargisaTvis garda im SemTxvevisa, roca damtkicdeba<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis braleuloba. `angloamerikuli samarTali, valdebulebis dar-<br />

Rvevis safuZvlad bralis arsebobis gansazRvriT, dasawyisSive gamoricxavs arabraleuli SeusruleblobisaTvis<br />

zianis anazRaurebis SesaZleblobas~. 14<br />

rac Seexeba gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis dasaSvebobas da<br />

safuZvlebs, mas icnobs rogorc varSavisa da monrealis konvenciebi, aseve, saqarTvelosa da<br />

sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdebloba. magaliTad, safrangeTis kanonmdebloba ganasxvavebs SemTxvevebs,<br />

roca movale dapirda Sedegs (obligation de resultat) an dapirda mieRo yvela gonivruli zoma<br />

Sesasruleblad (obligation de moyens). `valdebulebis darRvevisas movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan<br />

gaTavisufleba xorcieldeba im Secvlil garemoebebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic movalis kontrolis<br />

sferos ar ganekuTvneba da mxares brali ar miuZRvis maT warmoSobaSi. Tu dabrkolebis<br />

gadalaxva SeuZlebelia, maSin movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebisaTvis unda damtkicdes<br />

misi arabraleuloba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis dadgomaSi, xolo Tu Secvlili garemoebis<br />

Tavidan acileba obieqturad SesaZlebeli iyo, maSin mxarem unda miuTiTos valdebulebis<br />

Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis pativsadebi safuZveli~. 15 movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan gasaTavisufleblad,<br />

saWiroa manve daamtkicos forsmaJoris arseboba, rogorc xelSekrulebis darRvevis<br />

safuZveli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, daamtkicos misi arabraleuloba. kontinenturi saxelSekrulebo<br />

samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, saerTo samarTlisaTvis, bralis sakiTxi gadamwyveti ar<br />

aris, rameTu efuZneba princips _ yoveli movale iZleva garkveul garantiebs. movalis mier<br />

xelSekrulebis darRvevisas, igi pasuxs agebs aseTi darRveviT gamowveuli zianisaTvis bralis<br />

miuxedavad. zemoaRniSnuli principi gulisxmobs individis Tavisufali qcevis SezRudvas,<br />

pasuxismgeblobas valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, misi braliT gamowveuli zianisaTvis.<br />

rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi uflebis mizania _ uzrunvelyos `calkeuli adamianis an<br />

sazogadoebis sasicocxlo amocanebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba~. 16<br />

inglisuri da germanuli samarTali mosarCeles SesaZleblobas aZlevs gadawyvitos, sarCeli<br />

waradginos saxelSekrulebo an deliqturi samarTlis normebis mixedviT. 17 franguli samarTali<br />

ar iZleva aseTi sarCelebis kumulaciis saSualebas. gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi daiSveba xelSekrulebis<br />

darRveviT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba, deliqturi samarTlis normebiT, Tu movale<br />

gaTavisuflebulia pasuxismgeblobisagan xelSekrulebis pirobebiT, xolo mosarCelem daamtkica<br />

movalis brali. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom evropuli saxelmwifoebis samarTlis mixedviT,<br />

yuradReba maxvildeba uflebamosili piris materialuri sferos dacvaze, maSinac ki, roca ziani<br />

adgeba piris sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas da saubaria amiT gamowveuli Sedegebis samarTlebriv<br />

daregulirebaze.<br />

saqarTvelos sk-is mixedviT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis<br />

zogadi safuZvlebi SeiZleba iyos tvirTis gadazidvis SemTxvevaSi _ Tu dakargva, dazianeba an<br />

85

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

mitanis vadis gadacileba uflebamosili piris braliT an/da amave piris iseTi miTiTebiT moxda,<br />

romelzedac gadamyvan-gadamzidveli pasuxs ar agebs. aseve, Tu tvirTis nakli iseTi garemoebebiTaa<br />

gamowveuli, romelTa Tavidan acilebac gadamyvan-gadamzidvels ar SeeZlo da arc maTi<br />

Sedegebi SeiZleboda Tavidan aecilebina.<br />

varSavis konvenciiT, pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebad aRiarebulia, roca man,<br />

misma agentebma an mosamsaxureebma yvela zoma miiRes zianis asacileblad an roca mas (maT) aRniSnuli<br />

zomebis miReba ar SeeZloT. pasuxismgebloba aqac, braleulobis princips efuZneba,<br />

mtkicebis tvirTi ki, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelzea. konvenciaSi Cadebuli es meqanizmi Tavis droze<br />

novacias warmoadgenda da dRemde fasdeba, rogorc momxmarebelTa (pretenziis ganmcxadeblis)<br />

interesebis dacvis mizniT gadadgmuli pozitiuri nabiji.<br />

sasamarTlo praqtikidan: bralis mixedviT gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba da mtkicebis<br />

tvirTi Cans kanadis sasamarTlos mier ganxilul saqmeSi oTxi kolofi vaqcinis sahaero gziT<br />

torontodan sidneiSi, hitrous gavliT gadazidvis Sesaxeb. etiketis mixedviT, vaqcinis Senaxvis<br />

piroba 2 0 8 0 C iyo, rac zednadebSic Caiwera. piroba ar Sesrulda hitrouSi, rasac Sedegad<br />

sidneiSi Casvlisas, vaqcinebis gafuWeba mohyva. saqmis ganxilvisas mTavari problema iyo, SeeZlo<br />

Tu ara gadamzidvels pasuxismgebloba SeezRuda varSavis konvenciis 22-e muxlze miTiTebiT,<br />

rasac mosarCele mxare uaryofda amave konvenciis 25-e muxlze miTiTebiT. sasamarTlom miiCnia,<br />

rom mosarCeles unda emtkicebina gadamzidvelis ara mxolod daudevroba, aramed isic, rom man<br />

icoda misi daudevrobis Sedegi ziani iqneboda. hitrouSi vaqcinebis Sesabamisi wesiT Seunaxaobis<br />

raime mtkicebuleba ar arsebobda. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom es SeiZleboda yofiliyo imitom,<br />

rom Sesabamisi adamiani fiqrobda, dazianebas adgili ar eqneboda Tu vaqcinebs Sesabamisi pirobiT<br />

ar Seinaxavda an ubralod uyuradRebobiT _ 25-e muxli arcerTs ar iTvaliswinebs. sasamar-<br />

Tlom aseve aRniSna, rom Sesabamisma pirma SesaZloa icoda dazianebis riskis Sesaxeb, magram ar<br />

gaisarja vaqcinebis Sesanaxad, rasac 25-e muxli iTvaliswinebs. sasamarTlom saqme gadawyvita<br />

gadamzidvelis uaris safuZvelze warmoedgina mtkicebuleba realurad momxdaris Sesaxeb.<br />

Sedegad, mosarCeles ufleba hqonda daebrunebina xarjebi da Rirebuleba. ontarios saapelacio<br />

sasamarTloSi saqmis warmarTvisas, sasamarTlo daeTanxma gadawyvetilebaSi asaxul faqtebsa<br />

da daskvnebs da gaaTavisufla apelaciisagan. saapelacio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom faqtebi da<br />

garemoebebi sasamarTlosaTvis Ria iyo daudevrobasa da codnaze pirveli STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad,<br />

raTa moexdina daudevrobisa da codnis diagnostika da rom mtkicebuleba amis<br />

gamosaricxad gadamzidvelis mier ar iqna warmodgenili misive codnis farglebSi. 18<br />

monrealis konvenciis debulebaTa mixedviT, dasaSvebia gadamyvan gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan<br />

nawilobriv an srulad gaTavisufleba, Tumca, Sesabamisi safuZvlis warmoSobis mizezebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, braleulobis uaryofis mtkiceba maszea. amdenad, tvirTis dakargvis,<br />

ganadgurebis an dazianebis safuZvliT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli<br />

garemoebebi SeiZleba iyos: tvirTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli defeqti, xarisxi da nakli; piris<br />

mier tvirTis araswori SefuTva, garda gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis, misi mosamsaxureebis an agentebis<br />

mier (mocemuli normis bolo winadadebaSi ikveTeba gadamyvan gadamzidvelis braleuloba);<br />

omi da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi (saxezea dauZleveli Zala); tvirTis SemotanasTan, gatanasTan<br />

an tranzitTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organos aqtis gamocema (aqac, saxezea<br />

dauZleveli Zala). garda imisa, rom dasaxelebuli konvencia calkeul muxlSi, Sesabamisi safuZvlis<br />

Sesaxeb msjelobisas, SesaZloa iTvaliswinebdes gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan<br />

gaTavisuflebis konkretul safuZvlebs, me-20 muxls mTlianad uTmobs pasuxismgeblobisagan<br />

gaTavisuflebis zogad samarTlebriv safuZvlebze msjelobas. aq naTqvamia, `Tu<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidveli daamtkicebs, rom ziani miyenebuli iyo an mis miyenebas xels uwyobda<br />

86

anazRaurebis momTxovni piris an piris, visganac warmoiSva misi uflebebi, daudevroba, araswori<br />

moqmedeba an umoqmedoba, gadamyvan-gadamzidveli srulad an nawilobriv Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan<br />

anazRaurebis momTxovni piris winaSe im zomiT, romelSic aseTma daudevrobam an<br />

arasworma qmedebam ziani miayena an xeli Seuwyo mis miyenebas...~ miTiTebul muxlSi kidev erTxel<br />

aSkarad ikveTeba pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis ori mniSvnelovani niSani _ gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

bralis ararseboba da aRniSnulis mtkiceba TviT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier. rogorc<br />

vnaxeT, monrealis konvenciisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba pasuxismgeblobis<br />

gamomricxvel garemoebaTa msgavs konkretizacias ar iTvaliswinebs, rac miuTiTebs masSi kompleqsuri<br />

cvlileba-damatebebis daCqarebuli wesiT ganxorcielebis aucileblobaze.<br />

mxareTa materialuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs aregulirebs moldaveTis respublikis sk-ic,<br />

romelic ar gamoirCeva samarTlis normaTa sistematizaciis daxvewilobis TvalsazrisiT. mxare-<br />

Ta pasuxismgebloba, romelic miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa konkretuli mxaris an raime<br />

qvesakiTxis regulirebiT gaTvaliswinebul iqnes konkretulad TiToeul muxlSi, gabneulia da<br />

samarTlis normaTa sistematizaciis zogad principebs ar pasuxobs. kodeqsis 988-e muxlis saTauria<br />

gadamyvan gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba, xolo masSi saubaria mgzavris mimarT misi pasuxismgeblobis<br />

valdebulebaze da gamomricxvel garemoebebze, raSic kanonmdebeli moiazrebs forsmaJorul<br />

situaciebs an/da mgzavris janmrTelobis mdgomareobas, qcevas. misi pasuxismgebloba<br />

vadis gadacilebiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis gamoiricxeba, Tu pirdapir sxva ram ar aris<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli an/da Tu gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qmedeba ar atarebs ganzraxvas, mZime xasiaTis<br />

gadacdomas. aRniSnuli kodeqsis 1008-e muxli icnobs tvirTis dakargvis, dazianebis, da-<br />

Rupvis an/da miwodebis dagvianebis SemTxvevebSi pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuflebis safuZvlebs:<br />

tvirTis gankargvaze uflebamosili piris braleuloba; amasTan, Tu gamgzavnis warmomadgeneli<br />

acilebda tvirTs; tvirTis gankargvaze uflebamosili piris miTiTebebis Sedegad, roca isini ar<br />

aris miyenebuli gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier; malfuWebadi xasiaTis tvirTis ZaliT. gadamyvangadamzidveli<br />

ver gaTavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan daqiravebuli satransporto saSualebis<br />

gaumarTaobis, gamqiraveblis an tvirTis gadazidvis procesSi monawile muSebis mizeziT. igi<br />

SesaZloa misgan gaTavisfldes maSin, roca arsebobs erTi an ramdenime qvemoCamoTvlili<br />

safuZvelTagani _ tvirTis gadasazidad zednadebiT gaTvaliswinebulia specialuri xasiaTis<br />

(daxuruli) satransporto saSualeba, xolo tvirTi gadazidul iqna Ria satransporto saSualebiT<br />

tvirTis gadauxuravad; SefuTvis ararsebobis an arasakmarisi SefuTvis; tvirTis datvirTva,<br />

gadaadgileba an gadatvirTva ganxorcielda gamgzavnis, mimRebis an romelime maTganis<br />

interesebisaTvis moqmedi mesame piris mier; cocxali cxovelebis gadayvaniT; zarali gamowveulia<br />

gansazRvruli tvirTis maxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT. Tu aseT SemTxvevebSi gadamyvan<br />

gadamzidveli daamtkicebs, rom zarali SesaZloa gamowveuli yofiliyo erTi an ramdenime aseTi<br />

safuZvliT, miiCneva, rom ziani gamoiwvia aseTma garemoebam(ebma). aRniSnuli wesi ar gamoiyeneba<br />

tvirTis eqstremalur pirobebSi gadazidvisas an tvirTis mTlianad dakargvis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

Cveni azriT, sworicaa da kargic, rom saqarTvelos sk-ic icnobs normas, romelic SesaZloa<br />

erTi SexedviT iyos mkacri, magram iuridiulad gamarTlebuli. saubaria 686-e muxlis me-3 nawilze,<br />

romlis mixedviTac, pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis mizniT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvels<br />

ar SeuZlia miuTiTos arc gadazidvisaTvis gamoyenebuli satransporto saSualebis naklze da<br />

arc am saSualebis gamqiraveblis an damqiraveblis momsaxure personalis bralze. garda amisa,<br />

gadamyvan-gadamzidvels ufleba ara aqvs sakuTari pasuxismgebloba gamoricxos an SezRudos<br />

gadayvana-gadazidvis xelSekrulebiT. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saamiso safuZvlebs Tavad saer-<br />

TaSoriso an Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs. aRniSnuli gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

valdebulebebis Taobaze zogadsamarTlebrivi midgomidanac gamomdinareobs.<br />

87

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

moldaveTis respublikis sk-is 988-e muxlis me-3 nawili iTvaliswinebs analogiur normas,<br />

moTxovnas, rasac saqarTvelos sk-is 697-e muxli. saubaria, xelSekrulebiT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis an SezRudvis dauSveblobaze. saqarTvelos sk-is zedmet<br />

datvirTvad migvaCnia, 697-e muxlis arseboba, romelic gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan<br />

gaTavisuflebis dauSveblobaze saubrobs _ `gadamzidvels ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos am<br />

Tavis im wesebs, romlebic mis pasuxismgeblobas gamoricxaven an zRudaven an/da mtkicebis tvir-<br />

Tisagan aTavisufleben mas, Tu ziani gamowveulia misi braliT~. Cveni mosazreba eyrdnoba pozicias,<br />

romelic gamomdinareobs saqarTvelos sk-is 669-e da 687-e muxlebidan, sadac naTlad<br />

ikveTeba, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidveli mxolod misi bralis SemTxvevaSi agebs pasuxs. amavdroulad,<br />

gansazRvravs pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebs. vinaidan, SesaZlebelia erTi<br />

da imave qmedebis miCneva deliqtad an saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevad, deliqturi<br />

da saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis praqtikuli gamijvnis problemaze msjelobisas, m. dundua<br />

19 iSveliebs gadazidvis xelSekrulebis dros mgzavrisaTvis miyenebuli zianis SemTxvevis<br />

magaliTs. kiTxvaze _ aseTi ziani aris deliqti Tu xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili, vfiqrobT,<br />

pasuxi martivia, es aris bileTiT dadasturebuli saxelSekrulebo urTierToba gadamyvan-gadamzidvelsa<br />

da mgzavrs Soris, rac sxva pirobebTan erTad iTvaliswinebs mgzavris usafrTxo gadayvanas.<br />

aRniSnuli pirobis darRveva warmoadgens gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis safuZvels<br />

mgzavris gadayvanis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mgzavrisaTvis<br />

miyenebuli ziani gamoxatuli iqneba mis gardacvalebaSi, rogorc m. dunduac miuTiTebs, gardacvlilis<br />

memkvidreebs, rogorc uflebamonacvleebs ufleba eZlevaT samarTlebrivad edavon gadamyvan<br />

gadamzidvels saxelSekrulebo safuZvelze, xolo aramemkvidreebs, romelTac mgzavris<br />

gardacvalebiT ziani miadgaT _ deliqtis safuZvelze.<br />

aRniSnulze saubrobs uzbekeTis respublikis sk-is 718-e muxlic, sadac aseve naTqvamia, rom<br />

satransporto organizaciis SeTanxmeba mgzavrTan an tvirTis mflobelTan gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis an gamoricxvis Taobaze, ver iqneba namdvili. igive azri gaTvaliswinebulia<br />

amave qveynis sahaero kodeqsis 119-e muxlSic, im sxvaobiT, rom aq kanonmdebeli<br />

saubrobs mxolod pasuxismgeblobis Semcirebis SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis<br />

mxridan, rogorc mgzavrTan, ise tvirTis gamgzavnTan da mimRebTan. dasaxelebuli kodeqsi, Tumca,<br />

saubrobs aranamdvilobis Taobaze, 120-e muxlSi uSvebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis<br />

farglebis gazrdis Taobaze SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobas. aRsaniSnavia, somxeTis respublikis sk-is<br />

863-e muxlic, romelic satransporto organizaciis mgzavrTan an tvirTis mflobelTan SeTanxmebas<br />

kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis an gamoricxvis Sesaxeb, aseve, iuridiuli<br />

Zalis armqoned cnobs, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa.<br />

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis samoqalaqo<br />

pasuxismgeblobis mniSvnelobas xazs usvams, rogorc calkeuli qveynebis SigniT, ise saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv<br />

sivrceSi sakiTxis samarTlebriv regulirebas, rac umTavresad emsaxureba<br />

samoqalaqo aviaciis bazris momxmarebelTa _ tvirTis gamgzavnTa, tvirTis mimRebTa da mgzavrTa<br />

interesebis dacvis mizans. gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba gadazidva-gadayvanis xelSekrulebis<br />

swor samarTlebriv reglamentacias, xolo gamomdinare iqidan, rom sahaero gadayvana-gadazidvas<br />

bunebrivi riskebi axasiaTebs, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis moqnili meqanizmi unda<br />

arsebobdes. saqarTveloSi es meqanizmi aris varSavisa da monrealis konvenciebisagan mkveTrad<br />

gansxvavebuli, Tumca, araerTi qveynis analogi. vTvliT, rom Cvenma qveyanam dadebiTi nabiji<br />

gadadga monrealis konvenciasTan mierTebiT, Tumca, warmatebuli SedegebisaTvis saWiroa Sida<br />

kanonmdeblobis sistematizacia da misadageba mis moTxovnebTan pasuxismgeblobis nawilSi arsebuli<br />

valdebulebebis gaziarebis mxriv.<br />

88

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

`saerTaSoriso sahaero gadazidva-gadayvanis zogierTi wesis unifikaciis<br />

Sesaxeb~ 1929 wlis varSavis konvencia.<br />

2<br />

`saerTaSoriso sahaero gadazidva-gadayvanis zogierTi wesis unifikaciis<br />

Sesaxeb~ 1999 wlis monrealis konvencia.<br />

3<br />

z. WeWelaSvili, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008w., gv. 181.<br />

4<br />

d. geferiZe, `pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso sahaero samarTalSi~, Jurnali<br />

`marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, 2009 w., #1, gv. 114.<br />

5<br />

Gabichvadze Sh, Key Legal Problems and Civil Law Regulations of the Liability of the Air<br />

Carriers in Georgia, 2010, p.8-9. gamoqveynebulia: .<br />

6<br />

ix.: Contract Law, Casebooks on the Common Law of Europe, General Editors Professor<br />

Hugh Beale, Professor Hein Kotz, Professor Arthur Hartkamp, Professor Denis Tallon,<br />

Oxford and Portland, oregon 2002, p. 670.<br />

7<br />

ix. iqve.<br />

8<br />

ix.: Contract Law, Casebooks on the Common Law of Europe, General Editors Professor<br />

Hugh Beale, Professor Hein Kotz, Professor Arthur Hartkamp, Professor Denis Tallon,<br />

Oxford and Portland, oregon 2002, p. 670.<br />

9<br />

Green Computer AB v Federal Express Corp. et al., 2004 FCA 111 affirming 2003 FCT 587<br />

affirming 2002 FCT 1015, xelmisawvdomia saitze .<br />

10<br />

saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsis 71-e muxlis 2011 wlis 15 aprilidan saxecvlili<br />

redaqciis Tanaxmad, feTqebadi nivTierebebis, iaraRis, tyvia-wamlis,<br />

momwamlavi, swrafaalebadi, radioaqtiuri da sxva saxifaTo nivTierebebisa da<br />

sagnebis nusxas da maTi gadazidvis wess gansazRvravs saagento `saerTaSoriso<br />

samoqalaqo aviaciis Sesaxeb~ Cikagos 1944 wlis konvenciis moTxovnaTa<br />

Sesabamisad. saagento am konvenciis me-18 danarTis (`saxifaTo tvirTis<br />

usafrTxo sahaero gadazidva~) safuZvelze, agreTve aTavisuflebs saxifaTo<br />

tvirTebs samoqalaqo sahaero xomaldiT gadazidvis akrZalvisagan.<br />

11<br />

`keTilsindisierebis principi bevrwilad dakavSirebulia moralur<br />

standartebTan: erTi mxriv, igi Tavad aris moraluri standarti,<br />

eTikursamarTlebrivi principi. keTilsindisiereba niSnavs gulwrfelobas,<br />

siwmindes, miukerZoeblobas, obieqturobas, samarTlianobas, erTgulebas da<br />

sxva. xSirad amboben, keTilsindisierebis standartSi ZiriTadad, moiazreba<br />

is, rom kontrahentma mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos meore mxaris interesebic,<br />

‘meore mxriv, keTilsindisierebis principi _ es aris karibWe, romlis<br />

gavliTac moraluri Rirebulebebi samarTlad iqceva~. _ ix.: Hesselink, Good<br />

Faith, Towards a European Civil Code, 2. ed., The Hague/London/Boston (Kluwer Law<br />

International), 1998, 288. miTiTebulia: al. ioseliani, `keTilsindisierebis<br />

principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi<br />

gamokvleva)~. xelmisawvdomia saitze: http://www.geplac.ge/geo/glawreview.php?id=16.<br />

12<br />

Âîçäóùíûé Êîäåêñ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, ïîñòàòåéíûé êîììåíòàðèé,<br />

Ìîñêâà, 2009, ñòðàíèöà 286-287 .<br />

13<br />

Quinn v Canadian Airlines International, 1994) 18 O.R. (3d) 326, xelmisawvdomia saitze<br />

http://www.admiraltylaw.com/air.htm.<br />

14<br />

n. CitaSvili, `bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis<br />

gansazRvrisaTvis~, samarTlis Jurnali, 2009w., #1, gv. 143.<br />

15<br />

Markesinis S.B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract - A Comparative<br />

Treatise, 2 nd ed., Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 447. miTiTebulia:<br />

n. CitaSvili, `bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis<br />

gansazRvrisaTvis~, samarTlis Jurnali, 2009w., #1, gverdi 183.<br />

16<br />

Ýííåêöåðóñ Ë., Êóðñ Ãåðìàíñêîãî Ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà. Ïîëóòîì 1. Ââåäåíèå è<br />

îáøàÿ ÷àñòü Ì. Èçäàòåëüñòâî èíîñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû, 1949, Ñòð. 244.<br />

miTiTebulia: Õîõëîâà Ã., Ïîíÿòèå Ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâîé Îòâåòñòâåííîñòè,<br />

Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû Ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé, Ïîä ðåäàêöèåé<br />

Â. Âèòðÿíñêîãî, Ìîñêâà, 2002, ñòð. 68.<br />

17<br />

Öâàèãåðò Ê., Êåòö Õ., Ââåäåíèå â ñðàâíèòåëüíîå ïðàâîâåäåíèå â ñôåðå ÷àñòíîãî<br />

ïðàâà, Â 2 ò. Ò. 2þ Ì., 1998. ñòð. 390. miTiTebulia: Õîõëîâà Ã., Ïîíÿòèå<br />

Ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâîé Îòâåòñòâåííîñòè, Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû Ãðàæäàíñêîãî<br />

ïðàâà, Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé, Ïîä ðåäàêöèåé Â. Âèòðÿíñêîãî, Ìîñêâà, 2002, ñòð. 74.<br />

18<br />

Connaught Laboratories Limited v British Airways, 2005 CanLII 16576 affg.2002 CanLII<br />

4642, xelmisawvdomia saitze .<br />

19<br />

m. dundua, `deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa da saxelSekrulebo<br />

pasuxismgeblobis Tanafardoba~, samarTlis Jurnali, 2009 w., #1, gv. 58.<br />

89

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

CIVIL LIABILITY AND<br />

GROUNDS FOR<br />

THE EXEMPTION FROM<br />

THIS LIABILITY FOR AIR<br />

TRANSPORT – TRANSFER<br />

PROVIDERS ACCORDING TO<br />

THE GEORGIAN LEGISLATION<br />

SHORENA GABICHVADZE<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University PHD Student of Law Faculty<br />

Article offers an overview on legislative regulations of civil liability and<br />

grounds for the exemption from this liability for air transport – transfer providers.<br />

Research was conducted using the comparative – legal methodology based on the<br />

experiences Moldova, Russian Federation, Armenia, Uzbekistan and other countries’<br />

legislations, as well as in relation with Warsaw and Montreal Conventions.<br />

Court practice in Georgia is also reviewed in the Article.<br />

As a sum up, Article analyzes legal problems, that revealed the need to amend<br />

Civil Code of Georgia and Air Code of Georgia. It also focuses some of the technical<br />

shortcomings of the relevant legislation.<br />

90

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali misi Seqmnis periodidan,<br />

farTo gagebiT, emsaxureba mizans, sisxlissamarTlebrivi Ronisarapirdapiri<br />

(Tana)amsruleblobis<br />

doqtrina saerTaSoriso<br />

sisxlis samarTalSi<br />

(PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR-is<br />

saqmis analizi)<br />

giorgi dgebuaZe<br />

saqarTvelos universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis<br />

doqtoranti<br />

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, afrikis kontinentze, kerZod, ugandaSi,<br />

kongos demokratiul respublikaSi, centraluri afrikis<br />

respublikaSi, keniaSi, libiaSi, sudansa da kotdiuarSi sazareli<br />

danaSaulebis Cadenam SeZra saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba. nacionaluri<br />

marTlmsajuleba, TiTqmis yvela zemoT aRniSnul Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi, uZuluri iyo ganexorcielebina saTanado zomebi qveynis<br />

SigniT Cadenil danaSaulebze sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />

dasakisreblad. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli `situaciebi~<br />

ecnoba sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos (ICC),<br />

romlis Seqmnis mTavari mizanic aseT SemTxvevaSi, drouli sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />

RonisZiebebis gatarebaa. is marTlac didi<br />

gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. mTeli saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba<br />

imis molodinSia, Tu rogor gaarTmevs Tavs ICC masze dakisrebul<br />

amocanebs da rogor precedentul samarTals Seqmnis. yovelive<br />

amis gacnobierebiT, efeqtiani zomebis gasatareblad, ICC<br />

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlisaTvis axali pasuxismgeblobis<br />

saSualebebs qmnis, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia, arapirdapiri<br />

(Tana)amsruleblobis (indirect (co)perpetration) doqtrina 1 . sainteresoa<br />

misi gamoyenebis Tavisebureba Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is<br />

saqmeze, sadac is, sudanis prezidentze sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />

devnis gansaxorcielebad, erT-erT mTavar iaraRad gamoiyeneba. 2<br />

Sesavali<br />

91

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

Ziebebi gaataros im adgilas, im danaSaulebis mimarT, sadac nacionaluri marTlmsajuleba uZluria<br />

ganaxorcielos drouli da saTanado zomebi. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, saerTaSoriso<br />

sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebi, maT Soris, ICC 3 TavianT wesdebebSi amkvidreben pasuxismgeblobis<br />

sxvadasxva saxeebis zogad formulirebebs, precedentuli samarTliT `akonkreteben~ da<br />

ufro moqnilsa da efeqtians xdian maT. es cxadia, vinaidan, rodesac statutis Sesabamisi muxli<br />

uZluria sakiTxis dasaregulireblad, `Cumad uyurebs arsebul mdgomareobas~, sadac reagireba<br />

aucilebelia, CveulebiTi samarTalic maSin iwyebs moqmedebas. 4<br />

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis, rogorc ZiriTadad, nacionaluri da saerTaSorisosamar-<br />

Tlebrivi normebis Serwymis safuZvelze Seqmnili disciplinis, 5 sistemis arseboba, saerTaSoriso<br />

dogmatikis gareSe SeuZlebelia. 6 amaze metyvelebs misi Camoyalibebis istoria 7 da saerTa-<br />

Soriso sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebis praqtika. 8 maSin, rodesac individualuri pasuxismgeblobis<br />

dakisrebisas sisxlis samarTali, umeteswilad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs im movlenebze,<br />

romlebsac adgili hqonda amsruleblis qmedebis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali upirvelesad,<br />

swavlobs politikur, socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul fons, Tu ram gamoiwvia dana-<br />

Saulis Cadena da Semdgom midis individualuri pasuxismgeblobis dasafuZneblad. 9 es ufro da<br />

ufro naTeli xdeba, Tu gadavxedavT ICC-s mimdinare praqtikas.<br />

individualuri pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso danaSaulebSi SegviZlia ganvmartoT, rogorc<br />

pirTa pasuxismgebloba im qmedebebisaTvis, romelTa Cadenac xdeba `koleqtiuri ZalisxmeviT~. 10<br />

Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi arsebuli doqtrinebi, upirveles yovlisa, scemen<br />

pasuxs im kiTxvaze, Tu romeli piri aris sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxismgebeli, Tu danaSauli<br />

ramdenime adamianis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad ganxorcielda. 11<br />

individualuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, ICC Tanaamsruleblobis, arapirdapiri<br />

amsruleblobisa da arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis Teoriebs qmnis. statiis mizani<br />

swored am ukanaskneli pasuxismgeblobis saSualebis Seswavlaa, romelic ICC-s mimdinare praqtikaSi<br />

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebze sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebis<br />

erTi-erTi mTavari iaraRia. sainteresoa, ra igulisxmeba mis SinaarsSi, ratom iyenebs<br />

ICC mas da ara pasuxismgeblobis sxva saSualebas Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is saqmeze da rogoria<br />

doqtrinis samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. aRniSnul kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, jer mimovixilavT<br />

arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis struqturas saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi,<br />

Tu ra aucilebel elementebs unda akmayofilebdes is. Semdeg ganvixilavT Prosecutor v. Al Bashir<br />

-is saqmes, al baSiris (Al Bashir) individualur pasuxismgeblobas darfurSi Cadenili danaSaulebis<br />

mimarT da Tavad saqmis mniSvnelobas ICC-s iurisprudenciaSi.<br />

I. arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrina saerTaSoriso<br />

sisxlis samarTalSi<br />

arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrina, im formiT, rogoriTac is dResdReobiT ICC-<br />

Si arsebobs, siaxles warmoadgens saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi. romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e<br />

muxli, `pirdapiri wakiTxviT~, danaSaulSi amsruleblobis sam saxes gamoyofs. esenia: pirdapiri<br />

amsrulebloba, Tanaamsrulebloba da arapirdapiri amsrulebloba. aRniSnuli muxlis SinaarsSi,<br />

ICC-s winasasamarTlo palata, Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui-s saqmeze amkvidrebs arapirdapiri<br />

(Tana)amsruleblobis (indirect (co)perpetration) instituts, Tanaamsruleblobas sxva piris meSveobiT<br />

(co-perpetration of a crime through another person), 12 rogorc amsruleblobis meoTxe, damoukidebel<br />

formas. 13 katangas (Katanga) sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis aRwera arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis<br />

doqtrinis farglebSi gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mas `vertikaluri mimarTulebiT~<br />

hqonda `kontroli~ miliciaze, romelic emorCileboda mis brZanebebsa da `horizontaluri<br />

mimarTulebiT~ TanamSromlobda sxva braldebulTan, CuisTan (Chui), romelic danaSaulebs<br />

`koleqtiuri ZalisxmeviT~ axorcielebda. 14<br />

92

arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis, rogorc romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlis<br />

farglebSi amsruleblobis meoTxe formiT arseboba, ar Sedioda ICC-s wesdebis Semqmnelebis<br />

ganzraxvaSi. 15 winasasamarTlo palatis mxridan Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui-s saqmeze misma Semo-<br />

Rebam dacvis mxaris uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoiwvia. misi mTavari argumenti, 25(3)(a)-e<br />

muxlSi sxva pirTan erTad, an sxva piris meSveobiT konstruqciis arseboba iyo, 16 romlis Sinaarsic<br />

gamoricxavda arapirdapir (Tana)amsruleblobas. dacvis mxaris azriT, am ukanasknelis arseboba<br />

muxlSi sxva pirTan erTad da sxva piris meSveobiT konstruqciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi<br />

iyo SesaZlebeli. 17<br />

winasasamarTlo palatam romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlSi arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis<br />

SemoRebis gadawyvetileba, sxva pirTan erTad, an sxva piris meSveobiT konstruqciaSi, `an~<br />

elementis ori gagebis arsebobiT daasabuTa. erTi _ es aris msubuqi, inkluziuri gageba, sadac<br />

SesaZlebelia amsrulebloba rogorc sxva pirTan erTad, an sxva piris meSveobiT da orive<br />

formiT. meore _ es aris `Zlieri, eqskluziuri gageba~, romelsac emxroboda dacvis mxare, sadac<br />

SesaZlebelia amsrulebloba sxva pirTan erTad, an sxva piris meSveobiT da ara orive formiT.<br />

palatis azriT, romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxli, Tavis TavSi moicavs `an~ elementis msubuq,<br />

inkluziur gagebas, rac niSnavs, rom arapirdapiri (Tana)amsrulebloba dasaSvebia mis SinaarsSi. 18<br />

arapirdapir (Tana)amsruleblobas ar gaaCnia safuZvlebi klaus roqsinis Teoriis im Tavdapirvel<br />

variantSi, 19 romelic ICC-s mier iqna aRiarebuli Prosecutor v. Lubanga-s 20 da Prosecutor v.<br />

Katanga and Chui-s 21 saqmeebze. is Tavis droze aRiarebul iqna ICTY-s sasamarTlo palatis mier<br />

Prosecutor v. Stakic-is saqmeze, 22 Tumca, SemdgomSi saapelacio palatam misi uaryofa moaxdina da<br />

sabolood, arCevani mainc JCE-ze 23 SeaCera. 24<br />

II.<br />

arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis aucilebeli elementebi<br />

arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrina dResdReobiT aqtiurad gamoiyeneba ICC-s<br />

mimdinare saqmianobaSi, kerZod, sudanisa da keniis situaciebSi, sadac is saerTaSoriso sisxlis<br />

samarTlis damnaSaveebze sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis erT-erT mTavar<br />

iaraRad iqca. keniaSi arsebul mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT erT-erT uaxles gadawyvetilebaSi,<br />

