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N1<br />
<strong>'13</strong><br />
N1<br />
<strong>#1</strong>(<strong>36</strong>)’13
N<br />
marTlmsajuleba<br />
1(<strong>36</strong>)<br />
<strong>'13</strong><br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Justice and Law<br />
<strong>#1</strong>(<strong>36</strong>)<strong>'13</strong><br />
Legal Journal
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Justice and Law<br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis iuridiuli Jurnali<br />
LEGAL JOURNAL OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA AND OF THE JUDGES’ ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA<br />
redaqtori<br />
nino ZiZiguri<br />
redaqtoris TanaSemwe<br />
irma beqauri<br />
nomerze muSaobdnen:<br />
inga alaviZe<br />
leila koSkaZe<br />
maia CoCua<br />
dizaini:<br />
besik danelia<br />
fotouzrunvelyofa:<br />
daviT xizaniSvili<br />
saredaqcio sabWo:<br />
diana berekaSvili<br />
Tamar zambaxiZe<br />
inga kvaWantiraZe<br />
konstantine kublaSvili<br />
zaza meiSvili<br />
valeri cercvaZe<br />
Editorial Board:<br />
DIANA BEREKASHVILI<br />
TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE<br />
INGA KVACHANTIRADZE<br />
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI<br />
ZAZA MEISHVILI<br />
VALERI TSERTSVADZE<br />
saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa<br />
asociacia<br />
JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA<br />
akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis<br />
gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba<br />
komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos<br />
mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos<br />
uzenaesi sasamarTlos werilobiTi<br />
nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe.<br />
Editor:<br />
NINO DZIDZIGURI<br />
Assistant to Editor:<br />
IRMA BEKAURI<br />
The issue was prepared by:<br />
INGA ALAVIDZE<br />
LEILA KOSHKADZE<br />
MAIA CHOCHUA<br />
Designed by<br />
BESIK DANELIA<br />
Photo support by<br />
DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI<br />
English version of articles has been provided by Candidates<br />
of Law faculty of Tbilisi State University<br />
uak (UDC) 340.11+340.130.5<br />
m-306<br />
ISSN 1512-259X<br />
2
sarCevi/CONTENTS<br />
5<br />
konstantine kublaSvili: „sasamarTlos damoukidebloba _<br />
qveynis evropisken wamyvani gzaa”<br />
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI: “INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY –<br />
WAY TO EUROPE FOR OUR COUNTRY”<br />
17<br />
ia xarazi, Tamar gardafxaZe<br />
saerTaSoriso sainvesticio samarTlis zogierTi<br />
samarTlebrivi aspeqtis Sesaxeb<br />
REGARDING SOME ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW<br />
IA KHAZARADZE, TAMAR GARDAPKHADZE<br />
27<br />
mamuka Sengelia<br />
zogierTi normis ganmartebisaTvis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis<br />
dros _ `samxedro aucilebloba~ _ arsebuli midgomebi da<br />
realoba<br />
FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF SOME NORMS IN THE EVENT OF ARMED<br />
CONFLICT: “MILITARY NECESSITY” – EXISTING APPROACHES AND REALITY<br />
MAMUKA SHENGELIA<br />
42<br />
daviT CixlaZe<br />
mekobreoba _ saerTaSoriso politikis „axali~ gamowveva?<br />
PIRACY _ “NEW” CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONAL POLITICS?<br />
DAVID CHIKHLADZE<br />
55<br />
mariam jiqia<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis afrikuli sistema<br />
AFRICAN SYSTEM OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION<br />
MARIAM JIKIA<br />
60<br />
mixeil gabunia, Tamar beriZe<br />
mediaciis kriminologiuri aspeqtebi<br />
CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECTSOF MEDIATION<br />
