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Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718<br />

DOI 10.1007/s11547-008-0306-1<br />

VASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY<br />

RADIOLOGIA VASCOLARE ED INTERVENTISTICA<br />

<strong>Indications</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>use</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Amplatzer</strong> <strong>vascular</strong> plug in interventional<br />

radiology<br />

Indicazioni in radiologia interventistica all’utilizzo del sistema Vascular<br />

Plug <strong>Amplatzer</strong> (VPA)<br />

D. Laganà • G. Carrafiello • M. Mangini • D. Lumia • F. Fontana • A. Ianniello • C. Fugazzola<br />

Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department <strong>of</strong> Radiology, Univers<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> Insubria, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy<br />

Correspondence to: D. Laganà, Tel.: +39-0332-278763, Fax: +39-0332-278656, e-mail: donlaga@gmail.com<br />

Received: 22 October 2006 / Accepted: 14 December 2006 / Published online: 1 July 2008<br />

© Springer-Verlag 2008<br />

Abstract<br />

Purpose. This study was undertaken to assess <strong>the</strong><br />

indications and effectiveness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Amplatzer</strong> <strong>vascular</strong><br />

plug (AVP) system in interventional radiology.<br />

Materials and methods. Over <strong>the</strong> past year, we selected 12<br />

patients (seven men and five women; mean age 65.8 years,<br />

range 45–82) <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> occlusion <strong>of</strong> five internal iliac arteries<br />

(in three aortoiliac aneurysms, one internal iliac aneurysm<br />

and one isolated common iliac artery aneurysm), two<br />

common iliac arteries (in two ruptured abdominal aortic<br />

aneurysms), two subclavian arteries (in aortic arch<br />

aneurysms) and three splenic artery aneurysms. We <strong>use</strong>d<br />

15 AVPs (splenic artery aneurysms were excluded, w<strong>it</strong>h<br />

one AVP in <strong>the</strong> feeding vessel and one in <strong>the</strong> draining<br />

vessel).<br />

Results. We achieved immediate technical success in<br />

12/12 cases. No rupture or dissection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> treated arteries<br />

occurred. During <strong>the</strong> follow-up (mean 4.6 months, range<br />

3–6) computed tomography (CT) angiography and/or<br />

contrast-enhanced ultrasound demonstrated complete<br />

artery occlusion and aneurysm exclusion.<br />

Conclusions. Ease and speed <strong>of</strong> <strong>use</strong> combined w<strong>it</strong>h<br />

precise, controlled delivery justify <strong>the</strong> growing <strong>use</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

AVP in interventional radiology. No doubt, <strong>the</strong> system’s<br />

versatil<strong>it</strong>y will extend <strong>it</strong>s indications, and larger studies<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h longer follow-up periods will validate <strong>the</strong> results<br />

achieved so far.<br />

Keywords Interventional radiology · Vascular plug ·<br />

Embolization<br />

Riassunto<br />

Obiettivo. Valutare le possibili indicazioni e l’efficacia del<br />

sistema Vascular Plug <strong>Amplatzer</strong> (VPA) in radiologia<br />

interventistica.<br />

Materiali e metodi. Nell’ultimo anno abbiamo selezionato<br />

12 pazienti (7 maschi e 5 femmine), (età media 65,8 anni,<br />

range 45–82) per l’occlusione di: 5 arterie ipogastriche (in<br />

3 aneurismi aorto-iliaci, 1 aneurisma dell’arteria<br />

ipogastrica e 1 aneurisma isolato dell’arteria iliaca<br />

comune), 2 arterie iliache comuni (in aneurismi dell’aorta<br />

addominale rotti), 2 arterie succlavie (in aneurismi<br />

dell’arco aortico) e di 3 aneurismi dell’arteria splenica.<br />

Sono stati utilizzati 15 VPA (gli aneurismi splenici sono stati<br />

esclusi mediante 2 VPA a monte e a valle).<br />

Risultati. È stato ottenuto successo tecnico immediato 12/12<br />

casi. Non si sono verificate complicanze maggiori quali<br />

rottura, per<strong>for</strong>azione o dissezione del vaso trattato. Durante<br />

il follow-up (medio 4,6 mesi, range 3–6) il controllo con<br />

angio-TC e/o ecografia con MdC ha dimostrato la completa<br />

occlusione dei vasi trattati e l’esclusione degli aneurismi.<br />

Conclusioni. La rapid<strong>it</strong>à e semplic<strong>it</strong>à di utilizzo e il preciso<br />

e controllato rilascio dell’AVP, con immediato successo<br />

tecnico, ne giustificano la divulgazione in radiologia<br />

interventistica. La versatil<strong>it</strong>à del dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo ne amplierà<br />

sicuramente le indicazioni con risultati avvalorati da<br />

pubblicazioni ulteriori e studi numericamente più ampi e<br />

con follow-up più protratto.<br />

Parole chiave Radiologia interventistica · Vascular Plug ·<br />

Embolizzazione


708 Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718<br />

Introduction<br />

The <strong>Amplatzer</strong> <strong>vascular</strong> plug (AVP) consists <strong>of</strong> a self-expandable<br />

n<strong>it</strong>inol cylinder secured to a stainless-steel delivery<br />

cable by a microscrew. Anticlockwise rotation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cable<br />

unscrews <strong>it</strong> from <strong>the</strong> cylinder, allowing controlled release.<br />

The device grew out <strong>of</strong> two precursors designed exclusively<br />

<strong>for</strong> cardiological purposes, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Amplatzer</strong> septal<br />

occluder and <strong>the</strong> <strong>Amplatzer</strong> duct occluder, <strong>use</strong>d <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> occlusion<br />

<strong>of</strong> interatrial defects and patent ductus arteriosus,<br />

respectively [1, 2]. The system’s plug-like shape and availabil<strong>it</strong>y<br />

in several sizes have progressively expanded <strong>it</strong>s applications<br />

in interventional radiology, where <strong>it</strong> <strong>of</strong>fers an alternative<br />

to permanent embolising material such as metallic<br />

coils or acrylic glue, in <strong>the</strong> occlusion <strong>of</strong> small- to mediumsize<br />

feeding and draining vessels in <strong>the</strong> treatment <strong>of</strong><br />

aneurysms or arteriovenous mal<strong>for</strong>mations (AVM) [3–14].<br />

The aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to review our experience to<br />

confirm <strong>the</strong> reported indications <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP, identify possible<br />

fur<strong>the</strong>r indications in interventional radiology and<br />

evaluate <strong>the</strong> immediate and long-term technical success <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> AVP.<br />

Materials and methods<br />

Over <strong>the</strong> past year, we selected 12 patients (seven men and<br />

five women; mean age 65.8 years; age range 45–82) <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

occlusion <strong>of</strong> five internal iliac arteries close to <strong>the</strong> origin (in<br />

three aortoiliac aneurysms, one internal iliac aneurysm and<br />

one isolated common iliac aneurysm), two common iliac arteries<br />

(in ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms treated on<br />

an emergency basis), two subclavian arteries (in aortic arch<br />

aneurysms) and three aneurysms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mid splenic artery<br />

(two AVPs were <strong>use</strong>d, one proximal and one distal to <strong>the</strong><br />

aneurysm). Preprocedural planning was done w<strong>it</strong>h computed<br />

tomography (CT) angiography to assess <strong>the</strong> procedure’s<br />

feasibil<strong>it</strong>y in relation to <strong>the</strong> tortuos<strong>it</strong>y and diameter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

target vessel (Figs. 1a,b and 2a). We <strong>use</strong>d 15 AVPs (AGA<br />

Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, MN, USA) w<strong>it</strong>h a diameter<br />

