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Indications for the use of the Amplatzer vascular ... - ConsultiMedici.it

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708 Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718<br />

Introduction<br />

The <strong>Amplatzer</strong> <strong>vascular</strong> plug (AVP) consists <strong>of</strong> a self-expandable<br />

n<strong>it</strong>inol cylinder secured to a stainless-steel delivery<br />

cable by a microscrew. Anticlockwise rotation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cable<br />

unscrews <strong>it</strong> from <strong>the</strong> cylinder, allowing controlled release.<br />

The device grew out <strong>of</strong> two precursors designed exclusively<br />

<strong>for</strong> cardiological purposes, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Amplatzer</strong> septal<br />

occluder and <strong>the</strong> <strong>Amplatzer</strong> duct occluder, <strong>use</strong>d <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> occlusion<br />

<strong>of</strong> interatrial defects and patent ductus arteriosus,<br />

respectively [1, 2]. The system’s plug-like shape and availabil<strong>it</strong>y<br />

in several sizes have progressively expanded <strong>it</strong>s applications<br />

in interventional radiology, where <strong>it</strong> <strong>of</strong>fers an alternative<br />

to permanent embolising material such as metallic<br />

coils or acrylic glue, in <strong>the</strong> occlusion <strong>of</strong> small- to mediumsize<br />

feeding and draining vessels in <strong>the</strong> treatment <strong>of</strong><br />

aneurysms or arteriovenous mal<strong>for</strong>mations (AVM) [3–14].<br />

The aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to review our experience to<br />

confirm <strong>the</strong> reported indications <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP, identify possible<br />

fur<strong>the</strong>r indications in interventional radiology and<br />

evaluate <strong>the</strong> immediate and long-term technical success <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> AVP.<br />

Materials and methods<br />

Over <strong>the</strong> past year, we selected 12 patients (seven men and<br />

five women; mean age 65.8 years; age range 45–82) <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

occlusion <strong>of</strong> five internal iliac arteries close to <strong>the</strong> origin (in<br />

three aortoiliac aneurysms, one internal iliac aneurysm and<br />

one isolated common iliac aneurysm), two common iliac arteries<br />

(in ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms treated on<br />

an emergency basis), two subclavian arteries (in aortic arch<br />

aneurysms) and three aneurysms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mid splenic artery<br />

(two AVPs were <strong>use</strong>d, one proximal and one distal to <strong>the</strong><br />

aneurysm). Preprocedural planning was done w<strong>it</strong>h computed<br />

tomography (CT) angiography to assess <strong>the</strong> procedure’s<br />

feasibil<strong>it</strong>y in relation to <strong>the</strong> tortuos<strong>it</strong>y and diameter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

target vessel (Figs. 1a,b and 2a). We <strong>use</strong>d 15 AVPs (AGA<br />

Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, MN, USA) w<strong>it</strong>h a diameter<br />

30%–50% larger than that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> target vessel: 14<br />

mm or 16 mm in diameter delivered through an 8-Fr guiding<br />

ca<strong>the</strong>ter (Envoy, Cordis, Miami, Fl, USA) <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> iliac arteries;<br />

10 mm or 12 mm in diameter delivered through 6- to 7-<br />

Fr guiding ca<strong>the</strong>ters (Envoy) <strong>for</strong> splenic, subclavian and internal<br />

iliac arteries, respectively. A guiding ca<strong>the</strong>ter is preferred<br />

to a long introducer sheath beca<strong>use</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP device<br />

and <strong>it</strong>s loader cannot cross <strong>the</strong> haemostasis valve <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

sheath.<br />

Oversizing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP by 30%–50% w<strong>it</strong>h respect to <strong>the</strong><br />

target vessel is justified by <strong>the</strong> elastic<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> n<strong>it</strong>inol, which allows<br />

<strong>the</strong> cylinder to expand to f<strong>it</strong> <strong>the</strong> diameter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vessel.<br />