MIKHEIL GABUNIA, TAMAR BERIDZE<br />
70<br />
marine marinaSvili, zurab maWaraZe<br />
saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebaTa<br />
ganxorcielebis formebi<br />
FORMS OF EXERCISE OF THE PRESIDENTIAL POWERS IN GEORGIA<br />
MARINE MARINASHVILI, ZURAB MACHARADZE<br />
3
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
82<br />
robinzon xurcilava<br />
saapelacio saCivris Setana. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
saproceso kodeqsis <strong>36</strong>4-e muxlis analizi<br />
FILING OF AN APPEAL<br />
ROBINZON KHURTSILAVA<br />
98<br />
Tea SayulaSvili<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa piradi cxovreba globalur<br />
eleqtronul sivrceSi<br />
PRIVACY OF CITIZENS OF GEORGIA IN THE GLOBAL ELECTRONIC SPACE<br />
THEA SHAKULASHVILI<br />
106<br />
revaz miqaberiZe<br />
uZravi nivTis cnebis da uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis<br />
problematika qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH THE CONCEPT OF IMMOVABLE THING AND<br />
RIGHT TO IMMOVABLE THING IN THE GEORGIAN LEGISLATION<br />
REVAZ MIKABERIDZE<br />
115<br />
giorgi amiranaSvili<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis I nawili _<br />
kanonismieri ganmarteba Tu moTxovnis samarTlebrivi<br />
safuZveli?<br />
ARTICLE 316/1 OF THE CIVIL CODE OF GEORGIA – STATUTORY<br />
INTERPRETATION OR LEGAL GROUNDS FOR CLAIM?<br />
GIORGI AMIRANASHVILI<br />
122<br />
elene kavTuaSvili<br />
kiberdanaSauli da kiberusafrTxoebis problematika<br />
PROBLEMS OF CYBERCRIME AND CYBERSECURITY<br />
ELENE KAVTUASHVILI<br />
134<br />
naTia TamazaSvili<br />
janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba da samedicino momsaxurebaze<br />
xelmisawvdomoba _ pacientis individualuri da koleqtiuri<br />
uflebebi<br />
RIGHT TO HEALTHCARE AND ACCESSIBILITY TO MEDICAL SERVICE –<br />
INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE RIGHTS OF A PATIENT<br />
NATIA TAMAZASHVILI<br />
4
„sasamarTlos<br />
damoukidebloba _<br />
qveynis evropisken<br />
wamyvani gzaa”<br />
„mosamarTle ar unda iyos qveyanaSi momxdar politikuri<br />
cvlilebebze damokidebuli, ramdenjerac ar unda<br />
Seicvalos prezidenti an premier ministri, mosamarTles<br />
ar unda hqondes gancda, rom is am cvlilebebis monawilea.<br />
mas Tavis saqme unda hqondes gasakeTebeli da Tu mas<br />
mouwevs magaliTad, finansTa ministris, an xelisuflebis<br />
sxva warmomadgenlis sarCelis ganxilva, man saqme unda<br />
ganixilos obieqturad. sasamarTlom axla unda aCvenos,<br />
rom marTalia, politikuri xelisufleba Seicvala, magram<br />
sasamarTlo sistema xelSeuxebelia~, _ acxadebs uzenaesi<br />
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare kotnstantine kublaSvili,<br />
romelTan vrcel interviusac qvemoT gTavazobT.<br />
batono kote, parlamentma mesame mosmeniT miiRo<br />
kanoni, romliTac unda Seicvalos iusticiis<br />
umaRlesi sabWos dakompleqtebisa da saqmianobis<br />
wesebi, Tqven kanonproeqtTan dakavSirebiT gqondaT<br />
SeniSvnebi, romelic mTavrobam mogvianebiT<br />
gaiTvaliswina, eTanxmebiT kanonis axal variants?<br />
_ Tavidan daviwyeb da getyviT, rom kanonproeqtis Zalze didi<br />
nawili CvenTvis misaRebi iyo da axlac aris. metic,<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad Tavad vmuSaobdiT<br />
maTze. Cveni muSaobis pirveli etapi damTavrda imiT, rom 2012<br />
wlis gazafxulze parlamentma „saerTo sasamarTloebis<br />
Sesaxeb” kanonSi bevri mniSvnelovani cvlileba Seitana. meore<br />
5
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
etapi unda dagvewyo, SemuSavebuli gvqonda<br />
cvlilebebis paketi da 2012 wlis<br />
1 oqtombris Semdeg iusticiis saministros<br />
axalma xelmZRvanelobam es paketi Tavad<br />