30%–50% larger than that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> target vessel: 14<br />

mm or 16 mm in diameter delivered through an 8-Fr guiding<br />

ca<strong>the</strong>ter (Envoy, Cordis, Miami, Fl, USA) <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> iliac arteries;<br />

10 mm or 12 mm in diameter delivered through 6- to 7-<br />

Fr guiding ca<strong>the</strong>ters (Envoy) <strong>for</strong> splenic, subclavian and internal<br />

iliac arteries, respectively. A guiding ca<strong>the</strong>ter is preferred<br />

to a long introducer sheath beca<strong>use</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP device<br />

and <strong>it</strong>s loader cannot cross <strong>the</strong> haemostasis valve <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

sheath.<br />

Oversizing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP by 30%–50% w<strong>it</strong>h respect to <strong>the</strong><br />

target vessel is justified by <strong>the</strong> elastic<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> n<strong>it</strong>inol, which allows<br />

<strong>the</strong> cylinder to expand to f<strong>it</strong> <strong>the</strong> diameter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vessel.<br />

After expanding, <strong>the</strong> device becomes elongated and assumes<br />

Introduzione<br />

Il sistema VPA è un device cost<strong>it</strong>u<strong>it</strong>o da un cilindro autoespandibile<br />

in N<strong>it</strong>inol fissato mediante una microv<strong>it</strong>e ad un<br />

cavo di introduzione in acciaio inossidabile; il cavo, con un<br />

movimento antiorario, viene sv<strong>it</strong>ato dal cilindro consentendone<br />

un rilascio controllato. Il dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo è nato da due<br />

precursori per utilizzo esclusivo in amb<strong>it</strong>o cardiologico,<br />

l’Amplater Septal Occluder e l’<strong>Amplatzer</strong> Duct Occluder,<br />

per l’occlusione rispettivamente dei difetti interatriali e dei<br />

dotti arteriosi pervi [1, 2]. Le caratteristiche morfologiche<br />

“a tappo” e la disponibil<strong>it</strong>à in più diametri ne hanno progressivamente<br />

ampliato le indicazioni specie in radiologia<br />

interventistica, in alternativa all’utilizzo di materiale embolizzante<br />

di tipo defin<strong>it</strong>ivo, quali spirali metalliche o la<br />

colla acrilica, nell’occlusione di afferenze o efferenze di arterie<br />

e vene di piccolo e medio calibro per il trattamento<br />

della patologia aneurismatica o delle mal<strong>for</strong>mazioni arterovenose<br />

(MAV) [3–14].<br />

Scopo del nostro lavoro è presentare la nostra esperienza<br />

nel confermare le indicazioni all’utilizzo del VPA apparse<br />

in letteratura e nell’individuare possibili ulteriori indicazioni<br />

in radiologia interventistica e valutarne il successo<br />

tecnico immediato e a distanza.<br />

Materiali e metodi<br />

Nell’ultimo anno abbiamo selezionato 12 pazienti (7 maschi<br />

e 5 femmine, età media 65,8 anni, range 45–82) per l’occlusione<br />

mediante 1 VPA di: 5 arterie ipogastriche all’origine<br />

(in 3 aneurismi aorto-iliaci, 1 aneurisma dell’arteria ipogastrica<br />

e 1 aneurisma isolato dell’arteria iliaca comune), 2<br />

arterie iliache comuni (in aneurismi dell’aorta addominale<br />

rotti trattati in urgenza), 2 arterie succlavie (in aneurismi<br />

dell’arco aortico) e di 3 aneurismi dell’arteria splenica del<br />

tratto intermedio, mediante 2 VPA a monte e a valle<br />

dell’aneurisma. Il “planning” pre-procedura è stato effettuato<br />

mediante angio-TC per valutarne la fattibil<strong>it</strong>à in relazione<br />

alla tortuos<strong>it</strong>à vascolare e il calibro del vaso da occludere<br />

(Figg. 1a,b e 2a). Sono stati utilizzati complessivamente<br />

15 VPA (Vascular Plug <strong>Amplatzer</strong>, AGA Medical Corporation,<br />

Golden Valley, MN, USA) del diametro del 30%–50%<br />

superiore rispetto al calibro del vaso da occludere: da 14 o<br />

16 mm di diametro attraverso cateteri guida da 8 F (Envoy,<br />

Cordis, Miami, Fl, USA) per le arterie iliache; del diametro<br />

da 10 o 12 mm mediante cateteri guida da 6–7 F (Envoy,<br />

Cordis, Miami, Fl, USA) rispettivamente per l’arteria splenica,<br />

succlavia e ipogastrica. Il catetere guida è da preferirsi<br />

all’introduttore lungo in quanto il dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo VPA con il suo<br />

caricatore non supera la valvola emostatica di quest’ultimo.<br />

La sovradimensione del calibro del VAP dal 30% al 50%<br />

superiore al calibro del vaso da occludere è giustificata


Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718 709<br />

a<br />

b<br />

c<br />

d<br />

e<br />

f<br />

g<br />

Fig. 1a-g Splenic artery aneurysm. a-c Preprocedural computed tomography (CT) angiography<br />

(a volume-rendered reconstruction; b axial image) and c angiography: a large saccular<br />

aneurysm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> middle third <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> splenic artery. d Endo<strong>vascular</strong> ligation w<strong>it</strong>h two <strong>Amplatzer</strong><br />

<strong>vascular</strong> plugs (AVPs) (asterisk) in <strong>the</strong> feeding and draining vessels; a contrast-agent<br />

collection is well evident inside <strong>the</strong> sac. e Postprocedural angiography: complete aneurysm<br />

exclusion; inferior pole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> spleen is supplied by collateral vessels (wh<strong>it</strong>e arrow). f,g CT<br />

angiography per<strong>for</strong>med 1 month after <strong>the</strong> procedure (contiguous axial images): AVP (asterisk)<br />

w<strong>it</strong>hout metallic artefacts, aneurysm exclusion (black arrow) and large splenic ischemia<br />

(arrowhead).<br />

Fig. 1a-g Aneurisma dell’arteria splenica. a-c Angio-TC (a ricostruzione VR, b immagine<br />

assiale e c angiografia pre-procedura: voluminoso aneurisma sacci<strong>for</strong>me del terzo medio<br />

dell’arteria splenica. d “Legatura endovascolare” mediante VPA (asterisco) a monte e a<br />

valle, nei rami afferente ed efferente; si osserva ristagno di mezzo di contrasto nella sacca<br />

aneurismatica esclusa. e Angiografia post-procedura: completa esclusione dell’aneurisma;<br />

circoli collaterali rivascolarizzano il polo inferiore della milza (freccia bianca). f,g Angio-<br />

TC espletata 1 mese dopo la procedura (scansioni assiali contigue): ben riconoscibile il VPA<br />

(asterisco) senza artefatti da indurimento del fascio che consente la valutazione della completa<br />

esclusione dell’aneurisma (freccia nera); ampio infarto splenico (testa di freccia).