25 winasasamarTlo palata ayalibebs aRniSnuli doqtrinis aucilebel elementebs. 26 esenia:<br />

braldebuli erT, an ramdenime pirTan erTad unda iyos saerTo gegmis an SeTanxmebis nawili;<br />

braldebulma da sxva Tanaamsruleblebma unda ganaxorcielon koordinirebuli arsebiTi<br />

kontribucia, mimarTuli danaSaulis materialuri elementebis realizaciisken;<br />

braldebuls unda hqondes `organizaciaze kontroli~;<br />

`organizaciis~ farglebSi unda arsebobdes organizebuli da ierarqiuli Zalauflebis<br />

aparati;<br />

danaSaulis asruleba unda iyos uzrunvelyofili braldebulis mxridan gacemuli brZanebebiT;<br />

braldebuli unda moqmedebdes Sesabamisi danaSaulis mentaluri elementebiT;<br />

braldebulsa da sxva Tanaamsruleblebs unda hqondeT Segnebuli da daTanxmdnen, rom saerTo<br />

gegmis asrulebas Sedegad mohyveba danaSaulis materialuri elementebis implementacia;<br />

braldebuls unda hqondes Segnebuli is faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romelic aiZulebs mas sxva<br />

pirebis meSveobiT danaSaulis amsruleblobaze ganaxorcielos saerTo kontroli.<br />

aRniSnul elementebSi, ICC-s winasasamarTlo palatis mxridan kombinirebulia is aucilebeli<br />

moTxovnebi, romlebic ICC-m Prosecutor v. Lubanga-s da Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui-s saqmeebze<br />

Tanaamsruleblobisa 27 da arapirdapiri amsruleblobisaTvis 28 Camoayaliba.<br />

93

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kanoni<br />

III. PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR-is saqmis mokle mimoxilva<br />

2004 wlis 18 seqtembers, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gaero) uSiSroebis sabWom gaeros<br />

qartiis me-7 Tavis farglebSi miRebuli rezoluciiT daafuZna saerTaSoriso sagamoZiebo<br />

komisia saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlisa da adamianis uflebebis im darRvevebis gamosakvlevad,<br />

romlebsac adgili hqonda darfurSi, sudanSi. 29 komisiam 2005 wels, gaeros generalur<br />

mdivans warudgina daskvna, sadac darfurSi omisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli<br />

danaSaulebis Cadenis Sesaxeb iuwyeboda da saswrafo zomebis miRebisken mouwodebda mas. 30<br />

aRniSnuls gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 2005 wlis 31 martis rezoluciis miReba mohyva, romliTac<br />

is mimarTavda ICC-s mTavar prokurors 31 sudanSi, konkretulad darfurSi, 2002 wlis 1 ivlisidan<br />

32 arsebul situaciasTan dakavSirebiT gamoZiebis dawyebis TxovniT. 33 mimarTvas darTuli<br />

hqonda komisiis daskvna. sudanSi Seqmnili situaciis Seswavlis Semdeg, ICC-s mTavarma prokurorma,<br />

2005 wlis 1 ivniss, ICC-s winasasamarTlo palatas auwya darfuris saqmesTan dakavSirebiT<br />

gamoZiebis dawyebis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb. <strong>34</strong><br />

IV. al baSiris individualuri pasuxismgebloba darfurSi ganxorcielebuli<br />

danaSaulebis mimarT<br />

ICC-s prokuraturis mier Catarebuli gamoZiebiT dadginda, rom arsebobda safuZvliani eWvi,<br />

rom omar hasan amad al baSiri (Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir) iyo pasuxismgebeli sasamarTlos<br />

iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulebis CadenaSi, romlebsac adgili hqondaT darfurSi, 2003 wlidan<br />

2008 wlis 14 ivlisis CaTvliT furis (Fur), masalitisa (Masalit) da zaghavas (Zaghawa) eTnikuri<br />

jgufis wevrebis mimarT. 2008 wlis 14 ivliss, prokuraturis ofisma, romis statutis 58-e muxlis<br />

farglebSi, mimarTa winasasamarTlo palatas al baSiris mimarT dapatimrebis orderis gacemis<br />

TxovniT, sadac uTiTebda, rom is iyo pasuxismgebeli genocidis (me-6 (a)(b)(c)), adamianurobis<br />

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulisa (me-7(1) (a)(b)(d)(f)(g)) da omis danaSaulebis (me-8(2) (e)(i)(v))<br />

CadenaSi. 35 aRniSnulis sapasuxod, winasasamarTlo palatam 2009 wlis 4 marts, gasca dapatimrebis<br />

orderi, sadac aRniSna, rom al baSiri pasuxismgebeli iyo romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlis farglebSi,<br />

rogorc arapirdapiri (Tana)amsrulebeli adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulsa<br />

da omis danaSaulSi. palatis umravlesobis azriT, saqmeSi ar moipoveboda sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi,<br />

rom al baSiris mxridan adgili hqonda genocidis danaSaulis Cadenas. aRniSnuli<br />

debuleba gasaCivrebul iqna prokuroris mier saapelacio wesiT, riTac saapelacio palatam<br />

gaauqma sasamarTlo palatis gadawyvetileba genocidis danaSaulis nawilSi da daubruna sasamarTlo<br />

palatas axali ganxilvisaTvis. 36<br />

2010 wlis 12 ivliss winasasamarTlo palatis mier gaica meore dapatimrebis orderi, sadac<br />

aRniSnuli iyo, rom arsebobda safuZvliani eWvi, rom al baSiri iyo pasuxismgebeli, aseve, genocidis<br />

danaSaulis CadenaSic (me-6 (a)(b)(c)). 37<br />

al baSirs dResac sudanis prezidentis Tanamdeboba ukavia. ICC-s prokuraturis mxridan<br />

xazgasmuli iyo is garemoeba, rom is uSualod ki ar Rebulobda monawileobas sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi<br />

Semavali danaSaulebis CadenaSi, aramed sudanis saxelmwifo `aparatis~, misi samxedro<br />

Zalebis, `miliciis~, maRali rangis sudaneli politikosebis meSveobiT, romis statutis 25(3) (a)-e<br />

muxlis farglebSi, rogorc arapirdapiri (Tana)amsrulebeli. braldebis mxridan, saqmeSi arsebuli<br />

mtkicebulebebidan gamomdinare, arsebobda safuZvliani eWvi, rom al baSirs hqonda sruli<br />

kontroli im pirebis mimarT, romlebic uSualod sCadiodnen danaSaulebs, anu pirdapiri amsruleblebis<br />

mimarT. ukanono qmedebebi xorcieldeboda masStaburad, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, sadac<br />

damnaSaveebis mimarT ar gatarebula sadamsjelo RonisZiebebi. al baSiri arsebiTad monawileobda<br />

saerTo gegmis implementaciaSi, romelic darfurSi mcxovreb furis, masalitisa da<br />

94

zaghavas eTnikur jgufis wevrebze ukanono TavdasxmaSi, mkvlelobaSi, ganadgurebaSi, iZulebiT<br />

gadaadgilebaSi, wamebasa da gaupatiurebaSi gamoixateboda. 38<br />

V. PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR-is saqmis mniSvneloba ICC-s saqmianobaSi<br />

Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is saqme gamosayofia ramdenime garemoebis arsebobiT, romelic saerTaSoriso<br />

sisxlis samarTlis farglebSi, ICC-ze dakisrebuli amocanebidan gamomdinare, 39 metad<br />

yuradsaRebia. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia is faqtori, rom ICC pirvelad axorcielebs<br />

sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas qveynis moqmedi prezidentis mimarT. aseT SemTxvevas ICC-s iurisprudenciaSi<br />

ar gaaCnia analogi. Semdegi sayuradRebo garemoeba, es aris prokuroris mxridan<br />

saqmis msvlelobis sxva mimarTulebiT wayvana, al baSiris braldebebze genocidis danaSaulis<br />

damatebiT, vidre es gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos darfuris saqmesTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili komisiis<br />

daskvnaSi iyo mocemuli. 40 aRniSnulze dayrdnobiT, sudanis xelisufleba ar moqmedebda<br />

`genocidis danaSaulis politikiT~ da adgili hqonda omisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimar-<br />

Tul danaSaulebs. Tumca, komisia aseve, dasZenda, rom es garemoeba ar unda yofiliyo ganxiluli,<br />

rogorc darfurSi ganxorcielebuli danaSaulebis `Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba~, imis xazgasmiT,<br />

rom omisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi aranakleb seriozuli xasiaTis<br />

matarebeli iyo, vidre Tavad genocidi. 41<br />

darfuris saqmis erT-erTi mTavari gamosakveTi garemoebaa, aseve, is, rom gamoZieba xorcieldeba<br />

romis statutis arawevri saxelmwifos mimarT, ICC-s wesdebis me-13(b) muxlis mixedviT<br />

_ gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mimarTvis safuZvelze. 42<br />

VI. ratom ar daeyrdno ICC al baSiris saqmeze romis statutSi arsebul<br />

pasuxismgeblobebis sxva saxeebs?<br />

Tu ratom ar daeyrdno ICC al baSiris saqmeze romis statutSi arsebuli pasuxismgeblobebis<br />

sxva saxeebs, am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, jer CamovTvaloT is pasuxismgeblobebis saSualebebi,<br />

romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebeli iyo arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis adgilze.<br />

esenia: JCE, romis statutis 25(3) (a)-e (mxolod Tanaamsruleblobis doqtriniT), 25(3) (b)(d)-e da<br />

28 (b)-e muxlebi.<br />

JCE-s doqtrinis gamoyenebadobasTan mimarTebaSi pasuxi martivia. is adreul etapze ICC-s<br />

mier Prosecutor v. Lubanga-s saqmeze iqna uaryofili. 43 miT ufro, rom Tavis droze ICTY-s mier<br />

SemuSavebuli JCE da arapirdapiri (Tana)amsrulebloba gansxvavebul aucilebel elementebs<br />

saWiroeben. 44 rac Seexeba romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlis farglebSi Tanaamsruleblobis<br />

doqtrinis gamoyenebas, al baSiris Tanamdebobidan, Tanaamsruleblobis doqtrinis Sinaarsidan<br />

gamomdinare, romelic sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas `horizontaluri mimarTulebiT~<br />

aviTarebs, braldebebis mtkicebis procesSi ver iqneboda produqtiuli. 45 aseve, martivi pasuxi<br />

arsebobs romis statutis 25(3)(b)-e muxlTan mimarTebaSi, 46 romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis<br />

saxeebi ar Seicaven danaSaulis amsruleblobaze `kontrolis~ elementebs 47 da romlis<br />

gamoyenebac SeuZlebelia amsruleblobasTan kavSirSi. 48 rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, al baSirs<br />

hqonda sruli kontroli im pirebis mimarT, romlebic uSualod axorcielebdnen danaSaulebs,<br />

anu pirdapiri amsruleblebis mimarT. romis statutis 25(3)(d)-e muxli, 49 romelic miCneulia,<br />

rogorc JCE-s monaTesave forma, 50 damatebiTi xasiaTis matarebelia, 51 rac mis gamoyenebas gamoricxavs.<br />

aseve, arsebobs meoTxe alternativac, romelic safuZvels ar aris moklebuli. es aris, al<br />

baSiris sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaSi micema romis statutis 28(b)-e muxlis farglebSi,<br />

rogorc samoqalaqo meTaurze, sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulisaTvis,<br />

95

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

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kanoni<br />

romelic Caidines misi efeqtiani Zalauflebis an kontrolis qveS, imis Sedegad, rom es piri<br />

aRniSnul xelqveTebs ver uwevda saTanado kontrols. 52 iuridiul literaturaSi es mosazreba<br />

mxardaWerilia im argumentiT, rom `kontrolis~ elementis arseboba, romelsac iTxovs Tavis<br />

TavSi Teoria `amsrulebeli amsruleblis ukan~, gaupatiurebasTan mimarTebaSi, rTulad dasamtkicebelia.<br />

53 meTauris pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi, prokuraturam unda amtkicos mxolod al<br />

baSiris umoqmedoba, `organizaciaze~ misi efeqtiani Zalauflebisa da kontrolis meSveobiT.<br />

al baSiris Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba ufro gaaiolebs am process. misi mtkiceba sajarod,<br />

rom darfurSi adgili ar hqonda gaupatiurebebs, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes karg samxilad,<br />

rom man ver moaxerxa mieRo yvela saWiro da gonivruli zoma, raTa Tavidan aecileblina an<br />

aRekveTa danaSaulTa Cadena. 54<br />

Tumca, mTavari argumenti, romelic gamoricxavs meTauris pasuxismgeblobis gamoyenebas<br />

Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is saqmeze, es aris romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlis upiratesoba 28-e muxlis<br />

mimarT, romelic xazgasmul iqna ICC-s mxridan Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo-s saqmeze. 55<br />

saqmeSi mopovebuli mtkicebulebebidan gamomdinare, rodesac arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi, rom<br />

adgili hqonda rogorc `aqtiur amsruleblobas~, ise meTauris pasuxismgeblobas, upiratesoba<br />

pirvels eniWeba. 56<br />

daskvna<br />

yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ukve SesaZlebelia statiis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvebze<br />

pasuxis gacema da arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis samarTlebrivi Sefaseba.<br />

is, Tu ra Sinaarsi devs arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis pasuxismgeblobaSi, masSi Tanaamsruleblobisa<br />

da arapirdapiri amsruleblobis doqtrinebis gaerTianebidan da misTvis wayenebuli<br />

aucilebeli elementebidan gamomdinare, 57 martivad gasagebia. axali `hibriduli doqtrina~<br />

saWiroebs Tavisebur midgomas. 58 es aris `horizontaluri~ da `vertikaluri~ pasuxismgeblobis<br />

saSualebebis, amsruleblobis orive saxis cnebaTa erToblioba, sadac arsebiTad aucilebelia<br />

orive doqtrinis elementebis mtkiceba. es ki, arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtriniT<br />

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi monawileebze pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis<br />

garkveul problematurobaze miuTiTebs. 59<br />

miuxedavad amisa, arapirdapiri (Tana)amsrulebloba Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is saqmeze, adekvaturi<br />

pasuxismgeblobis saSualebad unda miviCnioT, romelic saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalis<br />

moTxovnebs akmayofilebs. 60 Tu ratom iyenebs ICC mas da ara pasuxismgeblobis sxva saxes, es ukve<br />

zemoT davasabuTeT. 61 Tumca, xazgasasmelia mTavari faqtori _ arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobiT,<br />

al baSiri miiRebs sasjelis ufro maRal zomas, vidre pasuxismgeblobis sxva saSualebebiT<br />

da is xdeba personalurad pasuxismgebeli qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli danaSaulebisaTvis. 62<br />

aRniSnulis gamoyenebiT, is gaxdeba warmatebuli, xSirad gamoyenebadi doqtrina `cnobili~ damnaSaveebis<br />

mimarT.<br />

ICC-s mxridan Tanaamsruleblobisa da arapirdapiri amsruleblobis gaerTianeba da erTi<br />

saerTo saxiT Camoyalibeba, mimarTulia inovaciuri doqtrinis Seqmnisaken, saerTaSoriso sisxlis<br />

samarTlis Teoriebisa da precedentebis ganviTarebisaken. 63 Tu rogor adgils daikavebs is<br />

ICC-s iurisprudenciaSi, jer rTuli saTqmelia. Tumca, prokuraturis mxridan misi gamoyenebis<br />

done SegviZlia SevadaroT Tavis droze ICTY-s mier JCE-s damkvidrebis periods, romelic aqtiur<br />

rols asrulebda jer ICTY-s saqmianobaSi da Semdeg sxva tribunalebis iurisprudenciaSi. 64<br />

96

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

Indirect (Co)Perpetration Doctrine in International Criminal Law.<br />

2<br />

naSromi Sesrulebulia kiolnis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze<br />

(germaniis akademiuri gacvlis samsaxuris (DAAD) stipendiis farglebSi).<br />

3<br />

ICC-ze da romis statutze dawvrilebiT ix.: merab turava, sisxlis<br />

samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, `bona kauza~, Tbilisi, 2005.<br />

4<br />

CveulebiTi samarTlis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: merab turava,<br />

danaSaulis moZRvreba, `meridiani~, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 129, 1<strong>34</strong>, 145-146,<br />

339, 430; aseve, ix.: Alexander Zahar and Göran Sluiter – International Criminal Law,<br />

Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008, gv. 17.<br />

5<br />

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis cnebaze da mis arsze dawvrilebiT ix:<br />

Claus kreß – International Criminal Law, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International<br />

Law, xelmisawvdomia http://www.mpepil.com.<br />

6<br />

Sead. George P. Fletcher – New Court, Old Dogmatik, 9 Journal of International Criminal<br />

Justice (JICJ), 2011, gv. 179.<br />

7<br />

Tu ra gza ganvlo saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalma dRemde dawvrilebiT<br />

ix.: Claus Kreß – Versailles-Nuremberg-The Hague: Germany and International Criminal<br />

Law, 40 The International Lawyer, 2006, gv. 15-39; ix. aseve: M. Cherif Bassiouni – The<br />

Making International Criminal Court wignSi M. Cherif Bassiouni – International Criminal<br />

Law, Vol. III, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 3 rd . ed., 2008, gv. 117-132.<br />

8<br />

sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

dawvrilebiT ix.: Roberto Bellelli (ed.) – International Criminal Justice, Ashgate, Farnham,<br />

Repr., 2011, Tavi I – nawili meore, Tavi I I , Tavi I I I _ nawili meore.<br />

9<br />

ix.: Kai Ambos – Command Responsibility and Organisationsherrschaft: Ways of Attributing<br />

International Crimes to the ‘Most Responsible’ wignSi Andre Nollkaemper and Harmen van<br />

der Wilt (ed.) – System Criminality in International Law, Cambridge University Press,<br />

Cambridge, 2009, gv. 128.<br />

10<br />

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi individualuri pasuxismgeblobis<br />

dakisrebis sirTulesTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: Gideon Boas – The<br />

Difficulty with Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal Law wignSi<br />

Carsten Stahn & Larissa van den Herik (ed.) – Future Perspectives on International<br />

Criminal Justice, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, gv. 501-519.<br />

11<br />

ix.: Bert Swart – Modes of International Criminal Liability wignSi Antonio Cassese (ed.) – The<br />

Oxford Companion to International Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, gv. 82.<br />

12<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Decision on the Confirmation<br />

of Charges (ICC-01/04-01/07), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 30 September 2008 (Prosecutor v.<br />

Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges), par. 487-dan.<br />

13<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, Decision on the Prosecution’s Application<br />

for a Warrant of Arrest (ICC-01/05-01/09), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 4 March 2009, (Prosecutor<br />

v. Al Bashir, Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest), par. 210,<br />

sadac winasasamarTlo palata amsruleblobis saxeebSi arapirdapir<br />

(Tana)amsruleblobas damoukidebeli saxiT moixseniebs, rogorc<br />

amsruleblobis meoTxe formas romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlSi.<br />

14<br />

Sead. Jens David Ohlin – Second-Order Linking Principles: Combining Vertical and Horizontal<br />

Modes of Liability, 25 Leiden Journal of International law (LJIL), 2012, gv. 778; aseve, ix.:<br />

Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 540-dan.<br />

15<br />

Sead. Elies Van Sliedregt – Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal<br />

Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012, gv. 168.<br />

16<br />

ix.: romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxli: 3. sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi<br />

Semavali danaSaulis Camden pirs, winamdebare wesdebis Sesabamisad,<br />

ekisreba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba da isjeba, Tu es piri: (a)<br />

Caidens danaSauls piradad, sxva pirTan erTad an sxva piris meSveobiT.<br />

17<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 490.<br />

18<br />

ix.: iqve, par. 491.<br />

19<br />

klaus roqsinis TeoriebTan mimarTebaSi ix.: Claus Roxin – Crimes as Part of<br />

Orginized Power Structures, 9 JICJ, 2011, gv. 193-205; Tu rogor iqna is germaniis<br />

federaluri sasamarTlos (Bundesgerichtshof) mier aRiarebuli ix.: Thomas Weigend –<br />

Perpetration through an Organization, The Unexpected Career of a German Legal Concept,<br />

9 JICJ, 2011, gv. 94-99; Tu rogor aris is daregulirebuli germanul<br />

97

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

sisxlis samarTalSi ix.: Neha Jain – The Control Theory of Perpetration in International<br />

Criminal Law, 12 Chicago Journal of International Law, 2011, gv. 157-176; ICTY-sa da ICC-<br />

Si ix.: iqve, gv. 177-185; aseve, ix.: Harmen G. van der Wilt – The Continuous Quest for<br />

Proper Modes of Criminal Responsibility, 7 JICJ, 2009, gv. 307-314.<br />

20<br />

Prosecutor v. Lubanga-s saqmeze ICC amkvidrebs qmedebaze funqciuri batonobis<br />

(functional control over the act (ing.); Funktionelle Tatherrschaft (germ.)) germanul<br />

doqtrinas, romelic dafuZnebulia qmedebaze batonobis doqtrinaze<br />

(domination of the act (ing.) an control of the act (ing.); Tatherrschaft (germ.)) da<br />

emsaxureba amsruleblobasa da Tanamonawileobas Soris argumentirebuli<br />

mijnis gavlebis mizans _ ix.: Prosecutor Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on the<br />

Confirmation of Charges (ICC-01/04-01/06), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 29 January 2007, par. 320<br />

(Prosecutor v. Lubanga, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges), par. 317-dan; Prosecutor<br />

v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute (ICC-01/04-01/06),<br />

Trial Chamber I, 14 March 2012, par. 918-dan; aseve, ix.: merab turava,<br />

danaSaulis moZRvreba, `meridiani~, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 6 (par. 9), 239-240; Kai<br />

Ambos – The First Confirmation Decision of the International Criminal Court: Prosecutor v.<br />

Thomas Lubanga Dyilo – Kostsalis, Courakis Mylonopiulos (ed.), Essays in honour of<br />

Agryrios Karras, Athen, 2010, gv. 998-999.<br />

21<br />

Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui-s saqmeze ICC ayalibebs klaus roqsinis mier<br />

SemuSavebul doqtrinas, `amsrulebeli amsruleblis ukan~ (perpetrator behind<br />

perpetrator (ing.), Täter hinter dem Täter (germ.)), sadac individualuri<br />

sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba pirdapir amsrulebels<br />

danaSaulis subieqturi da obieqturi elementebis asrulebisaTvis da<br />

arapirdapir amsrulebelze _ danaSaulze kontrolisaTvis, pirdapiri<br />

amsruleblis nebaze kontrolis meSveobiT. romis statutis farglebSi<br />

adgils ikavebs `organizaciaze kontrolis~ (control over the an organization<br />

(ing); Organisationsherrschaft (germ.)) cneba, sadac `amsrulebeli amsruleblis<br />

ukan~ danaSauls sCadis organizaciaze kontrolis meSveobiT _ ix.: Prosecutor<br />

v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 496-497; aseve, ix.:<br />

Claus Roxin _ Crimes as Part of Orginized Power Structures, 9 JICJ, 2011, gv. 193-205;<br />

Thomas Weigend – Perpetration through an Organization, The Unexpected Career of a<br />

German Legal Concept, 9 JICJ, 2011, gv. 91-111; Kai Ambos – Individual Criminal<br />

Responsibility (Article 25) wignSi Otto Triffterer (ed.) – Commentary on the Rome Statute of<br />

the International Criminal Court, C.H.Beck.hart.Nomos., München, 2 nd ed., 2008, gv. 750-752.<br />

22<br />

ICTY-s sasamarTlo palata, arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis<br />

Camoyalibebas cdilobda, rogorc JCE-s alternatiuli variantisas _ ix.:<br />

Prosecutor v. Stakic, Judgement (ICTY-IT-97-24-T), Trial Chamber, 31 July 2003, par. 439,<br />

741; Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 506.<br />

23<br />

JCE-s doqtrinasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: giorgi dgebuaZe,<br />

kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis _ Joint Criminal Enterprise doqtrinis<br />

Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis aucilebloba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi,<br />

Jur. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~ 1(28), 2011, gv. 101-110.<br />

24<br />

ICTY-s saapelacio palatis argumenti, riTac is uaryofda arapirdapiri<br />

(Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinas, mdgomareobda imaSi, rom aRniSnuli<br />

pasuxismgeblobis saSualeba, gansxvavebiT JCE-sagan, ar warmoadgenda<br />

saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlisa da ICTY-s iurisprudenciis nawils _<br />

dawvrilebiT ix.: Prosecutor v. Stakic, Judgement (ICTY-IT-97-24-A), Appeal Chamber,<br />

22 March 2006, par. 62; Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of<br />

Charges, par. 508; aseve, ix.: merab turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba,<br />

`meridiani~, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 57, par. 98.<br />

25<br />

keniis respublikis situaciasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: Decision<br />

Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorization of an Investigation into the<br />

Situation in the Republic of Kenya, (ICC-01/09), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 31 March 2010;<br />

aseve, ix.: Claus Kreß – On the Outer Limits of Crimes against Humanity: The Concept of<br />

Organization within the Policy Requirement: Some Reflections on the Martch 2010 ICC<br />

Kenya Decision, 23 LJIL, 2010, gv. 855-873.<br />

26<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang,<br />

Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Summons to Appear for William Samoei Ruto,<br />

Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (ICC-01/09-01/11), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 8<br />

March 2011, par. 40.<br />

98

27<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Lubanga, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. <strong>34</strong>3-<strong>34</strong>8.<br />

28<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 500-518.<br />

29<br />

ix.: United Nations (UN) Security Council (SC) Resolution 1564, 18 September 2004,<br />

xelmisawvdomia http://www.un.org/en/.<br />

30<br />

ix.: Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the UN Secretary<br />

General (Pursuant to SC Resolution 1564, 18 September 2004), xelmisawvdomia<br />

http://www.un.org/news/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf (nanaxia 07.07.2012).<br />

31<br />

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo konkretul SemTxvevaSi moqmedebda romis<br />

statutis me-13(b) muxlis farglebSi.<br />

32<br />

aRniSnuli periodi xazgasmulia, vinaidan ICC-s sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />

devnis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia mxolod im danaSaulebze, romlebsac<br />

adgili hqonda 2002 wlis 1 ivlisidan, anu romis statutis ZalaSi Sesvlis<br />

periodidan.<br />

33<br />

ix.: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593, 31 March 2005, xelmisawvdomia<br />

http://www.un.org/en/.<br />

<strong>34</strong><br />

ICC-s mTavari prokurori konkretul SemTxvevaSi moqmedebda romis<br />

statutis 53-e muxlisa da procedurisa da mtkicebis wesebis 103-e wesis<br />

farglebSi _ ix.: Decision to Open Investigation, xelmisawvdomia http://www.icc-cpi. int/<br />

iccdocs/doc/doc251671.PDF (nanaxia 07.07.2012); darfuris saqmesTan dakavSrebiT<br />

aseve, ix.: Press Release, The Office of the ICC Opens Investigation in Darfur, 06 June 2006,<br />

ICC-OTP-0606-104-En. xelmisawvdomia http://www.icc-cpi.int/; Prosecutor v. Al Bashir,<br />

Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest, par. 1-dan.<br />

35<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Al Bashir, Public Redacted Version of the Prosecutor’s Application under<br />

Article 58 filed on 14 July 2008 (ICC-02/05), 12 Septembr 2008, Annex A.<br />

36<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, Second Decision on the Prosecution’s<br />

Application for a Warrant of Arrest (ICC-02/05-01/09), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 12 July 2010<br />

(Prosecutor v. Second Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest),<br />

gv. 4-dan; Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-s saqmeze genocidis danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi<br />

ix. Claus Kreß – The crime of Genocide and Contextual Elements. A Commentary on the<br />

Pre-Trial Chamber’s Decision in the Al Bashir Case, 7 JICJ, 2009, gv. 297-306.<br />

37<br />

ix.: iqve, gv. 5-dan.<br />

38<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Al Bashir, Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of<br />

Arrest, par. 209-dan; Prosecutor v. Second Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a<br />

Warrant of Arrest; al baSiris saqmesTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On<br />

the Application of a Theory of Indirect Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 853-869.<br />

39<br />

ICC-ze miwerili `mudmivmoqmedi sasamarTlos~ statusi misi precendentebis<br />

mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT<br />

ix.: merab turava, sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, `bona<br />

kauza~, Tbilisi, 2005.<br />

40<br />

Sead. Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect<br />

Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 854-dan.<br />

41<br />

ix.: Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the UN Secretary<br />

General (Pursuant to SC Resolution 1564, 18 September 2004), gv. 4, xelmisawvdomia<br />

http://www.un.org/news/dh/sudan/com_inq_ darfur.pdf (nanaxia 12.07.2012).<br />

42<br />

Sead: Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect<br />

Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 854; Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-s saqmis<br />

mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT ix. aseve: Theresa Giamanco – The Perpetrator<br />

Behind the Perpetrator: A Critical Analysis of the Theory of Prosecution Against Omar Al-<br />

Bashir, 25 Temple International and Comparative Law Journal (TICLJ), 2011, gv. 217-dan.<br />

43<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Lubanga, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 322-<strong>34</strong>1.<br />

44<br />

JCE iTxovs saerTo gegmis arsebobas, xolo Tanaamsruleblobis doqtrina<br />

`kontrolisas~. Tumca, orive maTgani damokidebulia danaSaulebze,<br />

romlebic xorcieldeba fizikurad sxva pirebis mier _ dawvrilebiT ix.<br />

Elies Van Sliedregt – Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal Law, Oxford<br />

University Press, Oxford, 2012, gv. 170-171.<br />

45<br />

Sead. Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect<br />

Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 865.<br />

46<br />

ix.: romis statutis 25(3) (b)-e muxli: 3. sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi<br />

Semavali danaSaulis Camden pirs, winamdebare wesdebis Sesabamisad,<br />

ekisreba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba da isjeba, Tu es piri:<br />

99

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

(b) uxelmZRvanelebs, waaqezebs, an xels Seuwyobs aRniSnuli danaSaulis<br />

Cadenas, Tu es danaSauli Cadenilia an iyo misi Cadenis mcdeloba.<br />

47<br />

romis statutis 25(3)(b)-e muxlTan mimarTebaSi dawvrilebiT ix.: William A.<br />

Schabas – The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute, Oxford<br />

University Press, Oxford, 2010, gv. 430-dan.<br />

48<br />

Sead. Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect<br />

Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 865.<br />

49<br />

ix.: romis statutis 25(3) (d)-e muxli: 3. sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi<br />

Semavali danaSaulis Camden pirs, winamdebare wesdebis Sesabamisad,<br />

ekisreba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba da isjeba, Tu es piri: (d)<br />

nebismieri sxva saxiT xels uwyobs saerTo mizniT moqmed pirTa jgufis<br />

mier danaSaulis Cadenas an Cadenis mcdelobas. aseTi xelSewyoba unda<br />

xdebodes ganzrax, anda (i) miznad isaxavdes jgufis danaSaulebrivi miznis<br />

ganxorcielebas an danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis gagrZelebas, Tu aseTi<br />

mizani an saqmianoba moicavs sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali<br />

danaSaulis Cadenas; an (ii) xorcieldebodes imis winaswari SegnebiT, rom<br />

jgufi miznad isaxavs danaSaulis Cadenas.<br />

50<br />

ix.: Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect<br />

Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 865; JCE-s da 25(3) (d) muxlTan<br />

mimarTebaSi ix.: Thomas Weigend – Intent, Mistake of Law, and Co-perpetration in the<br />

Lubanga Decision on Confirmation of Charges, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 477-478.<br />

51<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Lubanga, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 3<strong>34</strong>-33; ix.<br />

aseve: William A. Schabas – The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome<br />

Statute, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010, gv. 436-437.<br />

52<br />

ix.: romis statutis 28(b)-e muxli.<br />

53<br />

ix.: Theresa Giamanco – The Perpetrator Behind the Perpetrator: A Critical Analysis of the<br />

Theory of Prosecution Against Omar Al-Bashir, 25 TICLJ, 2011, gv. 239; 242-243.<br />

54<br />

ix.: iqve, gv. 2<strong>34</strong>; aseve, ix.: romis statutis 28(b)(iii)-e muxli.<br />

55<br />

ix.: Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision Pursuant to Atricle 61(7)(a) and (b) of<br />

the Rome Statute on the Charges (ICC-01/05-01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 15 June 2009,<br />

par. <strong>34</strong>2.<br />

56<br />

ix. William A. Schabas – The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome<br />

Statute, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010, gv. 458.<br />

57<br />

ix.: Tavi I I , III.<br />

58<br />

Sead. Jens David Ohlin – Second-Order Linking Principles: Combining Vertical and<br />

Horizontal Modes of Liability, 25 LJIL, 2012, gv. 784.<br />

59<br />

Sead. Elies Van Sliedregt – Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal Law,<br />

Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012, gv. 169.<br />

60<br />

Sead. Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect<br />

Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 866.<br />

61<br />

ix.: Tavi VII.<br />

62<br />

Sead. Theresa Giamanco – The Perpetrator Behind the Perpetrator: A Critical Analysis of the<br />

Theory of Prosecution Against Omar Al-Bashir, 25 TICLJ, 2011, gv. 242-243.<br />

63<br />

ICC-ze miweril gamowvevebTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: Fatou Bensouda<br />

– Challenges Related to Investigation and Prosecution at the International Criminal Court<br />

wignSi Roberto Bellelli (ed.) – International Criminal Justice, Ashgate, Farnham, Repr., 2011,<br />

gv. 131-142.<br />

64<br />

Sead. Jens David Ohlin – Second-Order Linking Principles: Combining Vertical and<br />

Horizontal Modes of Liability, 25 LJIL, 2012, gv. 784.<br />

100

INDIRECT (CO)PERPETRATION<br />

DOCTRINE IN INTERNATIONAL<br />

CRIMINAL LAW 1<br />

(ANALYSES OF THE CASE<br />

PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR )<br />

GIORGI DGEBUADZE<br />

PHD Georgian University<br />

At the beginning of XXI Century, international community was alarmed by<br />

the horrible crimes taking place in Africa, Uganda, in the Democratic Republic of<br />

Congo, in the Central Republic of Africa, in Kenya, Libya, Sudan and Cote d’Ivoire.<br />