warmoadgina. ase, rom CvenTvis am<br />
kanonproeqtSi axali araferi iyo, mas<br />
veTanxmdebodiT, misaRebic gaxldaT garda im<br />
nawilisa, romelic saministros axalma<br />
xelmZRvanelobam Cvens mier momzadebul<br />
sakanonmdeblo pakets Semdeg daamata.<br />
swored am damatebuli normebis winaaRmdeg<br />
gamovTqviT samarTlebrivi SeniSvnebi,<br />
radganac miviCnieT, rom Camatebebi<br />
samarTlebrivad dausabuTebeli iyo.<br />
saubaria, iusticiis umaRles sabWoSi<br />
mosamarTleTa arCevis wesze, ra drosac maTi<br />
variantiT, sasamarTlos da kolegiebis<br />
Tavmjdomareebi da maTi moadgileebi, aseve,<br />
Tavmjdomareebi, romelTac bolo erTi wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi ekavaT es posti, ver miiRebdnen<br />
monawileobas iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos<br />
wevrobis arCevnebSi da meore sakiTxi,<br />
romelzec kritikuli samarTlebrivi<br />
SeniSvna gamovTqviT iyo is, rom<br />
kanonproeqtis mixedviT, iusticiis umaRles<br />
sabWoSi moqmed wevrebs unda daetovebinaT<br />
Tanamdebobebi. orive SezRudvaze gamovTqviT<br />
SeniSvnebi, metic, Cveni moTxovna iyo, rom<br />
kanonproeqti gagzavniliyo veneciis<br />
komisiaSi, sadac gakeTda daskvna.<br />
veneciis komisiis rekomendaciis nawili<br />
mTavrobam gaiTvaliswina da garkveuli<br />
daTmobebi moxda. kanonproeqtSi Setanili<br />
cvlilebebiT axla yvelas aqvs ufleba<br />
iyaros kenWi iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos<br />
wevrad. rac Seexeba moqmed wevrebs, am<br />
nawilSi cvlileba ar momxdara, marTalia,<br />
raRac gasworeba moxda, magram es sakiTxi<br />
mainc samarTlebrivad xarveziania. vTvli,<br />
rom moqmedi wevrebidan SeiZleboda maqsimum,<br />
4-is mimarT, romelTagan sami Tavmjdomarea,<br />
gagvevrcelebina veneciis komisiis<br />
rekomendacia. maT unda hqonodaT arCevanis<br />
ufleba _ sakuTari surviliT<br />
gadamdgariyvnen Tanamdebobidan da mxolod<br />
sabWos wevroba aerCiaT an darCeniliyvnen<br />
Tanamdebobebze da uari eTqvaT wevrobaze.<br />
axlandeli kanoniT, Tavmjdomareebma da<br />
moadgileebma unda datovon iusticiis<br />
umaRlesi sabWos wevris Tanamdeboba, Tumca<br />
maT ar ekrZalebaT arCevnebSi monawileoba.<br />
SeuZliaT Tavidan miiRon kenWisyraSi<br />
monawileoba. Cveni pozicia gaiziares im<br />
nawilSic, rom iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos<br />
wevroba SeuZlia kolegiis, palatis an<br />
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomareebs da<br />
moadgileebs. Tu kanonproeqtis adrindeli<br />
variantiT mosamarTleebis neba izRudeboda,<br />
maTi survilis miuxedavad ar SeeZloT<br />
aerCiaT Tavmjdomareebi an moadgileebi,<br />
axla es akrZalva moxsnilia da arsebobs<br />
qvota, romlis mixedviTac, sabWos sami wevri<br />
SeiZleba iyos kolegiis an palatis<br />
Tavmjdomare an moadgile, Tu mas<br />
mosamarTleebi airCeven.<br />
gamodis, rom kanonis saboloo<br />
variantTan dakavSirebiT kritikuli<br />
SeniSvnebi aRar gaqvT?<br />
rac giTxariT im sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi<br />
srulad unda yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
Cveni SeniSvnebi, rasac veneciis komisiac<br />
iziarebda da risi gasworebac nawilobriv<br />
moxda. Tumca, rac aris im variantis<br />
mixedviT, Cveni SeniSvnebi nawilobriv<br />
gaziarebulia. mosamarTleTa survili,<br />
airCios wevrad Tavmjdomare an moadgile<br />
ignorirebuli ar aris da Tu kanoni<br />
amoqmeddeba im saxiT rogorc axlaa, Cven<br />
CavatarebT arCevnebs da rogori iqneba<br />
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos Semadgenloba<br />
amas mosamarTleebi gadawyveten.<br />
im fonze, roca arsebobs pretenzia<br />
sasamarTlo sistemis politizirebulobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, ra motiviTac<br />
6