710 Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718<br />

a<br />

b<br />

c<br />

Fig. 2a-c Aortoiliac aneurysm. a Preprocedural computed tomography (CT) angiography (volume-rendered<br />

reconstruction): aortoiliac aneurysm involving <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> both internal iliac<br />

arteries and small aneurysm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> left internal iliac artery. b Angiography per<strong>for</strong>med after deployment<br />

<strong>of</strong> a customised bifurcated stent-graft w<strong>it</strong>h a branch preserving <strong>the</strong> patency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

right internal iliac artery (black arrow); aneurysm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> left internal iliac artery is excluded<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h endo<strong>vascular</strong> ligation w<strong>it</strong>h <strong>Amplatzer</strong> <strong>vascular</strong> plug (AVP) in <strong>the</strong> feeding artery (black<br />

asterisk) and coils in <strong>the</strong> draining tract (wh<strong>it</strong>e arrow). c CT angiography per<strong>for</strong>med 6 months<br />

after <strong>the</strong> procedure (maximum intens<strong>it</strong>y projection reconstruction): complete exclusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

aneurysm, patency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stent-graft branch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> right internal iliac artery (black arrow) and<br />

exclusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> left internal iliac artery aneurysm w<strong>it</strong>h AVP (asterisk) and coils (wh<strong>it</strong>e arrow).<br />

Fig. 2a-c Aneurisma aorto-iliaco. a Angio-TC pre-procedura (ricostruzione VR): aneurisma<br />

aorto-iliaco con coinvolgimento dell’emergenza delle arterie ipogastriche e piccolo aneurisma<br />

dell’arteria ipogastrica sinistra. b Angiografia espletata dopo posizionamento di endoprotesi<br />

bi<strong>for</strong>cata “custom-made” con braccietto protesico che preserva la pervietà dell’arteria ipogastrica<br />

destra (freccia nera); l’aneurisma dell’arteria ipogastrica sinistra è stato escluso<br />

mediante “legatura endovascolare” con VPA a monte (asterisco nero) e spirali metalliche a<br />

valle (freccia bianca). c Follow-up con angio-TC esegu<strong>it</strong>a 6 mesi dopo la procedura (ricostruzione<br />

MIP): completa esclusione dell’aneurisma con pervietà dell’arteria ipogastrica destra<br />

dove è riconoscibile braccietto protesico (freccia nera); esclusione anche dell’aneurisma<br />

dell’arteria ipogastrica sinistra con VPA (asterisco) e spirali metaliche (freccia bianca).<br />

<strong>it</strong>s typical plug shape. The AVP is 7 mm or 8 mm long, and<br />

<strong>it</strong>s elongation is inversely proportional to <strong>the</strong> vessel diameter.<br />

In vessels w<strong>it</strong>h a diameter less than 50% that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cylinder,<br />

<strong>the</strong> device can reach more than 1 cm in length.<br />

In 10/12 cases, we <strong>use</strong>d percutaneous transfemoral access,<br />

whereas in 2/12 cases, requiring occlusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subclavian<br />

artery, percutaneous access was transhumeral. The<br />

target vessel was first ca<strong>the</strong>terised selectively w<strong>it</strong>h an appropriately<br />

shaped 5-Fr ca<strong>the</strong>ter (Cordis) and 0.035”<br />

guidewire (Glidewire, Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) (Fig. 3a-c).<br />

Then, w<strong>it</strong>h <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> a 0.035” stiff guidewire (Amplatz,<br />

Boston Scientific, Ratingen, Germany), we advanced <strong>the</strong><br />

guiding ca<strong>the</strong>ter (Envoy, Cordis, Miami, FI, USA). In two<br />

cases <strong>of</strong> aortoiliac aneurysm, <strong>the</strong> internal iliac artery was<br />

ca<strong>the</strong>terised w<strong>it</strong>h <strong>the</strong> crossover technique, whereas in <strong>the</strong> remaining<br />

cases, <strong>the</strong> ostium <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac artery was<br />

ca<strong>the</strong>terised through an ipsilateral access owing to more<br />

favourable anatomy. Once <strong>the</strong> guiding ca<strong>the</strong>ter was close to<br />

dalla elastic<strong>it</strong>à del N<strong>it</strong>inol che permette l’espansione sino al<br />

raggiungimento del calibro vaso; successivamente il dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo<br />

si allunga conferendo la caratteristica morfologia “a<br />

tappo”. Il VAP è lungo 7 o 8 mm e l’allungamento è inversamente<br />

proporzionale al calibro del vaso; con vasi di calibro<br />

inferiore al 50% si può allungare più di 1 cm.<br />

In 10/12 casi l’approccio percutaneo è stato effettuato<br />

per via trans-femorale; in 2/12 casi, per l’occlusione<br />

dell’arteria succlavia, è stato utilizzato l’approccio transomerale.<br />

Il vaso da occludere è stato dapprima cateterizzato<br />

selettivamente mediante catetere da 5 F (Cordis, Miami,<br />

USA) di morfologia appropriata e guida 0,035” (Glidewire,<br />

Terumo, Tokyo, Giappone) (Fig. 3a-c); successivamente<br />

con l’ausilio di guida rigida 0,035” (Amplatz, Boston Scientific,<br />

Ratingen, Germania) viene avanzato il catetere guida<br />

(Envoy, Cordis, Miami, Fl, USA); in 2 casi di aneurisma<br />

aorto-iliaco, l’arteria ipogastrica è stata cateterizzata con<br />

tecnica “cross-over”, mentre nei rimanenti casi l’ostio


Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718 711<br />

a b c<br />

*<br />

d e f<br />

Fig. 3a-f Isolated common iliac artery aneurysm. a Preprocedural angiography: isolated common iliac artery aneurysm involving <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> internal iliac<br />

artery; complete exclusion requires occlusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> orifice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac artery. b Selective ca<strong>the</strong>terisation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac artery w<strong>it</strong>h<br />

crossover technique (wh<strong>it</strong>e arrow). c Angiography per<strong>for</strong>med after <strong>Amplatzer</strong> <strong>vascular</strong> plug (AVP) deployment (asterisk): occlusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac<br />

artery. d Angiography per<strong>for</strong>med after pos<strong>it</strong>ioning <strong>of</strong> a covered stent-graft: complete aneurysm exclusion. e,f Computed tomography (CT) angiography per<strong>for</strong>med<br />

3 months after <strong>the</strong> procedure (e oblique multiplanar reconstruction w<strong>it</strong>h maximum intens<strong>it</strong>y algor<strong>it</strong>hm; f volume-rendered reconstruction w<strong>it</strong>h bone<br />

segmentation): complete aneurysm exclusion, w<strong>it</strong>h calcified shell (black arrow) and iliac axis patency; AVP at <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac artery (asterisk);<br />

branches <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac artery are recanalised by collateral vessels (wh<strong>it</strong>e arrow).<br />

Fig. 3a-f Aneurisma isolato dell’arteria iliaca comune destra. a Angiografia pre-procedura: aneurisma isolato dell’arteria iliaca comune che coinvolge<br />

l’emergenza dell’arteria ipogastrica; l’esclusione completa necess<strong>it</strong>a dell’occlusione all’origine dell’arteria ipogastrica. b Cateterismo selettivo dell’arteria<br />

ipogastrica con tecnica “cross-over”(freccia bianca). c Angiografia espletata dopo posizionamento di VPA (asterisco): occlusione all’origine dell’arteria<br />

ipogastrica. d Angiografia espletata dopo posizionamento di stent ricoperto: completa esclusione dell’aneurisma. e,f Follow-up con angio-TC esegu<strong>it</strong>a<br />

3 mesi dopo la procedura (ricostruzione MPR obliqua con algor<strong>it</strong>mo MIP: e ricostruzione VR con segmentazione dell’osso; f completa esclusione<br />

dell’aneurisma, con guscio calcifico ben evidente in e (freccia nera) e regolare pervietà dell’asse iliaco; all’origine dell’arteria ipogastrica è presente <strong>vascular</strong><br />

plug (asterisco); i rami di suddivisione dell’arteria ipogastrica sono ricanalizzati da circoli collaterali (frecce bianche).<br />

<strong>the</strong> target s<strong>it</strong>e, <strong>the</strong> AVP was inserted into <strong>it</strong> and advanced to<br />