National justice systems, in all above-listed countries, was unable to carry out<br />

proper measures against the criminal situation within the country, respond the<br />

committed crimes and impose criminal liability. Accordingly, International<br />

Criminal Court was notified regarding the mentioned “occurrings”. Taking proper<br />

and timely criminal proceedings and measures – this was the very reason for<br />

establishing International Criminal Court. ICC has a lot of challenges. Entire<br />

international community is awaiting how will ICC resolve the problems and what<br />

type of case law it will establish. Baring all this in mind, in order to take effective<br />

measures, ICC introduces new forms of the criminal liability, among those,<br />

important one is the doctrine of indirect co-perpetration. It will be interesting to<br />

observe its application on Prosecutor v. al Bashir case, where it is applied and<br />

used as a main tool against the President of Sudan to carry out criminal prosecution<br />

against him. 2<br />

1<br />

Indirect (Co)Perpetration Doctrine in International Criminal Law.<br />

2<br />

The work is prepared within the scholarship in Cologne University; Law Faculty (DAAD)<br />

101

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

sicocxlis uflebis<br />

absoluturi dacva da<br />

TviTmkvlelobis<br />

problematika<br />

germanuli sisxlis<br />

samarTlis mixedviT<br />

baCana jiSkariani<br />

L.L.M. (München), miunxenis universitetis sisxlis samarTlis,<br />

sisxlis samarTlis procesis, saerTaSoriso da evropuli<br />

sisxlis samarTlisa da ekonomikuri sisxlis samarTlis<br />

kaTedris doqtoranti, fridrix naumanis saxelobis fondis<br />

stipendiati<br />

Sesavali<br />

sicoxlis uflebis dacva nebismieri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis<br />

prioritetuli sferoa da sisxlis samarTali erT-er-<br />

Ti umniSvnelovanesi, Tu ara yvelaze qmediTi meqanizmia am mimar-<br />

TulebiT. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobac ar ganekuTvneba gamonakliss<br />

da sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili swored adamianis<br />

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebiT iwyeba. Sesabamisad, qarTul<br />

iuridiul literaturaSi bevri ram iTqva am danaSaulebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />

Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi diskusiebi garkveulwilad<br />

zedapirul xasiaTs atarebs da ama Tu im sakiTxs naklebad<br />

kompleqsurad udgeba.<br />

statiis mizania germaniis magaliTze mimoxilul iqnes sicocxlis<br />

uflebis dacvasa da amave konteqstSi TviTmkvlelobasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli iuridul literaturaSi Tu sasamarTlo<br />

praqtikaSi arsebuli mosazrebebi. mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa, miuxedavad<br />

am Tematikis mravaljeradi gadamuSavebisa, Ria da sadavo<br />

rCeba da maTi mimoxilva sxva saxelmwifos magaliTze imedia<br />

xels Seuwyobs qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi Tu sasamarTlo<br />

praqtikaSi diskusiebs.<br />

102

1. sicocxlis uflebis absoluturi dacva<br />

germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-16 Tavi _ §§ 211-222 _ adamianis sicocxlis winaaRmdeg<br />

mimarTul danaSaulebs exeba da moicavs iseT deliqtebs rogorebicaa mkvleloba, mkvleloba<br />

damamZimebel garemoebebSi, sicocxlis mospoba gaufrTxileblobiT da ase Semdeg. 1<br />

germaniis konstituciis meore muxlis meore nawilic sicocxlis dacvis Temas exeba, kerZod,<br />

iq miTiTebulia naTlad, rom nebismier adamians aqvs sicocxlis ufleba. germaniis federaluri<br />

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, es muxli adamianis sicocxlis fundamenturi uflebis<br />

gamoxatulebaa 2 da am uflebas konstituciursamarTlebrivi wesrigis farglebSi umaRlesi Rirebuleba<br />

gaaCnia. 3 swored am midgomidan gamomdinare, Camoyalibda germanul samarTalSi sicocxlis<br />

uflebis absoluturi dacvis cneba. adamianis sicocxle xelSeuxebelia, miuxedavad am<br />

pirovnebis janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa, asakisa, sicocxlisunarianobisa Tu mis mimarT sxva<br />

kuTxiT gakeTebuli Sefasebisa. 4 umZimesi fizikuri Tu sulieri defeqtebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic<br />

ki, sicocxlis Sefaseba an/da amis safuZvelze misi mospoba dauSvebelia, risi gamoxatulebac<br />

aris Tundac evTanaziis Semadgenloba, romelic zRudavs TviT am sicocxlis uflebis matarebel<br />

pirs. 5 amasTan, sainteresoa, imis garkveva, Tu ra momentidan iwyeba am fundamenturi uflebis<br />

sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva?<br />

2. sicocxlis uflebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis dasawyisi<br />

sicocxlis uflebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvisaTvis gadamwyvetia dabadebis procesis<br />

dawyeba. 6 am sakiTxze, germaniis federalurma uzenaesma (manamde, saimperio uzenaesma sasamar-<br />

Tlom) sasamarTlom Camoayaliba pozicia, sadac ganmarta, Tu ra momentidan iwyeba adamianis<br />

sicocxle da misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, es dacva iwyeba<br />

maSin, rodesac dedas ewyeba tkivilebi da misi sxeuli cdilobs, dabados nayofi. 7 maSasadame,<br />

vinmes sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micema adamianis mkvlelobisaTvis SesaZlebelia swored<br />

im tkivilebis dawyebis momentidan, romelic uSualod win uZRvis dabadebas. 8 adamianis<br />

sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis gavrceleba ukve tkivilebis dawyebis momentze da dabadebis procesze<br />

gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom es aris bavSvis sicocxlisaTvis mometebuli safrTxis stadia.<br />

9 Tumca, germanul iuridiul literaturaSi avtorebis mier gamoiTqmeba sxva mosazrebebic,<br />

romlebic Tvlian, rom adamianis sicocxlis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva unda iwyebodes mxolod<br />

dabadebis dasrulebis momentidan. 10 am mosazrebis gabatonebis SemTxvevaSi, sisxlis samar-<br />

Tali SesabamisobaSi movidoda germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsTanac. kerZod, am kodeqsis pirveli<br />

paragrafiT adamianis uflebaunarianoba iwyeba misi dabadebis damTavrebis momentidan. 11 kritikosTa<br />

mosazrebiT, xdeba nayofis, romelic jer kidev, ar dabadebula da amis mxolod procesia<br />

dawyebuli, xelovnurad adamianad gamocxadeba da misi rogorc adamianis ise dacva, maSin roca<br />

SesaZlebeli iqneboda calke SemadgenlobiT misi, anu nayofis dacva. 12 Tumca, rogorc ukve zemoT<br />

aRiniSna, literaturaSi gabatonebuli mosazreba da sasamarTlo praqtika, 13 dawyebis droze<br />

akeTeben aqcents da am sakiTxSi samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTali erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian.<br />

sisxlis samarTlis mecniereba dabadebis dawyebis cnebis gagebisaTvis, bunebrivia, eyrdnoba<br />

medicinas. samedicino TvalsazrisiT, normaluri dabadebis procesi iwyeba mokle intervalebiT<br />

mimdinare tkivilebiT, ris Sedegadac xdeba saSvilosnos yelis gafarToeba. amas mosdevs dedis<br />

sxeulis mxridan tkivilebis fonze Sida presi da bavSvis sxeulidan gamosvla. es tkivilebi<br />

warmoSobilia bunebrivad Tu medikamentebis saSualebiT, sisxlis samarTlisaTvis ar aris relevanturi.<br />

14<br />

103

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

medicinaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben tkivilis sxvadasxva saxeebs im fazis mixedviT, Tu<br />

romelSi imyofeba orsuli qali. es gansxvaveba sisxlis samarTlisTvisac Zalian mniSvnelovania.<br />

kerZod, erTmaneTisgan unda gamoiyos dabadebamde arsebuli tkivilebi _ isini damaxasiaTebelia<br />

orsulobis bolo dReebisaTvis da SeiZleba grZeldebodes mSobiarobis dawyebis momentamde,<br />

uSualod mSobiarobis dawyebis tkivilebi _ anu rodesac iwyeba saSvilosnos yelis gafarToeba<br />

da tkivilebi, romelic Tan axlavs press da romelic saWiroa bavSvis dedis sxeulidan gamoyofisaTvis.<br />

adamianis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva iwyeba mxolod mSobiarobis dawyebis tkivilebis<br />

etapidan da ara manamde. 15 rac Seexeba sakeisro kveTas da am gziT bavSvis dabadebas, misi<br />

sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva, rogorc adamianis, iwyeba saSvilosnos gaxsnis da ara muclis gaWris<br />

an narkozis Seyvanis momentidan. 16 Tumca, arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, romliTac<br />

sasurveli iqneboda adamianis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis muclis gakveTisTanave dawyeba da<br />

ara mxolod saSvilosnos gaxsnisas, vinaidan muclis gakveTa aris pirveli nabiji operaciis gziT<br />

bavSvis dabadebisa. 17 gabatonebuli mosazreba ki, im arguments eyrdnoba, rom muclis gakveTa<br />

SeiZleba sxva miznebiTac xdebodes da masze adamianis konteqstSi samarTlebrivi dacvis<br />

gavrceleba orazrovnebas gamoiwvevda. 18<br />

zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinareobs, rom mSobiarobis tkivilebis dawyebamde Cadenil deliqtebze<br />

vrceldeba mxolod da mxolod germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §§ 218-219b. isini exebian<br />

abortis problematikas da mas garkveuli winapirobebis daucvelobis SemTxvevaSi dasjadad<br />

acxadeben. maTi dacvis obieqtia nayofi, vidre is sisxlissamarTlebrivi gagebiT gaxdeba adamiani<br />

(mSobiarobis tkivilebis etapidan). magaliTad, pirma mkvlelobis ganzraxviT daWra mSobiare qali,<br />

Tumca, is eqimis swrafi Carevis Sedegad gadarCa, magram sakeisro kveTis safuZvelze amoyvanili<br />

bavSvi ramdenime dRis Semdeg gardaicvala, radgan dedisaTvis miyenebulma Wrilobebma gamoiwvies<br />

misTvis sisxlis miwodebis procesis moSla mucladyofnis periodSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, dedis<br />

mimarT Cadenili qmedebis gamo, damnaSave pasuxs agebs mkvlelobis mcdelobis gamo damamZimebel<br />

garemoebebSi (§211, 22) janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianebasTan erTianobaSi (§224). rac Seexeba<br />

adre dabadebuli bavSvis daRupvas, damnaSavis mxridan Cadenili qmedeba ganxorcielda mSobiarobis<br />

dawyebamde periodSi, Sesabamisad, sisxlissamarTlebrivad ziani miadga ara adamians, aramed nayofs,<br />

amitomac bavSvTan mimarTebaSi dadgeba mxolod germaniis ssk-is 218-e paragrafiT pasuxismgeblobis<br />

sakiTxi _ orsulobis moSla. 19 mkvlelobis Semadgenlobebis (§§212, 211) gamoyeneba dauSvebelia,<br />

radgan isini icaven adamianis sicocxles da ara nayofs. 20<br />

aseve, sainteresoa imis garkveva, dadgeba Tu ara dedis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, Tu misi<br />

moqmedebis Sedegad (magaliTad, eqimis rCevis miuxedavad, igi misdevs sports) mas muceli<br />

moeSleba da nayofi daiRupeba? am kiTxvas germanuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsidan gamomdinare,<br />

uaryofiTi pasuxi unda gaeces. SesaZlebelia gvefiqra pasuxismgeblobaze sicocxlis gaufrTxileblobiT<br />

mospobis gamo (§ 222), magram aRniSnuli Semadgenloba isev da isev saubrobs adamianze<br />

da ara jer kidev, ardabadebul sicoxleze. Sesabamisad, momaval dedas ver miscemen pasuxisgebaSi<br />

gaufrTxileblobiT sicocxlis mospobis gamo. misi gaufrTxileblobiT daiRupa nayofi da ara<br />

adamiani. aseve, SeiZleba gvefiqra orsulobis Sewyvetaze (§ 218), magram am paragrafis meoTxe<br />

nawilSi pirdapir aris Cawerili, rom orsuli qalis dasja gaufrTxileblobis gamo dauSvebelia.<br />

21 marTalia, zogadad, gaufrTxileblobiT orsulobis Sewyveta dasjadia, magram kanonmdebelma<br />

orsul qalze dauSva gamonaklisi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mas mouwevda nebismieri riskTan<br />

dakavSirebuli qmedebis Sewyveta orsulobis periodis ganmavlobaSi, rac misi uflebebis araproporciuli<br />

SezRudva iqneboda. 22<br />

maSasadame, mkvlelobisa da orsulobis Sewyvetis Semadgenlobebis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebisTvis<br />

mTavaria yuradReba mieqces samarTlebrivi sikeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebis Cade-<br />

104

nis da ara Sedegis dadgomis dros. 23 Tu magaliTad, Careva ganxorcielda mSobiarobis dawyebamde<br />

orsulobis Sewyvetis mizniT da amis Sedegad daibada sicocxlisuunaro bavSvi, romelic mcire<br />

xanSi gardaicvala, piri pasuxisgebaSi miecema germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 218-e paragrafiT<br />

orsulobis Sewyvetis gamo da ara adamianis mkvlelobisaTvis, xolo Tu abortis<br />

warumatebeli mcdelobisas bavSvi daibadeba (ara aqvs mniSvneloba is xangrZlivad sicocxlisunariania<br />

Tu ara) da mis sicoxles Sewyveten amis Semdeg, es dakvalificirdeba ukve mkvlelobad,<br />

vinaidan sicocxlis momspobi qmedeba Cadenil iqna adamianis mimarT. 24<br />

imisaTvis, rom dabadebis Semdgom bavSvis mimarT Cadenili qmedeba dakvalificirdes mkvlelobad,<br />

saWiroa rom is daibados cocxali, xolo Tu rodis iTvleba bavSvi cocxlad dabadebulad,<br />

amaSi germanuli samarTali eyrdnoba msoflio jandacvis organizaciis mier Camoyalibebul<br />

midgomas. kerZod, fetusi sul mcire, 500 grams unda iwonides da dedis sxeulidan gamoyofis<br />

Semdeg misi guli unda cemdes, is unda sunTqavdes an misi Wiplari unda pulsirebdes. xolo<br />

mkvdradSobilad iTvleba bavSvi, romelic orsulobis ganmavlobaSi an mSobiarobisas mokvdeba<br />

da 500 gramze mets iwonis. aseve, calke gamoyofen naadrev mSobiarobas. naadrevad dabadebulad<br />

iTvleba bavSvi, romelic sul mcire 3 kviriT adre an orsulobis 38-e kviramde adre daibadeba,<br />

wonas ki, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs. 25<br />

Tu axalSobili bavSi Seesabameba cocxlad dabadebulis zemoT motanil kriteriumebs, maSin<br />

is moiazreba mkvlelobis obieqtad da eqceva Sesabamisi paragrafebis dacvis qveS (§211 da<br />

Semdegi). es exeba Tundac iseT bavSvs, romelsac Tandayolili defeqtis gamo ara aqvs xangrZlivad<br />

cxovrebis Sansi. 26 mTavaria, is cocxalia dabadebis procesSi.<br />

3. adamianis sicocxlis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis dasasruli<br />

adamianis sicocxlis, rogorc absoluturi samarTlebrivi sikeTis, sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />

dacva iwyeba misi dabadebis momentidan, Tumca amavdroulad mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu<br />

rodis mTavrdeba es dacva. 27<br />

sicocxlis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva wydeba adamianis gardacvalebiT, 28 magram germaniis<br />

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi aranair miTiTebas ar Seicavs, Tu ra momentidan iTvleba adamiani<br />

gardacvlilad. 29 adre iurisprudencia samedicino midgomas eyrdnoboda da gardacvalebis aTvla<br />

iwyeboda klinikuri sikvdilis momentidan (sunTqvisa da sisxlis mimoqcevis Sewyveta), 30<br />

Tumca, medicinis ganviTarebis procesidan gamomdinare – amaSi igulisxmeba gansakuTrebiT<br />

xelovnurad sunTqvisa da sisxlis mimoqcevis gaxangrZlivebis SesaZlebloba aparatebis meSveobiT<br />

_ klinikuri sikvdili ukve samarTlebrivad ver CaiTvleboda gardacvalebis definiciisaTvis<br />

sakmarisad, amitomac aqcenti gadatanil iqna e.w. tvinis gardacvalebaze, 31 kerZod,<br />

mTliani tvinis muSaobis da ara mis nawilobriv SeCerebaze. 32 tvinis muSaobis SeCerebaze aqcentis<br />

gadataniT gaxda SesaZlebeli, rom transplantaciis procesi gamartivdes. arcTu iSviaTad aris<br />

SemTxvevebi, rom rodesac adamiani magaliTad, avtoavariis Sedegad iRupeba, mis sunTqvasa da<br />

sisxlis mimoqcevas axangrZliveben xelovnurad, raTa garkveuli organoebi gamosadegi iyos<br />

gadanergvisaTvis. adre arsebuli definiciis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu eqimi gamorTavda<br />

xelovnuri sunTqvis aparats, maSin garkveuli winapirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, dadgeboda<br />

misi umoqmedobiT Cadenili mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, radgan is piri Zveli<br />

definiciiT jer kidev, ver CaiTvleboda gardacvlilad (is xelovnurad, magram mainc sunTqavda<br />

da sisxlis mimoqcevac xorcieldeboda). 33 dRes arsebuli midgomiT ki, msgavs SemTxvevaSi,<br />

saerTod ar arsebobs mkvlelobis obieqti, adamiani. tvinis gaCerebasTan erTad is ukve gardacvlilia<br />

da xelovnuri sunTqva amaSi arafers ar cvlis.<br />

105

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

adamianis tvinis muSaobis SeCerebis Sedegad adamiani, rogorc pirovneba da individi, wyvets<br />

arsebobas da sisxlis mimoqcevis an sunTqvis SeCerebisagan gansxvavebiT, am procesis aRdgena<br />

gamoricxulia. <strong>34</strong> adamianis pirovnebis ganmsazRvreli erTaderTi organo aris misi tvini da ara<br />

sxva ram, amitomac sisxlis samarTali sikvdilis definiciis amosaval wertilad swored mas<br />

miiCnevs. 35 sisxlis samarTlis mecniereba, marTalia, iTvaliswinebs medicinis miRwevebs da eyrdnoba<br />

mas sikvdilis momentis gansazRvrisas, magram am cnebis samarTlebrivi gageba ar Semoifargleba<br />

mxolod mediciniT, aramed saqme exeba gardacvalebis normatiul samedicino Sefasebas da<br />

ara samedicino simptomebis brmad gadmoRebas. 36<br />

marTalia, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, garkveulia, rom adamianis sicocxlis dacvis Sewyveta<br />

iwyeba gardacvalebidan, anu tvinis muSaobis SeCerebis momentidan, magram Tu rogor xdeba<br />

tvinis muSaobis SeCerebis gansazRvra, es ukve samedicino sakiTxia da masTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli<br />

mosazrebebi arsebobs. sikvdilis momentis gansazRvra yovelTvis damokidebuli iqneba<br />

medicinis miRwevebze da meTodebis cvalebadoba sruliad mosalodneli procesia. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

transplantaciis Sesaxeb kanonSi germanelma kanonmdebelma (§3 naw. 2) daadgina, rom organoebis<br />

transplantaciisaTvis amoReba gardacvlili adamianisaTvis dasaSvebia misi tvinis<br />

sikvdilis dadgenis Semdeg, magram am momentis gansazRvra medicinis miRwevebs da meTodebs<br />

dauTmo. 37<br />

aseve, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom germanuli kanonmdebloba tvinis<br />

sikvdilSi mis srul da ara nawilobriv sikvdils gulisxmobs, 38 Tumca, amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

gansxvavebuli mosazrebebic arsebobs. kerZod, mTliani tvinis sikvdilis arsebuli koncefciis<br />

kritikosebi uSveben, rom adamianis sicocxlis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva Sewyvetil unda<br />

iqnes tvinis iseTi nawilobrivi funqcionirebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, romlis safuZvelzec misi<br />

kognitiuri funqciebi Cerdeba da adamiani cnobierebas da azrovnebis unars kargavs. 39 es midgoma<br />

germanul iuridiul literaturaSi aqtiurad iqna gakritikebuli da man fexi ver moikida. umravlesobis<br />

mosazrebiT, dauSvebelia adamianis arsis mxolod tvinis erT nawilamde dayvana, miTumetes,<br />

rodesac medicinaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gaurkvevlobebi arsebobs. 40 adamiani aris<br />

sulisa da sxeulis erTianoba da tvinis nawilobriv gaCerebis Sedegad, organizmi mainc damoukideblad<br />

ganagrZobs arsebobas da misi naadrevad gardacvlilad aRiareba miuRebelia. 41 umciresobis<br />

mosazrebis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis gareSe darCebodnen<br />

igive Rrmad moxuci adamianebi, romelTa tvinic garkveul SemTxvevebSi nawilobriv an mTlianad<br />

ver asrulebs kognitiur funqcias. miuxedavad amisa, maTi organizmi mainc ganagrZobs sicocxles<br />

da amis niSania tvinis mier koordinaciis funqciebis Sesruleba (magaliTad, sunTqva). 42 garda<br />

amisa, tvinis nawilobrivi sikvdilis koncefciis aRiareba iurisprudenciaSi Seqmnida „araRirebuli<br />

sicocxlis~ cnebis gaCenis safrTxes, rac sicocxlis absoluturi dacvis principidan<br />

gamomdinare, kategoriulad dauSvebelia. 43<br />

4. TviTmkvleloba da misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi Sefaseba<br />

mocemuli statiis dasawyisSive mkafiod iqna aRniSnuli, rom germanuli samarTlisaTvis<br />

adamianis sicocxle absolutur Rirebulebas warmoadgens da Tundac sicocxlis matareblis<br />

mier Tanxmoba mis sikvdilze aranair rols ar asrulebs am uflebis sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />

SefasebasTan mimarTebaSi. 44 erTaderTi gamonaklisi am uflebis SezRudvisa aris TviTmkvleloba<br />

da es qmedeba ar aris dasjadi.<br />

TviTmkvelobis sakiTxma samarTlebrivi Tu eTikuri Sefasebis sxvadasxva etapi ganvlo. romis<br />

samarTali da kerZod, corpus juris mas dasjad qmedebad ar miiCnevda. romauli midgoma SemdgomSi<br />

106

gavrcelebuli qristianobisagan gansxvavebiT TviTmkvlelobas ar Tvlida dasaZrax qmedebad<br />

da piriqiT, Tu adamiani am nabijs gadadgamda, es mis Rirsebaze metyvelebda. 45 senekas mosazrebiT,<br />

TviTmkvleloba TavisuflebasTanac asocirdeboda, Tu adamiani Tavs moiklavda imisaTvis, rom<br />

masze sxvas ar ebatona. 46<br />

mogvianebiT, qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad, TviTmkvlelobis mimarT midgoma gamkacrda.<br />

eklesia mas dauSvebel qmedebad miiCnevda da vinc Tavs moiklavda, ar SeiZleboda misi<br />

dakrZalva saeklesio sasaflaos teritoriaze an saeklesio ritualebis Catareba. TviTmkvlevlobis<br />

mimarT qristianul eklesias dResac uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs, vinaidan misi<br />

gagebiT adamiani unda eswrafvodes srulyofilebas, vidre mas RmerTi sicoxlis uflebas aZlevs.<br />

Tavis mokvliT ki, adamiani am gzas uxvevs da RmerTis nebas ewinaaRmdegeba. 47<br />

zemoT aRniSnulma qristianulma dogmatikam gavlena moaxdina Sua saukuneebis Tu Semdgomi<br />

periodis germanul samarTalze. me-18 saukuneSi TviTmkvlelis sxeuls agdebdnen fanjridan,<br />

marxavdnen ucnob adgilas, wvavdnen mas da ase Semdeg. es iyo sasjeli Cadenili qmedebisaTvis. 48<br />

me-18 saukunis bolosaTvis ki, imZlavra ganmanaTleblobis ideebma da eklesiis gavlenam Semcireba<br />

daiwyo, rasac Tan daerTo sisxlissamarTlebrivi mecnierebis momZlavreba. sisxlis samar-<br />

Tali gaTavisuflda Teokratiuli gavlenisagan da misi mizani ukve mdgomareobda ara saRvTo<br />

samarTlianobis, aramed saerTo keTildReobis dacvaSi. 49 1747 wels, prusiis mefe fridrix didma<br />

volteris ideebis gavleniT akrZala TviTmkvlelebis pativis gareSe dakrZalvis tradicia, xolo<br />

mogvianebiT, 1813 wels bavariis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT dadginda dasrulebuli<br />

TviTmkvlelobisa da misi mcdelobis ardasjadoba. 50<br />

germaniaSi dReisaTvis moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba me-19 saukunis liberalizmis<br />

ideebs eyrnoba da Sesabamisad, TviTmkvleloba ar aris dasjadi qmedeba. Tumca, am ardasjadobasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli midgomebi arsebobs. kerZod, germanul iuridiul literaturaSi<br />

gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom TviTmkvlelobis Sedegad sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 211-e<br />

paragrafiT gaTvaliswinebuli mkvlelobis Semadgenloba xorcieldeba da misi ardasjadoba<br />

gamomdinareobs mxolod bralis gamoricxvis gamo. 51 es midgoma naklebad povebs asaxvas bolo<br />

periodSi arsebul literaturaSi da amis mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom germaniis sisxlis samar-<br />

Tlis kodeqsi mkvlelobaSi gulisxmobs sityvasityviT „sxva adamianis” da ara zogadad, adamianis<br />

mokvlas. 52 Ria formulirebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ukve SesaZlebeli iqneboda gvesaubra SemovliTi<br />

gzebiT TviTmkvlelobis dekriminalizaciis gamarTlebaze.<br />

4.1. mkvleloba Tu TviTmkvleloba?<br />

dasjadobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia gairkves, saqme gvaqvs<br />

TviTmkvlelobasTan Tu sxvis mkvlelobasTan. germaniaSi gabatonebuli mosazrebiT amaSi mTavar<br />

rols asrulebs Semdegi winapirobis arseboba: vin ganaxorciela uSualod sicocxlis damasrulebeli<br />

aqti, sxvam Tu TviTon msxverplma? 53 am kriteriumidan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia TviTmkvleobaSi<br />

ubralo Tanamonawileobis gamo vinme mieces pasuxisgebaSi. mTavaria, TviTmkvlels<br />

hqondes gansjisa da situaciis saRi Sefasebis unari. 54 piri, romelic sxvas gaumzadebs sawamlavs,<br />

gaurevs Wiqa wyalSi da miawodebs sxvas, romelic mas dalevs da Tavs moiklavs, ar miecema sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />

pasuxisgebaSi TanamonawileobisaTvis. sicocxlis uSualod damasrulebeli qmedeba,<br />

daleva, mas ar Caudenia. gardacvlils bolo wamamde hqonda saSualeba ar daelia sawamlavi<br />

da sicocxle amiT SeenarCunebina. situacia icvleba, Tu msxverpls sawamlavs meore piri<br />

Seuyvanda magaliTad, venaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs ukve mkvlelobasTan da ara TviTmkvlelobasTan.<br />

55<br />

107

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

sawamlavis momzadebisa da misi im adamianisaTvis micema, visac TviTmkvleloba surs, qmnis<br />

situacias, sadac erTma pirma meores TviTmkvlelobaSi daxmareba gauwia, Tumca, amis dasjadoba<br />

gamoiricxeba germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 27-e paragrafiT. daxmarebisaTvis daisjeba<br />

mxolod is, vinc sxvas exmareba marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadenaSi. TviTmkvleloba ki, ar<br />

aris marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi masze, rogorc dasjad qmedebaze,<br />

arsad ar aris miTiTebuli. 56<br />

mecnierebasa da sasamarTlo praqtikas Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs iseT SemTxvevebze,<br />

rodesac pirs Tavis mokvla surs da meore piri mas sawamlavs pirSi Caudebs, magram sawamlavis<br />

mimRebs TviTon SeuZlia bolo wuTamde gadawyvitos, es sawamlavi gadaylapos Tu ara. rogorc<br />

ukve wina kazusTan mimarTebaSi aRiniSna, germanul iuridiul literaturaSi gabatonebuli<br />

mosazrebiT aqac TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba. mTavaria, rom qmedebas<br />

safuZvlad edo Tavisufali nebiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba. 57 uzenaesi sasamarTlo ki, Tvlis,<br />

rom msxverplis xelSi ar iyo qmedebaze sruli batonoba da amitomac meore piri unda daisajos.<br />

misTvis dasjadia kumulatiuri qmedebiT gamowveuli TviTmkvlelobac: pirma dalia sawamlavi<br />

da man momakvdinebeli Zala SeiZina misTvis meore piris mier damatebiT nemsis gakeTebis Semdeg.<br />

sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, aq adgili aqvs sxvisTvis sicocxlis mospobas da ara suicids. Sedegis<br />

dadgomisaTvis saWiro iyo ori qmedebis ganxorcileba da Sesabamisad, qmedebaze TviTmkvlelobis<br />

msurveli srulad ver batonobda. 58<br />

isev literaturaSi gabatonebul mosazrebas, Tavisuflad nebis gamoxatvis, gadawyvetilebis<br />

miRebis kriteriums Tu mivubrundebiT, unda gavarkvioT, Tu sad gadis zRvari, anu rodis ar<br />

CaiTvleba suicidis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetileba Tavisufal gadawyvetilebad? amis gasarkvevad<br />

SeiZleba moviSvelioT germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-20 paragrafi _ braluunaroba<br />

fsiqikuri naklis gamo. am paragrafSi saubaria iseT fsiqikur problemebze, romlis arsebobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, mas romelime Cadenili sisxlissamarTlebrivi darRvevisaTvis brali ar<br />

Seeracxeba. marTalia, suicidis SemTxvevaSi „bralze~ saubari ar aris (is ar klavs sxvas), Tumca<br />

§20-is winapirobebis gamoyeneba iribad mainc SesaZlebelia. 59 sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, mTavaria<br />

piri acnobierebdes mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis arss da adgili ar hqondes masze zewolas,<br />

mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas da ase Semdeg. 60<br />

gansxvavebuli midgoma da gaurkvevlobebi arsebobs e.w. ormag TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiTac,<br />

kerZod maSin, rodesac ori piri gadawyvets Tavis mokvlas da erT-erTi gadarCeba. am<br />

Temaze cnobili gadawyvetilebaa „gizelas SemTxveva.” 61 Seyvarebulma wyvilma gadawyvita manqanis<br />

gamonabolqviT Tavis mokvla da am mizniT Casxdnen SigniT. manqanis siCqaris pedalze fexs aWerda<br />

biWi, xolo gizela, misi Seyvarebuli, gverdiT ejda da is gardaicvala kidec, biWi ki gadarCa.<br />

germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi, gadarCenili pasuxs agebs germaniis<br />

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 216-e paragrafiT _ mkvleloba Txovnis safuZvelze. sasamarTlos<br />

mosazrebiT, swored gizelas Seyvarebulis xelSi iyo qmedebis bolomde miyvana (fexis<br />

daWera), ramac sasikvdilo Sedegi gamoiwvia. sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs im moments, rom gizelas<br />

hqonda saSualeba, nebismier dros gaeRo manqanis kari da gadmosuliyo, magram mas Tavidanve<br />

hqonda gadawyvetili, braldebulis mier dawyebul qmedebas bolomde miyoloda. man aseve,<br />

winaswar ar icoda, Tu rodis dadgeboda is momenti, rodesac mas ukve ar SeeZleboda Seecvala<br />

movlenebis ganviTareba (gonebis dakargva). yovelive amis Sesaxeb saqmis kursSi iyo misi Seyvarebulic.<br />

maT erTad dagegmes am formiT TviTmkvleloba. braldebuls mis mier dawyebuli, sikvdilisaken<br />

mimarTuli qmedeba (fexis daWera) unda gaegrZelebina, vidre is TviTon gonebas ar<br />

dakargavda. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoricxa TviTmkvlelobaSi<br />

daxmareba, rac braldebulis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebas gamoiwvevda. 62<br />

108

uzenaesi sasamarTlos am Sefasebas ar eTanxmeba avtorTa umetesoba. maTi SefasebiT, gardacvlilis<br />

nebas da Tavisufali gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas sasamarTlo mcire adgils<br />

uTmobs da aqcenti ufro pedalze fexis daWeraze gadaaqvs, 63 maSin rodesac mocemul SemTxvevaSi,<br />

gardacvlils Tavisuflad SeeZlo gadmosuliyo manqanidan da gadaerCina Tavi. 64<br />

4.2. SualobiTi amsrulebloba<br />

TviTmkvlelobisa da SualobiTi amsruleblobiT mkvlelobis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebis<br />

sakiTxi germanul iuridiul literaturasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi saintereso diskusiis sagania.<br />

mkvlelobas SualobiTi amsruleblobiT maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac msxverpli Zaladobis,<br />

mizanmimarTulad SecdomaSi Seyvanis (erTi piri pirdeba meores, rom masTan erTad Tavs moiklavs)<br />

Tu misi sxvaze damokidebulebis borotad gamoyenebis gziT sicocxles moispobs. 65 SualobiTi<br />

amsruleblobis dros, SecdomaSi Seyvanis gziT an sxva safuZvelze (magaliTad, is sulierad<br />

avadmyofia) msxverpli gamodis iaraRis rolSi, romelic am Secdomis safuZvelze Tavisi Tavis winaaRmdeg<br />

mimarTul qmedebas Cadis da sicocxles ispobs. 66 SualobiTi amsruleblobisaTvis da<br />

Sesabamisad, dasjadobisaTvis aucilebelia, rom meore piri batonobdes TviTon msxverplze da mis<br />

mier Cadenil qmedebaze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba mxolod TviTmkvlelobaSi<br />

Tanamonawileobas, rac ar isjeba. 67<br />

SualobiTi amsruleblobis klasikuri magaliTia e.w. siriusis SemTxveva: 68 braldebulma daarwmuna<br />

meore piri, rom is (meore piri) iyo sinamdvileSi varskvlav siriusis macxovrebeli da<br />

imisaTvis, rom mas axali cxovreba daewyo, saWiro iyo Zveli sxeulis moSoreba. amisaTvis is<br />

unda Camjdariyo wyliT savse abazanaSi da Caegdo CarTuli Tmis saSrobi, xolo Semdgom mas<br />

daxvdeboda axali sxeuli Jenevis tbasTan, sadac is axali cxovrebiT gamoiRviZebda. braldebulma<br />

msxverpli imaSic daarwmuna, rom axali cxovrebisaTvis saWiro iyo sicocxlis dazRveva,<br />

rac maSinaTve unda gakeTebuliyo da asaRebi Tanxa (500 000 marka) mis (braldebulis) saxelze<br />

gadaformebuliyo. rogorc ki, msxverpli axal sxeulSi gaiRviZebda, braldebuli mas am Tanxis<br />

tbasTan mitanasac dapirda. sinamdvileSi ki, ra Tqma unda, SecdomaSi Seyvanis erTaderTi mizani<br />

iyo am fulis xelSi Cagdeba. sabolood, piri mainc gadarCa, radgan Tmis saSrobi gaumarTavi<br />

aRmoCnda da wyalSi Cagdebis Sedegad ver gamoiwvia sasikvdilo Sedegi. braldebuli amis Semdegac<br />

cdilobda msxverplis darwmunebas, sxva gzebiT daetovebina Zveli sicocxle, Tumca, amaze<br />

is ukve ar daTanxmda. mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi, msxverpls sjeroda, rom is marTla Tavs<br />

ki ar iklavda, aramed axal sicoxles iwyebda.<br />

germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom am saqmeze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas yuradReba gaamaxvila<br />