moxda kanonis Secvla, gaxdeba es<br />
kanoni garanti imisa, rom sabWos<br />
wevrTa arCeva damoukideblad,<br />
Carevis gareSe moxdeba? da axal<br />
wevrTa arCeva gaxdeba sasamarTlos<br />
damoukideblobis miRwevis garanti?<br />
_ sabWos amJamindeli wevrebic<br />
damoukideblad da obieqturad arCeulni<br />
arian, isini dasaxeldnen mosamarTleTa<br />
konferenciaze da Semdeg mosamarTleebma<br />
kanonis Sesabamisad, kenWisyriT airCies.<br />
axali arCevnebi cota gansxvavebuli iqneba,<br />
is faruli kenWisyriT Catardeba. iusticiis<br />
umaRlesi sabWo Zalze mniSvnelovani<br />
struqturaa da mas konstituciurad<br />
umniSvnelovanesi funqciebi gaaCnia,<br />
darwmunebuli var momaval wevrebs kargad<br />
eqnebaT gaazrebuli maTi valdebulebebi.<br />
Tumca, imis Tqma, rom axali wevrebis arCeviT<br />
sasamarTlo sistemaSi raRac gansakuTrebuli<br />
moxdeba, ar SeiZleba.<br />
Cemi mosazrebiT, sasamarTlo sistemis<br />
bolomde srulyofilebisTvis, misi<br />
stabilurobisa da damoukideblobis xarisxis<br />
bolomde misaRwevad, mxolod iusticiis<br />
umaRlesi sabWos wevrTa cvlileba ar aris<br />
sakmarisi. am procesebis srulyofilebis<br />
garanti, mosamarTleTa uvadod daniSvnaa.<br />
2013 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg<br />
ZalaSi Seva sakonstitucio norma, romlis<br />
mixedviTac, mosamarTleebi uvadod<br />
7
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
dainiSnebian. konstituciaSi datovebulia<br />
SesaZlebloba, romlis mixedviTac,<br />
mosamarTleebi Tavdapirvelad garkveuli<br />
gamosacdeli vadiT dainiSnebian, Tumca,<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom uvado daniSvna<br />
yovelgvari gamosacdeli vadis gareSe<br />
moxdes. Cemi azriT, mosamarTleebi uvadod<br />
unda dainiSnon da gamosacdeli vadis<br />
gamoyeneba ar aris saWiro, radganac, Cven<br />
gvaqvs Zalian kargad awyobili sistema<br />
iusticiis umaRles skolaSi mosamarTleTa<br />
gadamzadeba-daniSvnisa. garda amisa, Cemi<br />
moTxovnaa mTavrobisadmi, rom dRes moqmedi<br />
mosamarTleebic xelaxla dainiSnon uvadod,<br />
radgan zog mTgans darCenili aqvs 1, 2, 3, 4<br />
weli da a.S. Tu ase ar moxdeba, sasamarTlo<br />
sistemaSi arastabiluri procesis<br />
xelSewyoba moxdeba, radgan mosamarTleebi<br />
vadis gasvlis molodinSi iqnebian da<br />
momavali samsaxurebrivi saqmianobis<br />
gagrZelebaze fiqrSi, rac sifxizlisa da<br />
yuradRebis modunebas gamoiwvevs da<br />
profesionalizmisa da obieqturobis<br />
xarisxis vardnas. vTvli, rom keTilsindisier<br />
da profesional mosamarTles, romelic<br />
uvadod dainiSneba, stabilurobis<br />
uzarmazari gancda aqvs, rac pirdapir<br />
kavSirSia maT gamarTul da obieqtur<br />
saqmianobasTan. mosamarTle, romelic<br />
danaSauls Caidens, mas uvadod daniSvna ver<br />
uSvelis da aseT SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba<br />
masac mouwevs, radganac, uvadod daniSvna ar<br />
niSnavs „ukvdavobas,” danaSaulis Cadenisas<br />
mas imuniteti ar icavs.<br />
mivadeqiT Temas, romelic<br />
gansakuTrebiT bolo periodSi Zalze<br />
aqtualuria: xSirad moismenT<br />
pretenziebs sasamarTlos<br />
politizirebulobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, am pretenziaze<br />
saubrisas konkretuli saqmeebis<br />
magaliTebad dasaxelebac xdeba.<br />
_ sasamarTlos mimarT msgavs gancxadebebs 1<br />
oqtombris Semdeg, axali xelisuflebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi akeTebdnen, Tumca, bolo<br />
periodSi msgavsi Sefasebebi aRar keTdeba.<br />
Cemi azriT, es pretenzia mTlianad sistemis<br />
mimarT ar aris gamoTqmuli, radgan sistema<br />
ZiriTadad, obieqturad da damoukideblad<br />
muSaobs. braldebebi garkveuli kategoriis<br />
saqmeebidan gamomdinareobs. am saqmeebze<br />
gamotanili gadawyvetilebebze politikosebi<br />
mediaSi saubroben da acxadeben, rom ama Tu<br />