<strong>the</strong> s<strong>it</strong>e by pushing <strong>the</strong> 135-mm steel cable. Correct pos<strong>it</strong>ioning<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP was <strong>the</strong>n verified, and <strong>the</strong> guiding<br />

ca<strong>the</strong>ter was slightly w<strong>it</strong>hdrawn. At this point, <strong>the</strong> cylinder<br />

expands until <strong>it</strong> adheres firmly to <strong>the</strong> vessel, thanks to <strong>the</strong><br />

outward radial <strong>for</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> n<strong>it</strong>inol. Once expanded, <strong>the</strong> device<br />

can no longer be moved. Then, <strong>the</strong> delivery cable was rotated<br />

anticlockwise to detach <strong>it</strong> and allow defin<strong>it</strong>ive deployment<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> device. The AVP can also be released by pushdell’arteria<br />

ipogastrica, in relazione alla favorevole anatomia,<br />

è stato cateterizzato per via omolaterale. Posizionato il<br />

catetere guida in prossim<strong>it</strong>à del s<strong>it</strong>o del rilascio, il VPA è<br />

stato inser<strong>it</strong>o con appos<strong>it</strong>o caricatore nel catetere guida e<br />

quindi avanzato mediante il cavo in acciaio lungo 135 cm<br />

che permette di spingerlo nel s<strong>it</strong>o del rilascio; verificata la<br />

giusta posizione del VPA il catetere guida è stato per breve<br />

tratto retratto; il cilindro quindi si espande sino ad aderire<br />

saldamente al vaso grazie alla <strong>for</strong>za radiale del N<strong>it</strong>inol; a


712 Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718<br />

ing <strong>the</strong> delivery cable out <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guiding ca<strong>the</strong>ter until <strong>the</strong><br />

distal end expands and <strong>the</strong>n w<strong>it</strong>hdrawing <strong>the</strong> guiding<br />

ca<strong>the</strong>ter while firmly holding <strong>the</strong> delivery cable in pos<strong>it</strong>ion<br />

until <strong>the</strong> device has expanded completely.<br />

Treatment <strong>of</strong> splenic and internal iliac aneurysms required,<br />

where possible, <strong>the</strong> placement <strong>of</strong> two AVPs, one<br />

proximal and one distal to <strong>the</strong> aneurysm, to create an endo<strong>vascular</strong><br />

ligation (per<strong>for</strong>med in <strong>the</strong> three splenic<br />

aneurysms) (Fig. 3c-e). Where deployment is precluded by<br />

<strong>the</strong> small diameter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outflow vessel or <strong>vascular</strong> tortuos<strong>it</strong>y<br />

hampering advancement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> guiding ca<strong>the</strong>ter, <strong>the</strong> outflow<br />

vessel can be ca<strong>the</strong>terised w<strong>it</strong>h a microca<strong>the</strong>ter and occluded<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h metallic coils. The proximal feeding vessel can<br />

<strong>the</strong>n be occluded w<strong>it</strong>h <strong>the</strong> AVP (this procedure was done in<br />

<strong>the</strong> internal iliac aneurysm) (Fig. 2b). Follow-up was carried<br />

out w<strong>it</strong>h CT angiography and/or contrast-enhanced ultrasound<br />

(US) at 3 and 6 months (Figs. 1f,g, 2c and 3e,f). Subsequent<br />

follow-up was carried out according to <strong>the</strong> cond<strong>it</strong>ion<br />

being treated.<br />

Results<br />

Immediate technical success was achieved in 12/12 cases<br />

and documented by postprocedural angiography, which<br />

showed firm anchoring <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP by outward radial <strong>for</strong>ce<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h artery occlusion and aneurysm exclusion (Figs. 1e, 2b,<br />

3d, and 4b,c). No major complication such as rupture, per<strong>for</strong>ation<br />

or dissection was observed.<br />

During <strong>the</strong> follow-up period (mean 4.6 months, range<br />

3–6) CT angiography and/or contrast-enhanced US demonstrated<br />

occlusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> artery and aneurysm. No cases <strong>of</strong><br />

device migration occurred. Reduced metallic artefacts, compared<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h metallic coils, allowed <strong>for</strong> precise depiction <strong>of</strong><br />

occlusion <strong>of</strong> vessels and aneurysms at follow-up CT angiography<br />

(Figs. 1f,g, 2c and 3e,f).<br />

Discussion<br />

The AVP is a self-expanding cylindrical device made <strong>of</strong> a<br />

n<strong>it</strong>inol wire mesh and secured on both ends w<strong>it</strong>h platinum<br />

marker bands. A stainless-steel microscrew is welded to <strong>the</strong><br />

proximal marker band to allow attachment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> delivery<br />

cable (Fig. 5). The AVP is available in diameters from 4<br />

mm to 16 mm, w<strong>it</strong>h 2-mm increments, and is 7 mm or 8 mm<br />

long. The AVP grew out <strong>of</strong> two cardiac devices <strong>use</strong>d <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

closure <strong>of</strong> interatrial defects or patent ductus arteriosus (<strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Amplatzer</strong> septal occluder and <strong>the</strong> <strong>Amplatzer</strong> duct occluder,<br />

respectively) [1, 2]. The AVP in now indicated <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> occlusion<br />

<strong>of</strong> medium- to small-size arteries or veins in interventional<br />

radiology [3–14].<br />

The main advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP, compared w<strong>it</strong>h o<strong>the</strong>r<br />

questo punto non è più possibile muovere il dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo. Successivamente<br />

mediante un movimento antiorario il cavo in<br />

acciaio è stato sv<strong>it</strong>ato dalla microv<strong>it</strong>e s<strong>it</strong>a nella porzione<br />

prossimale con rilascio defin<strong>it</strong>ivo del dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo. Il VPA<br />

può essere anche posizionato spingendolo mediante il cavo<br />

al di fuori del catetere guida sino all’espansione della parte<br />

distale quindi retrarre il catetere guida tenendo in tensione<br />

il cavo in acciaio sino alla completa espansione.<br />

Il trattamento degli aneurismi splenici e dell’arteria ipogastrica<br />

ha previsto, dove possibile, il posizionamento di 2<br />

VPA a monte e a valle dell’aneurisma al fine di realizzare<br />

una “legatura endovascolare” (effettuata nei 3 aneurismi<br />

splenici) (Fig. 3c-e). Qualora il ridotto calibro dell’arteria<br />

efferente o la difficoltà di portare in sede un catetere guida<br />

per tortuos<strong>it</strong>à vascolare, non consentono il posizionamento,<br />

è possibile cateterizzare le efferenze con microcatetere e occluderle<br />

con spirali metalliche e successivamente occludere<br />

l’afferenza prossimale mediante il VPA (tale procedura è<br />

stata effettuata nell’aneurisma dell’arteria ipogastrica)<br />

(Fig. 2b). Il follow-up è stato espletato mediante angio-TC<br />

e/o ecografia con MdC a 3, 6 mesi (Figg. 1f,g, 2c e 3e,f).<br />

Successivamente i pazienti hanno esegu<strong>it</strong>o il follow-up in<br />

relazione alla patologia trattata.<br />

Risultati<br />

È stato ottenuto successo tecnico immediato 12/12 casi, documentato<br />

all’angiografia post-procedura che ha dimostrato<br />

l’ancoraggio per <strong>for</strong>za radiale al vaso e la successiva occlusione<br />

dell’arteria e l’esclusione degli aneurismi trattati<br />

(Figg. 1e, 2b, 3d e 4b,c). Non si sono verificate complicanze<br />

maggiori quali rottura, per<strong>for</strong>azione o dissezione del vaso<br />

trattato.<br />

Durante il follow-up (medio 4,6 mesi, range 3–6) il controllo<br />

con angio-TC e/o ecografia con MdC ha dimostrato<br />

l’occlusione dell’arteria e quindi dell’aneurisma trattato.<br />

Non si sono verificate migrazioni dei dispos<strong>it</strong>ivi impiantati.<br />