TiToeuli SemTxvevis calkeuli gaanalizebis aucileblobaze. misi mosazrebiT, dauSvebelia<br />

abstraqtulad gaeces pasuxi kiTxvas, adgili aqvs SualobiT amsruleblobas Tu ubralod TviTmkvlelobaSi<br />

Tanamonawileobas. mocemul saqmeSi misi SefasebiT adgili hqonda SualobiT amsruleblobas.<br />

braldebulma msxverpli sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg iaraRis rolSi gamoiyena da<br />

is daarwmuna, rom axali sicocxlis dasawyebad Zvelis mitoveba iyo saWiro. amasTan, is warmar-<br />

Tavda msxverplis moqmedebas da aZlevda miTiTebebs Tu rogor unda emoqmeda mas. sabolood,<br />

sasamarTlos SefasebiT, braldebulma Caidina mkvlelobis mcdeloba angarebis mizniT SualobiTi<br />

amsruleblobis gziT da amis samarTlebrivi SefasebisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ara<br />

aqvs, Tu ramdenad warmoudgenelia zogadad, vinmesTvis imis dajereba, rom is am gziT axal<br />

cxovrebas daiwyebs. mTavaria, man moaxdina msxverplze iseTi gavlena, rom is ubralod, iaraRad<br />

aqcia. 69 damnaSave misi upiratesi codnis safuZvelze batonobda msxverplis qmedebaze.<br />

mocemul gadawyvetilebas germanul iuridiul literaturaSi uamravi statia mieZRvna da<br />

maT ganxilvas cal-calke aq ar SevudgebiT, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom garkveuli SeniSvnebis miuxedavad,<br />

principSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas avtorebi eTanxmebian. 70<br />

109

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

SualobiT amsruleblobas eqneba adgili maSinac, rodesac vinme daarwmunebs meore pirs, rom<br />

is sasikvdilod avadmyofia da male tanjva wamebiT gardaicvleba. amis Sedegad ki, meore piri<br />

Tavs moiklavs. sinamdvileSi ki, msxverpli sulac ar iyo mZimed avad da damnaSaves misi qonebis<br />

memkvidreobiT miReba ainteresebda. aq isev dadgeba SualobiTi amsruleblobiT Cadenili mkvlelobis<br />

gamo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. damnaSavem SecdomaSi Seiyvana msxverpli da is iseT<br />

fsiqologiur situaciaSi Caayena, rom man sicocxle Tavisi xeliT moiswrafa. 71<br />

4.3. dauxmarebloba TviTmkvlelobisas<br />

kidev erTi sakiTxi, sadac literaturisa da germaniis federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />

poziciebi kategoriulad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, es aris dauxmareblobis iseTi SemTxveva,<br />

romelzec qvemoT gveqneba saubari. saqme exeba 1984 wlis erT-erT gadawyvetilebas: 72 76 wlis,<br />

guliT mZimed daavadebulma qalbatonma miiRo didi odenobiT damaZinebeli saSualebebi TviTmkvlelobis<br />

mizniT. ramdenime xanSi saxlSi is grZnobadakarguli aRmoaCina misma piradma eqimma.<br />

qalbatons xelSi eWira Semdegi baraTi: „Cems eqims _ gTxovT, saavadmyofoSi nu wamiyvanT _ me<br />

gavTavisufldi!” eqimi mixvda, rom misi gadarCenis SemTxvevaSi, pacientis janmrTeloba kidev<br />

ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi iqneboda. amasTan, qalbatoni manamdec yovelTvis winaaRdegi iyo<br />

saavadmyofoSi dawolis da xangrZlivi mkurnalobisa. amitomac man araferi ar moimoqmeda da<br />

daeloda, vidre qalbatoni ar gardaicvala.<br />

germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSi principSi dauSva eqimis sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />

pasuxismgeblobis SesaZlebloba dauxmareblobis gamo (msxverplis TxovniT, sicocxlis<br />

mospoba _ §§216, 13). 73 sasamarTlos mTavari argumentacia mdgomareobda SemdegSi: marTalia<br />

msxverplma TviTon miiRo gadawyvetileba TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb, magram gonebis dakargvis<br />

Semdeg, is ukve ver gankargavda da ver marTavda Tavis qmedebas. man gonebis dakargvis momentidan<br />

dakarga qmedebaze batonoba da misi sicocxle mTlianad damokidebuli gaxda samarTlebriv<br />

garantze, mocemul SemTxvevaSi _ eqimze. is, rom eqimma gaiTvaliswina msxverplis survili, ar<br />

cvlis damdgari Sedegis samarTlebriv Sefasebas. 74 Tumca, sabolood, sasamarTlom eqimi sxva<br />

mizeziT gaaTavisufla sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan. kerZod, eqimi imyofeboda<br />

konfliqtis winaSe, Seesrulebina Tavisi movaleoba Tu pativi eca pacientis nebisaTvis. man es<br />

Sinagani konfliqti momakvdavis survilis gaTvaliswinebiT umoqmedobis sasargeblod gadawyvita<br />

da ar airCia TavisTvis komfortuli gza saavadmyofoSi misi gadagzavnisa. eqimma aseve,<br />

icoda, rom pacientis organizmi ukve mniSvnelovnad iyo dazianebuli. msgavs situaciebSi,<br />

sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, eqimma TviTon unda gadawyvitos, miiRos sicocxlis gadasarCenad saWiro<br />

zomebi Tu bolomde daemorCilos momakvdavis survils. 75 am gadawvetilebidan gamodis, rom<br />

ar damdgariyo interesTa konfliqtis es specifikuri situacia da eqimis adgilas yofiliyo<br />

sxva piri samarTlebrivi garantis rolSi (magaliTad, meuRle), is aucileblad miecemoda sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />

pasuxisgebaSi. eqimi mxolod da mxolod misi profesiidan gamomdinare, gaTavisuflda<br />

gamonaklisis saxiT, am pasuxismgeblobisagan. uzenaesi sasamarTlo daeyrdno germaniis<br />

federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikas, romliTac eqimi valdebulia gaiTvaliswinos<br />

pacientis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi da amaSi igulisxmeba mis mier gamoTqmuli<br />

survili, ar Cautardes sicocxlis gadamrCeni operacia. 76<br />

germaniis federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebas iuridul literaturaSi<br />

kritikis qarcecxli daatyda Tavs da samarTlianadac. marTalia, eqimis pasuxismgeblobisagan<br />

gaTavisufleba ar gamxdara diskusiis sagani, magram is, rom sasamarTlom zogadad, dauSva msgavs<br />

situaciebSi dauxmareblobis gamo dasjadoba da gonebis dakargvis Semdgom mTeli tvirTi<br />

110

samarTlebriv garantze gadaitana, ar SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnes. mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi,<br />

saerTodac sakiTxavia, iyo Tu ara eqimi samarTlebrivi garanti mas Semdeg, rac pacientma<br />

mas aSkarad miuTiTa Caurevlobaze da is faqtiurad samarTlebrivi garantis funqciisagan<br />

gaaTavisufla. 77 garda amisa, dauSvebelia, TviTmkvlelobis msurvelis nebis ignorirebiT vinme<br />

daavaldebulo sxvisi sicocxlis gadarCenaSi. samarTlebrivi garanti ar Cadis darRvevas<br />

umoqmedobis gamo, Tu is meore piris survils gauwevs angariSs. 78 Tu sasamarTlos es mosazreba<br />

iqneboda aRiarebuli, maSin dadgeboda sakmaod aralogikuri situacia TviTmkvlelobasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi. kerZod, zemoT aRiniSna, rom TviTmkvlelobaSi Tanamonawileoba, magaliTad, sawamlavis<br />

miwodeba ardasjadi qmedebaa, xolo germaniis federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebiT<br />

unda daisajos is, vinc grZnobadakargul pirs ar gauwevs daxmarebas. anu ar<br />

miecema pasuxisgebaSi piri, Tu is miawodebs sawamlavs sxvas Tavis mokvlisaTvis da gonebis<br />

dakargvis Semdeg ki, uceb warmoeSoba valdebuleba, gadaarCinos imave piris sicocxle, rac<br />

urTierTsawinaaRmdego samarTlebrivi Sefasebaa. 79<br />

dauxmareblobis gamo samarTlebrivi garantis mxridan Cadenili mkvlelobis uaryofa<br />

TavisTavad, ar gulisxmobs misi saerTod pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebas. 80 zemoT motanili<br />

kazusi mimarTuli iyo kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, hqonda Tu ara adgili eqimis, rogorc<br />

samarTlebrivi garantis mxridan Cadenil mkvlelobas umoqmedobiT, rac literaturaSi gabatonebuli<br />

mosazrebis safuZvelze gamoricxulia. …magram germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis<br />

§323c sjis ubedur SemTxvevaSi myofi piris dauxmareblobas da es paragrafi zogadad, mimarTulia<br />

nebismieri piris mimarT. samarTlebrivi garantis momenti ar aris gadamwyveti. maSasadame<br />

Cndeba, kiTxva: marTalia, eqimi ar miecema pasuxisgebaSi dauxmareblobiT Cadenili mkvlelobis<br />

gamo, magram dakvalificirdeba Tu ara misi qmedeba §323c-iT? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad<br />

Tavdapirvelad, saWiroa gairkves, imyofeboda Tu ara piri „ubeduri SemTxvevis~ situaciaSi,<br />

rodesac saqme exeba TviTmkvlelobas. am sakiTxze literaturaSi isev azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa.<br />

rodesac TviTmkvlels gadawyvetileba Tavisufali nebiT ar miuRia, TavisTavad adgili aqvs<br />

ubedur SemTxvevas da dauxmarebloba dasjadia. 81 xolo rodesac meore piri, mocemul SemTxvevaSi<br />

eqimi, kargad icnobda pacientis gadawyvetilebas da darwmunebuli iyo mis nebaSi, SeiZleba<br />

ubeduri SemTxvevis momenti saerTod gamoiricxos. 82 Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze Cadenili<br />

suicidis mcdelobisas §323c ar avaldebulebs aravis, daexmaros sxvas. 83 magaliTad, Tu patimari<br />

SimSilobs da amiT rame miznis miRweva surs, sicocxlisaTvis arsebuli realuri safrTxis<br />

SemTxvevaSic ki, sapatimros administracia ar aris valdebuli is iZulebiT gamokvebos. msgavs situaciebSi<br />

adgili ara aqvs ubedur SemTxvevas. patimarma Tavisi nebiT miiRo es gadawyvetileba. 84<br />

literaturaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebebis umetesoba sxva poziciaze dgas ubeduri SemTxvevis<br />

definciasTan mimarTebaSi. suicidis nebismieri mcdeloba gabatonebuli mosazrebiT, ukve<br />

TavisTavad, niSnavs ubedur SemTxvevaSi yofnas daxmarebis aRmoCenis saWiroebis momentis warmo-<br />

Sobidan (magaliTad, gonebis dakargva). 85 gabatonebuli mosazrebis mimdevrebi imaze amaxvileben<br />

yuradRebas, rom situaciis Sefaseba unda xdebodes meore piris, potenciuri damxmaris perspeqtividan.<br />

man ar SeiZleba zustad icodes msxverplis winare gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, aseve miiRo<br />

Tu ara man marTla sakuTari nebiT es gadawyvetileba, amitomac sasurvelia, rom nebismieri<br />

TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba ubedur SemTxvevad Sefasdes. xolo rac Seexeba pasuxismgeblobis<br />

sakiTxs, aq gabatobenuli mosazrebac iziarebs im pozicias, rom Tu potenciuri damxmare zustad<br />

icnobda TviTmkvlelis nebas, maSin misgan ar unda velodoT daxmarebas da dasjadobac gamoiricxeba.<br />

86 marTalia, piris sicoxle SeiZleba safrTxeSi iyos, magram germaniis ssk-is §323c iZleva<br />

konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, potenciuri damxmaris pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis<br />

saSualebas.<br />

111

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

4.4. gaufrTxilebloba<br />

germaniis sasamarTlo praqtikasa da literaturaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebebiT Tavisufali<br />

nebiT Cadenili TviTmkvlelobis gaufrTxileblobiT gamowveva ardasjadi qmedebaa. 87 Tu msxverpli<br />

Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze moqmedebs, maSin damdgar SedegSi realizirdeba mis mier<br />

Seqmnili safrTxe da Sesabamisad, sxvisi dasjadoba gamoiricxeba. 88 magaliTad: policielma dado<br />

iaraRi saxlSi da ojaxis wevrma Tavi moikla. obieqturad damdgari Sedegi sicocxlis mospobisa<br />

policiels ar Seeracxeba. ojaxis wevrma Tavisi nebiT da gadawyvetilebiT moiswrafa sicocxle<br />

da swored misi qmedebis safuZvelze dadga sasikvdilo Sedegi. 89 sapirispiro Sedegi dadgeba,<br />

Tu piri iaraRs saTanadod ar Seinaxavs iseT adgilas, sadac masze fsiqikurad daavadebul da<br />

suicidisken midrekil pacients xeli miuwvdeba. msgavs mdgomareobaSi myofi avadmyofi piris<br />

mimarT SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom is „Tavisufali nebiT~ iRebs gadawyvetilebebs. 90<br />

gaufrTxileblobiT sicoxlis mospobas aqvs adgili maSinac, Tu sasikvdilo Sedegi dadgeba<br />

TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis Semdeg Seqmnili axali safrTxis gamo. TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis<br />

Semdeg, eqimTan miyvanili gonebadakarguli pacienti gardaicvleba mkurnalobisas eqimis mier<br />

Cadenili Secdomis gamo. marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi msxverplma Tavisi nebiT miiRo TviTmkvlelobis<br />

gadawyvetileba, magram eqimi pasuxisgebaSi mainc miecema. swored mis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />

qmedebis Sedegad dadga konkretuli Sedegi da obieqturad sicocxlis mospoba mas<br />

Seeracxeba. 91<br />

daskvna<br />

germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis garkveuli normebis mimoxilva gviCvenebs, Tu erTmaneTisagan<br />

ramdenad gansxvavdeba calkeul sakiTxebSi sasamarTlosa da iurist avtorTa mosazrebebi.<br />

federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlo met yuradRebas amaxvilebs sicocxlis uflebis dacvaze<br />

da amis safuZvelze sakmaod avrcobs dasjadobas imave TviTmkvlelobasTan mimarTebaSi,<br />

xolo mowinaaRmdegeni ki, iTxoven sicocxlis uflebis dacvasTan erTad pirovnebis nebisaTvis<br />

meti mniSvnelobis miniWebas. es diskusia jerjerobiT, Riad rCeba da sasamarTlos Semdgomi<br />

gadawyvetilebebi gviCveneben Tu ra mimarTulebas daadgeba marTlmsajuleba, miTumetes im<br />

fonze, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlo Tavadac aRiarebs araerTgvarovani midgomis arsebobas.<br />

112

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

Schmidt/Priebe, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 9. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen, 2010, Rn. 2.<br />

2<br />

germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis<br />

krebuli, BVerfGE 18, 117.<br />

3<br />

BVerfGE 49, 53.<br />

4<br />

Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 2.<br />

5<br />

Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 2.<br />

6<br />

Rössner/Winkel,krebulSi Dölling/Duttge/Rössner, Gesamtes Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Baden-Baden<br />

2011, § 211 Rn. 6.<br />

7<br />

germaniis federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli<br />

sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze, BGHSt. 10, 5.<br />

8<br />

Jäger C., Examens-Repetitorium, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a. 2009, Rn.<br />

3.<br />

9<br />

Kindhäuser U., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 5. Aufl., Baden-Baden 2012, § 1 Rn. 7.<br />

10<br />

Herzberg/Herzberg, Der Beginn des Menschseins im Strafrecht: Die Vollendung der Geburt, JZ<br />

2001, 1107 da Semdegi.<br />

11<br />

Herzberg/Herzberg, Der Beginn des Menschseins im Strafrecht: Die Vollendung der Geburt, JZ<br />

2001, 1112.<br />

12<br />

Herzberg/Herzberg, Der Beginn des Menschseins im Strafrecht: Die Vollendung der Geburt, JZ<br />

2001, 1112.<br />

13<br />

Lackner/Kühl, StGB, 27. Aufl., München 2011, Vorbemerkung § 211, Rn. 3.<br />

14<br />

Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 11.<br />

15<br />

dawvrilebiT ix.: BGHSt. 32, 195.<br />

16<br />

Lackner/Kühl, StGB, 27. Aufl., München 2011, Vorbemerkung § 211, Rn. 3;JägerC., Examens-<br />

Repetitorium, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a. 2009, Rn. 4; Rössner/Winkel,<br />

krebulSi Dölling/Duttge/Rössner, Gesamtes Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Baden-Baden 2011, § 211, Rn. 7.<br />

17<br />

SchneiderH., krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,<br />

Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 12.<br />

18<br />

Eser A., krebulSi Schönke/Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, 28. Aufl., München 2010, Vorbemerkungen<br />

zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 13.<br />

19<br />

Fischer T., Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze, 59. Aufl., München 2012, Vorbemerkungen zu den<br />

§§218 bis 219b, Rn. 2.<br />

20<br />

es kazusi moyvanilia saxelmZRvanelodan Schmidt/Priebe, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I,<br />

9. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen 2010, Rn. 4.<br />

21<br />

es kazusi moyvanilia saxelmZRvanelodan Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I,<br />

Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 41.<br />

22<br />

Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 41.<br />

23<br />

Momsen C.,krebulSi Satzger/Schmitt/Widmaier, StGB, Köln 2009, Vorbemerkungen zu §§ 211<br />

ff., Rn. 11; Lackner/Kühl, StGB, 27. Aufl., München 2011, Vorbemerkung § 211, Rn. 3.<br />

24<br />

Momsen C., krebulSi Satzger/Schmitt/Widmaier, StGB, Köln 2009, Vorbemerkungen zu §§ 211<br />

ff., Rn. 11; Kindhäuser U., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 5. Aufl., Baden-Baden 2012, § 1, Rn. 10.<br />

25<br />

Momsen C.,krebulSi Satzger/Schmitt/Widmaier, StGB, Köln 2009, Vorbemerkungen zu §§ 211<br />

ff., Rn. 11; Kindhäuser U., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 5. Aufl., Baden-Baden 2012, § 1, Rn. 12.<br />

26<br />

Eser A., krebulSiSchönke/Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, 28. Aufl., München 2010, Vorbemerkungen<br />

zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 14.<br />

27<br />

Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil II, 10. Aufl., München 2010, § 3, Rn. 7.<br />

28<br />

Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 19.<br />

29<br />

SchneiderH.,krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,<br />

Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 14.<br />

30<br />

Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 45.<br />

31<br />

Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil II, 10. Aufl., München 2010, § 3, Rn. 10.<br />

32<br />

Merkel R., Hirntod und kein Ende, JURA 1999, 115.<br />

33<br />

Merkel R., Hirntod und kein Ende, JURA 1999, 120.<br />

<strong>34</strong><br />

Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 21.<br />

35<br />

Eser A., krebulSiSchönke/Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, 28. Aufl., München 2010, Vorbemerkungen<br />

zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 19.<br />

36<br />

Sternberg-Lieben D., Tod und Strafrecht, JA 1997, 82.<br />

113

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

37<br />

Eser A., krebulSiSchönke/Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, 28. Aufl., München 2010, Vorbemerkungen<br />

zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 20.<br />

38<br />

Sternberg-Lieben D., Tod und Strafrecht, JA 1997, 85.<br />

39<br />

Dencker F., Zum Erfolg der Tötungsdelikte, NStZ 1992, 311.<br />

40<br />

Schneider H.,krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,<br />

Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 21.<br />

41<br />

Sternberg-Lieben D., Tod und Strafrecht, JA 1997, 84.<br />

42<br />

Schneider H.,krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,<br />

Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 21.<br />

43<br />

Sternberg-Lieben D., Tod und Strafrecht, JA 1997, 84.<br />

44<br />

Maurach/Schroeder/Maiwald, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil 1, 8. Aufl., Heidelberg 1995, § 1, Rn.<br />

14.<br />

45<br />

Rehbach B.,Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 242.<br />

46<br />

Rehbach B., Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 242.<br />

47<br />

Rehbach B., Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 243.<br />

48<br />

Rehbach B., Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 243.<br />

49<br />

Rehbach B., Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 245.<br />

50<br />

Rehbach B., Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 246 da<br />

Semdegi.<br />

51<br />

Hoerster N., Rechtsethische Überlegungen zur Freigabe der Sterbehilfe, NJW 1986, 1789.<br />

52<br />

Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 43; Fischer<br />

T., Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze, 59. Aufl., München 2012, Vorbemerkung zu §§ 211 bis<br />

216, Rn. 19.<br />

53<br />

Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 166.<br />

54<br />

Schneider H.,krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,<br />

Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 32.<br />

55<br />

Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 166.<br />

56<br />

Aschenbach H., Beteiligung am Suizid und Sterbehilfe-Strukturen eines unübersichtlichen<br />

Problemfeldes, JURA 2002, 542.<br />

57<br />

Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 48.<br />

58<br />

Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 169 da Semdegi; Küpper G., Der Täter<br />

als „Wekrzeug”?-BGH, NJW 2003, 2326, und OLG Nürnberg, NJW 2003, 454, JuS 2004, 757 da<br />

Semdegi.<br />

59<br />

Eser A.,krebulSi Schönke/Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, 28. Aufl., München 2010, Vorbemerkungen<br />

zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 36.<br />

60<br />

Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 49;<br />

literaturaSi arsebul sxva mosazrebebTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Fischer T., Strafgesetzbuch und<br />

Nebengesetze, 59. Aufl., München 2012, Vorbemerkung zu §§211 bis 216, Rn. 26 da Semdegi.<br />

61<br />

BGHSt 19, 135.<br />

62<br />

BGHSt 19, 140.<br />

63<br />

Kühl K., Beteiligung an Selbsstötung und verlangte Fremdtötung, JURA 2010, 83.<br />

64<br />

Maurach/Schroeder/Maiwald, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil 1, 8. Aufl., Heidelberg 1995, § 1, Rn.<br />

22; RengierR., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil II, 10. Aufl., München 2010, § 8 Rn. 10; Eisele J.,<br />

Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 172.<br />

65<br />

Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 51.<br />

66<br />

Kühl K., Beteiligung an Selbsttötung und verlangte Fremdtötung, JURA 2010, 82.<br />

67<br />

Kühl K., Beteiligung an Selbsttötung und verlangte Fremdtötung, JURA 2010, 82.<br />

68<br />

BGHSt. 32,38.<br />

69<br />

aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis reziume ix.: krebulSi Roxin C., Höchstrichterliche<br />

Rechtsprechung zum allgemeinen Teil des Strafrechts, München 1998, 119. sasamarTlos<br />

zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebic amoRebulia aRniSnuli krebulidan.<br />

70<br />

Roxin C., NStZ 1984, 71; Neumann U., Abgrenzung von Teilnahme am Selbstmord und<br />

Tötung in mittelbarer Täterschaft-BGHSt 32, 38, JuS 677 da Semdegi.<br />

71<br />

Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 41, 53.<br />

72<br />

BGHSt. 32, 367.<br />

73<br />

BGHSt. 32, 371.<br />

74<br />

BGHSt. 32, 374.<br />

114

75<br />

BGHSt. 32, 377 da Semdegi.<br />

76<br />

BGHSt. 32, 378.<br />

77<br />

Aschenbach H., Beteiligung am Suizid und Sterbehilfe-Strukturen eines unübersichtlichen<br />

Problemfeldes, JURA 2002, 544.<br />

78<br />

Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil II, 11. Aufl., München 2010, § 8 Rn. 14; Rössner/Wenkel,<br />

krebulSiDölling/Duttge/Rössner (Hrsg.), Gesamtes strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Baden-Baden 2011,<br />

Vorbemerkung zu §§ 211 ff, Rn. 12.<br />

79<br />

Schmidt/Priebe, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 9. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen 2010, Rn. 204; Eisele<br />

J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 180.<br />

80<br />

Dölling D., Suizid und unterlassene Hilfeleistung, NJW 1986, 1012.<br />

81<br />

Aschenbach H., Beteiligung am Suizid und Sterbehilfe-Strukturen eines unübersichtlichen<br />

Problemfeldes, JURA 2002, 545.<br />

82<br />

Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil II, 11. Aufl., München 2010, § 8 Rn. 18; Aschenbach H.,<br />

Beteiligung am Suizid und Sterbehilfe-Strukturen eines unübersichtlichen Problemfeldes, JURA<br />

2002, 545.<br />

83<br />

Fischer T., Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze, 59. Aufl., München 2012, § 323c, Rn. 5.<br />

84<br />

Fischer T., Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze, 59. Aufl., München 2012, § 323c, Rn. 5.<br />

85<br />

Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 184; Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht<br />

Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 60.<br />

86<br />

Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 184; Rengier, R., Strafrecht<br />

Besonderer Teil II, 11. Aufl., München 2010, § 8 Rn. 19.<br />

87<br />

Schneider H., krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,<br />

Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 86.<br />

88<br />

Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 184; Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer<br />

Teil II, 11. Aufl., München 2010, § 8, Rn. 185.<br />

89<br />

Aschenbach H., Beteiligung am Suizid und Sterbehilfe-Strukturen eines unübersichtlichen<br />

Problemfeldes, JURA 2002, 545.<br />

90<br />

Schneider H., krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,<br />

Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 86.<br />

91<br />

Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 184; Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer<br />

Teil II, 11. Aufl., München 2010, § 8 Rn. 187.<br />

115

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

ABSOLUTE PROTECTION OF<br />

RIGHT TO LIFE AND<br />

THE PROBLEM OF SUICIDE<br />

ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL<br />

CODE OF GERMANY<br />

BACHANA JISHKARIANI<br />

LLM, Munich University; Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law,<br />

International and European Criminal Law and Economic Criminal Law<br />

Faculty. Fellow of Fredric Neumann Fund<br />

Protection of the right to life is priority of every state and criminal law – if not<br />

the most important, one of the most effective mechanisms in this direction. Georgian<br />

legislation is not exception and the private section of the criminal code starts with<br />

the crimes again humans. Accordingly, there are many references regarding this<br />

crime in the Georgian legal literature. Though, in many cases, discussions remain<br />

on superficial and approach to various issues are not comprehensive.<br />

Purpose of this Article is to provide an overview on the opinions expressed in<br />

legal literature and in court practice regarding right to life and in this context<br />

suicide issues on the example of Germany. There are number of issues that are<br />

still open and disputable, regardless number of discussions and processing.<br />

Comparative analyses on the example of other countries will promote discussions<br />

in legal literature and court practice.<br />

116

embrionis kvlevisa<br />

da donaciis<br />

samarTlebrivi<br />

aspeqtebi<br />

irma gelaSvili<br />

samarTlis doqtori,<br />

saqarTvelos universitetis asocirebuli profesori<br />

Sesavali<br />

embrionis donacia aris procesi, roca sinjaraSi Seqmnil embrionze<br />

gametebis mimwodeblebi uars acxadeben da mas genetikurad<br />

sruliad sxva pirebs uTmoben. 1<br />

`embrionTa donaciis~ cnebaSi moiazreba embrionTa gadacema<br />

rogorc uSvilo wyvilTaTvis bavSvis dabadebis mizniT, 2 ise samecniero<br />

kvlevis obieqtad gamoyenebisaTvis. 3<br />

qarTuli samarTali sinjaraSi arsebuli embrionis dacvis<br />

meqanizms ar moicavs. saqarTvelos kanoni `janmrTelobis dacvis<br />

Sesaxeb~ embrionze kvlevis ganxorcielebasa da sxvadasxva mizniT<br />

misi ujredebis gamoyenebas ar krZalavs, xolo embrionis<br />

donacias, faqtobrivad, reproduqciis uflebis realizaciis<br />

formad ganixilavs. miTiTebul sferoSi arsebuli normebi xarveziani<br />

da Seuswavlelia. naSromis mizani swored am normaTa mecnieruli<br />

analizi, kvlevis komparativistuli meTodis gamoyenebiT<br />

problemis regulirebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis<br />

warmoCena da erovnuli kanonmdeblobis srulyofis, evropul<br />

samarTalTan harmonizaciisaTvis winadadebebis SeTavazebaa.<br />

1. embrionis donacia kvlevis mizniT<br />

embrionze kvleva Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi problematuri<br />

gamowvevaa, vinaidain miiCneva, rom igi miznad isaxavs orsulobis<br />

misaRwevad xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnikis gaumjobesebas,<br />

genetikur daavadebaTa gamovlenas, simsivnis dadgenasa da prevencias.<br />

4<br />

117

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

embrionis ujredebis kvlevis obieqtad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazreba.<br />

mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom embrioni daculi unda iyos pirvelive ujredis SeqmnisTanave,<br />

zogierTis mosazrebiT, kvleva dauSvebelia ToTxmet dRes miRweul unikalur embrionze, xolo<br />

umetesobis azriT, embrioni daculi unda iqnes eqsperimentebisagan mxolod centraluri<br />

nervuli sistemis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, roca igi tkivils SeigrZnobs. 5<br />

`adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis 6 me-18 muxlis I nawilis mixedviT,<br />

im qveynebSi, sadac daSvebulia embrionze in vitro kvlevis Catareba, uzrunvelyofil unda<br />

iqnes embrionis adekvaturi dacva, miTiTebuli muxlis I I nawili ki, krZalavs kvlevis Catarebis<br />

mizniT adamianis embrionis Seqmnas. aRniSnuli muxli xazs usvams kvlevis farglebSi embrionis<br />

dacvis aucileblobas, Tumca, ar gamoxatavs pozicias imis Taobaze, misaRebia Tu ara embrionze<br />

in vitro kvlevis Catareba. 7<br />

evrosabWos eqspertTa moqmedi komitetis moxsenebaSi asaxuli `adamianis xelovnurad Casaxvis<br />

principebis~ (SemdgomSi _ evrosabWos principebi) 8 mixedviT (me-17 principis I nawili), nebadarTuli<br />

ar aris in vitro embrionze nebismieri proceduris Catareba, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu mizania<br />

embrionisaTvis sargeblis motana an kvleva, romelic dakvirvebas moicavs da ar aris embrionisaTvis<br />

zianis momtani. miTiTebuli principis I I nawiliT, Tu saxelmwifos mier daSvebuli kvleviTi<br />

da eqsperimentuli procedurebi ar isaxavs miznad embrionisaTvis prevenciul, diagnostikur,<br />

xolo embrionis mZime paTologiis SemTxvevaSi, mis mkurnalobas, gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />

Semdegi moTxovnebi: a) miznis misaRwevad SeuZlebeli unda iyos sxva meTodebis gamoyeneba; b)<br />

embrioni ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ganayofierebidan 14 dRis gasvlis Semdeg (gayinviT an<br />

sxva meTodiT Senaxvis periodi mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba); g) miRebulia wyvilis informirebuli<br />

Tanxmoba, maT Soris, embrionis donaciis dros; d) Sesabamisi multidisciplinaruli komisiis<br />

mier nebadarTulia kvleva.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom miTiTebuli moxsenebis me-19 principi krZalavs qalis saSvilosnoSi implantirebul<br />

embrionze kvlevas, Tumca, 12 kviramde orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetis faqtobrivad<br />

upirobo legalizeba 9 kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs kvlevis dauSveblobas nayofze, romlis arseboba<br />

SemdgomSi Sewyvetil iqnes.<br />

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi araferia naTqvami embrionze/Canasaxze kvlevis Sesaxeb. `janmrTelobis<br />

dacvis Sesaxeb~ 10 saqarTvelos kanoni awesrigebs samedicino-biologiur kvlevas,<br />

magram igi mxolod adamianisa da cxovelebis, rogorc samedicino-biologiuri kvlevis obeqtebis,<br />

dacvis humanuri damokidebulebis princips ganamtkicebs.<br />

1.1. embrionis skriningi<br />

kvlevis mizani medicinis progresis garda, SesaZloa iyos sinjaris embrionTa arCeva sxvadasxva<br />

kriteriumis safuZvelze. ZiriTadad, upiratesoba eniWeba im embrions, romelic metad sicocxlisunariania.<br />

11 Tumca, seleqcia SeiZleba moxdes sxva niSnebis mixedviTac, kerZod, genetikur<br />

daavadebaTa gamoricxvis motiviT, sqesis gansazRvrisa da gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis<br />

SerCevis mizniT, agreTve konkretul genTan Tavsebadobis safuZvelze.<br />

embrionis skriningi 12 gulisxmobs preimplantaciur genetikur diagnostikas _ (SemdgomSi<br />

pgd 13 ), romelic moicavs ramdenime etaps: embrionis in vitro Seqmnas ganviTarebis adreul etapze,<br />

optimalurad, rva ujredad dayofili embrionis biofsiasa 14 da Semdeg mis diagnostikas.<br />

embrionTa skriningi warmoSobs mraval eTikur da samarTlebriv problematikas. sakiTxis<br />

sirTules ganapirobebs is, rom biofsiis Sedegad safrTxe eqmneba embrionis gadarCenas imdenad,<br />

ramdenadac mcirdeba ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli ujredebis odenoba da seleqciis Sedegad<br />

mizanmimarTulad nadgurdeba embrioni. 15<br />

118

pgd-is ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli gaxda 1980-iani wlebidan. axali reproduqciuli teqnologiebis<br />

ganviTarebis Sedegad, aRniSnuli meTodiT xdeba iseT daavadebaTa dadgena, rogoricaa<br />

daunis sindromi, mukoviscidozi da sxva. 16 vinaidan in vitro Seqmnil embrionTa 50-70 procents<br />

aReniSneba qromosomuli anomalia, rac savaraudod, iwvevs orsulobis nakleb albaTobas, aSS-Si<br />

aRniSnuli meTodi xelovnuri ganayofierebis procesis nawilad, mis gagrZelebad iqca. 17 pgd-is<br />

testis dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, genetikuri mSobeli an recipienti uars ambobs paTologiur<br />

(abnormal) embrionTa implantaciasa da dabadebaze, rasac misi ganadgureba mohyveba. Tumca,<br />

meore mxriv, pgd-is saSualebiT embrionis anomaliis mizeziT orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetis<br />

Canacvleba xdeba. 18 xelovnur abortTan SedarebiT, romelic sicocxlisunariani, ganviTarebadi<br />