After expanding, <strong>the</strong> device becomes elongated and assumes<br />

Introduzione<br />

Il sistema VPA è un device cost<strong>it</strong>u<strong>it</strong>o da un cilindro autoespandibile<br />

in N<strong>it</strong>inol fissato mediante una microv<strong>it</strong>e ad un<br />

cavo di introduzione in acciaio inossidabile; il cavo, con un<br />

movimento antiorario, viene sv<strong>it</strong>ato dal cilindro consentendone<br />

un rilascio controllato. Il dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo è nato da due<br />

precursori per utilizzo esclusivo in amb<strong>it</strong>o cardiologico,<br />

l’Amplater Septal Occluder e l’<strong>Amplatzer</strong> Duct Occluder,<br />

per l’occlusione rispettivamente dei difetti interatriali e dei<br />

dotti arteriosi pervi [1, 2]. Le caratteristiche morfologiche<br />

“a tappo” e la disponibil<strong>it</strong>à in più diametri ne hanno progressivamente<br />

ampliato le indicazioni specie in radiologia<br />

interventistica, in alternativa all’utilizzo di materiale embolizzante<br />

di tipo defin<strong>it</strong>ivo, quali spirali metalliche o la<br />

colla acrilica, nell’occlusione di afferenze o efferenze di arterie<br />

e vene di piccolo e medio calibro per il trattamento<br />

della patologia aneurismatica o delle mal<strong>for</strong>mazioni arterovenose<br />

(MAV) [3–14].<br />

Scopo del nostro lavoro è presentare la nostra esperienza<br />

nel confermare le indicazioni all’utilizzo del VPA apparse<br />

in letteratura e nell’individuare possibili ulteriori indicazioni<br />

in radiologia interventistica e valutarne il successo<br />

tecnico immediato e a distanza.<br />

Materiali e metodi<br />

Nell’ultimo anno abbiamo selezionato 12 pazienti (7 maschi<br />

e 5 femmine, età media 65,8 anni, range 45–82) per l’occlusione<br />

mediante 1 VPA di: 5 arterie ipogastriche all’origine<br />

(in 3 aneurismi aorto-iliaci, 1 aneurisma dell’arteria ipogastrica<br />

e 1 aneurisma isolato dell’arteria iliaca comune), 2<br />

arterie iliache comuni (in aneurismi dell’aorta addominale<br />

rotti trattati in urgenza), 2 arterie succlavie (in aneurismi<br />

dell’arco aortico) e di 3 aneurismi dell’arteria splenica del<br />

tratto intermedio, mediante 2 VPA a monte e a valle<br />

dell’aneurisma. Il “planning” pre-procedura è stato effettuato<br />

mediante angio-TC per valutarne la fattibil<strong>it</strong>à in relazione<br />

alla tortuos<strong>it</strong>à vascolare e il calibro del vaso da occludere<br />

(Figg. 1a,b e 2a). Sono stati utilizzati complessivamente<br />

15 VPA (Vascular Plug <strong>Amplatzer</strong>, AGA Medical Corporation,<br />

Golden Valley, MN, USA) del diametro del 30%–50%<br />

superiore rispetto al calibro del vaso da occludere: da 14 o<br />

16 mm di diametro attraverso cateteri guida da 8 F (Envoy,<br />

Cordis, Miami, Fl, USA) per le arterie iliache; del diametro<br />

da 10 o 12 mm mediante cateteri guida da 6–7 F (Envoy,<br />

Cordis, Miami, Fl, USA) rispettivamente per l’arteria splenica,<br />

succlavia e ipogastrica. Il catetere guida è da preferirsi<br />

all’introduttore lungo in quanto il dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo VPA con il suo<br />

caricatore non supera la valvola emostatica di quest’ultimo.<br />

La sovradimensione del calibro del VAP dal 30% al 50%<br />

superiore al calibro del vaso da occludere è giustificata

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