In relazione ai ridotti artefatti da indurimento del fascio<br />

causati del dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo, rispetto alle spirali metalliche, ai<br />

controlli angio-TC, è stato possibile documentare con precisione<br />

l’occlusione del vaso e degli aneurismi trattati<br />

(Figg. 1f,g, 2c e 3e,f).<br />

Discussione<br />

Il VPA è un dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo cilindrico autoespandibile realizzato<br />

in maglia metallica di N<strong>it</strong>inol fissato alle due estrem<strong>it</strong>à<br />

con fasce di marker in platino; a quella prossimale è saldata<br />

una microv<strong>it</strong>e in acciaio che consente il fissaggio al cavo<br />

di introduzione (Fig. 5). È disponibile in calibri da 4 a<br />

16 mm, con incremento di 2 mm, lungo 7 o 8 mm. È nato da


Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718 713<br />

embolising devices such as metallic coils lies in <strong>the</strong> opportun<strong>it</strong>y<br />

to occlude <strong>the</strong> feeding and/or draining vessels <strong>of</strong><br />

aneurysms or AVMs w<strong>it</strong>h a single device and thus w<strong>it</strong>h<br />

faster immediate results. Ano<strong>the</strong>r advantage is <strong>the</strong> increased<br />

precision and control during deployment af<strong>for</strong>ded by <strong>the</strong> delivery<br />

system [5, 7, 9, 13]. The elastic<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> n<strong>it</strong>inol allows<br />

<strong>the</strong> device to become firmly anchored to <strong>the</strong> vessel wall by<br />

outward radial <strong>for</strong>ce, which prevents migration and allows<br />

leng<strong>the</strong>ning to be predicted. As a result, selection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> diameter<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> device can be less precise compared w<strong>it</strong>h selection<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> diameter, length and type <strong>of</strong> coil. Use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

AVP <strong>the</strong>re<strong>for</strong>e <strong>of</strong>fers an alternative to occlusion w<strong>it</strong>h metallic<br />

coil embolisation, which requires <strong>the</strong> placement <strong>of</strong> several<br />

coils <strong>of</strong> different sizes to occlude a single vessel w<strong>it</strong>h<br />

4- or 5-Fr ca<strong>the</strong>ters or <strong>the</strong> more expensive microca<strong>the</strong>ters.<br />

Moreover, <strong>the</strong> inabil<strong>it</strong>y to control coil release w<strong>it</strong>h <strong>the</strong><br />

metallic coils creates a risk <strong>of</strong> malpos<strong>it</strong>ioning or displacement.<br />

Although this lim<strong>it</strong>ation can be overcome by controlled-release<br />

coils, <strong>the</strong>ir <strong>use</strong> increases overall procedure<br />

cost and time. Ano<strong>the</strong>r advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP is that, due to<br />

<strong>it</strong>s morphological and structural characteristics, <strong>it</strong> ca<strong>use</strong>s<br />

less metallic artefacts on CT angiography compared w<strong>it</strong>h<br />

platinum coils (Figs. 1f,g, 2c, and 3e,f). This allows <strong>for</strong> a<br />

more precise assessment <strong>of</strong> aneurysm exclusion and possible<br />

endoleak feeding vessels.<br />

All <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se features have allowed <strong>the</strong> AVP to be proposed<br />

<strong>for</strong> <strong>use</strong> in interventional radiology and <strong>it</strong>s indications<br />

to be progressively extended. Over <strong>the</strong> past year, a number<br />

<strong>of</strong> early reports have been published in <strong>the</strong> l<strong>it</strong>erature (Table<br />

1). These are mostly case reports regarding extracardiac applications<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Amplatzer</strong> systems <strong>for</strong> treating pulmonary<br />

AVM [4, 7, 9, 13], subclavian [8], internal iliac [6, 14], pulmonary<br />

[12] and cerebral aneurysms [5], <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> occlusion<br />

<strong>of</strong> a retroper<strong>it</strong>oneal shunt in a patient w<strong>it</strong>h portal hypertension<br />

during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt<br />

(TIPS) creation [3] and <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> occlusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac<br />

artery in patients w<strong>it</strong>h aortoiliac or iliac aneurysm [11]. One<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> earliest reports described <strong>the</strong> <strong>use</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP to occlude<br />

<strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac artery in <strong>the</strong> endo<strong>vascular</strong><br />

treatment <strong>of</strong> aortoiliac and iliac aneurysms to prevent<br />

type II endoleaks [11].<br />

The major<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> published case reports deals w<strong>it</strong>h pulmonary<br />

AVM. In particular, pulmonary AVM w<strong>it</strong>h large<br />

feeding arteries, and thus at a greater risk <strong>of</strong> device migration,<br />

were successfully treated w<strong>it</strong>h <strong>the</strong> AVP, which showed<br />

excellent anchoring to <strong>the</strong> vessel and immediate occlusion<br />

[4, 7, 9, 13]. The only alternative treatment <strong>for</strong> pulmonary<br />

AVM is <strong>the</strong> <strong>use</strong> <strong>of</strong> metallic coils [15, 16], as indications <strong>for</strong><br />

occlusion w<strong>it</strong>h a detachable latex balloon have become obsolete.<br />

Among later studies, a sporadic report <strong>of</strong> a ruptured<br />

isolated aneurysm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac artery [14] described<br />

embolisation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outflow branches and <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

internal iliac artery w<strong>it</strong>h coils and an AVP using <strong>the</strong> endue<br />

precursori per utilizzo esclusivo in amb<strong>it</strong>o cardiologico<br />

per la chiusura dei difetti interatriali o dei dotti arteriosi<br />

pervii (Amplater Septal Occluder e l’<strong>Amplatzer</strong> Duct Occluder<br />

rispettivamente) [1, 2]. Il VPA trova oggi indicazione<br />

in radiologia interventistica nell’occlusione di arterie o<br />

vene di medio e piccolo calibro [3–14].<br />

Il vantaggio principale, rispetto ad altri “devices” embolizzanti<br />

come le spirali metalliche, è la possibil<strong>it</strong>à di utilizzare<br />

un unico dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo per l’occlusione di vasi afferenti e/o<br />

efferenti a patologia aneurismatica o mal<strong>for</strong>mazioni arterovenose<br />