Canasaxis mospobas gulisxmobs, pgd SedarebiT misaRebad miiCneva, vinaidan sinjaris embrioni<br />

jer kidev, ar aris individualuri da arc diferencirebuli organoebi gaaCnia. 19<br />

pgd-is meTodis upiratesoba mxolod mSoblisaTvis gamoixateba, vinaidan igi emociuri,<br />

fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, naklebad damTrgunvelia, eTikurad ki, igi iseve gaumarTlebelia,<br />

rogorc seleqciuri aborti. ufro metic, pgd uaresia, vidre tradiciuli prenataluri (dabadebamdeli)<br />

diagnostika da seleqciuri aborti, vinaidan aRniSnuli manipulacia moiTxovs ara<br />

erTi sicocxlis uflebis mqone embrionis Seqmnasa da ganadgurebas. 20<br />

genetikurma skriningma da embrionis seleqciam manamde gamoiwvia diskusia bioeTikosebsa da<br />

kanonmdeblebs Soris, vidre es realuri gaxdeboda. germaniaSi, 1990 wlis kanonma `embrionis dacvis<br />

Sesaxeb~ 21 akrZala embrionze samecniero kvlevis Catareba, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu es uSualod<br />

embrionis sasikeTod ar iyo gamiznuli. vinaidan aRniSnuli kanoni ar exeboda importirebul<br />

embrionTa gamoyenebas, akrZalvis ararseboba miCneul iqna nagulisxmev Tanxmobad da Sedegad,<br />

2002 wlis 28 ivliss, parlamentma xangrZlivi diskusiis Semdeg, miiRo federaluri kanoni Rerovani<br />

ujredebis Sesaxeb (Stamzellgezetz), 22 romlis mixedviTac, dasaSvebi gaxda kvleva gamonaklis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, germaniis teritoriaze 2002 wlis 1 ianvramde importirebul embrionebze,<br />

Tu kvlevis proeqti eTikurad gamarTlebuli da mowonebuli iqneboda centraluri eTikis komisiis<br />

mier. 2008 wlis 11 aprils, amave kanonSi Sesuli cvlilebebis mixedviT, kvleva nebadarTulad<br />

gamocxadda aseve, im importirebul embrionebze, romelic Seiqmna 2007 wlis 1 maisamde. 23<br />

embrionze kvleva dResac sakamaTo sakiTxia germaniaSi, rac kaTolicizmis Zlieri gavlenis<br />

Sedegia. 24<br />

germanuli komisiis mixedviT, embrionis skriningi unda daSvebuliyo gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani<br />

genetikuri daavadebis arsebobisas, Tumca, es gamoiwvevda embrionTa eugenezis seleqciasa da<br />

sqesis mixedviT SerCevas. 25 amitom, zemoxsenebuli `embrionis dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT aikrZala pgd,<br />

Tumca, mravalwliani cxare debatebis Semdeg, 2011 wlis ivlisSi, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, genetikur<br />

daavadebaTa maRali riskis mqone pirTaTvis Terapiuli skriningi daSvebul iqna. 26<br />

`janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 143-e muxlis I nawilis mixedviT, eqstrakorporuli<br />

ganayofiereba nebadarTulia uSvilobis mkurnalobis mizniTa da colis an qmris mxridan<br />

genetikuri daavadebis riskis arsebobisas, rac swored embrionis genetikur skriningsa da mis<br />

seleqcias gulisxmobs. Tumca, norma am SemTxvevaSic mSralia da ar gansazRvravs pgd xelmisawvdomia<br />

yvelasTvis Tu mxolod genetikuri daavadebis riskis mqone pirTaTvis. Sesabamisad, igi<br />

xorcieldeba mSobelTa survilis mixedviT, Tu aucilebelia garkveuli winapirobebis arseboba.<br />

1.2. pgd embrionis sqesis SerCevisa da gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis miniWebisaTvis<br />

pgd miiCneva reproduqciuli uunarobis mkurnalobis efeqtian meTodad, 27 Tumca, igi SeiZleba<br />

gamoyenebul iqnes araTerapiuli mizniTac, kerZod, sasurveli sqesis SerCevisa da bavSvisaTvis<br />

119

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis miniWebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom embrionze pgd-is meTodis<br />

gamoyenebiT sqesis dadgena faqtobrivad 100 procentiT efeqtiania, 28 xolo inteleqtis, Tmis,<br />

Tvalis feris dadgena am etapze teqnikurad SeuZlebelia, Tumca, teqnologiis progresis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, misi uaxloes momavalSi ganxorcieleba mosalodnelia. 29<br />

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben embrionis sqesis SerCevas socialuri da Terapiuli mizniT.<br />

pirvel SemTxvevaSi in vitro embrionis Seqmna xorcieldeba mSoblebisaTvis sasurveli ama Tu<br />

im sqesis bavSvis dabadebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, ara erTi janmrTeli embrionis ganadgureba swored<br />

sqesis safuZvelze xdeba, 30 xolo Terapiuli skriningiT SesaZlebelia sqesTan dakavSirebuli<br />

problemebis Tavidan acileba da janmrTeli bavSvis dabadeba.<br />

reproduqciis avtonomiis momxreTa mosazrebiT, piris ufleba akontrolos reproduqcia,<br />

embrionis sqesis arCevis uflebasac unda moicavdes, 31 vinaidan sqesis SerCevis akrZalviT piri<br />

iZulebuli xdeba xSirad, arasasurveli bavSvi gaaCinos, rac mas finansur tvirTad awveba. 32<br />

miuxedavad miTiTebuli argumentisa, sayovelTaod miRebulia, rom dauSvebelia sqesis SerCevis<br />

mizniT xelovnurad adamianis Seqmna, vinaidan dairRveva demografiuli balansi. es gamoiwvevs<br />

pirTa diskriminacias sqesis safuZvelze, konkretuli sqesis gamo Seqmnili piris fsiqologiur<br />

garTulebas da sxva uaryofiT Sedegebs. amasTan, sqesis seleqcia mSobels gardaqmnis momxmareblad,<br />

gadaidgmeba pirveli nabiji bavSvTa `dizainisaken~, rac mSobels ubiZgebs airCios ara mxolod<br />

Svilis sqesi, aramed samomavlod Tmisa da Tvalis feri, Tu SesaZlebeli gaxda inteleqti da<br />

musikaluri niWic ki. 33<br />

evrosabWos pirveli principis mixedviT, adamianis xelovnurad Casaxva ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli<br />

im mizniT, rom bavSvs hqondes gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebi, gansakuTrebiT, sqesis SerCevisaTvis,<br />

garda im SemTxvevisa, roca Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli sqesTan dakavSirebuli daavadeba.<br />

`adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis~ Sesaxeb konvenciis me-14 muxlic krZalavs sqesis<br />

SerCevis mizniT xelovnuri Casaxvis meTodebis gamoyenebas, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca aucilebelia<br />

sqesTan dakavSirebuli mZime memkvidreobis Tavidan acileba. analogiur normas iTvaliswinebs<br />

`pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis <strong>34</strong>-e muxlic.<br />

maSasadame, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, sqesis SerCeva socialuri mizniT dauSvebelia,<br />

xolo `trivialuri~ mizezebis, kerZod, momavali bavSvisaTvis gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis<br />

Camoyalibebis mizniT xelovnuri Casaxvis meTodebis gamoyenebis akrZalvaze araferia<br />

naTqvami.<br />

1.3. embrionis Seqmna sxvisi sicocxlis gadasarCenad<br />

`mxsneli dedmamiSvili~ <strong>34</strong> ewodeba bavSvs, romelic dabadebulia mecnierTa mier dadgenili<br />

konkretuli genis gaTvaliswinebiT ise, rom man SeZlos ufrosi dis/Zmis daavadebis mkurnalobaSi<br />

daxmarebis gaweva. 35<br />

Tanamedrove teqnologiis miRwevebiT, kerZod, adamianis leikocitTa antigenis meTodis<br />

(Human leucocyte Antigen – HLA) gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba Tavsebadi in vitro embrionis SerCeva<br />

implantaciisaTvis. ufro konkretulad, aRniSnuli manipulaciiT dgindeba Seqmnili embrionis<br />

konkretuli genis ufrosi da/Zmis genTan Tavsebadoba da dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, placentisa<br />

Tu Wiplaridan miRebuli Rerovani ujredebis 36 ufrosi avadmyofi da/ZmisaTvis implantaciis<br />

Sedegad am ukanasknelis gadarCena. 37 Tumca, mogvianebiT, SesaZloa, saWiro gaxdes mkurnalobis<br />

mizniT, ukve dabadebuli bavSvis sisxlis, Zvlis tvinisa Tu organoTa donaciac. 38<br />

aRniSnuli meTodi avadmyofi ufrosi bavSvis gadarCenis erTaderTi saSualebaa, vinaidan<br />

SeTavsebadi Rerovani ujredis gadanergviT xdeba iseT mZime daavadebaTagan gankurneba, rogoricaa<br />

Talasemia, daimond-blekfanis anemia, fankonis anemia, leikemia 39 da a.S.<br />

120

genetikuri testirebis Sedegad, pirveli e.w. `mxsneli~ dedmamiSvili, adam naSi, daibada 2000<br />

wels, aSS-Si ufrosi dis, molis fankonis anemiisagan gankurnebis mizniT, Tumca, SeTavsebadi<br />

embrionis miRebamde ocdaaTi embrionis seleqcia-ganadgureba gaxda saWiro. 40<br />

embrionTa pgd-is aRniSnuli meTodi mkurnalobis warmatebul saSualebad gamoiyeneba did<br />

britaneTSi, belgiasa da aSS-Si. 41<br />

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, did britaneTSi 2005 wlis precedenti _ Quintavalle (on Behalf of<br />

Comment on Reproductive Ethics) V. Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority) 42 saqmeze: 43 mosarCele<br />

haSmis 6 wlis vaJs aReniSneboda sisxlis daavadeba, beta-Talasemia, romlis gankurnebis erTaderT<br />

Sanss mxolod Tavsebadi RviZli da/Zmis Wiplaris Rerovani ujredebis implantacia warmoadgenda.<br />

amisaTvis embrioni xelovnuri ganayofierebis meTodiT unda Seqmniliyo, rasac skriningis<br />

meTodiT Tavsebadobis dadgenis Semdeg Rerovani ujredis gadanergva mohyveboda. 44 manipulaciis<br />

gansaxorcieleblad aucilebel winapirobas uflebamosili organos _ adamianis fertilizaciisa<br />

da embriologiis ganyofilebis 45 nebarTva warmoadgenda. marTalia, nebarTva gacemul<br />

iqna, magram vinaidan 1990 wlis `embriologiisa da fertilizaciis Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad, 46<br />

nebarTvis gacema sxvisi sicocxlis gadasarCenad embrionis SeqmnisaTvis ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli,<br />

igi sicocxlis damcvelma organizaciam _ reproduqciuli eTikis komitetma gaasaCivra.<br />

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom dedis moTxovna daakmayofila. Seiqmna 14 embrioni, Tumca,<br />

arcerTi maTgani Sesaferisi ar aRmoCnda. 47 saapelacio instanciam da lordTa palatam sakiTxi<br />

sxvagvarad gadawyvita. dava xsenebuli kanonis debulebam gamoiwvia, romlis mixedviTac,<br />

nebarTva gaicemoda, Tu embrioni `Sesaferisi~ iqneboda qalis sxeulSi implantaciisaTvis. adamianis<br />

fertlizaciisa da embriologiis ganyofilebis mixedviT, sityva `Sesaferisi~ (suitable)<br />

gulisxmobda qalisaTvis Sesaferis embrions, am SemTxvevaSi iseTs, romelic ufrosi Svilis<br />

gankurnebisaTvis gamodgeboda. reproduqciuli eTikis komitetis mixedviT ki, am terminSi janmrTeli,<br />

genetikuri anomaliisagan Tavisufali embrioni igulisxmeboda, Sesabamisad, kanonieri<br />

iyo pgd da ara da/Zmis genTan Tavsebadobis testireba.<br />

aRniSnuli argumenti saapelacio instanciam ar gaiziara, xolo lordTa palatam daadgina,<br />

rom vinaidan miTiTebuli kanoni, klonirebis msgavsad, pirdapir ar krZalavda pgd-is meTodis<br />

gamoyenebiT konkretul genTan SeTavsebisa da amiT sxvisi sicocxlis gadarCenisaTvis embrionis<br />

Seqmnas, ganyofilebas SeeZlo nebarTvis gacema.<br />

arsebuli precedentis gaTvaliswinebiT, didi britaneTis 2008 wlis `adamianis fertilizaciisa<br />

da embriologiis Sesaxeb~ kanonma 48 `mxsneli~ seleqcia dauSva Sesabamisi licenziis arsebobisas,<br />

kerZod, Tu Rerovani ujredis recipienti Seqmnili/SerCeuli donoris biologiuri<br />

da/Zmaa; recipients aReniSneba sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadeba, romlis gankurnebis alternatiuli<br />

gza ar arsebobs da romelic SeiZleba ganikurnos Wiplaridan miRebuli sisxlis Rerovani<br />

ujredebiT, Zvlis tvinis an sxva ujredebis gadanergviT, Tu misi da/ZmasTan Tavsebadoba dadgenilia.<br />

amasTan, gaTvaliswinebulia garkveuli SezRudvac: dauSvebelia embrionis Seqmna da seleqcia<br />

bavSvis mTliani organos gadanergvis mizniT. 49 yuradsaRebia is garemoeba, rom bavSvis<br />

Seqmna mSobelTa gankurnebis mizniT nebadarTuli ar aris; 50 embrionis implantaciamde genetikuri<br />

testirebisas Sesabamisi klinikis mier gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes: recipienti bavSvis<br />

daavadebis simZime da masTan dakavSirebuli tanjva; daavadebis progresireba, prognozi, mkurnalobis<br />

yvela SesaZlo saSualeba, donori `mxsnelisaTvis~ embrionis biofsiasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

yvela SesaZlo riski; emociuri da fsiqologiuri Sedegebi; organoTa (ujredTa) gadanergvasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli garTulebani; xolo im ojaxisaTvis, romelsac surs embrionis Seqmna ufrosi<br />

Svilis gankurnebisaTvis _ reproduqciuli gamocdileba da garemoebani (Seqmnil da Tavsebad<br />

embrionTa odenoba); warmatebis albaToba; warumateblobis Sedegebi da sxva. 51<br />

121

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

doqtrinaSi `mxsneli dedmamiSvilis~ Seqmna gakritikebulia imdenad, ramdenadac am dros<br />

bavSvis dabadeba warmoadgens miznis miRwevis saSualebas. amasTan, SesaZloa ufrosi Svilis mkurnalobisaTvis<br />

sakmarisi ar aRmoCndes sisxlidan miRebuli Rerovani ujredebi, aramed aucilebeli<br />

gaxdes sxva organoTa gadanergvac. moraluri TvalsazrisiT, embrionis Seqmna Wiplaris<br />

sisxlis ujredebis miRebisaTvis ufro gamarTlebulia, vidre Zvlis tvinisa da organos donacia,<br />

vinaidan es ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia tkivilTan, diskomfortTan, riskTan. 52 vinaidan arasrulwlovnis<br />

organos gadanergvis Taobaze informirebuli Tanxmobis gacxadebaze uflebamosili<br />

piri mSobelia, Sesabamisad, maTTvis umcrosi Svilis ufrosis keTildReobisaTvis msxverplSewirvis<br />

farglebi ar unda iyos SeuzRudavi. 53<br />

`mxsneli dedmamiSvilis~ Seqmnis legalizeba gamoiwvevs bavSvTa `dizainis~ legalizebasac,<br />

rac gulisxmobs sasurveli Tmis, Tvalis ferisa Tu sxva maxasiaTeblebisaTvis adamianis specialurad<br />

Seqmnas, 54 `mxsneli~ bavSvisaTvis fsiqologiurad damTrgunveli iqneba imis gancda, rom<br />

igi Seiqmna mxolod sxvisi sicocxlis gadasarCenad, miT ufro, Tu molodini ver gaamarTla da<br />

ufrosi da/Zma ar ganikurna. 55 Tumca, donorisaTvis SesaZlo emociuri ziani ar amarTlebs<br />

sicocxlis gadarCenaze uaris Tqmas da Tu da-Zmis sicocxlis gadarCena sasargeblo ar aris<br />

donorisaTvis, arc sazianoa, miT ufro, roca mxolod Wiplaridan miRebuli Rerovani ujredebis<br />

gamoyeneba xdeba, rac bavSvisaTvis ar iwvevs uaryofiT Sedegs. amasTan, `mxsnelis~ Seqmnis dros<br />

motivi keTilSobiluria, radgan sicocxlis gadarCenas emsaxureba, gansxvavebiT `bavSvTa dizainisagan,~<br />

sadac mizezi meorexarisxovania, 56 embrionis specialurad dabadebis miznis miuxedavad,<br />

warmoudgenelia mSoblebma Svili mxolod organos wyarod ganixilon da igi ugulvebelyon,<br />

xolo donorisaTvis sxvisi sicocxlis gadarCenam SeiZleba gamoiwvios ara stresi, aramed siamaye<br />

da sixaruli. 57<br />

zogadad, erTi bavSvis mier meorisaTvis ujredisa Tu organos donacia gamarTlebulia imdenad,<br />

ramdenadac mSoblis, da-Zmis sicocxlis gadarCena TavisTavad donorisTvisac sasargebloa,<br />

misTvis miyenebul safrTxes, tkivilsa da zians recipientisaTvis miniWebuli sargebeli gadawonis.<br />

Tumca, sakamaToa, ramdenad aqvT mSoblebs moraluri ufleba erTi Svilis saxeliT miiRon<br />

gadawyvetileba organos gadacemis Taobaze. 58<br />

`organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ 59 saqarTvelos kanonis me-17 muxlis me-2 nawili iTvaliswinebs<br />

mkurnalobis mizniT placentisa da Wiplaris sisxlis Rerovani ujredebis aRebas sxva adamianisaTvis<br />

gadasanergad, mxolod potenciuri donoris mSobiarobis Semdeg. me-19 muxlis me-2 nawilis<br />

mixedviT ki, sxva adamiani SeiZleba iyos rogorc genetikuri naTesavi, ise nebismieri mesame piri.<br />

maSasadame, bavSvis dabadeba sxvisi sicocxlis gadasarCenad nebadarTulia. daSvebulia arasrulwlovanisagan<br />

organos aRebac. kerZod, miTiTebuli kanonis me-20 muxlis mixedviT, arasrulwlovani<br />

(garda mcirewlovnisa) SeiZleba iyos Zvlis tvinis donori, Tu: Zvlis tvinis aReba<br />

ar imoqmedebs donoris janmrTelobaze, rasac erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad daadasturebs<br />

saTanado licenziis mqone ori eqimi; Zvlis tvinis gadanergva gankuTvnilia pirveli an meore<br />

rigis naTesavisaTvis, romlis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba sicocxlisaTvis saSiSia da ar arsebobs<br />

mkurnalobis sxva saSualeba; arasrulwlovnis ganwyoba iZleva samedicino Carevis SesaZleblobas<br />

da miRebulia meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos mier dadasturebuli mSoblebis an<br />

mSoblebis zrunvas moklebuli arasrulwlovnis kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba.<br />

jdk-is 143-e muxli in vitro embrionis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebs uSvilobis mkurnalobis mizniT<br />

da colis an qmris mxridan genetikuri daavadebis gadacemis riskis arsebobisas. normis<br />

teleologiuri, gramatikuli da logikuri ganmartebidan gamomdinare, unda vivaraudoT, rom<br />

genetikuri daavadebis gadacemis riski uSualod Seqmnil embrions exeba da ara mis da Zmas.<br />

`pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ 60 saqarTvelos kanonis 32-e muxlis mixedviT, daavadebis ganma-<br />

122

pirobebeli genis gamovlenis an daavadebisadmi genetikuri midrekilebis ganmsazRvreli<br />

testireba dasaSvebia mxolod pacientis janmrTelobis dacvisa da janmrTelobis dacvasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli samecniero kvlevis mizniT. amave kanoniT pacients warmoadgens nebismieri piri,<br />

romelic, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis miuxedavad, TviTon sargeblobs, saWiroebs an apirebs<br />

isargeblos janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis momsaxurebiT. maSasadame, pacientad unda moviazroT<br />

piri, romelsac utardeba genetikuri testireba da ara nebismieri, vinc mkurnalobas saWiroebs.<br />

aRniSnuli teqnologia medicinis uaxlesi miRwevaa da miTiTebuli kanonisa Tu principebis<br />

SemuSavebisas misi prognozirebac ki, SeuZlebeli iyo. Tumca, sakiTxi misi aqtualobidan<br />

gamomdinare, uaxloes momavalSi realobad iqceva, rac droul mowesrigebas moiTxovs, xarvezis<br />

aRmofxvrisas mTavar amocanad ki, embrionis statusis gansazRvra rCeba.<br />

Sesabamisad, embrionis Seqmna sxvisi sicocxlis gadasaCenad, dasaSvebi da misaRebia, Tumca,<br />

amas ar unda mohyves seleqcia da araTavsebad embrionTa ganadgureba, ramdenadac embrioni,<br />

rogorc potenciuri adamiani pativiscemasa da dacvas imsaxurebs, miuxedavad imisa, misi dabadeba<br />

vinmesTvis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis garantia iqneba Tu ara.<br />

2. embrionis donacia bavSvis dabadebis mizniT<br />

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben pirdapir donacias, roca recipienti donorisaTvis nacnobia<br />

da anonimur donacias. am SemTxvevaSi mimRebi uSvilo qalis vinaoba donorisaTvis ucnobia. 61<br />

evrosabWos me-11 principis I I nawilis mixedviT, erTi wyvilis mier gamouyenebeli embrionis<br />

donacia meore wyvilisaTvis xelovnurad Casaxvis mizniT, wevri saxelmwifoebis mier SeiZleba<br />

daSvebul iqnes gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi. bevr qveyanaSi (avstria, germania, SvedeTi, Sveicaria,<br />

saberZneTi, irlania, TurqeTi) embrionis donacia akrZalulia, nawili qveynebisa (belgia, safrangeTi,<br />

ungreTi, fineTi, espaneTi, didi brataneTi, kanada, aSS) mxolod sinjaraSi ganayofierebuli<br />

da `darCenili~ embrionis donacias uSvebs. 62<br />

jdk pirdapir ar aRiarebs embrionis donacias, Tumca 143-e muxlis I nawili uSvilobis<br />

mkurnalobis mizniT eqstrakorporuli ganayofierebis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs donoris<br />

sasqeso ujredebis an embrionis gamoyenebiT, 144-e muxliT ki, nebadarTulia gayinvis meTodiT<br />

konservirebuli embrionis gamoyeneba. arcerT normaSi ar gvxvdeba pirdapiri miTiTeba, embrionis<br />

gadatana unda moxdes uSualod genetikuri dedisaTvis Tu SesaZlebelia misi sxva pirisaTvis<br />

gadacemac xelovnuri ganayofierebisaTvis. normis sityvasityviTi ganmartebidan gamomdinare,<br />

`donoris sasqeso ujredebis an embrionis gamoyeneba~ ganimarteba, rogorc donorTa<br />

embrionis gamoyeneba-donaciac, xolo 143-e muxlis I I nawilis mixedviT, donors an surogat dedas<br />

ara aqvs dabadebuli bavSvis mSoblad cnobis ufleba, donorad ki, am SemTxvevaSi rogorc kvercxujredis,<br />

ise embrionis donoric moiazreba.<br />

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT nebadarTulia<br />

in vitro embrionTa donacia da igi iseve, rogorc sxva reproduqciis alternativa, mowesrigebuli<br />

ar aris, maSin roca embrionTa donaciiTa da sxva reproduqciuli momsaxurebiT dResdReobiT<br />

araerTi samedicino dawesebuleba 63 aqtiurad aris dakavebuli.<br />

evrosabWos me-12 principis mixedviT, embrionis gadatana erTi qalis saSvilosnodan meore<br />

qalis saSvilosnoSi ar unda iyos nebadarTuli. aRniSnulis Taobaze jdk-Si araferia naTqvami,<br />

Tumca, 143-e muxlSi uSvilobis mkurnalobis saSualebad mxolod eqstrakorporuli ganayofierebis<br />

meTodze miTiTeba TavisTavad gamoricxavs in vivo embrionis donacias.<br />

embrionTa donacia Tanamedroveobis gamowvevas warmoadgens da masze ukanasknel periodSi<br />

cxare diskusiebi mimdinareobs. momxreTa mosazrebiT, donacia sasargebloa embrionisaTvis da<br />

123

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

mis keTildReobas emsaxureba, 64 vinaidan Sansi eZleva dabadebisa, romelic TavisTavad sjobs<br />

ganadgurebas. erT-erT upiratesobad saxeldeba recipienti mSoblis SesaZlebloba akontrolos<br />

da izrunos bavSvis ganviTarebaze muclad yofnis periodidan, gansxvavebiT Svilad ayvanisagan.<br />

Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia, am gziT dabadebuli bavSvis fsiqikuri garTulebanic. simarTlis<br />

garkvevis Semdeg, _ rom misi arseboba `kosmiuri SemTxveviTobaa~, vinaidan gametebis mimwodeblebi<br />

erTmaneTs arc ki Sexvedrian, _ SesaZloa, bavSvma dakargos pirovnulobisa da vinaobis<br />

gancda. 65<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kanoni `organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ 66 ar vrceldeba Canasaxisa<br />

da nayofis organoebis, aseve, reproduqciuli ujredebis gamoyenebaze. miTiTebuli kanonis mixedviT,<br />

donori aris cocxali adamiani an gardacvlili, romlisganac iReben organos sxva adamianisaTvis<br />

gadasanergad, xolo recipienti ki, warmoadgens adamians, romelsac mkurnalobis mizniT gadaenerga<br />

sxva adamianis organo. TviTon organos definicia arc xsenebul kanonSi da arc sxva sakanonmdeblo<br />

aqtebSi ar gvxvdeba. medicinaSi igi ganimarteba, rogorc adamianis sxeulis fardobiTad (relatively)<br />

damoukidebeli nawili, romelsac specialuri, erTi an ori funqcia gaaCnia. 67<br />

embrioni gacilebiT metia, vidre adamianis erTi romelime organo, misi donaciis daSveba<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba aRiarebul principebs, adamianis Rirsebas. amdenad, embrionis rogorc sasyidliani,<br />

ise usasyidlo donacia da amiT embrionis brunvaSi monawileoba unda aikrZalos, rogorc<br />

sayovelTaod miuRebuli qceva.<br />

2.1. Svilad ayvanasTan embrionis donaciis Tanafardoba<br />

aRiarebulia, rom embrionis donacia, rogorc damxmare reproduqciis alternativa, pirad<br />

da ojaxur cxovrebas ganekuTvneba. 68 igi gansxvavdeba Svilad ayvanisagan imiT, rom wyvilma,<br />

romelmac gaiara in vitro procedura da gaaCnia Warbi embrioni, saCuqrad gadascems mas recipients,<br />

69 Tumca, embrionis donaciasa da Svilad ayvanasTan mimarTebaSi msgavseba realurad<br />

arsebobs, vinaidan orive SemTxvevaSi, genetikurad sxva piri/wyvili kisrulobs mSoblis valdebulebas.<br />

pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Svilad ayvanis institutisagan gansxvavebiT, donori _ genetikuri<br />

mSobeli bavSvis mSoblad aRiarebis moTxovnis uflebas kargavs embrionze uaris Tqmis<br />

momentidan, jer kidev, bavSvis dabadebamde. amasTan, Svilad ayvana, normis sitvasityviTi ganmartebidan<br />

gamomdinare, gulisxmobs ukve dabadebuli da gasaSvilebeli statusis mqone bavSvis<br />

Svilad ayvanas, maSin, roca embrionis donaciis SemTxvevaSi, gasaSvilebeli obieqti araTu dabadebuli,<br />

aramed SeiZleba Casaxulic ki, ar iyos da winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Seiqmnas.<br />

Svilad ayvanis instituti TiTqmis yvela qveynaSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic, mowesrigebulia<br />

specialuri kanoniT `Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb,~ romlis mixedviTac, bavSvis<br />

interesebidan gamomdinare, Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs sasamarTlo, Tu es<br />

mis keTildReobas emsaxureba. 70 amasTan, mSvileblis statusis misaniWeblad dadgenilia kriteriumebi,<br />

71 xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb daskvna unda iTvaliswinebdes<br />

bavSvis eTnikuri da kulturuli garemos gaTvaliswinebiT aRzrdis SesaZleblobasac. 72<br />

embrionTa donacia, miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanasknel periodSi sakmaod aqtualuri sakiTxia,<br />

gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si, sakanonmdeblo doneze mouwesrigebelia da Svilad ayvanis wesisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, savaldebulo moTxovnebs ar moicavs. 73 momavali bavSvis interesebis dacvis mizniT,<br />

mxolod ramdenime qveynis, magaliTad, safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis samarTali iTvaliswinebs<br />

embrionis `Svilad ayvanamde~ Svilad ayvanis msurvelTa Sefasebas sasamarTlos mier. 74<br />

embrionis donaciis regulirebis saerTo xarvezi iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, rom embrionis<br />

recipienti Svilis mosurne nebismieri piri SeiZleba iyos, maT Soris, iseTic, romelsac sxva-<br />

124

dasxva mizeziT uari eTqva mSvileblis statusis miniWebaze. amitom amerikuli doqtrina xSirad<br />

miuTiTebs arsebuli Tanafardobis miuxedavad, embrionTa donaciaze Svilad ayvanis tradiciuli<br />

principebis gavrcelebis aucileblobaze, raTa dacul iqnes rogorc donori, ise recipienti<br />

mxare, bavSvi da zogadad, sazogadoeba da momavali Taoba. 75<br />

2.2. embrionis donaciis anonimuroba<br />

`Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 25-e muxlis mixedviT, Svilad<br />

ayvanis procesSi monawile yvela piri, maT Soris, biologiuri mSobeli, valdebulia daicvas Svilad<br />

ayvanis saidumlo. mSvileblis neba-survilis gareSe, aRniSnuli saidumlos gamJRavnebisaTvis ki,<br />

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 175-e muxli iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas.<br />

embrionTa donaciac, Svilad ayvanis msgavsad, rogorc wesi, anonimuria. 76<br />

evrosabWos me-13 principis I nawilis mixedviT, eqimma, agreTve, dawesebulebis TanamSromlebma,<br />

romlebic iyeneben xelovnurad Casaxvis teqnologiebs, unda daicvan donoris anonimuroba,<br />

saidumlod Seinaxon wyvilis vinaoba da aRniSnuli faqti ar unda gaaxmauron erovnuli<br />

kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad. gamonaklisis saxiT, donoris genetikuri informacia<br />

SeiZleba gamJRavnebul iqnes, Tu es saWiroa bavSvis janmrTelobis, interesebisaTvis an<br />

genetikuri konsultaciis Casatareblad. aRniSnulis uzrunvelsayofad, sasurvelia, embrionis<br />

donaciisas gacxadebul informirebul TanxmobaSi mieTiTos genetikuri mSoblis janmrTelobis<br />

istoria da STamomavlobisaTvis yvela SesaZlo samedicino riski. 77<br />

evrosabWos me-13 principis I I nawilis mixedviT, erovnulma kanonmdeblobam SeiZleba dauSvas,<br />

rom bavSvs garkveul asakSi hqondes saSualeba gaecnos informacias misi Casaxvis garemoebebisa<br />

da donoris vinaobis Sesaxeb.<br />

konfidencialobis dacvis principi ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis 41-e muxlis<br />

I I nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad, ‘oficialur CanawerebSi arsebuli informacia, romelic dakavSirebulia<br />

adamianis janmrTelobasTan, mis finansebTan an sxva kerZo sakiTxebTan, aravisTvis ar<br />

unda iyos xelmisawvdomi, TviT am adamianis Tanxmobis gareSe, garda kanoniT dadgenili SemTxvevebisa,<br />

rodesac es aucilebelia saxelmwifo uSiSroebis an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis<br />

uzrunvelsayofad, janmrTelobis, sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis dasacavad.~<br />

jdk-is 42-e muxliT, `medicinis muSaki da samedicino dawesebulebis yvela TanamSromeli<br />

movalea daicvas samedicino (saeqimo) saidumlo, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca konfidencialuri<br />

informaciis gamJRavnebas moiTxovs gardacvlilis naTesavi an kanonieri warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlo<br />

an es aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad, sxvaTa uflebebisa<br />

da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad.~<br />

embrionis donacia, xsenebuli kanonis me-3 muxlis `C~ qvepunqtiT gansazRvrul saeqimo<br />

saidumlos warmoadgens. janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli saidumloeba ganekuTvneba pirad saidumlos,<br />

magram es informacia absoluturad daculi ar aris da kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi,<br />

maT Soris, sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad gamJRavnebas eqvemdebareba. 78<br />

`pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 28-e muxlis mixedviT, samedicino momsaxurebis<br />

gamwevis mier konfidencialuri informaciis gamJRavneba dasaSvebia, Tu miRebulia<br />

pacientis Tanxmoba; informaciis gaumJRavnebloba safrTxes uqmnis mesame piris (romlis vinaobac<br />

cnobilia) sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas; Tu es gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, ZiriTadad, Seesabameba zemoT motanil<br />

princips, Tumca me-13 principis I I nawilis msgavsad, bavSvis konkretuli asaki informaciis gam-<br />

JRavnebisaTvis dadgenili ar aris.<br />

125

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

damxmare reproduqciis teqnologiis gamoyeneba eqceva piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis saidumloebis<br />

farglebSi, 79 romelic simarTlis garkveviT, SesaZloa, Seilaxos. Tumca, genetikuri warmomavlobis<br />

dadgena xSirad, bavSvis interesebis dacvas emsaxureba, vinaidan ojaxis janmrTelobis<br />

istoriis dadgena xels uwyobs genetikur daavadebaTa adreul prevencias, diagnostikasa<br />

da mkunalobaSi daxmarebas. 80<br />

bavSvis interesebis saukeTeso dacva upiratesia damxmare reproduqciis teqnologiis gamoyenebisas,<br />

aseve, mSobelTa cxovrebis wesis arCevanis TavisuflebasTan SedarebiT. 81 swored amitom,<br />

embrionTa donaciis Sedegad dabadebul bavSvTaTvis cnobili unda iyos warmomavlobis,<br />

genetikuri mSoblebisa da ojaxis wevrebis Sesaxeb, 82 vinaidan sakuTari warmoSobis garkvevis<br />

ufleba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-16 muxliT garantirebuli pirovnebis Tavisufali ganvi-<br />

Tarebis uflebidan gamomdinareobs. 83 amasTan, anonimurobis dros arsebobs sisxlis aRrevis<br />

riski. incestis Tavidan acilebis mizniT ki, aucilebelia kanonmdeblobiT individualur donorTaTvis<br />

STamomavlobis odenobis SezRudva. 84<br />

aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tanamedrove tendencia mimarTulia ara mxolod embrionTa<br />

donaciis Sesaxeb informaciis gamJRavnebis savaldebuloobisaken, aramed naxevar da-Zmis Taobaze<br />

informaciis miwodebis uzrunvelyofiskenac. 85<br />

donori mSoblebisagan sxva dedmamiSvilTa moZiebis xelSewyobisaTvis aSS Si Seiqmna specialuri<br />

internet-gverdi, 86 romlis meSveobiT aTasobiT pirma SeZlo naxevar da-Zmis moZieba, did<br />

britaneTSi ki, adamianis fertilizaciisa da embriologiis ganyofilebis iniciativiT dafuZnda<br />

nebayoflobiTi saregistracio momsaxureba, romlis mizani, aseve, donaciis meSveobiT dabadebuli<br />

STamomavlobis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaa. 87<br />

2.3. embrionis donaciis sasyidlianoba<br />

embrionTa donaciis yvelaze rTul samarTlebriv da eTikur problemas warmoadgens sasyidlianoba,<br />

ramdenadac arsebobs realuri saSiSroeba, rom gametebis mimwodeblebma, romlebsac<br />

Warbi embrionebi gaaCniaT, isini materialuri sargebelis miRebis mizniT gamoiyenon, xolo uares<br />

SemTxvevaSi, socialurad daucveli, susti mxare aRmoCndes eqspluataciis msxverpli. amis<br />

safuZvels gvaZlevs arsebuli garemoeba. kerZod, rogorc sazRvargareTis qveynebis praqtika<br />

cxadyofs, embrionis SeZeniT dainteresebulia ara mxolod uSvilo piri/wyvili, aramed embrion-<br />

Ta bankebi _ Semnaxveli klinikebi, aseve, mecnierebi, romelTa mizania kvlevis ganxorcieleba da<br />

embrionTa e.w. `dilerebi~, romlebic garda mza embrionTa SeZenisa, yiduloben qalisa da mamakacis<br />

gametebs, vinaidan samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, es ufro usafrTxoa da TviTon qmnian<br />

embrionebs sxva pirTaTvis miyidvis mizniT. 88<br />

embrioniT vaWroba sayovelTaod araeTikuri qcevaa, romelic SeuTavsebadia adamianis RirsebasTan.<br />

`adamianis uflebaTa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis 21-e muxlis mixedviT, `adamianis<br />

sxeuli an misi nawilebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes finansuri mogebis wyarod.~ aRniSnuli<br />

norma gamomdinareobs amave konvenciis preambulidan da pirveli muxlidan, romlis mixedviTac,<br />

konvenciis monawile mxareebma unda daicvan TiToeuli adamianis Rirseba da individualoba da<br />

ar dauSvan, rom adamianis sxeulis nawilebi da qsovilebi iqces finansuri sargeblobis wyarod<br />

arc im pirisaTvis, romlisganac iqna igi aRebuli da arc mesame mxarisaTvis, iqneba es kerZo piri<br />

Tu dawesebuleba. 89 Tumca, aRniSnuli muxlis ganmartebisas ar aris miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

finansuri sargeblobis akrZalva vrceldeba embrionTa gadacemazec. 90<br />

im qveynebSi, sadac nebadarTulia embrionis donacia, rogorc wesi, pirdapir aris miTiTeba<br />

finansuri sargeblis miRebis dauSveblobaze. aSS Si embrioni ar aris brunvaSi, Tumca kanoniT<br />

126

arc pirdapir aris misi monawileoba akrZaluli, 91 aramed aSS-is fertiluri sazogadoeba rekomendaciis<br />

saxiT gansazRvravs, rom sazRauris gadaxda embrionis donaciis dros dauSvebelia,<br />

Tumca, donors unda mieces samarTliani kompensacia drois, danaxarjebisa da gancdili uxerxulobisaTvis<br />

(inconvenience). 92 kvercxujredis donaciis dros donors anazRaureba, rogor wesi,<br />

miecema recipientisaTvis specialurad gaweuli momsaxurebisaTvis, amdenad, kompensaciis gadaxda<br />

tkivilisa da diskomfortisaTvis SedarebiT gamarTlebulia, 93 xolo embrionTa donaciis<br />

dros, umetes SemTxvevaSi, In vitro ganayofierebis Sedegad darCenili, Warbi embrioni gamoiyeneba,<br />

ise, rom donors mis Sesaqmnelad gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva aRar esaWiroeba. amasTan, wyvilis<br />

mier embrioni sakuTari `moxmarebisaTvis~ iqmneba, momavalSi specialuri anazRaurebis molodinis<br />

gareSe, 94 ris gamoc embrionis donaciisaTvis sazRauris moTxovna xarjebis dafarvis mizni-<br />

Tac gaumarTlebelia.<br />

`organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, romelic organoebiT vaWrobas dauSveblad<br />

miiCnevs, pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom kanoni ar vrceldeba Canasaxisa da embrionis organos<br />

gamoyenebaze, vinaidan embrioni ufro metia, vidre adamianis organo. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos<br />

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 135 1 -e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Semadgenloba ar gveqneba<br />

da adamianis organoebiT vaWrobad ver dakvalificirdeba embrionis gadacemis Sesaxeb sasyidliani<br />

garigeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom miTiTebuli kodeqsis 135-e muxli danaSaulad<br />

miiCnevs sisxliTa da sisxlis komponentebiT vaWrobasac ki, rodesac maTi aRdgena-regeneracia<br />

SesaZlebelia, is faqti, rom embrionis brunvaSi monawileoba ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlis sayovel-<br />

Taod aRiarebul normebs, udavod ikveTeba. 95<br />

evrosabWos me-9 principi adgens, rom `kvercxujredis, spermis, embrionis an maTgan miRebuli<br />

elementis donorobisaTvis ar unda iqnes miRebuli raime materialuri sargebeli, anazRaurebadia<br />

mxolod xelfasis danakargi, samgzavro an sxva xarjebi, romlebic uSualod donorobasTan<br />

aris dakavSirebuli~. komercializaciis dauSvebloba unda emsaxurebodes sazogadoebrivi<br />

moralis dacvas, amisaTvis ki, aucilebelia specialuri amkrZalavi normis dadgena.<br />

reproduqciis masalis sasyidlianobis dauSveblobaze jdk arafers ambobs, mxareebi Tavisuflad<br />

gansazRvraven momsaxurebisaTvis safasuris odenobas, rac realurad embrioniT vaWrobas<br />

gulisxmobs. arsebuli tendencia miT ufro aqtualuria saqarTvelosaTvis, rogorc ganviTarebadi<br />

qveynisaTvis, sadac mosaxleobis socialurad daucveli nawilisaTvis es saqmianoba<br />

SesaZloa Semosavlis wyarod iqces, amitom problema swraf da radikalur gadawyvetas moiTxovs.<br />

2.4. embrionis Seqmna donaciisaTvis<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom gayinul mdgomareobaSi inaxeba asobiT da aTasobiT embrioni, sazRvargareTis<br />

qveynebis praqtikaSi arsebobs SemTxvevebi, roca embrioni specialurad iqmneba donaciisaTvis.<br />

am dros xdeba donorTa winaswari SerCeva gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis, kerZod,<br />

donoris simaRlis, wonis, Tvalis feris, agreTve, erudiciisa da TviT profesiis gaTvaliswinebi-<br />

Tac ki, 96 rac recipient-mSobelTa mxridan gasakviri namdvilad ar aris. vinaidan umetesi qveynebis<br />

kanonmdeblobiT, maT Soris, jdk-s 143-e muxliT, nebadarTulia reproduqciis masalis donacia,<br />

recipients ufleba aqvs Tavad moiZios donori misTvis mniSvnelovani kriteriumebis mixedviT.<br />

embrionis specialurad donaciisaTvis Seqmnis erT-erT mizans, rogorc wesi, warmoadgens<br />

recipientis survili, hyavdes tyupebi, vinaidan ganayofierebuli kvercxujredis adreul etapze<br />

stimulaciis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia, identur ujredebad _ tyupebad dayofis provocireba, ra<br />

drosac orive embrioni gadaaqvT recipientis saSvilosnoSi an erT-erTs yinaven samomavalo<br />

dabadebisaTvis. 97<br />

127

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi embrionis specialurad donaciisaTvis Seqmnis Sesaxeb araferia<br />

naTqvami, Tumca, reproduqciis masalis donaciis upirobod daSveba, embrionis gamoyenebisaTvis<br />

winapirobebis Riad datoveba, embrionis donaciis Sesaxeb specialuri amkrZalavi normis<br />

ararseboba safuZvels gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom embrionis Seqmna mizanmimarTulad donaciisaTvis<br />

nebadarTulia, rac sinjaris embrionis nivTTan gaTanabrebis tendenciaze miuTiTebs.<br />

daskvna<br />

embrionze samecniero-biologiuri kvlevis Catareba qarTuli samarTliT akrZaluli ar aris,<br />

Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom qmedeba nebadarTuli unda iyos, vinaidan `aukrZalavis nebadarTulobis<br />

ganmartebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom akrZalulisa da nebadarTulis gverdiT xSirad<br />

arsebobs viTareba, romelic marTalia, ar wesrigdeba normebiT, magram maT deonturi da iuridiuli<br />

statusi ara aqvT da miuxedavad imisa, rom isini akrZaluli ar aris, arc nabadarTulis<br />

Sedegebs warmoadgenen~. 98 sinjaraSi arsebul embrionze, iseve, rogorc ganviTarebad Canasaxze<br />

kvleva dauSvebeli unda iyos, Tu es kvleva uSualod misTvis sargeblis momtani ar aris, rac<br />

unda daadasturos Sesabamisma specialurma komisiam da bioeTikis komitetma.<br />

kvlevam cxadyo, rom qarTuli samarTliT nebadarTulia embrionis donacia. amasTan, akrZaluli<br />

ar aris sasyidlis miRebac. vinaidan embrioni arc adamianis organoa da arc TviT adamiani,<br />

amitom qceva sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul dasjad qmedebad ver Sefasdeba.<br />

Tumca, embrioni gacilebiT metia, vidre adamianis organo, amitom embrionis brunvaSi monawileoba<br />

unda aikrZalos, rogorc sayovelTaod miuRebeli qceva.<br />

128

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

Anderson M.l., Are you My Mommy? A Call For Regulation Of Embryo Donation, Cap.U.L.<br />

Rev., Vol.35, 2006, 600.<br />

2<br />

embrionis donacia recipientisaTvis, romelmac muclad unda ataros, Svas<br />

da aRzardos bavSvi, zogjer `embrionis Svilad ayvanad~ _ Embryo adoption<br />

moixsenieba.<br />

3<br />

Kovacs G., The Subfertility Handbook : A Clinician’s Guide, 2 nd ed., Cambridge University Press,<br />

2011, 166.<br />

4<br />

Robertson J, Embryo Research, West Ontario Law Rewiew, Vol. 2, 1986, 24.<br />

5<br />

Fiandaca Sh., In Vitro Fertilization and Embryos: Thr Need for International Guidelines,<br />

Alb.L.J.Sci.&Tech., Vol. 8, 1998, <strong>34</strong>4.<br />

6<br />

miRebul iqna 1997 wlis 4 aprils, saqarTvelosTvis ZalaSia 2001 wlis 1<br />

martidan.<br />

7<br />

`adamianis uflebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis ganmartebiTi<br />

memorandumi.<br />

8<br />

Report on Human Artificial Procreation Principles-Set out in the Report of the Ad Hot Committee<br />

of Experts on Progress in The Biomedical Sciences, 1989, <br />

9<br />

2012 wlis<br />

10<br />

ZalaSia 1997 wlis 10 dekembridan.<br />

11<br />

Freeman J., Medical Law, Oxford University Press, 2010, 382.<br />

12<br />

ix.: Robertson J., Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies,<br />

Princeton University Press, 1994, 155.<br />

13<br />

preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis – PGD<br />

14<br />

berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa, romelic momdinareobs: bio-sicocxle, opsianaxva,<br />

medicinaSi ki, niSnavs cocxali organizmidan erTi an ori ujredebis<br />

amoRebas. daavadebis mikroskopuli gziT dadgenis mizniT (WebMD, Webster’s<br />

New World Medical Dictionary,3 rd ed., Wiley Publishing, 2008, 46).<br />

15<br />

Blazer Sh., Zimmer E., The Embryo-Scientific Discovery and Medical Ethics, Karger Publishing,<br />

2004, 169.<br />

16<br />

Murray S., Holmes D., Critical Intervention in the Ethics of Healthcare: challenging the Principle<br />

of Autonomy in Bioethics, Ashagate Publishing Limited, 2009, 64.<br />

17<br />

Steinbock B., Ethical Differences between Inheritable Genetic Modification and Embryo<br />

Selection, Designing our descendents: the Promises and Perils of Genetic Modifications,<br />

Chapman A., Frankel M. (eds), The John Hopkins University Press, 2003, 181.<br />

18<br />

Monagle J., Thomasma D. Health Care Etics: Critical Issues for the 21 st Century,2 nd ed., Jones<br />

and Barlett Publshers, 2009, 57.<br />

19<br />

Robertson J., Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies, Princeton<br />

University Press, 1994, 156.<br />

20<br />

Steinbock B., Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Embryo Selection, A Companion to<br />

Genetics, Burley J., Harris J. (eds.), Wiley-Blackwell, 2002, 176.<br />

21<br />

http://bundesrecht.juris.de/eschg/_1.html<br />

22<br />

Taupitz J.,The German Stem Cell Act, German Law Journal, Vol. 11, 2010.<br />

23<br />

Steinhoff G., Regenerative Medicine, from Protocol to Patient, Springer, 2011, 971.<br />

24<br />

Robertson J., Reproductive Technology in Germany and the United States: An Essay in<br />

Comparative Law and Bioethics, Colum. J. Transnat’l L. Vol. 43, 2004, 197.<br />

25<br />

Banchoff Th., Embryo Politics: Ethics and Policy In Atlantic Democracies, Cornell University<br />

press, 2011, 294.<br />

26<br />

internet publikacia: German Parliament Allows Some Embryo Screening. ix.,<br />

http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,773054,00.html.<br />

27<br />

Blazer Sh., Zimmer E., The Embryo-Scientific Discovery and Medical Ethics, Karger Publishing,<br />

2004, 180.<br />

28<br />

Weiss R., Steinberg J., Guarantee the Sex of Your Baby: Choose a Girl Or Boy Using Today’s<br />

99.99% Accurate Sex Selection techniques, Ulysses Press, 2007, 110.<br />

29<br />

Freeman J., Medical Law, Oxford University Press, 2010, 383.<br />

30<br />

Dooley D., Dalla-Vorgia P., Ethics of New Reproductive Technologies: Cases and Questions,<br />

Berghahn Books, 2003, 181.<br />

129

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

31<br />

McCarty 2001 miTiTebulia: Freeman J., Medical Law, Oxford University Press, 2010, 383.<br />

32<br />

Mooney L., Knox D., Schacht C., Understanding Social Problems, 5 th ed., Thompson/Wadsworth,<br />

2007, 351.<br />

33<br />

iqve.<br />

<strong>34</strong><br />

savior sibling<br />

35<br />

Cambridge Learners’s Dictionary, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2007.<br />

36<br />

winamorbedi, moumwifebeli ujredebis jgufi, romelsac aqvs<br />

TviTganaxlebisa da specializebul qsovilad diferencirebis unari<br />

(`organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxli).<br />

37<br />

Häyry M., Rationality And The Genetic Challenge: Making People Better?, Cambridge University<br />

press, 2010, 99.<br />

38<br />

iqve<br />

39<br />

Häyry M., Rationality And The Genetic Challenge: Making People Better? Cambridge University<br />

Press, 2010, 72.<br />

40<br />

Moore P., The Debate About Genetic Engineering, Rosen Central Publishing, 2007, 100.<br />

41<br />

Häyry M., Rationality And The Genetic Challenge: Making People Better?, Cambridge University<br />

Press, 2010, 100.<br />

42<br />

http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200405/ldjudgmt/jd050428/quint-1.htm<br />

43<br />

Wilkinson S., Choosing tomorrow’s children: the ethics of selective reproduction, 2011, 108<br />

44<br />

Banchoff Th., Embryo Politics: Ethics and Policy In Atlantic Democracies, Cornell University<br />

Press, 2011, 294.<br />

45<br />

did britaneTSi mudmivmoqmedi organo, romelic ganixilavs da awesrigebs<br />

axal reproduqciuli teqnologiebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs,<br />

http://www.hfea.gov.uk.<br />

46<br />

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/37/section/27<br />

47<br />

Murray S., Holmes D., Critical Interventions In The Ethics Of Healthcare, Challenging, Ashgate<br />

Pub Co, 2009, 66.<br />

48<br />

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/22/pdfs/ukpga_20080022_en.pdf<br />

49<br />

iqve.<br />

50<br />

McLean Sh., First do no Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare, Ashgate Pub Co, 2006, 401.<br />

51<br />

Herring J., Medical law and Ethics, Oxford University Press, 3 rd ed., 2010, 385.<br />

52<br />

Wilkinson S., Choosing Tomorrow’s Children: The Ethics Of Selective Reproduction, Oxford<br />

University Press, 2010, 114.<br />

53<br />

Paola F.A., Walker R., Nixon L.L., Medical Ethics and Humanities, Jones & Barlett Publishers,<br />

2009, 260.<br />

54<br />

Gosden R., Designing Babies: The Brave New World of Reproductive Technology, W H Freeman<br />

& Co, 2000, miTiTebulia: McLean Sh., First do no Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare, Ashgate<br />

Pub Co, 2006, 399.<br />

55<br />

Paola F.A., Walker R., Nixon L.L., Medical Ethics and Humanities, Jones & Barlett Publishers,<br />

2009, 260<br />

56<br />

McLean Sh., First do no Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare, Ashgate Pub Co, 2006, 399.<br />

57<br />

Herring J., Medical law and Ethics, Oxford University Press, 3 rd ed., 2010, 385.<br />

58<br />

Wilkinson S., Choosing Tomorrow’s Children: The Ethics Of Selective Reproduction, Oxford<br />

University Press, 2010. 118.<br />

59<br />

ZalaSia 1993 wlis 25 martidan.<br />

60<br />

ZalaSia 2000 wlis 5 maisidan.<br />

61<br />

http://www.asrm.org/search/detail.aspx?id=2356&q=embryo%20donation.<br />

62<br />

Council of Europe, Medically Assisted Procreation and the Protection of the Human Embryo<br />

Comparative Study on the Situation in 39 States, Strasburg, 4 June 1998 http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/<br />

healthbioethic/Activities/04_Human_embryo_and_foetus_en/CDBI-INF(98)8PMA.pdf.<br />

63<br />

In-Vitro janmrTelobis klinika, http://www.info-tbilisi.com/ge/invitro/service,<br />

surogatuli dedobis centri saqarTveloSi, http://www.surrogacy.ge/<br />

index.php?do=left_menu&id=10>.<br />

64<br />

Robertson J., Reproductive Technology And Reproductive Rights: In The Beginning: The Legal<br />

Status Of Early Embryos, Va.L.Rev., Vol. 76, 1990, 502.<br />

65<br />

Cooper S.L., Glazer E.S., Choosing Assisted Reproduction: Social, Emotional and Ethical<br />

Considerations, Perspective Press, 1998, 328.<br />

66<br />

miRebulia 23/02/2000, gamoqveynda ssm, 8, 15/03/2000.<br />

130

67<br />

WebMD, Webster’s New World Medical Dictionary,third edition, Wiley Publishing, 2008, 309<br />

68<br />

Jacobs M., Welss Conference on Adoption Law: Procreation Through Art: Why The Adoption<br />

Process should not Apply, Cap.U.L.Rev., Vol. 35, 2006, 399.<br />

69<br />

http://www.theafa.org/article/embryo-donationprospective-recipients.<br />

70<br />

saqarTvelos kanoni `Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb~,<br />

gamoqveynebulia ssm, 50, 31/12/2009, ZalaSia 1/01/2010.<br />

71<br />

igive kanonis me-5 muxli, ix.: agreTve, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa<br />

da socialuri dacvis ministris #50/n brZaneba `Svilad ayvanis<br />

procedurebisa da formebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, gamoqveynebulia ssm, 23,<br />

26/02/2010, ZalaSia 01/03/2010.<br />

72<br />

igive kanonis me-15 muxlis me-6 nawili.<br />

73<br />

Anderson M., Are you My Mommy? A Call For Regulation Of Embryo Donation, Cap.U.L. Rev.,<br />

Vol. 35, 2006, 607.<br />

74<br />

Kovacs G., The Subfertility Handbook: A clinician’s Guide, 2 nd ed., Cambridge University Press,<br />

2011, 172.<br />

75<br />

Anderson M., Are you My Mommy? A Call For Regulation Of Embryo Donation, Cap.U.L. Rev.,<br />

Vol. 35, 2006, 607.<br />

76<br />

Kovacs G., The Subfertility Handbook : A Clinician’s Guide, 2 nd ed., Cambridge University Press,<br />

2011, 166.<br />

77<br />

Cahn N., Accidental Incest: Drawing the Line-or the Curtain? For Reproductive Technology, 32<br />

Harvard J.L.&Gender, Vol. 58, 2009,103.<br />

78<br />

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 30 oqtombris #2/3/406-<br />

408 gadawyvetileba.<br />

79<br />

Jacobs M., Welss Conference on Adoption Law: Procreation Through Art: Why The Adoption<br />

Process should not Apply, Cap.U.L.Rev., Vol. 35, 2006, 399.<br />

80<br />

Cahm N., No Secrets: Openess and Donor-Concieved Half-Siblings, Cap.U.L.Rev., Vol. 39,<br />

2011, 333.<br />

81<br />

Kohm L.M., Well Conference On Adoption Law: What’s My Place In This World? A response To<br />

Professor Ellen Waldman’s, What Do We Tell the Children?, Cap.U.L.Rev., Vol. 35, 2006, 568.<br />

82<br />

iqve.<br />

83<br />

kublaSvili k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2008, gv. 106.<br />

84<br />

Cahn N., Accidental Incest: Drawing the Line-or the Curtain? For Reproductive Technology, 32<br />

Harvard J.L.&Gender, Vol. 58, 2009,102.<br />

85<br />

iqve.<br />

86<br />

http://donorsiblingregistry.com<br />

87<br />

http://www.hfea.gov.uk/5838.html<br />

88<br />

Robertson J., Reproductive Technology And Reproductive Rights: In The Beginning: The Legal<br />

Status Of Early Embryos, Va.L.Rev., Vol. 76, 1990, 512.<br />

89<br />

`adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis ganmartebiTi<br />

memorandumi.<br />

90<br />

iqve.<br />

91<br />

Katz K., Wells Conference On Adoptioon Law, The Legal Status Of The Ex Uteroo Embryo:<br />

Implications For Adoption Law, Cap. U.L. Rev., Vol. 35, 2006, 337.<br />

92<br />

Sauer M., Principles of oocute and embryo donation, Springer, 1998, 223.<br />

93<br />

Kindregan Ch., McBrien M., Assisted reproductive technology; a lawyer’s guide to emerging law<br />

and science, American Bar Association, 2006,122.<br />

94<br />

Sauer M., Principles of oocute and embryo donation, , Springer, 1998, 253<br />

95<br />

Sead. Robertson J., Reproductive Technology And Reproductive Rights: In The Beginning: The<br />

Legal Status Of Early Embryos, Va.L.Rev., Vol. 76, 1990, 514, romlis mixedviT,<br />

embrionis komercializacia akrZalul unda iqnes, magram donorebs SeiZleba<br />

daekisroT embrionis Seqmnis xarjebi.<br />

96<br />

Kindregan Ch., McBrien M., Assisted reproductive technology; a lawyer’s guide to emerging law<br />

and science, American Bar Association, 2006, 123.<br />

97<br />

iqve.<br />

98<br />

Âðèòò Ô., Ëîãèêî-ôèëîñîñîôñêèåèñëåäîâàíèÿ, Èçáðàííèå òðóäû, 1986, 300.<br />

miTiTebulia: naWyebia g., kanoniT aukrZalavis nebadarTulobis Sesaxeb, Jur.<br />

`samarTali~, #1, 1992,19.<br />

131

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

RESEARCH OF EMBRYO<br />

AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF<br />

DONATION<br />

IRMA GELASHVILI<br />

Doctor of Low, Associated Professor of the Georgian University<br />

Embryo donation is the process when the producers of the embryo in the tube<br />

deny it and give it to absolutely genetically different people. 1 The concept of<br />

“embryo donation” means transmission of the embryo aiming birth of a baby, 2 as<br />

well as with the purpose of using it as scientific object. 3<br />

Georgian law does not envisage protection of the embryo in the tube. Georgian<br />

law on “Healthcare” does not restrain carrying out research on embryo, neither it<br />

restricts using its cells for various purposes, however, according to the Conventions<br />

on “Human Rights and Biomedicine”, Article 18.1. countries that allow in vitro<br />

research on the embryos, should also provide proper protection mechanism of<br />

embryo. Second part of the same Article prohibits production of a human embryo<br />

for the research purposes. Thus, based on the need to protect an embryo, as<br />

conditional subject, it is necessary to envisage legislative restrictions researches<br />

on developing embryos, if this research is beneficial for the embryo. The latter<br />

should be proved by special commission and bioethical committee.<br />

According to the teleological and grammatical definition of the Article 143 of<br />

the Law on “Healthcare”, we can say that embryo donation with the purpose of<br />

baby birth is allowed. At the same time, unlike the adoption institute, this issue<br />

falls under the margin of contractual freedom, and recipient of an embryo may be<br />

a person that does not fulfill adoption requirements. At the same time, it is not<br />

restricted to receive the reward, that makes the embryo subject of the trade. Since<br />

embryo is not an organ of a person and neither a person itself, this action shall not<br />

become subject of punishment according to the Criminal Code. However, embryo<br />

is much more than a human organ, thus, embryo circulation should be restricted,<br />

as universally unacceptable act.<br />

FOOTNOTES:<br />

1<br />

Anderson M.l., Are you My Mommy? A Call For Regulation Of Embryo Donation, Cap.U.L. Rev.,<br />

Vol.35, 2006, 600.<br />

2<br />

Embryo donation for the receipinets, that should carry it, give a birth and raise, sometimes “adoption<br />

of an embryo” - Embryo adoption .<br />

3<br />

Kovacs G., The Subfertility Handbook : A Clinician’s Guide, 2 nd ed., Cambridge University Press,<br />

2011, 166.<br />

132

ucxouri investiciebis<br />

SidasamarTlebrivi<br />

dacvis garantiebi<br />

saqarTveloSi<br />

levan kokaia<br />

iuristi<br />

Sesavali<br />

sxvadasxva kapitalis saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareT moZraoba<br />

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli<br />

nawilia. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi kapitalis migrireba<br />

da misi miReba uzrunvelyofs ama Tu im saqonlis an momsaxurebis<br />

siWarbis da aseve, deficitis aRmofxvras rogorc investiciis<br />

gamcemi fizikuri an iuridiuli piris saxelmwifosaTvis,<br />

agreTve investiciis mimRebi mxarisTvisac.<br />

kapitalis transnacionaluri moZraoba biznesis sxvadasxva<br />

sferos mzard tendenciasa da saxelmwifoTa mWidro ekonomikuri<br />

urTierTobebis urTierTdamokidebulebas ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom investiciebi, misi mimRebi saxelmwifosaTvis ekonomikur<br />

mniSvnelobasTan erTad politikur rolsac asruleben,<br />

rac ama Tu im qveynis usafrTxoebaze da ekonomikur stabilurobaze<br />

aisaxeba.<br />

saqarTvelos, rogorc saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis<br />

erT-erTi subieqtis erovnuli ekonomikuri politikis<br />

mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas usafrTxo da mdgradi sainvesticio<br />

klimatis Seqmna, mrewvelobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebisaTvis<br />

investorTa mozidva da maTi saqmianobis waxaliseba warmoadgens.<br />

aRniSnuli miznis miRwevis erT-erTi saSualeba aris ucxouri investiciebis<br />

dacvisaTvis iseTi samarTlebrivi garemos arseboba,<br />

romelic investiciebis usafrTxoebas, stabilurobasa da misi zrdis<br />

winapirobas uzrunvelyofs. swored amitom, ucxouri investiciebis<br />

133

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

maregulirebeli nebismieri ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba da SidasamarTlebrivi sainvesticio<br />

kanonmdebloba miznad isaxavs investiciebis dacvis efeqtiani meqanizmebis SemuSavebas.<br />

ucxouri investiciebis dacvis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi meqanizmebis arsebobis paralelurad<br />

mniSvnelovania, saqarTvelos SidasamarTlebrivi sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebis mimoxilva<br />

da gaanalizeba, romlebic iTvaliswineben ucxouri investiciebis usafrTxoebasa da sainvesticio<br />

saqmianobis TiToeuli elementis stabilurobas.<br />

ama Tu im samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad aucilebelia uSualod samarTlebrivi dacvis<br />

obieqtis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi „invescitiis~) arsisa da misi saxeobebis gageba.<br />

I. investiciis cneba da saxeebi<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi investiciis erTiani samarTlebrivi definicia ar aris SemuSavebuli.<br />

sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobac mis arss gansxvavebulad ganmartavs. saerTaSoriso<br />

sainvesticio samarTlis literaturac ar gvTavazobs unikalur formulas, riTac SesaZlebeli<br />

iqneboda sxvadasxva sainvesticio SeTanxmebebSi misi danergva. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, TiTqmis<br />

yvela ormxriv sainvesticio SeTanxmebaSi da aseve, sxva wyaroebSic gvxvdeba investiciis erTiani<br />

maxasiaTeblebi, rogoric aris fuladi saxsrebi, fasiani qaRaldebi da sxva.<br />

investiciis, rogorc samarTlebrivi kategoriis ganmarteba ukavSirdeba mis sxvadasxva saxes.<br />

pirobiTad, investiciebs yofen kerZo, saxelmwifo, adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso investiciebad,<br />

Tumca, zemoaRniSnuli klasifikacia ufro konkretulad warmodgenilia: Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />

an adgilobrivi, pirdapir ucxouri da portfeluri da saxelmwifo investiciebis saxiT. aRniSnuli<br />

terminebi zog sainvesticio SeTanxmebaSi an sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi SeiZleba<br />

moicavdes msgavs maxasiaTeblebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki, SeiZleba misi struqtura gansxvavdebodes,<br />

Tumca, investiciis TiToeuli saxe garkveul aqtiur qmedebasTan asocirdeba, rasac investirebiT<br />

moixsenieben. farTo gagebiT „investireba~ ganmartebulia rogorc fuladi saxsrebis an<br />

kapitalis dabandeba mogebis miRebis mizniT. 1 sxvadasxva investireba Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulad<br />

realizdeba da maTi dabandeba da dacva aseve, sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi reJimiT SeiZleba regulirdebodes,<br />

rasac Tan Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi mosdevs.<br />

„investiciis~, miaxloebiT erTiani kategoriis Camosayalibeblad aucilebelia maTi saxeobebis<br />

ganmarteba.<br />

investirebis yvelaze ufro martivi formaa Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi an adgilobrivi investiciebi.<br />

adgilobrivi investireba gulisxmobs erTi romelime qveynis fizikuri an iuridiuli<br />

piris inteleqtualuri resursebis, fuladi saxsrebis an sxva tipis kapitalis dabandebas misi<br />

warmomSobi an registraciis mqone qveynis SigniT mogebis miRebis mizniT.<br />

pirdapir ucxour investiciebSi moiazreba ucxo qveynis moqalaqis, moqalaqeobis armqone<br />

piris, romelic mudmivad ar cxovrobs saqarTvelos teritoriaze da agreTve ucxouri sawarmos<br />

mier garkveuli kapitalis akumulireba da dabandeba saqarTveloSi. ZiriTadad, aseTi tipis<br />

investiciebi kompaniis sxvadasxva aqtivis SesyidvaSi vlindeba. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa<br />

da ganviTarebis organizacia pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis specifikas axasiaTebs rogorc<br />

„adgilobrivi sawarmos mier grZelvadiani interesebis arsebobas investiciis momwodebeli ucxouri<br />

fizikuri an iuridiuli pirisagan. grZelvadiani interesi gulisxmobs xangrZlivi urTierTobis<br />

arsebobas pirdapir investorsa da beneficiar sawarmos Soris, rac TavisTavad, investiciis<br />

mimRebi kompaniis marTvaze axdens gavlenas~. 2<br />

portfeluri investicia warmoadgens ucxo qveyanis safondo birJaze kapitalis ganTavsebas<br />

fasiani qaRaldebis Sesyidvis gziT an erovnul safondo birJaze ucxo qveynis kompaniis fasiani<br />

1<strong>34</strong>

qaRaldebiT vaWrobas. ucxour fortfelur da pirdapir investiciebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba<br />

mdgomareobs investorTa mier kompaniis flobis, marTvisa da kontrolis konkretul<br />

funqciebSi. rodesac „portfeluri~ investori garkveul safrTxes xedavs ganTavsebuli kapitalis<br />

Semcirebis, dakargvis an gaufasurebis gziT, mas SeuZlia drois mokle monakveTSi moaxdinos<br />

fasiani qaRaldebis gadacvla misTvis sasurveli aqciebiT. riskis marTvis aseTi siswrafe ar<br />

axasiaTebs pirdapir ucxour investiciebs, radganac maTi arseboba rogorc wesi, grZelvadian<br />

saqmian urTierTobebas ukavSirdeba.<br />

saxelmwifo investiciebSi igulisxmeba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ama Tu im organos<br />

mier kontrolirebad an naxevradkontrolirebad sawarmoSi wilis, aqciebis an/da aqtivebis Sesyidvas,<br />

mis marTvas da kontrols saxelmwifos mier. aseTi saqmianobidan miRebuli wminda amonagebi<br />