(MAV), quindi con un più veloce risultato immediato;<br />

inoltre le caratteristiche del sistema di rilascio permettono<br />

un più preciso e controllato posizionamento [5, 7, 9, 13].<br />

L’elastic<strong>it</strong>à del N<strong>it</strong>inol consente un saldo ancoraggio al vaso<br />

per <strong>for</strong>za radiale ev<strong>it</strong>ando le migrazioni con un allungamento<br />

prevedibile; è quindi possibile una scelta del calibro del<br />

dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo sicuramente meno precisa rispetto alla scelta del<br />

calibro, della lunghezza e del tipo di spirale. Si pone quindi,<br />

attualmente, quale alternativa all’occlusione mediante embolizzazione<br />

con spirali metalliche; quest’ultima prevede il<br />

posizionamento di più spirali di calibro diverso per occlusioni<br />

di un unico vaso con cateteri da 4 o 5 F o l’utilizzo più<br />

costoso di microcateteri; inoltre l’impossibil<strong>it</strong>à di controllarne<br />

il rilascio comporta il rischio di malposizionamento o<br />

dislocazione delle stesse. Questo lim<strong>it</strong>e può essere superato<br />

dall’uso di spirali metalliche a distacco o a rilascio controllato<br />

che però accresce ulteriormente i costi complessivi e<br />

prolunga i tempi della procedura. Un altro vantaggio è cost<strong>it</strong>u<strong>it</strong>o<br />

dal fatto che il VPA, per le sue caratteristiche morfologiche<br />

e strutturali, comporta minori artefatti da indurimento<br />

del fascio all’indagine angio-TC rispetto alle spirali<br />

metalliche in platino (Figg. 1f,g, 2c e 3e,f); questo permette<br />

una più precisa valutazione dell’esclusione degli aneurismi e<br />

l’eventuale ri<strong>for</strong>nimento degli endoleak.<br />

Le caratteristiche peculiari descr<strong>it</strong>te hanno consent<strong>it</strong>o di<br />

proporne l’utilizzo in radiologia interventistica e di ampliarne<br />

progressivamente le indicazioni. Durante l’ultimo anno<br />

sono apparsi in letteratura i primi lavori (Tabella 1), la<br />

maggior parte “case report”, riguardanti l’utilizzo extracardiologico<br />

dei sistemi Ampltazer (Tabella 1) per il trattamento<br />

di MAV polmonari [4, 7, 9, 13], aneurismi dell’arteria<br />

succlavia [8], ipogastrica [6, 14], polmonare [12], cerebrali<br />

[5], per l’occlusione di shunt retroper<strong>it</strong>oneale in paziente<br />

con ipertensione portale durante TIPS [3] e per l’occlusione<br />

dell’arteria ipogastrica in pazienti con aneurisma aorto-iliaco<br />

o iliaco [11]. Uno dei primi studi riporta l’utilizzo del<br />

VPA nell’occlusione dell’origine dell’arteria ipogastrica nel<br />

trattamento endovascolare degli aneurismi aorto-iliaci e<br />

iliaci per la prevenzione dell’endoleak di tipo II [11].<br />

La maggior parte dei casi pubblicati riguarda le MAV<br />

polmonari per le quali è stato riportato il trattamento con<br />

successo di MAV con arteria afferente di grosso calibro nelle<br />

quali è maggiore il rischio di migrazione del dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo


714 Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718<br />

Table 1 L<strong>it</strong>erature about <strong>the</strong> extracardiac <strong>use</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Amplatzer</strong> <strong>vascular</strong> plug (AVP) systems<br />

Author; publication year Disease treated Number <strong>of</strong> cases device Result<br />

Ha et al., 2005 [11] Internal arteries in aortoiliac and iliac aneurysms 5 AVP Success<br />

Pate et al., 2005 [12] Pulmonary artery aneurysm 1 <strong>Amplatzer</strong> septal occluder Success<br />

Ferro et al., 2006 [13] Pulmonary AVM 1 AVP Success<br />

de Medici et al., 2006 [14] Isolated aneurysm internal iliac artery 1 AVP+coils Success<br />

Ho<strong>it</strong> et al., 2006 [5] Cerebral aneurysms 2 AVP+coils Success<br />

Dorenberg et al., 2006 [6] Ruptured isolated aneurysm internal iliac artery 1 AVP Recanalisation<br />

at 1 month<br />

Rossi et al., 2006 [7] Pulmonary AVM 2 AVP Success<br />

Hoppe et al., 2006 [8] Aneurysm <strong>of</strong> aberrant right subclavian artery 1 <strong>Amplatzer</strong> septal occluder Success<br />

Beck et al., 2006 [9] Pulmonary AVM 14: 12 <strong>Amplatzer</strong> duct Success<br />

occluders, 2 AVPs<br />

Mylonas et al., 2006 [10] Anastomotic aneurysm <strong>of</strong> aortocoronary bypass graft 1 AVP Success<br />

Rabenstein et al., 2006 [20] Broncho-oesophageal fistula 1 <strong>Amplatzer</strong> septal occluder Success<br />

Kessler et al., 2006 [3] Retroper<strong>it</strong>oneal shunt during TIPS 1 AVP+coils Success<br />

Cil et al., 2006 [4] Bilateral pulmonary AVM 2 AVP Success<br />

AVM, arteriovenous mal<strong>for</strong>mations; TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt<br />

Tabella 1 Letteratura riguardante l’utilizzo extra-cardiaco dei sistemi <strong>Amplatzer</strong><br />

Autore; anno di pubblicazione Patologia trattata Numero casi (device) Risultato<br />

Ha et al., 2005 [11] Arterie ipogastriche in aneurismi aorto-iliaci e iliaci 5 (VPA) Successo<br />

Pate et al., 2005 [12] Aneurisma arteria polmonare 1 (<strong>Amplatzer</strong> Septal Occluder) Successo<br />

Ferro et al., 2007 [13] MAV polmonare 1 (VPA) Successo<br />

de Medici et al., 2006 [14] Aneurisma isolato arteria ipogastrica 1 (VPA+spirali) Successo<br />

Ho<strong>it</strong> et al., 2006 [5] Aneurismi cerebrali 2 (VPA+spirali) Successo<br />

Dorenberg et al., 2006 [6] Aneurisma isolato arteria ipogastrica rotto 1 (VPA) Ricanalizzazione<br />

a 1 mese<br />

Rossi et al., 2006 [7] MAV polmonari 2 (VPA) Successo<br />

Hoppe et al., 2006 [8] Aneurisma arteria lusoria 1 (<strong>Amplatzer</strong> Septal Occluder) Successo<br />

Beck et al., 2006 [9] MAV polmonari 14: 12 (<strong>Amplatzer</strong> Duct Successo<br />

Occluder) 2 (VPA)<br />

Mylonas et al., 2006 [10] Aneurisma anastomotico in by-pass aorto-coronarico 1 (VPA) Successo<br />

Rabenstein et al., 2006 [20] Fistola bronco-es<strong>of</strong>agea 1 (<strong>Amplatzer</strong> Septal Occluder) Successo<br />

Kessler et al., 2006 [3] Shunt retroper<strong>it</strong>oneale durante TIPS 1 (VPA+spirali) Successo<br />

Cil et al., 2006 [4] MAV polmonari bilaterali 2 (VPA) Successo<br />

MAV, mal<strong>for</strong>mazioni arterovenose; TIPS, shunt portosistemico intraepatico transgiugulare<br />

do<strong>vascular</strong> ligation technique. This technique has been successfully<br />

applied to <strong>the</strong> treatment <strong>of</strong> visceral aneurysms [17]<br />

and, given that <strong>the</strong> 10-mm AVP can be <strong>use</strong>d w<strong>it</strong>h 6-Fr guiding<br />

ca<strong>the</strong>ters, we recognised <strong>the</strong> possibil<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> excluding<br />

aneurysms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mid splenic artery. As an alternative, when<br />

vessel tortuos<strong>it</strong>y and <strong>the</strong> diameter <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outflow vessels<br />

preclude advancement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> device, <strong>the</strong> distal outflow vessels<br />

can be embolised w<strong>it</strong>h metallic coils and <strong>the</strong> proximal<br />

feeding vessel w<strong>it</strong>h <strong>the</strong> AVP, as done by us in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> internal iliac aneurysm.<br />

In <strong>the</strong> treatment <strong>of</strong> peripheral aneurysms, where maintenance<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>vascular</strong> continu<strong>it</strong>y is not a prior<strong>it</strong>y, possible<br />

options include endo<strong>vascular</strong> ligation or a hybrid approach.<br />