Tanxa iricxeba saxelmwifo biujetSi da Sesabamisad, gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis<br />

miznebisaTvis. saxelmwifo investicia Tavis mxriv, moicavs rogorc adgilobriv saxelmwifo,<br />

agreTve sagareo investiciebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saxezea ama Tu im saxelmwifos saxsrebiT<br />

sawarmos dafuZneba an qveynis SigniT arsebuli sawarmos wilebis, aqciebis an/da aqtivebis<br />

garkveuli procentiT Sesyidva, marTva da kontroli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, adgili aqvs ucxo<br />

qveynis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ama Tu im organos an saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier sagareo<br />

sesxis an grantis formiT investirebas meore saxelmwifos mTavrobisaTvis kapitalis an sxva<br />

materialuri resursis gamoyofis saxiT.<br />

investiciebis TiToeuli saxeobis specifika unikaluria, rac iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />

investors ama Tu im samarTlebrivi reJimis dacvis qveS aqcevs. magaliTad, Tu ucxouri kompaniis<br />

mier moxdeba saqarTveloSi arsebul safondo birJaze aqciebiT vaWroba da Sesabamisi mogebis<br />

miReba, cxadia, aseTi investoris kapitalis usafrTxoebisaTvis erT-erT mTavar faqtors Seadgens<br />

saqarTveloSi arsebuli safondo birJebis, sabrokero saqmianobisa da fasiani qaRaldebis<br />

brunvis stabiluroba da sxva saxis samarTlebrivi garantiebis arseboba, rasac ver vityviT<br />

sxva tipis investiciebis ganTavsebasa da marTvaze.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom „investicias~ mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi xelSekrulebebisa da konvenciebis,<br />

agreTve erovnuli kanonmdeblobis garda, calke ganmartaven rogorc saerTaSoriso tribunalebi,<br />

agreTve arbitraJebi da erovnuli sasamarTloebi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ganmartebisas mTavar<br />

berkets Seadgenen is ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi sainvesticio SeTanxmebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec<br />

modave mxareTa saxelmwifoebma valdebuleba aiRes ama Tu im moqmedebis Sesasruleblad.<br />

investiciis definiciis gagebisas sainteresoa, germanuli ormxrivi sainvesticio SeTanxmebebis<br />

modelis ganxilva, romelic germaniis ekonomikisa da Sromis saministros mier 2005 wels<br />

iqna SemuSavebuli. aRniSnuli modelis SemuSavebas safuZvlad edo germaniis federalur<br />

respublikasa da malaiziis respublikas Soris gaformebuli ormxrivi sainvesticio SeTanxmeba<br />

1960 wels. kerZod, germanuli modeli „investicias~ ganmartavs, rogorc: „1. moZravi da uZravi<br />

qoneba, aseve, moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi, rogoric aris giravnoba da ipoTeka; 2.<br />

kompaniis aqciebi da sxva saxis Semosavlebi kompaniis saqmianobidan; 3. materialuri sargeblobisaTvis<br />

gamoyenebuli fuladi saxsrebisa da iuridiulad mniSvnelovani moqmedebis Sesrulebis<br />

moTxovnis ufleba; 4. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiTi uflebebi, kerZod, saavtoro ufleba, patenti,<br />

sasargeblo modeli, sawarmoo gamogoneba, savaWro niSani, savaWro saxeli, savaWro da biznesis<br />

komerciuli saidumloeba, sawarmoo teqnikuri procesi, nou-hau, gudvili; 5. sajaro samarTliT<br />

regulirebuli samewarmeo koncesiebi, romelic moicavs bunebrivi resursebis moZiebisa da<br />

sargeblobis uflebis mopovebas~. 3<br />

aseve sayuradReboa, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gaformebuli mravali ormxrivi sainvesticio<br />

SeTanxmeba „qonebas” materialur mniSvnelobasTan erTad araerT aramaterialur<br />

135

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

qonebriv uflebadac moixseniebs. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiTi uflebebis garda, es SeiZleba<br />

iyos nebismieri sanivTosamarTlebrivi da valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi moTxovnis ufleba,<br />

romelic SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes mxareTa Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebis Sinaarsidan.<br />

investiciis ganmarteba saqarTvelos ormxrivi sainvesticio SeTanxmebebis formatSi aseve,<br />

moicavs: aqciebTan erTad kompaniis saqmianobaSi monawileobis sxva formebs, romlebic moTxovnis<br />

uflebas warmoSoben; savalo valdebulebebs; obligaciebs da sxva fasian qaRaldebs,<br />

romelTac ekonomikuri mniSvneloba gaaCniaT; kompaniis aqtivebs; ijaras; qonebis gankargvis<br />

uflebas; uzufruqts; servituts; giravnobas, ipoTekasa da Tavdebobas; sawyisi kapitaldabandebis<br />

Rirebulebis moculobis nebismier zrdas; moTxovnis uflebas reinvesticiis Sedegad<br />

miRebul sargebelze; miznobriv sabanko da finansur Senatanebs, romelic dakavSirebulia investiciebis<br />

ganxorcielebasTan; sabanko kreditebs; sesxebs da misgan gamomdinare uflebebs; adgilobrivi<br />

da saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebul, agreTve kanonis an administraciuli ganCinebis<br />

safuZvelze miniWebul koncesiebs, licenziebs, ekonomikur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul uflebamosilebasa<br />

da nebarTvebs.<br />

saqarTvelos mier gaformebul ormxriv sainvesticio SeTanxmebebTan erTad „sainvesticio<br />

saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 1996 wlis 12 noembris kanonis<br />

pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad: „1. investiciad miiCneva yvela saxis qonebrivi da inteleqtualuri<br />

faseuloba an ufleba, romelic dabanddeba da gamoiyeneba SesaZlo mogebis miRebis mizniT<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganxorcielebul samewarmeo saqmianobaSi. 2. aseTi faseuloba an ufleba<br />

SeiZleba iyos: a) fuladi saxsrebi, wili, aqciebi da sxva fasiani qaRaldebi; b) uZravi da<br />

moZravi qoneba _ miwa, Senoba-nagebobebi, mowyobilobebi da sxva materialuri faseuloba; g)<br />

miwiT da sxva bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis ufleba (maT Soris, kompensacia), patenti,<br />

licenzia, „nou-hau~, gamocdileba da sxva inteleqtualuri faseuloba; d) kanoniT aRiarebuli<br />

sxva qonebrivi an inteleqtualuri faseuloba an ufleba~. 4<br />

saqarTvelos kanonSi „investiciis” Semadgeneli komponentebi metwilad emTxveva, rogorc<br />

saqarTvelos mier gaformebul ormxriv sainvesticio SeTanxmebebSi warmodgenil elementebs,<br />

agreTve sxva qveynebis mier erTmaneTTan gaformebul ormxriv sainvesticio SeTanxmebebSi arsebuli<br />

investiciis ganmartebebsac. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, investiciis TiToeuli Semadgeneli<br />

elementi ekonomikurad mniSvnelovan, materialur datvirTvas atarebs.<br />

investiciis aseTi mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba TavisTavad moiTxovs iseTi samarTlebrivi berketebis<br />

arsebobas, ra drosac investiciis TiToeuli Semadgeneli komponentis maregulirebeli<br />

adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso kanonmdebloba adekvaturad upasuxebs sxvadasxva finansur da<br />

samarTlebriv riskebs da rac Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs sainvesticio saqmianobis met<br />

usafrTxoebas adgilobrivi da ucxoeli investorebisaTvis.<br />

II. eqspropriaciis mniSvneloba da misi kavSiri sainvesticio saqmianobasTan<br />

farTo gagebiT eqspropriacia gulisxmobs sakuTrebis Zaladobriv CamorTmevas saxelmwifos<br />

mier anazRaurebiT an mis gareSe. 5 ucxouri investiciebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs eqspropriaciis<br />

ori forma: 1. pirdapiri eqspropriacia, anu CamorTmeuli sakuTrebis e.w. „nacionalizacia~,<br />

rodesac sakuTrebis uflebis gadasvla investiciis beneficiari saxelmwifos sasargeblod<br />

xdeba; 2. arapirdapiri eqspropriacia, rodesac qonebis CamorTmevas Tan axlavs saTanado<br />

kompensaciis gacema. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos mier CamorTmeuli qoneba SeiZleba darCes<br />

saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi an aseTi qoneba saxelmwifos mierve SeiZleba gasxvisdes. investiciis<br />

eqspropriacia SesaZloa savaldebulo saxesac atarebdes. aseTi SemTxvevisaTvis eqspropriacia<br />

136

SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc: „saxelmwifos marTlzomieri Careva sakuTrebaSi, misi amoReba an<br />

datvirTva sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad~. 6<br />

nebismieri tipis investiciis meti usafrTxoebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifos midgoma<br />

qonebis eqspropriaciisas gamoixatebodes misi arapirdapiri saxiT, anu saTanado anazRaurebis<br />

gacemis gziT.<br />

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis mier Camoyalibebulia is kriteriumebi,<br />

rodesac saqmis ganmxilvelma arbitraJma unda ixelmZRvanelos eqspropriaciis kanonierebis<br />

Semowmebisas da ra kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda dakvalificirdes eqspropriaciis<br />

pirdapiri an arapirdapiri forma. kerZod, organizaciis rekomendaciiT _ sistemurad<br />

eqspropriaciis ama Tu im nairsaxeobis gamoyenebis aucilebloba arsad ar aris dafiqsirebuli,<br />

ris gamoc saqmis ganmxilvelma arbitraJma iseTi kriteriumebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos, rogoric<br />

aris: 1. sakuTrebis uflebaSi SeWris masStabi; 2. eqspropriaciis mizani da misi xasiaTi; 3. eqspropriaciis<br />

gamoyeneba saTanado kompensaciis gadaxdis pirobiT an misi gadaxdis upirobo perspeqtiviT.<br />

aseve, saarbitraJo tribunalebi konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas xelmZRvaneloben<br />

qonebis CamorTmevis proporciulobisa da Carevis xarisxis kriteriumebiT. sxvadasxva ganxiluli<br />

saarbitraJo saqmeebi cxadyofen, rom pirdapir eqspropriacias adgili aqvs iseT SemTxvevebSi,<br />

roca xdeba ucxouri sainvesticio kapitalis CamorTmeva garemos, adamianTa janmrTelobisa da<br />

usafrTxoebis, sabazro keTildReobis, biznesis dargis konkurentunarianobisa da socialuri<br />

keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove ormxriv sainvesticio SeTanxmebebSi<br />

pirdapir asaxulia mxareTa pasuxismgebloba, rodesac SesaZloa moxdes investiciis pirdapiri<br />

an arapirdapiri eqspropriacia. eqspropriaciis daxarisxebis msgavsi kriteriumebi sxvadasxva<br />

saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis gaanalizebis Sedegad SemuSavda. 7<br />

saerTaSoriso sainvesticio samarTalSi SemuSavebul doqtrinebTan, sasamarTlo da saarbitraJo<br />

gadawyvetilebebTan erTad sainteresoa, aramarTlzomieri eqspropriaciisagan ucxouri<br />

investiciebis dacvis qarTuli Sida sakanonmdeblo midgomis ganxilva.<br />

III. arapirdapiri eqspropriaciis sakanonmdeblo berketebi<br />

stabiluri sainvesticio saqmianobisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi SidasamarTlebrivi bazis<br />

arseboba, romelic sakuTrebis pirdapir eqspropriacias, rogorc sainvesticio saqmianobis erTerTi<br />

riskis Semcvel faqtors gamoricxavs.<br />

saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi aseTi samarTlebrivi berketi saqarTvelos konstituciis<br />

21-e muxlis pirveli nawilidan gamomdinareobs, romlis Tanaxmad: „sakuTreba da memkvidreobis<br />

ufleba aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofilia. dauSvebelia sakuTrebis, misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis<br />

an memkvidreobiT miRebis sayovelTao uflebis SezRudva~. 8<br />

konstituciiT aRiarebul uflebaTa Soris sakuTrebis ufleba erT-erTi ZiriTadi uflebaa,<br />

romelic TiToeuli piris sakuTrebas icavs. am normis darRvevis safuZvelze investors SeuZlia<br />

sakuTari uflebis dasacavad mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da aRidginos darRveuli<br />

ufleba. sakuTrebis ufleba ar aris absoluturi da SeuzRudavi ufleba. kerZod, konstituciis<br />

21-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 punqtebis mixedviT: „...2. aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis<br />

dasaSvebia pirvel punqtSi aRniSnul uflebaTa SezRudva kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da<br />

dadgenili wesiT. 3. aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmeva dasaSvebia<br />

kanoniT pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an organuli kanoniT<br />

dadgenili gadaudebeli aucileblobisas da mxolod saTanado anazRaurebiT~. 9<br />

konstituciis 21-e muxlis me-2 nawilis amoqmedeba damokidebulia citirebuli normis<br />

safuZvelze SemuSavebul specialur kanonSi gawerili „sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis~ mniSvnelo-<br />

137

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

biT. ucxouri investiciis an misi nawilis eqspropriaciac Sesabamisad, kanonis moTxovnaTa safuZvelze<br />

SeiZleba ganxorcieldes.<br />

aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis gansazRvrisas eqspropriatori upirveles yovlisa,<br />

konstituciis 21-e muxliT aRiarebuli sakuTrebis uflebis SinaarsiT aris SeboWili. agreTve<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia, kerZo da sajaro interesebis Tanafardoba, ra drosac zustad unda ganisazRvros<br />

investoris qonebis eqspropriaciis aucilebloba da konkretuli sazogadoebrivi<br />

saWiroebis specifika.<br />

sakuTrebis SezRudvis sferoSi kanonmdeblis uflebamosileba miT ufro didia, rac ufro<br />

metia sakuTrebis obieqtis socialuri funqcia; 10 Tavad sakuTrebis uflebis socialuri funqciis<br />

dadgenisaTvis ki, mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad exeba es sakuTreba sazogadoebriv interesebs.<br />

11<br />

eqspropriaciis arapirdapir saxeze miuTiTebs 21-e muxlis me-3 nawili, romelic kanoniT<br />

pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an organuli kanoniT dadgenili<br />

gadaudebeli aucileblobisas sakuTrebis CamorTmevas mxolod saTanado anazRaurebis gacemis<br />

gziT xdis SesaZlebels.<br />

ucxouri investiciebis samarTlebrivi dacvis konteqstSi sakuTrebis arapirdapiri eqspropriaciis<br />

SemTxvevebs aregulirebs „aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis<br />

CamorTmevis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 1999 wlis 23 ivlisis kanoni, romelic gamomdinareobs<br />

konstituciis 21-e muxlidan da sakuTrebis eqspropriaciis SemTxvevebTan erTad miuTiTebs<br />

saTanado kompensaciaze, rac absoluturad Seesabameba 21-e muxlis me-3 nawilis moTxovnas. ker-<br />

Zod, aRniSnuli kanonis pirveli muxlis „d” da „e” qvepunqtebiT gansazRvrulia: „d) eqspropriaciis<br />

ufleba _ saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxliTa da am kanoniT gansazRvruli aucilebeli<br />

sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmevis erTjeradi ufleba saTanado kompensaciis<br />

uzrunvelyofiT; e) eqspropriacia _ saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlisa da am<br />

kanonis Sesabamisad sakuTrebis CamorTmeva, CamorTmeuli qonebis saTanado kompensaciiT.” 12 aRniSnuli<br />

normebis safuZvelze garantirebulia ucxouri investiciebis e.w. „nacionalizaciis”<br />

safrTxis Tavidan acileba. eqpropriaciis kompensirebadi xasiaTi ucxouri investiciebis dabandebisas<br />

mravali sainvesticio saqmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli riskebidan gamoricxavs investiciis<br />

absoluturi dakargvis albaTobas, rac saqarTveloSi ufro xelsayrel garemoebas qmnis<br />

ucxouri investiciebis mosazidad da maTi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom eqspropriaciis aucilebel winapirobad zemoaRniSnuli kanonis me-6 muxlis<br />

pirveli punqti adgens eqspropriaciis anazRaurebis wess. kerZod, am normis Sesabamisad:<br />

„eqspropriatori, romelmac miiRo eqspropriaciis ufleba, am kanonis me-3 muxlis Sesabamisad,<br />

winaswar uTanxmdeba qonebis mesakuTres saeqspropriacio qonebis kompensaciis wesis Sesaxeb.<br />

eqspropriatori axorcielebs yvela saTanado RonisZiebas, raTa qoneba miiRos mesakuTresTan<br />

SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. qonebis SeZenaze molaparakebis dawyebamde eqspropriatori Tavisi xarjiT,<br />

damoukidebeli eqspertis daxmarebiT afasebs qonebas da gansazRvravs kompensaciis saxiT<br />

mesakuTrisaTvis gadasacem savaraudo sakompensacio Tanxas an sxva qonebas saeqspropriacio<br />

qonebis sabazro Rirebulebis Sesabamisad. mesakuTre uflebamosilia Tavisi xarjiT isargeblos<br />

sxva damoukidebeli eqspertis daxmarebiT~. 13 kanonis me-3 muxli ki, adgens eqspropriaciis safuZvlebs,<br />

rac apelirebas axdens konstituciis 21-e muxliT gansazRvrul aucilebel sazogadoebriv<br />

saWiroebaze.<br />

ucxouri investiciis eqspropriaciis arapirdapir formaze miuTiTebs „sainvesticio saqmianobis<br />

xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni. kerZod, aRniSnuli kanonis me-<br />

7 muxlis Tanaxmad: „1. investicia mTlianad da upirobod aris daculi saqarTveloSi moqmedi<br />

138

kanonmdeblobiT; 2. investiciis CamorTmeva dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT pirdapir dadgenil Sem-<br />

TxvevebSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an organuli kanoniT dadgenili gadaudebeli aucileblobisas<br />

da mxolod saTanado anazRaurebiT. 3. gadawyvetileba investiciis CamorTmevis Sesaxeb,<br />

agreTve kompensaciis pirobebi SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saqarTvelos sasamarTloSi, Tu mxareTa<br />

SeTanxmebiT an saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.” 14<br />

mocemul SemTxvevaSi, citirebuli muxlis pirveli nawiliT gansazRvrul „saqarTvelos<br />

moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi~ „aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmevis<br />

wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonTan erTad igulisxmeba yvela is sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare<br />

normatiuli aqti, romelic farTod aregulirebs sainvesticio saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul<br />

nebismier samarTlebriv urTierTobas. ZiriTadad, aseTi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli<br />

normebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT. pirvel jgufSi erTiandebian zogadi normebi, romlebic<br />

aregulireben sakuTrebis usafrTxoebis materialur samarTlebriv da procesualur garantiebs,<br />

sanivTo samarTlebriv, inteleqtualur sakuTrebiT, samewarmeo samarTlebriv, sagadasaxado,<br />

sabaJo, satarifo, salicenzio da sanebarTvo urTierTobebs, xolo meore jgufSi warmodgenilia<br />

is normebi, romlebic uSualod samewarmeo saqmianobis ama Tu im dargis specifikas<br />

exebian. es SeiZleba iyos sabanko, sadazRvevo, mikrosafinanso, kavSirgabmulobis, energetikis<br />

sxvadasxva dargis, samSeneblo, infrastruqturuli, sasoflo-sameurneo, bunebrivi resursebiT<br />

sargeblobis, meRvineobis, sasursaTo da sxva saxis samewarmeo sferos maregulirebeli normebi,<br />

romlebic erTi mxriv, gansazRvraven Sesabamisi dargis specifikur samarTlebriv urTierTobebs<br />

da meore mxriv, qmnian Sesabamis dargebSi ganxorcielebuli ucxouri an adgilobrivi investiciebis<br />

usafrTxoebis garantiebs.<br />

sayuradReboa „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />

kanoniT regulirebuli im samarTlebrivi Sedegebis specifika, romelic Tan sdevs eqspropriacias<br />

daqvemdebarebul investicias. kerZod, aRniSnuli kanonis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad: „1. kompensacia,<br />

romelic miecema investors, unda Seesabamebodes CamorTmeuli investiciis realur<br />

sabazro Rirebulebas uSualod im momentisaTvis, rodesac moxdeba CamorTmeva. 2. kompensacia<br />

unda gaices yovelgvari Seferxebis gareSe da igi unda moicavdes im zaralsac, romelic investorma<br />

ganicada CamorTmevis momentidan sakompensacio Tanxis gadaxdamde. 3. ucxoel investors<br />

ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos sabanko dawesebulebaSi moaxdinos sakompensacio Tanxis konversia<br />

sabazro kursiT da Tavisuflad da Seuferxeblad gadaiyvanos igi sazRvargareT~. 15<br />

CamorTmeuli investiciis realuri sabazro Rirebulebisa da zaralis odenobis gansazRvra<br />

yoveli konkretuli faqtis Sefasebis sagania, romelsac daadgens saqarTvelos sasamarTlo an<br />

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT ganszRvrul SemTxvevaSi, sainvesticio davebis mogvarebis<br />

saerTaSoriso centri. 16 mocemul SemTxvevaSi, investiciis sabazro Rirebulebis kriteriumi<br />

SeiZleba iyos CamorTmeuli aqtivis sabazro Rirebuleba misi SeZenisaTvis gansazRvruli<br />

fasisa da Sesabamisi savaluto kursis gaTvaliswinebiT. zianis odenobis gansazRvrisas ki, sayuradReboa,<br />

is materialuri danakargi, rasac investori miiRebda misi saqmianobis Sedegad da ra<br />

drois ganmavlobaSic moxda misi saqmianobis Seferxeba eqspropriaciis Sedegad.<br />

ucxoeli investoris mier sakompensacio Tanxis konversia misTvis sasurvel valutaSi teqnikurad<br />

uzrunvelyofs gacemuli kompensaciisa da zianis miyenebisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxis usafrTxoebas,<br />

romelic did mniSvnelobas iZens imave investoris mier saqarTveloSi samewarmeo saqmianobis<br />

gasagrZeleblad.<br />

normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlis,<br />

„aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmevis wesis Sesaxeb~ da „sainvesticio<br />

saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonebis Sesabamisi<br />

139

marTlmsajuleba<br />

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normebi iZlevian imis samarTlebriv garantias, rom vercerTi kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqti<br />

veRar daamyarebs pirdapiri eqspropriaciis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,<br />

msgavsi tipis aqti winaaRmdegobaSi mova rogorc kanonTan, agreTve saqarTvelos konstituciasTan.<br />

samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba aseve, iZleva imis garantias, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi<br />

sarCelis SetaniT moxdes arakonstituciuri kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtis<br />

saqarTvelos konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa.<br />

erTaderTi gamonaklisi, romelic saqarTveloSi awesebs eqspropriaciis pirdapir formas<br />

aris saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, romelic sasjelis erT-erT saxed gansazRvravs<br />

qonebis CamorTmevas. kerZod, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 52-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad:<br />

„qonebis CamorTmeva niSnavs danaSaulis sagnis an/da iaraRis, danaSaulis Casadenad gamiznuli<br />

nivTis an/da danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli qonebis saxelmwifos sasargeblod usasyidlod<br />

CamorTmevas~. 17 aRsaniSnavia, rom amave kodeqsis 107 3 -e muxli iuridiuli piris sasjelis erTerT<br />

saxed aseve, gansazRvravs qonebis CamorTmevas.<br />

ucxouri sainvesticio saqmianobis konteqstSi sainvesticio saxsrebi SesaZloa gamiznuli<br />

iyos ama Tu im danaSaulis Casadenad, an sainvesticio potenciali mopovebuli iyos danaSaulis<br />

Cadenis gziT. cxadia, Tu dadgindeba piris braleuloba, msgavsi tipis qoneba, romelic SesaZloa<br />

saqmis viTarebidan gamomdinare, gamosaxuli iyos investiciis erT-erT instrumentad daeqvemdebareba<br />

CamorTmevas saxelmwifos sasargeblod da msgavs SemTxvevas araviTari kavSiri ar eqneba<br />

pirdapir eqspropriaciasTan.<br />

IV. ucxouri investiciebis dacvis sxva sakanonmdeblo garantiebi<br />

ucxouri investiciebisaTvis pirdapiri eqspropriaciis negatiuri Sedegebis safrTxis<br />

Tavidan acilebis garda, mniSvnelovania, im sakanonmdeblo normebis ganxilva, romlebic gansaz-<br />

Rvraven ucxoel investorTa dacvis safuZlebs saqarTveloSi da miuTiTeben ucxouri sainvesticio<br />

saqmianobis saxelmwifos mxardaWeris sxvadasxva formebze.<br />

ucxoeli investoris uflebebis antidiskriminaciul formulirebas Seicavs „sainvesticio<br />

saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawili,<br />

romlis Tanaxmad: „sainvesticio da samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas ucxoeli investoris<br />

uflebebi da garantiebi ar SeiZleba iyos im uflebebze da garantibze naklebi, romliTac sargeblobs<br />

saqarTvelos fizikuri da iuridiuli piri, garda kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili SemTxvevebisa~. 18<br />

aRniSnuli normidan gamomdinare, ivaraudeba, rom SidasamarTlebrivi reJimi ucxouri sainvesticio<br />

saqmianobis mTliani procesis warmarTvisas, romelic ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />

gansazRvrul ekonomikur, sagadasaxado, satarifo da sxva tipis SeRavaTebs iTvaliswinebdes,<br />

Tanabrad vrceldeba rogorc qarTvel, aseve ucxoel investorebze. formulirebas ar axlavs<br />

ganmarteba, Tu ra SeiZleba miviCnioT „kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi~, sadac saubaria<br />

ucxoel investorTa garkveuli uflebebis SezRudvaze. aseTi akrZalvebi calkeul SemTxvevebSi<br />

SeiZleba Seexos saqmianobis gansazRvrul sferoebs, sadac kanonmdeblobaSi gakeTebulia daTqma,<br />

rom esa Tu is saqmianoba mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqem an saqarTveloSi daregistrirebulma<br />

qarTulma iuridiulma pirma unda awarmoos. aseTi daTqmis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs rogorc<br />

erovnuli uSiSroebisa da Tavdacvisunarianobis interesebidan, agreTve saqarTvelos ekonomikuri<br />

potencialisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisa da maTi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />

agreTve msgavsi tipis daTqma SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes konkretul ucxoel investorze,<br />

romelic araerTgzis yofila gakotrebuli, nasamarTlevi an Seusrulebeli hqonda sxvadasxva<br />

samarTlebrivi valdebuleba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTan.<br />

140

amave kanonis me-3 muxliT, aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia investorTa iseTi uflebebi, rogoricaa:<br />

saqarTvelos nebismier komerciul bankSi mimdinare da sxva angariSebis gaxsna; sesxis aRebis<br />

ufleba ucxouri an/da qarTuli bankebidan, sxva iuridiuli an fizikuri pirebisagan; rogorc<br />

saqarTveloSi, agreTve sazRvargareT arsebuli qonebis, aqciebis, obligaciebisa da sxva fasiani<br />

qaRaldebis SeZena; investirebis Sedegebis flobis, gamoyenebisa da gankargvis sxva fizikuri<br />

an/da iuridiuli pirisaTvis gadacema; investiciebidan miRebuli mogebis da sxva fuladi saxsrebis<br />

saqarTvelos sabanko dawesebulebaSi sabazro kursiT konversiisa da sazRvargareT Seuz-<br />

Rudavi repatriacia, mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis sazRvargareT gatana.<br />

aseve aRsaniSnavia, amave kanonis me-14 muxli, romlis mixedviT: „ucxoel investors, romelsac<br />

miadga ziani saomari mdgomareobisa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, ar SeiZleba dauwesdes<br />

zianis anazRaurebis ufro uaresi pirobebi, vidre adgilobriv investors~. 19<br />

cxadia, saomari mdgomareoba da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi potenciur safrTxes uqmnis nebismier<br />

kerZo sakuTrebas, ucxour da adgilobriv investiciebs, yvela saxis materialur faseulobas<br />

da Sesabamisad, zianis anazRaurebis msgavsi tipis antidiskriminaciuli sakanonmdeblo<br />

garantia garkveulwilad azRvevs ucxoel investors safrTxis arsebobisa da misi negatiuri<br />

Sedegebis dadgomisas.<br />

saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis sakanonmdeblo dacvis kidev erT mniSvnelovan meqanizms<br />

warmoadgens saqarTvelos 2006 wlis 30 ivnisis kanoni „investiciebis saxelmwifo mxarda-<br />

Weris Sesaxeb~, romlis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad: „am kanonis miznebia investiciebis ganxorcielebis<br />

xelSewyoba investiciebis dabandebisa da samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis aucilebeli procedurebis<br />

gaumjobesebiT da damatebiTi samarTlebrivi reJimis SeqmniT~. 20 kanoniT detalurad<br />

gawerilia saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros sistemaSi Semavali<br />

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris _ saqarTvelos erovnuli sainvesticio saagentos uflebamosileba<br />

saqarTveloSi sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobis mizniT. kerZod, kanonis me-3 muxlis<br />

Tanaxmad: „1. investiciebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />

sainvesticio saagento (SemdgomSi _ saagento); 2. saagento aris saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli<br />

investorTan urTierTobaSi; 3. saagentos ufleba aqvs iyos investoris warmomadgeneli administraciul<br />

organoebTan da sxva pirebTan urTierTobebSi. am mizniT investorsa da saagentos<br />

Soris ideba xelSekruleba, romelic gansazRvravs warmomadgenlobis farglebs. investorsa da<br />

saagentos Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT saagento uwevs investors momsaxurebas sainvesticio<br />

saqmianobisaTvis saWiro yvela licenziis an/da nebarTvis aRebaSi an sxva warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebaSi. saagentos mier aRniSnuli uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba<br />

anazRaurebadia. momsaxurebis safasurs gansazRvravs saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi<br />

ganviTarebis saministro. 4. saagentos am muxliT gansazRvruli warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba<br />

ar zRudavs investors, administraciul organoebTan urTierToba ganaxorcielos uSualod<br />

an sxva warmomadgenlis meSveobiT~. 21<br />

citirebuli muxli ayalibebs damatebiT administraciulsamarTlebriv meqanizmebs ucxouri<br />

investiciebis saqarTveloSi mozidvisa da investorTa saqmianobis mxardaWeris mizniT, romelic<br />

gansazRvruli biurokratiuli amocanebis ioli gadaWris gziT gamoisaxeba.<br />

daskvna<br />

stabiluri, usafrTxo da momgebiani ucxouri sainvesticio saqmianobisaTvis aucilebeli<br />

politikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebi mniSvnelobas dakargaven, Tu qveynis Sidasakanonmdeblo<br />

baza ver uzrunvelyofs ucxouri kapitalis mimoqcevis samarTliani da saerTaSoriso standartebTan<br />

Tavsebadi berketebis SemuSavebasa da maT dacvas.<br />

141

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ucxouri investireba gacilebiT ufro didi potenciuri riskis qveS dgas, vidre adgilobrivi<br />

investireba. pirdapiri eqspropriacia warmoadgens erT-erT mTavar risks, romlis winaSe potenciurad<br />

nebismieri ucxoeli investori imyofeba.<br />

saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT myarad garantirebulia arapirdapiri<br />

eqspropriaciis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi da SesaZlo materialuri danakargebisa da<br />

zianis anazRaurebis saTanado kompensaciis farTo SesaZleblobebi. aseve, didi mniSvneloba<br />

eniWeba ucxoel da adgilobriv investorTa uflebebis antidiskriminaciul xasiaTs, romelic<br />

naTlad gamoxatulia saqarTvelos Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. aRniSnulis garda, didia<br />

erovnuli sainvesticio saagentos roli ucxoel investorTa momsaxurebisa da maTi saqmianobis<br />

waxalisebis mizniT, rogorc sainvesticio saqmianobis dawyebamde, agreTve uSualo saqmianobis<br />

mimdinareobis drosac. am sferoSi saxelmwifo mxardaWera kidev ufro metad amyarebs ucxouri<br />

investiciebis daculobis SesaZleblobebs saqarTveloSi.<br />

amdenad, saqarTveloSi ucxouri sainvesticio saqmianobis maregulirebeli SidasamarTlebrivi<br />

saSualebebi mniSvnelovanwilad aneitraleben investiciebis mosalodnel finansur da politikur<br />

riskebs, qmnian stabilur, myar da usafrTxo sainvesticio garemos da realurad icaven<br />

nebismier ucxoel investors maTi saqmianobis TiToeul etapze. aRniSnuli ki, xels Seuwyobs<br />

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri potencialis, mcire, saSualo da msxvili biznesis ganviTarebasa da<br />

saqarTvelos warmoCenas stabilur da usafrTxo partniorad saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisa<br />

da umsxviles ucxoel investorTa Soris.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, „bona kauza~, Tbilisi, 2007;<br />

2. saqarTvelos kanoni „aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis<br />

sakuTrebis CamorTmevis wesis Sesaxeb~, „kodeqsi 2007" _ kodificirebuli<br />

kanonebis saZiebo sistema;<br />

3. saqarTvelos kanoni „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis<br />

Sesaxeb~, „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema;<br />

4. saqarTvelos kanoni „investiciebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~,<br />

„kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema;<br />

5. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, „kodeqsi 2007~ _<br />

kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema;<br />

6. levan izoria, konstantine korkelia, konstantine kublaSvili, giorgi<br />

xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi; adamianis ZiriTadi<br />

uflebani da Tavisuflebani; Tbilisi 2005;<br />

7. moxelis samagido leqsikoni/gaeros ganviTarebis programa (Semdg. samson<br />

urdia da sxv.), Tbilisi, 2004;<br />

8. Jurnali „solidaroba~, #2(11), saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli<br />

tolerantobis centri, 2007;<br />

9. Princeton University Word net, wordnet.princeton.edu/, accessed on September 21, 2009;<br />

10. Fifth edition (BPM5) Washington D.C. International Monetary Fund, 1993) and the Detailed<br />

Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment: Third Edition (BD3) (Paris, Organization for<br />

Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1996);<br />

11. Mahnac Malik, Definition of Investment in International Investment Agreements; Foreign<br />

Investment for Sustainable Development Program, Best Practice Bulletin # 1., August 2009;<br />

12. OECD Working Papers on International Investment 2004/4 ‘Indirect Expropriation~ and the<br />

‘Right to Regulate~ in International Investment Law, September 2004.<br />

142

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

Princeton University Word net, wordnet.princeton.edu/, accessed on September 21, 2009.<br />

2<br />

Fifth edition (BPM5) Washington D.C. International Monetary Fund, 1993) and the Detailed<br />

Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment: Third Edition (BD3) (Paris, Organization for<br />

Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1996).<br />

3<br />

Mahnac Malik, Definition of Investment in International Investment Agreements; Foreign<br />

Investment for Sustainable Development Program, Best Practice Bulletin # 1., August 2009<br />

4<br />

saqarTvelos kanoni „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis<br />

Sesaxeb~, „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema.<br />

5<br />

Jurnali „solidaroba~, #2(11), saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli tolerantobis<br />

centri, 2007.<br />

6<br />

moxelis samagido leqsikoni/gaeros ganviTarebis programa (Semdg. samson<br />

urdia da sxv.), Tbilisi, 2004.<br />

7<br />

OECD Working Papers on International Investment 2004/4 “Indirect Expropriation” and the<br />

“Right to Regulate” in International Investment Law, September 2004<br />

8<br />

saqarTvelos konstitucia, „bona kauza~, Tbilisi, 2007.<br />

9<br />

iqve.<br />

10<br />

BVerf GE 25, 112 (117); 26, 215 (222); 37, 132 (140); 50, 290 (339); 52, 1(29); 58, 137<br />

(146); 68, 361 (368); 72, 66 (77); 79, 179 (198); 87, 114 (138) ix.: levan izoria,<br />

konstantine korkelia, konstantine kublaSvili, giorgi xubua, saqarTvelos<br />

konstituciis komentarebi; adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da<br />

Tavisuflebani; Tbilisi 2005.<br />

11<br />

levan izoria, konstantine korkelia, konstantine kublaSvili, giorgi<br />

xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi; adamianis ZiriTadi<br />

uflebani da Tavisuflebani; Tbilisi 2005.<br />

12<br />

saqarTvelos kanoni „aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis<br />

sakuTrebis CamorTmevis wesis Sesaxeb~, „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli<br />

kanonebis saZiebo sistema.<br />

13<br />

iqve.<br />

14<br />

saqarTvelos kanoni „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis<br />

Sesaxeb,” „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema.<br />

15<br />

iqve.<br />

16<br />

konvencia sainvesticio davebis mogvarebis Sesaxeb (ICSID) saqarTvelosTan<br />

mimarTebaSi ZalaSia 1992 wlis 6 seqtembridan. wyaro saqarTvelos sagareo<br />

saqmeTa saministros oficialuri veb-gverdi http://www.mfa.gov.ge/<br />

index.php?sec_id=107&lang_id=GEO<br />

17<br />

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli<br />

kanonebis saZiebo sistema.<br />

18<br />

saqarTvelos kanoni „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis<br />

Sesaxeb~, „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema.<br />

19<br />

iqve.<br />

20<br />

saqarTvelos kanoni „investiciebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Sesaxeb,”<br />

„kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema.<br />

21<br />

iqve.<br />

143

marTlmsajuleba<br />

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NATIONAL LEGAL<br />

PROTECTION GUARANTEES<br />

FOR FOREING INVESTMENTS<br />

LEVAN KOKAIA<br />

Lawyer<br />

Presented Article reviews legal safeguards for foreign investments in Georgian<br />

legislation. Specifics of the national, direct foreign, portfolio and state investments,<br />

as well as concepts of various investments, are widely described in the<br />

Article. Author believes that expropriation is one of the major risks for foreign<br />

investments and carrying out relevant investment activities. Author defines direct<br />

and indirect forms of expropriation. Along with that, author offers deep analyzes<br />

of the regulations of the institute of expropriation in accordance with the Constitution<br />

of Georgia and other legislative means. Meaning of the forms of indirect<br />

expropriation of foreign investments is analyzed, in accordance with the Constitution<br />

of Georgia and other legislative acts. Criminal law mechanism of property<br />

expropriation is considered to be the only direct expropriation means.<br />

Article reviews rights of foreign investors that are stipulated in various<br />

legislative acts. Specifically, equal legal safeguards, anti discriminatory legislative<br />

means for local and foreign investors. Functions of the National Investment<br />

Agency under the Ministry of Economic and Sustainable Developments are<br />

described as well. It is basically expressed in legal cooperation with foreign<br />

investors and providing incentives for the activities.<br />

Summing up the article, author expresses his opinion, that foreign investors’<br />

activities are strongly protected by acting Georgian legislation from negative<br />

affects of direct expropriation, this will definitely raise the potential of<br />

foreign investments in Georgia.<br />

144

mediis gavlena nafic<br />

msajulTa verdiqtze<br />

elene kavTuaSvili<br />

samarTlis magistri<br />

`...hqmeniT marTali samarTali, dabrZandiT bWobad...~<br />

esqile<br />

Sesavali<br />

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo araerT qveyanaSi arsebobs da<br />

mas mravalsaukunovani tradicia gaaCnia. misi saqmianobis da daniSnulebis<br />

arsi aixsneba fraziT: `TiToeuli adamianis uflebaa<br />

kanonierad da Tanazomierad gansajon Tanasworebma~. 1<br />

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo marTlmsajulebis yvelaze demokratiul<br />

formadaa miCneuli, radgan am SemTxvevaSi, Tavad xelisuflebis<br />

wyaro _ xalxi gvevlineba `uzenaes mosamarTled.~<br />

demokratiis ZiriTadi ideaa, rom saxelmwifos yovelgvari<br />

saxis saqmianoba eyrdnobodes xalxis nebas da mis mier unda iyos<br />

legitimuri. demokratia koleqtiur gadawyvetilebaTa sferoa.<br />

igi ganasaxierebs idealur sistemas, sadac gadawyvetilebebs,<br />

romlebic mTel sazogadoebas exeba, yvela misi wevri iRebs,<br />

Tanac yovel maTgans Tanabari ufleba aqvs monawileoba miiRos<br />

ama Tu im sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi. 2<br />

nafic msajulTa mizani konkretul saqmeze socialurad samarTliani<br />

da moralurad umwikvlo gadawyvetilebis miRebaa.<br />

`sazogadoebrivi sindisis sasamarTlo~ (rogorc mas mefis<br />

ruseTSi uwodes) gulisxmobs piris damnaSaveobis sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi<br />

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas ara marto mosamarTlis,<br />

aramed rigiTi moqalaqeebis _ `eriskacebis~ monawileobiT.<br />

msajulebi usmenen dacvisa da braldebis mxareebis gamosvlebs<br />

sasamarTlos winaSe, akvirdebian mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenisa<br />

da Sefasebis process da iReben gadawyvetilebas gansasjelis<br />

damnaSaveobisa Tu udanaSaulobis Sesaxeb. 3<br />

145

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobis umTavresi Rirsebaa, rom maTSi Tavmoyrilia mravali Taobis<br />

cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba da ra Tqma unda, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Sexedulebebi samar-<br />

Tlianobis Taobaze. amdenad, moqalaqeebis warmomadgenlebis CarTva marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi<br />

sasikeTod unda waadges saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenas. rodesac amerikis prezidentsa<br />

da erT-erT udides konstitucionalists, Tomas jefersons hkiTxes: romel xelisuflebaSi ar<br />

unda Caerios xalxi sakanonmdeblo Tu sasamarTloSi? man upasuxa: `mimaCnia, rom umjobesia xalxi<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis saqmianobas ar exebodes, radgan kanonebis aRsrulebaSi maTi monawileoba<br />

ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre maT SeqmnaSi...~<br />

nafic msajulebs sazogadoebis nawili `Tavisuflebis burjadac~ moixseniebs. 2010 wlis 1<br />

oqtombridan, am institutis amoqmedebiT qarTulma saxelmwifom xmamaRla ganacxada, rom WeSmariteba<br />

unda daadginos xalxma. sawyis etapze, 2012 wlis 1 oqtombramde, nafic msajulTa sasamar-<br />

Tlos iurisdiqcia gavrceldeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 109-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul<br />

danaSaulebze _ mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi _ mxolod Tbilisis saqalaqo<br />

sasamarTloSi. esaa samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze kargi saSualeba, araTu miiRos informacia,<br />

ra xdeba sasamarTlo sistemaSi, aramed Tavad gaxdes sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze<br />

mimdinare samarTalwarmoebis monawile.<br />

cxadia, vinaidan nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo sazogadoebis interesebis dasacavad iqna Semo-<br />

Rebuli, igi unda iyos sasamarTlo sistemis meti demokratiulobis garanti.<br />

amasTan, radgan nafici msajulebis sasamarTloSi gadawyvetilebas damoukidebeli da miuker-<br />

Zoebeli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi iReben, maT yovelgvari zemoqmedebis gareSe unda SeeZloT<br />

Camoayalibon sakuTari pozicia, Tumca, isic sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli, rom realurad,<br />

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mier gamotanil verdiqtze bevri gareSe faqtori axdens zegavlenas.<br />

mediisa da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebis pirobebSi gansakuTrebul aqtualurobas<br />

iZens sakiTxi, romelic tradiciul sasamarTlo sistemebsac ki, seriozuli dilemis winaSe<br />

ayenebs _ esaa nafic msajulebze mediis zegavlena _ media, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi, `mecamete<br />

msajulad~ gvevlineba. mas SeuZlia potenciuri msajulis ganwyoba rogorc braldebulis<br />

winaaRmdeg, ise mis sasikeTod.<br />

1. sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dacvis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi<br />

`mieciT xalxs Tavisufleba icodes faqtebi da qveyana usafrTxo iqneba~ _ es fraza amerikis<br />

prezidents, abraam linkolns ekuTvnis. miTumetes, aqtualuria es gamonaTqvami internetis<br />

xanaSi, rodesac uaxlesi informacia moqalaqes uSualod personaluri kompiuteriT an mobilur<br />

telefonze miewodeba. bunebrivia, sainteresoa, rogor aris daculi sityvisa da gamoxatvis<br />

Tavisufleba, agreTve informaciis miRebis ufleba Cvens saxelmwifoSi?<br />

saqarTvelos kontituciis me-19 muxliT garantirebulia sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa<br />

da rwmenis Tavisufleba. konstituciis 24-e muxlSi ki, naTqvamia: `yovel adamians aqvs<br />

ufleba Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia, gamoTqvas da gaavrcelos Tavisi azri<br />

zepirad, werilobiT an sxvagvari saSualebiT~, amasTan, `masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi<br />

Tavisufalia, cenzura dauSvebelia~.<br />

saqarTvelos konstituciis 41-e muxli ki, aregulirebs pozitiuri valdebulebebis sakiTxs,<br />

kerZod, rom `saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs gaecnos saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi<br />

masze arsebul informacias, agreTve iq arsebul oficialur dokumentebs, Tu isini ar Seicaven<br />

saxelmwifo, profesiul an komerciul saidumloebas~.<br />

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis (Semdgom `mediis~) saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs<br />

aseve, aregulirebs saqarTvelos kanoni ‘sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~.<br />

146

masSi asaxulia TiTqmis yvela is ZiriTadi principi, rac Seqmnilia saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis<br />

mier. kanoni, faqtobrivad farTod mimoixilavs im sferoebs, romlebsac moicavs sityvis da<br />

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da rasac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />

informaciis da presis Tavisuflebas saerTaSoriso normebic icaven. maTgan aRsaniSnavia _<br />

gaero-s mier 1966 wels miRebuli `samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti~,<br />

romlis me-19 muxlis Tanaxmad, `TiToeul adamians aqvs ufleba gamoxatos sakuTari azri vinmes<br />

Carevis gareSe~. Tumca, igive muxli ganmartavs, rom TiToeul adamians aqvs azris gamoTqmis<br />

Tavisufleba. es ufleba gulisxmobs, rom SeuzRudavad moxdes yvela informaciis da mosazrebis<br />

miReba da gavrceleba rogorc zepirad, aseve, werilobiTi da nabeWdi saxiT.<br />

presa _ periodul gamocemaTa (Jurnal-gazeTebis) erToblioba mediis mniSvnelovani nawilia.<br />

`presa asrulebs umniSvnelovanes rols saxelmwifoSi, sadac aRiarebulia kanonis uzenaesoba~. 4<br />

marTalia, misi Tavisufleba ar aris absoluturi, magram Znelia aiZulo media ar gamoaqveynos<br />

da ar gaavrcelos mis xelT arsebuli masala, miTumetes Tu is eqskluziur informacias Seicavs<br />

da iseT sakiTxebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlebic sazogadoebis mZafr interess iwvevs.<br />

realobaa, roca danaSauli moxdeba, mis gaSuqebas medias veravin aukrZalavs. Jurnalistis<br />

statiisadmi an satelevizio siuJetisadmi interesi ki, sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, rodesac yovndeba<br />

informacia rezonansuli SemTxvevis Sesaxeb. medias, faqtobrivad, dakisrebuli aqvs sazogadoebis<br />

`mxedvelobisa da smenis~ organos funqcia.<br />

saqarTveloSi nafic msajulTa institutis amoqmedebis pirobebSi, udavod sainteresoa, rogori<br />

gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos mediam nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mier gamotanil verdiqtze.<br />

mediis saSualebiT xdeba sazogadoebriv midgomaTa formireba saqmis irgvliv (rac Tavis<br />

mxriv, zegavlenas axdens msajulebze, romlebic warmoadgenen am sazogadoebis nawils).<br />

aseve, SeiZleba msajulebs saqmis irgvliv miewodoT iseTi informacia, romelic maT winaswar<br />

ganawyobs braldebis an dacvis mxaris sasargeblod. aseve, SesaZlebelia miewodoT iseTi informacia,<br />

romelic saqmis ganxilvisas ar dadasturdeba. aseTi informacia SesaZlebelia exebodes<br />

braldebulis nasamarTlobas, dauSveblad cnobil sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis Sedegebs da<br />

a.S. 5 2. sazRvargareTuli gamocdileba da miRebuli zomebi mediis gavlenisagan nafic<br />

msajulTa dasacavad<br />

bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, rogor unda moxdes nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo sxdomebis gaSuqeba<br />

da rogor unda daicvas sasamarTlom nafici msajulebi an naficma msajulebma sakuTari Tavi<br />

mediis gavlenisagan? unda moxdes Tu ara maTi izolireba, raTa mediasaSualebebSi gaJRerebulma<br />

informaciam Sinagani rwmena ar Seuryios msajulebs, romlebic jansaRi azris sasamarTlos<br />

warmoadgenen.<br />

rogoria am mxriv viTareba sazRvargareTis qveynebSi? iq, sadac nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo<br />

ukve didi xania funqcionirebs da am problemamac bevrad adre iCina Tavi.<br />

savaraudo danaSaulis Taobaze informacias mosaxleobis umetesoba, pirvel rigSi, mediis<br />

saSualebiT ecnoba. mogvianebiT, swored maTi warmomadgenlebi unda aRmoCndnen am saqmis ganmxilvel<br />

sxdomaze nafic msajulebad. maTze aucileblad eqneba zegavlena ukve miRebul informacias<br />

da SesaZloa garkveuli mosazrebebic winaswar CamouyalibdeT, rac xels SeuSliT iyvnen<br />

obieqturebi da miukerZoeblebi verdiqtis Camoyalibebisas.<br />

147

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli gaxmaurebuli saqme _<br />

`saxelmwifo maqsvelis winaaRmdeg~, romelic nafic msajulTa monawileobiT mimdinareobda,<br />

naTeli magaliTia, Tu rogori gavlena SeiZleba iqonios mediam msajulTa mier gamotanil<br />

verdiqtze. 1954 wels, cnobili eqimi sem Separdi fexmZime colis _ merilinis mkvlelobis gamo<br />

daakaves. Separdi amtkicebda, rom mkvleloba misi Cadenili ar iyo. man ganacxada, rom SuaRamisas<br />

maT saxlSi Tavs daesxa ucnobi mamakaci, romelmac mokla misi meuRle, xolo mas orjer Caartya<br />

TavSi, ris Sedegadac igi ugono mdgomareobaSi daeca. saqmis mimdinareobas farTod aSuqebda<br />

presa da televizia. klivlendis gazeTebSi yoveldRe iwereboda am SemTxvevis Sesaxeb, rac Tavis-<br />

Tavad aisaxa kidec msajulTa verdiqtze. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlom is damnaSaved cno da<br />

samudamo patimroba miusaja. msjavrdebulma ganaCeni gaasaCivra uzenaes sasamarTloSi. uzenaesi<br />

sasamarTlo daeTanxma braldebulis mtkicebas procesis samarTlianobis darRvevis Sesaxeb da<br />

daadgina misi xelmeored gasamarTleba, ris Sedegadac mas aTi wliT patimroba miesaja. 6<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mediis gavlenisagan nafic msajulTa dasacavad sasamarTloebi<br />

Semdeg xerxebsa da meTodebs iyeneben: 1. saqmis ganxilva gadaaqvT sxva adgilas; 2. aCereben saqmis<br />

ganxilvas; 3. ukrZalaven braldebisa da dacvis mxareebs saqmis detalebis gaxmaurebas da a.S.<br />

Zalian xSirad, nafici msajulebi ar cxovroben Cveulebriv garemoSi, izRudeba maTi kontaqtebi,<br />

ekrZalebaT gazeTebis kiTxva, internetSi Sesvla. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi nafic msajulebs<br />

mkafio instruqciebi eZlevaT. maqsimalurad adreul etapze, miuxedavad gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa,<br />

mainc ver xerxdeba maTi sruli kontroli. amis magaliTad gamodgeba arkanzasis Statis<br />

umaRlesi sasamarTlos nafic msajulTa mier ganxiluli saqme. socialur qsel Twitter-ze gamoqveynebulma<br />

Canawerebma, romelic amerikel nafic msajuls ekuTvnoda, sasikvdilo ganaCenis<br />

Secvla gamoiwvia. naficma msajulma rendi frankom procesis msvlelobisas Twitter-ze gamoaqveyna<br />

sakuTari mosazrebebi, rac akrZalulia da ris Sesaxebac is sxdomis Tavmjdomaris mier gafrTxilebuli<br />

iyo.<br />

inglisSi bralis wardgenis Semdeg, medias ekrZaleba saqmis winaswari mosmenis an sasamarTlo<br />

procesis Sesaxeb raime arsebiTi informaciis gamoqveyneba. 7<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi nafici msajulebi xSirad sxva Statebidanac CamohyavT, raTa<br />

gamoricxon maTi SesaZlo nacnoboba da kavSirebi. aseve, sasamarTlo procesamde cdiloben<br />

saidumlod Seinaxon maTi piradi monacemebi.<br />

mediaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi sxvadasxvanairad ganisazRvra. magali-<br />

Tad, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma darTo neba medias gaeSuqebina yvelaferi, rac moxda Ria<br />

sasamarTlo sxdomaze; inglisSi mediis mimarT SesaZloa sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnac ki, ganxorcieldes<br />

sasamarTlos upativcemulobis SemTxvevaSi (Tu igi gamoaqveynebs saqmis ganxilvaze<br />

gavlenis momxden informacias); SotlandiaSi ki, kanonis metismeti simkacris gamo, presa did<br />

sifrTxiles iCens nafic msajulTa procesis gaSuqebis dros. mediaze akrZalvis dawesebis meqanizmebs<br />

aseve, iyenebs avstralia, axali zelandia da irlandia.<br />

3. nafic msajulTa verdiqti da media saqarTveloSi<br />

(gatarebuli da gasatarebeli RonisZiebebi)<br />

saqarTveloSi nafic msajulTa monawileobiT jer mxolod sami procesi Catarda. miuxedavad<br />

praqtikis simcirisa, isini garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas mainc iZleva.<br />

sainteresoa, ra keTdeba Cvens qveyanaSi imisaTvis, rom nafici msajulebi ar moeqcnen mediis<br />

wnexis qveS? ar SeeqmnaT winaswari ganwyoba da ganaCeni mxolod sasamarTloSi miRebuli informaciis<br />

safuZvelze gamoitanon?<br />

148

2011 wlis 27-30 ianvars, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos samarTlebrivi mrCevelis<br />

ofisma (RLA) gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganviTarebis programasTan (UNDP) erTad<br />

saqarTveloSi samocze meti Jurnalistisa da samarTlis eqspertisaTvis nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos<br />

gaSuqebis Temaze treningi Caatara.<br />

pirveli seminaris Tema iyo: `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos gaSuqeba televiziiTa da beWduri<br />

mediiT, rogorc sasamarTlo darbazSi, ise mis gareT~. msmenelebma miiRes informacia, Tu ra<br />

gavlenas axdens satelevizio gaSuqeba saqmeebze, aseve, Tu rogor adgens mosamarTle SezRudvebs<br />

masmediisaTvis, raTa Tavidan aicilos sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi mediis Careva. maT ganixiles konkretuli<br />

kazusic amerikuli mediisa da marTlmsajulebis istoriidan.<br />

gaeros ganviTarebis programam aseve, moawyo saswavlo turi amerikaSi, sadac qarTuli mediis<br />

warmomadgenlebi praqtikulad gaecnen nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos amerikul models da amerikuli<br />

mediis mier nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos gaSuqebis meTodebs.<br />

saqarTveloSi Catarebuli nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos samive procesis ganmavlobaSi mediam<br />

aqtiurad gaaSuqa saqme, dawyebuli winaswari gamoZiebidan, damTavrebuli procesiT. faqtia,<br />

rom amerikuli da evropuli marTlmsajulebisagan gansxvavebiT CvenTan medias aravin ukrZalavs<br />

saqmis winaswari mosmenis an sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb arsebiTi informaciis gaSuqebas da<br />

amisaTvis arc raime pasuxismgeblobaa dawesebuli. sasamarTlos spiker-mosamarTleebic, mediis<br />

warmomadgenlebs awvdian maTTvis saWiro da aucilebel samarTlebriv axsna-ganmartebebs gansaxilvel<br />

saqmesTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

qarTul realobaSi amerikuli modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SezRudvebis zustad gadmoReba<br />

garTuldeba.<br />

saqarTvelo patara qveyanaa, mediis gavlenisagan Tavis dasacavad magaliTad, saqmis ganxilvis<br />

sxvagan gadatana gamarTlebulia im qveynebSi, romlebic floben did teritoriebs, magram ara<br />

CvenTan. bevri meTodi, romelsac sxva qveynebi mimarTaven, vfiqrobT, aq ar gaamarTlebs, amitom<br />

ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba nafic msajulTa vinaobis gasaidumloebaze. msajulebs rom mediis<br />

gavlena aaridon, cdiloben maTi vinaoba cnobili aravisTvis gaxdes. es risk-faqtorebi matulobs,<br />

iqidan gamomdinare, rom Cveni kanonmdebloba arafers ambobs msajulTa vinaobis gamJ-<br />

Ravnebaze. masmediisa da sasamarTlo sistemis urTierTobisaTvis ki, amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs.<br />

sainteresoa, ra xdeba maSin, Tu Jurnalisti Tavad moxvdeba nafic msajulTa skamze? _ aseT<br />

dros mas aqvs ufleba, acilebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi daayenos, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is aRniSnul<br />

danaSauls aSuqebda, xolo Tu Jurnalisti nafic msajulTa Soris aRmoCndeba, mas ukve<br />

Semdgom SeezRudeba ufleba, procesis Taobaze moamzados statia an satelevizio siuJeti.<br />

nafic msajulebs saqmis ganxilvis dros garesamyarosTan nebismieri kontaqti ekrZalebaT.<br />

kanonis Tanaxmad, maT ara aqvT ufleba, saqalaqo sasamarTlos Senobidan gavidnen (SenobaSi ki,<br />

maT qmedebebs mandaturebi akontroleben). aRniSnuli meTodi aprobirebulia rig qveynebSi, zogan<br />

msajulebs sasamarTlos Senobis gareTac ketaven, es xdeba sastumroSi, sadac maT sakvebiT<br />

amarageben. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare _ konstantine kublaSvili ar gamoricxavs,<br />

rom Tu iarsebebs safrTxe, nafici msajulebis obieqturobaze mediis gavlenisa, SeiZleba<br />

isini sxvagan dasaxldnen garkveuli vadiT, sadac garantirebuli eqnebaT sacxovrebeli<br />

pirobebi.<br />

nafic msajulTa vinaobis gaumJRavneblobis mizniT, sasamarTlo Tavad axdens procesis audio<br />

da videoCaweras, Tumca, icavs Semdeg wess: kadrSi ar unda moxvdnen nafici msajulebi da saTadarigo<br />

nafici msajulebi. swored maTi piradi monacemebis gasaidumloebis mizniT procesze<br />

mowveulia mxatvari, romelic xatavs procesis monawileebs (maT Soris, msajulebs) da sazoga-<br />

149

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

doebas mediis saSualebiT nafic msajulTa saxeebi am formiT miewodeba. msajulTa vinaobis<br />

gamxela aseve, ekrZalebaT sasamarTlo sxdomaze damswre pirebsa da procesis monawileebs, xolo<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mediisaTvis mainc gaxdeba cnobili nafici msajulis vinaoba, mediam ar unda<br />

gaavrcelos masze informacia, raTa maqsimalurad aaridos konkretul msajuls garkveuli<br />

gavlenis qveS moqceva.<br />

mosamarTle TiToeuli sxdomis dasrulebisas nafic msajulebs aZlevs miTiTebebs: verdiqtis<br />

gamotanamde saqmis ganxilvisas miRebuli informaciis gaumJRavneblobis an gansaxilvel saqmes-<br />

Tan sakuTari azris gamoTqmisagan Tavis Sekavebis, gansaxilveli saqmis garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT<br />

sxdomis Tavmjdomaris garda sxvasTan urTierTobis, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos TaTbirisa<br />

da kenWisyris saidumloebis darRvevis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonmdeblobiT isjeba nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos TaTbirisa da kenWisyris<br />

saidumloebis darRveva. aRniSnuli qmedeba iwvevs dajarimebas an Tavisuflebis aRkveTas<br />

vadiT or wlamde. Tumca, sainteresoa, rogor akontrolebs mosamarTle, ramdenad asrulebs<br />

nafici msajuli mis mier micemul miTiTebebs an rogor Seityobs am miTiTebebis daarRvevs Sesaxeb?<br />

marTalia, cxovrebiseuli simarTlis sasamarTlos warmomadgenlebi _ nafici msajulebi maTi<br />

moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas deben fics, rac unda iyos garanti imisa, rom patiosnad<br />

da miukerZoeblad aRasruleben msajulis movaleobas, Tumca, realurad, mxolod maT sindisze<br />

xdeba damokidebuli damalavs Tu ara konkretuli nafici msajuli saqmis Sesaxeb informacias.<br />

sasamarTlo procesis mimdinareobisas nafic msajulebs ekrZalebaT gansaxilvel saqmesTan<br />

dakavSirebiT mediasaSualebis mier miwodebuli informaciisaTvis Tvalyuris devneba da presaSi<br />

gamoqveynebuli masalebis gacnoba. maT saqmis irgvliv saubris ufleba mxolod mas Semdeg<br />

eZlevaT, rodesac saqme dasruldeba. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare _ konstantine<br />

kublaSvili aRniSnavs, rom _ `SerCeul nafic msajulebs utardebaT detaluri axsnaganmarteba,<br />

ras unda miaqcion yuradReba, mediis mimarT rogor unda moiqcnen procesis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

Semdeg TaTbiris saidumloeba rogor unda Seinaxon da a.S. ar unda SekrTnen da SeSindnen<br />

imis gamo, rom mediis yuradRebis qveS iqnebian, es aris maTi moqalaqeobrivi valdebuleba, pasuxismgebloba,<br />

romelic mediis gareSe Tu mediasTan erTad, unda ganaxorcielon~. 8<br />

medias ekisreba udidesi pasuxismgebloba, man ar unda Seqmnas iseTi ganwyoba, rom nafici msajulebi<br />

asamarTleben damnaSaves da TiTqos mxolod isRa rCeba gasarkvevi, rogor unda daisajos<br />

igi.<br />

gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umetesoba mzad aris SeiTavsos nafici<br />

msajulis funqcia, daexmaros marTlmsajulebas samarTliani verdiqtis gamotanaSi, medias ubralod<br />

ara aqvs ufleba `mecamete skamis~ dakavebisas gaxdes dabrkoleba samarTlianobisaTvis<br />

brZolaSi.<br />

saqarTveloSi nafici msajulebis monawileobiT Catarebul procesebze msajulebs mediis<br />

mxridan winaRoba ar SeqmniaT, mediasaSualebebi SeZlebisdagvarad informirebulni iyvnen ra<br />

saxiT da ra doziT unda gaevrcelebinaT procesis Sesaxeb informacia, raTa gavlena ar moexdinaT<br />

samarTliani gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze. Sesabamisad, qarTuli mediis maRali standartebis<br />

gamo, `meoTxe xelisuflebis~ mxridan darRvevebi saxeze ar gvqonia.<br />

rac Seexeba msajulebs, isinic pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebodnen dakisrebul movaleobas, zedmiwevniT<br />

asrulebdnen mosamarTlis miTiTebebs da cdilobdnen Tavi aeridebinaT iseTi informaciis<br />

miRebisagan, rac maT Sinagan rwmenas SeuryevdaT da imoqmedebda xalxis saxeliT gamotanil<br />

verdiqtze.<br />

150

vfiqrobT, warmatebuli dasawyisia, Tumca momavalSi, roca nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos<br />

iurisdiqcia gavrceldeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 111-e da 137-e muxlebiT<br />

gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulebzec, amasTan, quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSic daiwyeba nafic<br />

msajulTa monawileobiT saqmeebis ganxilva, moimatebs praqtikuli gamocdileba da sazRvargareTis<br />

qveynebis msgavsad, saqarTveloc dadgeba im problemis winaSe, rasac nafic msajulTa<br />

verdiqtze mediis gavlena hqvia. prevenciisaTvis saTanado zomebi axlave unda iqnes miRebuli:<br />

gasamkacrebelia sanqciebi nafic msajulTa TaTbirisa da kenWisyris saidumloebis darRvevisaTvis;<br />

internetis saukuneSi maSin, roca tradiciuli media socialurma mediam Caanacvla,<br />

adamianis cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi SemoiWra da udides gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze,<br />

mkacrad unda gakontroldnen nafici msajulebi socialur qselebSi; Tu saWiro gaxdeba, msajulebi<br />

sxvaganac unda dasaxldnen garkveuli vadiT; seriozuli mniSvnelobis simZimisa da xarisxis<br />

danaSaulTa saqmeebze, aseve, aucileblobisas, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT msajulebis garegnobis<br />

dafarvis uzrunvelyofa.<br />

media saSualebebisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris is RonisZiebebi, rac gatarda. nafic msajulTa<br />

sasamarTlos Temaze unda moewyos seminarebi JurnalistebisaTvis da aseve, turebi im qveynebSi,<br />

sadac es instituti warmatebiT moqmedebs, radgan mediis warmomadgenlebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania<br />

saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis praqtikulad gacnoba da am sakiTxebze ucxoel kolegebTan<br />

urTierToba.<br />

aseve, kargi iqneba, Tu dawesdeba mediaSi akrZalva, nafic msajulTa makomprometirebeli<br />

masalis gamoqveynebaze. JurnalistebisaTvis unda gamoices sasamarTlo procesebis gaSuqebis<br />

saxelmZRvaneloebi, mniSvnelovania zustad gaSuqdes procesi da zusti informacia miiRos<br />

xalxma. aseve mniSvnelovania, gamWirvaloba da Tu sasamarTlo procesebi daixureba, xalxi<br />

ifiqrebs, rom marTlmsajuleba samarTliani ar aris.<br />

saWiroa mudmivi treningebi, raTa sazogadoebis informirebuloba da samarTliani verdiqti<br />

erTobliobaSi iyos SesaZlebeli. ar unda arsebobdes urTierTwinaaRmdegoba maT Soris, rac<br />

xels Seuwyobs nafic msajulTa institutis warmatebul damkvidrebas.<br />

daskvna<br />

dabolos, aRsaniSnavia, rom nafici msajulebis monawileobiT Catarebul samive procesze<br />

`eriskacebma~ miukerZoeblad da obieqturad upasuxes mTavar SekiTxvas: "Is Guilty Or Not Guilty?" 9<br />

miuxedavad azrTa didi sxvadasxvaobisa, vimedovnebT, saqarTveloSi am institutis amoqmedeba<br />

gaamarTlebs da igi aRmoCndeba wingadadgmuli nabiji.<br />

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSi sazogadoebis mxridan<br />

pasuxismgeblobis aRebaa sakuTar Tavze, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki, es instituti mediasTan urTierTobis<br />

kuTxiT ufro daixveweba, sazogadoebis mxridanac meti ndobiT aRiWurveba da<br />

demokratiuli marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi sapatio wvlils Seitans.<br />

151

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

SeniSvnebi:<br />

1<br />

es fraza moxseniebulia 1215 wels, inglisSi, mefe jonis mier xelmoweril<br />

`magna kartas~ (Magna Carta) 39-e muxlSi.<br />

2<br />

http://blawg.ge/?p=222<br />

3<br />

Temur rexviaSvili, `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~ (analitikuri mimoxilva),<br />

15.06.2010 w., gv. 1.<br />

4<br />

Castells v. spain, 1992 . Prager and oberschlick v. Austria 1995<br />

5<br />

`nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo,<br />

Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 97.<br />

6<br />

`nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo,<br />

Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 97.<br />

7<br />

neil vidmari, `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~ (saerTo samarTlis qveynebi),<br />

sasamarTlo da Tanamedrove problematika, gv. 15.<br />

8<br />

http://gurianews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4478:—qq&catid=69:<br />

2010-11-25-16-48-11&Itemid=114<br />

9<br />

(ingl.) _ `damnaSavea Tu udanaSauloa?~<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

1. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, gamomcemloba „bona kauza”<br />

(cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT 2012 wlis 25 ivnisamde);<br />

2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, gamomcemloba<br />

„bona kauza~ (cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT 2012 wlis 25 ivnisamde);<br />

3. saqarTvelos kanoni _ `sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~,<br />

Tbilisi, 2004 wlis 24 ivnisi;<br />

4. saqarTvelos konstitucia;<br />

5. `samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti~, 1966;<br />

6. `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba~ – (adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis<br />

me-10 muxlis ganxorcieleba), evropis sabWo, me-2 qarTuli gamocema, 2008;<br />

7. Temur rexviaSvili, `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~ (analitikuri<br />

mimoxilva), 15.10.2010;<br />

8. `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo,<br />

Tbilisi, 2012;<br />

9. neil vidmari, `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~ (saerTo samarTlis qveynebi,<br />

samarTali da Tanamedrove problematika), Tbilisi, 2005;<br />

10. Castells v. spain, 1992 . Prager and oberschlick v. Austria 1995<br />

11. www. msajuli.ge<br />

12. http://gurianews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4478:—qq&catid=69:2010-<br />

11-25-16-48-11&Itemid=114<br />

13. http://blawg.ge/?p=222<br />

152

INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON<br />

THE JURY VERDICT<br />

ELENE KAVTUASHVILI<br />

LLM<br />

New Criminal Procedure Code entred legal force on October 1, 2010, that<br />

established novelty in Georgian judiciary, this is jury trail.<br />

In the developed countries, jury trail is considered to be the most democratic<br />

form of administration of justice. It is considered that impartial and independent<br />

representatives of the society make decision, however, in reality verdict of the<br />

jury is affected by number of external factors.<br />

Article “Influence of Media on Jury Verdict” – offers an overview of one of<br />

the strongest factor influencing judicial decisions and this is the role of media in<br />

ensuring justice and fairness. For this purpose, author analyzes Georgian legislation<br />

that provides safeguards for the freedoms of speech and expression, also<br />

studies foreign case law, where jury trail already has history. Article offers an<br />

overview of the measures that are taken to protect jurors from the media influence<br />

and analyzes already conducted jury trails.<br />

At the end of the Article, there are specific recommendations for the successful<br />

implementation of the jury trail in Georgia, so that access to information for<br />

public is not damaged, and still fair verdict is issued.<br />

153

marTlmsajuleba<br />

N3<br />

da<br />

kanoni<br />

saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia<br />

JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA<br />

tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 292 <strong>34</strong> 90<br />

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo<br />

THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA<br />

tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 299 70 01<br />

154

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