The hybrid approach has been reported in <strong>the</strong> treatment <strong>of</strong><br />

embolizzante; in questi casi si è osservato l’ottimo ancoraggio<br />

del VPA con immediato effetto occlusivo [4, 7, 9, 13]. In<br />

questi casi l’alternativa è l’utilizzo di spirali metalliche [15,<br />

16]; l’indicazione all’occlusione mediante palloncino staccabile<br />

in lattice è ormai per le MAV polmonari obsoleta.<br />

Tra i lavori pubblicati successivamente, un caso sporadico<br />

di aneurisma isolato dell’arteria ipogastrica in rottura [14]<br />

descrive l’embolizzazione mediante spirali metalliche dei<br />

rami efferenti di suddivisione e dell’origine dell’arteria ipogastrica<br />

mediante VPA con la tecnica della “ legatura endovascolare”.<br />

Quest’ultima tecnica è stata adottata con<br />

successo nel trattamento degli aneurismi viscerali [17] e<br />

poiché il VPA del calibro da 10 mm scorre su cateteri guida<br />

da 6 F abbiamo individuato la possibil<strong>it</strong>à di escludere gli


Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718 715<br />

an aneurysm <strong>of</strong> an aberrant right subclavian artery. The origin<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subclavian artery was occluded w<strong>it</strong>h an AVP,<br />

followed by ligation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subclavian artery above <strong>the</strong><br />

origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> vertebral artery and carotid-subclavian bypass,<br />

resulting in less invasiveness and intraoperative mortal<strong>it</strong>y<br />

[8].<br />

In agreement w<strong>it</strong>h Ha et al. [11], we successfully explored<br />

<strong>the</strong> possibil<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> treating isolated iliac aneurysms by<br />

pos<strong>it</strong>ioning an AVP to exclude <strong>the</strong> internal iliac ostium,<br />

when involved, and prevent a type II endoleak be<strong>for</strong>e endograft<br />

placement, as an alternative to occlusion w<strong>it</strong>h metallic<br />

coils. Moreover, in endo<strong>vascular</strong> repair <strong>of</strong> aortoiliac<br />

aneurysms, <strong>the</strong> AVP can be <strong>use</strong>d to exclude <strong>the</strong> internal iliac<br />

ostium provided that <strong>the</strong> aneurysm involves a single axis.<br />

Where both ostia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac arteries are involved,<br />

customised stent-grafts w<strong>it</strong>h small pros<strong>the</strong>tic branches to be<br />

inserted at <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> arteries can seal <strong>the</strong><br />

aneurysm while guaranteeing <strong>the</strong> patency <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal<br />

iliac arteries [18] and allowing exclusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contralateral<br />

artery w<strong>it</strong>h an AVP (Fig. 2).<br />

In <strong>the</strong> endo<strong>vascular</strong> treatment <strong>of</strong> aortic-arch aneurysms,<br />

coverage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subclavian artery by <strong>the</strong> stentgraft<br />

may give rise to a type II endoleak due to retrograde<br />

flow. These endoleaks are treated w<strong>it</strong>h coil embolisation <strong>of</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> subclavian artery through a transhumeral access. Rapid<br />

placement and availabil<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> several sizes, all <strong>of</strong> which can<br />

be <strong>use</strong>d w<strong>it</strong>h 6- or 7-Fr guiding ca<strong>the</strong>ters and transhumeral<br />

approach, makes <strong>the</strong> AVP a valuable alternative to coil embolisation.<br />

In add<strong>it</strong>ion, <strong>the</strong> procedure can be proposed in all<br />

aortic-arch aneurysms to prevent <strong>for</strong>mation <strong>of</strong> type II endoleaks,<br />

given that in <strong>the</strong>se cases, <strong>the</strong> left transhumeral access<br />

is already <strong>use</strong>d <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> sentinel ca<strong>the</strong>ter to be <strong>use</strong>d during<br />

<strong>the</strong> various phases <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> procedure.<br />

In our experience, rapid placement also allowed <strong>for</strong> successful<br />

treatment <strong>of</strong> abdominal aorta aneurysms on an<br />

emergency basis by means <strong>of</strong> aorto-uni-iliac endograft and<br />

an AVP in <strong>the</strong> contralateral common iliac artery (Fig. 4).<br />

This preserved patency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> external and internal iliac<br />

artery and avoided surgical ligation, w<strong>it</strong>h faster exclusion<br />

<strong>of</strong> ruptured aneurysms. This approach can, however, also<br />

be adopted in elective treatment. The alternative is a stentgraft<br />

occluder available only <strong>for</strong> some uni-iliac stent-grafts<br />

(Zen<strong>it</strong>, Cook and Talent, Medtronic) or coil embolisation<br />

[19]. The advantage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP over <strong>the</strong>se o<strong>the</strong>r occluding<br />

devices is <strong>it</strong>s more precise pos<strong>it</strong>ioning close to <strong>the</strong> iliac<br />

bifurcation, in that a single AVP device can accommodate<br />

a range <strong>of</strong> diameters, perm<strong>it</strong>ting better preservation <strong>of</strong><br />

patency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> external and internal iliac arteries. Add<strong>it</strong>ionally,<br />

<strong>the</strong> AVP is advanced through smaller arterial introducers.<br />

The only case <strong>of</strong> AVP failure was reported in a ruptured<br />

aneurysm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> internal iliac artery in which AVP recanalisation<br />

occurred at 4 weeks after treatment [6].<br />

aneurismi dell’arteria splenica del tratto intermedio. In alternativa,<br />

qualora la tortuos<strong>it</strong>à del vaso e il calibro dei rami<br />

efferenti all’aneurisma non consentano l’avanzamento<br />

del “device” è possibile embolizzare le efferenze distali mediante<br />

spirali metalliche e l’afferenza prossimale mediante<br />

il VPA come effettuato nella nostra esperienza nel trattamento<br />

di un aneurisma dell’arteria ipogastrica.<br />

Nel trattamento degli aneurismi periferici qualora non<br />

sia necessario garantire una continu<strong>it</strong>à vascolare è possibile<br />

una “legatura endovascolare” o un approccio ibrido come<br />

apparso in letteratura di trattamento di un aneurisma<br />

dell’arteria lusoria con occlusione dell’origine della succlavia<br />

mediante VPA e successiva legatura dell’arteria succlavia<br />

a monte dell’origine dell’arteria vertebrale e successivo<br />

bypass carotido-succlavio di minore invasiv<strong>it</strong>à e mortal<strong>it</strong>à<br />

perioperatoria [8].<br />

Come riportato da Ha et al. [11] abbiamo valutato con<br />

successo la possibil<strong>it</strong>à di trattare gli aneurismi isolati<br />

dell’asse iliaco con esclusione dell’origine dell’arteria ipogastrica<br />

mediante VPA qualora coinvolta, prima del posizionamento<br />

dello stent-graft, al fine di escludere il ri<strong>for</strong>nimento<br />

retrogrado, in alternativa all’occlusione mediante<br />

spirali metalliche. Inoltre, nel trattamento endovascolare<br />

degli aneurismi aorto-iliaci è possibile escludere l’origine<br />

di una arteria ipogastrica mediante VPA qualora l’aneurisma<br />

interessi un unico asse; mentre qualora interessi ambedue<br />

le origini delle arterie ipogastriche, le protesi “custom<br />

made” provviste di piccoli braccetti protesici da inserire<br />

all’origine di una delle arterie ipogastriche che sigillano<br />

perfettamente l’aneurisma garantiscono la pervietà di una<br />

delle arterie ipogastriche [18] e permettono di escludere la<br />

controlaterale con VPA (Fig. 2).<br />

Nel trattamento endovascolare degli aneurismi dell’arco<br />

dell’aorta, la copertura da parte dell’endoprotesi dell’origine<br />

dell’arteria succlavia può realizzare, mediante inversione<br />

del flusso, un endoleak di tipo II; per tali endoleaks è<br />

prevista l’embolizzazione con spirali metalliche con approccio<br />

trans-omerale dell’origine dell’arteria succlavia<br />

stessa. Attualmente il VPA, per la rapid<strong>it</strong>à di posizionamento<br />

e per la disponibil<strong>it</strong>à di diametri idonei al calibro del vaso<br />

da occludere avanzabili su cateteri guida da 6 o 7 F con<br />

approccio trans-omerale, è una valida alternativa all’embolizzazione<br />

con spirali; inoltre la procedura può essere<br />

proposta in tutti gli aneurismi dell’arco nella prevenzione<br />

dell’endoleak di tipo II, in quanto in questi casi è di già<br />

quasi sempre previsto un approccio transomerale di sinistra<br />

per posizionare un catetere “sentinella” da utilizzare nelle<br />

varie fasi della procedura.<br />

Nella nostra esperienza, la rapid<strong>it</strong>à di posizionamento ha<br />

consent<strong>it</strong>o di trattare con successo anche aneurismi<br />

dell’aorta addominale in urgenza mediante endoprotesi aorto-uniliaca<br />

e VPA posizionato in arteria iliaca comune controlaterale<br />

(Fig. 4) preservando la pervietà delle arterie ilia-


716 Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718<br />

a b c<br />

Fig. 4a-c Aneurysm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> infrarenal abdominal aorta. a Preprocedural angiography: aneurysm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> infrarenal abdominal aorta w<strong>it</strong>hout involvement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

iliac arteries; <strong>the</strong> small size <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> aortic bifurcation does not allow pos<strong>it</strong>ioning <strong>of</strong> a bifurcated stent-graft. b,c Angiography per<strong>for</strong>med after deployment <strong>of</strong><br />

an aorto-uni-iliac stent-graft and <strong>Amplatzer</strong> <strong>vascular</strong> plug (AVP) at <strong>the</strong> origin <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> right common iliac artery: complete aneurysm exclusion and internal<br />

and external iliac artery patency.<br />

Fig. 4a-c Aneurisma dell’aorta addominale sottorenale. a Angiografia pre-procedura: aneurisma dell’aorta addominale sottorenale che non coinvolge gli<br />

assi iliaci. Le dimensioni del carrefour aortico non consentono il posizionamento di un’endoprotesi bi<strong>for</strong>cata. b,c Angiografia espletata per via anterograda<br />

(b) e retrograda (c) dopo posizionamento di endoprotesi aorto-uniliaca e AVP in corrispondenza dell’arteria iliaca comune destra: completa esclusione<br />

dell’aneurisma e regolare pervietà delle arterie ipogastrica e iliaca esterna destra.<br />

Fig. 5 <strong>Amplatzer</strong> <strong>vascular</strong> plug (AVP): A self-expandable, cylindrical device<br />

made from a n<strong>it</strong>inol wire mesh, secured on both ends w<strong>it</strong>h platinum<br />

marker bands. A stainless-steel microscrew welded to one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> platinum<br />

marker bands allows attachment to <strong>the</strong> long delivery cable. When delivered,<br />

<strong>the</strong> AVP assumes a plug shape.<br />

Fig. 5 Vascular Plug <strong>Amplatzer</strong>. Dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo cilindrico autoespandibile<br />

realizzato in maglia metallica di N<strong>it</strong>inol fissato alle due estrem<strong>it</strong>à con fasce<br />

di marker in platino; a quella prossimale è saldata una microv<strong>it</strong>e in acciaio<br />

che consente il fissaggio al cavo di introduzione. Il dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo, una<br />

volta rilasciato nel vaso assume una caratteristica morfologia “a tappo”.<br />

ca esterna e ipogastrica ed ev<strong>it</strong>ando la legatura chirurgica<br />

con una più rapida esclusione degli aneurismi rotti. Questo<br />

tipo di approccio è comunque fattibile anche nel trattamento<br />

in elezione; l’alternativa è lo stent-graft occlusore disponibile<br />

solo per alcune endoprotesi uniliache (Zen<strong>it</strong>, Cook e Talent,<br />

Medtronic) o l’embolizzazione con spirali [19]; il vantaggio<br />

rispetto a questi dispos<strong>it</strong>ivi occlusori è un più preciso<br />

posizionamento a ridosso della bi<strong>for</strong>cazione iliaca, in quanto<br />

un unico VPA abbraccia più calibri, con una conseguente<br />

più sicura preservazione della pervietà delle arterie iliaca<br />

esterna e ipogastrica; inoltre il VPA è avanzato attraverso<br />

introduttori arteriosi di minor calibro.<br />

L’unico caso di insuccesso del VPA è stato riportato nel<br />

trattamento di un aneurisma rotto dell’arteria ipogastrica<br />

nel quale si è verificata una ricanalizzazione del VPA a 4<br />

settimane dal trattamento [6].<br />

Conclusioni<br />

In conclusione, la semplic<strong>it</strong>à della scelta e dell’utilizzo del


Radiol med (2008) 113:707–718 717<br />

Conclusions<br />

In conclusion, easy selection and <strong>use</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> device combined<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h precise and controlled release and immediate<br />

technical success justifies <strong>the</strong> widespread <strong>use</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> AVP in<br />

interventional radiology. The AVP can – and in some cases<br />

has already – replaced metallic coils <strong>for</strong> endo<strong>vascular</strong> repair<br />

<strong>of</strong> aortic aneurysms, <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> prevention <strong>of</strong> type II endoleaks<br />

from <strong>the</strong> internal iliac and subclavian arteries, and in endo<strong>vascular</strong><br />

ligation <strong>of</strong> visceral aneurysms where <strong>the</strong> device<br />

can be placed distal and proximal to <strong>the</strong> aneurysms. The<br />

AVP may also replace <strong>the</strong> occluder device <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> aortic<br />

stent-graft in <strong>the</strong> aorto-uni-iliac k<strong>it</strong>, especially in emergencies<br />

due to ruptured aneurysm. The versatil<strong>it</strong>y <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> device<br />

and fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>use</strong> by operators addressing a variety <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>rapeutic<br />

problems will extend <strong>the</strong> indications, no doubt also in<br />

extra<strong>vascular</strong> contexts [20].<br />

dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo, nonché il preciso e controllato rilascio, con<br />

immediato successo tecnico, ne giustificano, secondo la<br />

nostra esperienza, la divulgazione in radiologia interventistica.<br />

Il VPA può e in alcuni casi ha di già sost<strong>it</strong>u<strong>it</strong>o l’utilizzo<br />

delle spirali metalliche nel trattamento endovascolare<br />

degli aneurismi dell’aorta, per la prevenzione degli<br />

endoleak di tipo II da arteria ipogastrica e da arteria<br />

succlavia, e nel trattamento mediante “legatura endovascolare”<br />

degli aneurismi viscerali qualora sia possibile<br />

il posizionamento a monte e a valle. È possibile che sost<strong>it</strong>uisca<br />

il dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo stent-graft occlusore delle endop<br />

rotesi aortiche incluso nel k<strong>it</strong> aorto-uniliaco specie in<br />

urgenza per aneurisma rotto. La versatil<strong>it</strong>à del dispos<strong>it</strong>ivo<br />

e l’utilizzo ulteriore da parte più operatori che affrontano<br />

problematiche terapeutiche diverse ne amplieranno le<br />

indicazioni, sicuramente anche in amb<strong>it</strong>o extravascolare<br />

[20].<br />

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