im piris dapatimreba politikuri niSniT<br />
moxda, rac sruliad dausabuTebulia.<br />
batono kote, Tqven arasdros<br />
giTqvamT, rom sasamarTlo sistema<br />
srulad damoukidebelia, yovelTvis<br />
ambobdiT, rom arsebobs xarvezebi,<br />
romelTa aRmofxvriTac sasamarTlo<br />
sistemis sruli damoukideblobas<br />
mivaRwevT. mainteresebs, miuxedavad<br />
mravalwliani reformisa, ratom ver<br />
miviReT bolomde Semdgari<br />
sasamarTlo sistema, ra aris es<br />
xarvezebi?<br />
_ geTanxmebiT, arasdros miTqvams, rom<br />
sasamarTlo sistema bolomde<br />
damoukidebelia da imitom, rom, roca amas<br />
vambobdi, vgulisxmobdi mosamarTleTa<br />
uvadod daniSvnas. es aris sasamarTlos<br />
bolomde gamarTulobis erT-erTi<br />
konstituciuri samarTlebrivi garantia. am<br />
rva wlis ganmavlobaSi Cven vqmnidiT<br />
pirobebs, sadac sasamarTlo unda iyos<br />
damoukidebeli. gavzardeT mosamarTleTa<br />
xelfasebi, radgan mosamarTleTa finansuri<br />
damoukideblobac sasamarTlos<br />
damoukideblobis erT-erTi safuZvelia.<br />
movagvareT meore sakiTxic _ mosamarTleebs<br />
Zalian kargi socialuri pirobebi<br />
SevuqmeniT, garda xelfasisa, maT aqvT kargi<br />
saxelmwifo dazRveva, sargebloben<br />
8
sxvadasxva SeRavaTebiT, riTac moexsnaT<br />
socialuri problemebi. SevqmeniT iusticiis<br />
umaRlesi skola _ mosamarTleTa SerCevisa<br />
da gadamzadebis araCveulebrivi struqtura.<br />
axla rvawliani saqmianobis Sedegebze<br />
saubari Zalze Sors wagviyvans, mokled ki,<br />
getyviT, rom am wlebis manZilze vqmnidiT<br />
sasamarTlos damoukideblobisTvis Zalze<br />
saWiro bazas, romelzec stabiluri da<br />
damoukidebeli sasamarTlo myarad dadgeba.<br />
erTaderTi rac darCa gasakeTebeli esaa,<br />
mosamarTleTa uvadod daniSvna.<br />
uvadod daniSvna keTilsindisieri da<br />
profesionali mosamarTleebisTvis<br />
erTgvarad imunitetia, is srulad<br />
Tavisufalia Tavis saqmianobaSi, veravin mas<br />
ver Seexeba, gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas<br />
veravin miuTiTebs ra, rogor da ranairad<br />
gaakeTos. es aris Zalze didi gancda<br />
Tavisuflebisa, mosamarTle ar ifiqrebs<br />
garkveul socialur Tu sxva garemo<br />
problemebze. amitomac, roca vsaubrob<br />
sasamarTlo sistemis stabilurobaze zustad<br />
es momentebi maqvs mxedvelobaSi.<br />
mosamarTle ar unda iyos qveyanaSi momxdar<br />
politikuri cvlilebebze damokidebuli,<br />
ramdenjerac ar unda Seicvalos prezidenti<br />
an premier ministri, mosamarTles ar unda<br />
hqondes gancda, rom is am cvlilebebis<br />
monawilea. mas Tavis saqme unda hqondes<br />
gasakeTebeli da Tu mas mouwevs sityvaze<br />
finansTa ministris, an xelisuflebis sxva<br />
warmomadgenlis sarCelis ganxilva, man unda<br />
ganixilos obieqturad.<br />
is, rom sasamarTlo ar iyo srulad<br />
damoukidebli sxva saxis mizezebic aqvs _ is<br />
gamomdinareobs sxvadasxva garemo<br />
pirobebidan, urTierTobebidan,<br />
mentalobidan, es midgomebi radikalurad<br />
unda Seicvalos da Cven aqeT isedac<br />
mivdiodiT.<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovani momentia da getyviT:<br />
aRmosavleT evropis bevr qveyanaSi, sadac<br />
ukve ramdenjerme Seicvala politikuri<br />
xelisufleba _ arsebobs magaliTebi, Tu<br />
rogor myardeboda xelisuflebis<br />
cvlilebasTan erTad sasamarTlo sistemis<br />
ufro metad mdgradoba. radganac, Zvel<br />
xelisuflebasTan misi kavSirebi ikargeboda,<br />
axalTan isedac ar arsebobda da<br />
mosamarTleebs uCndebodaT survili<br />
eCvenebinaT, ra SeuZliaT da ra ara. aseTi<br />
procesi midis axla CvenTan da es<br />
sasamarTlosTvis da, Sesabamisad, qveynis<br />
Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
procesia.<br />
1 oqtombris Semdeg Seicvala<br />
sasamarTloSi situacia?<br />
_ radikalurad araferi Secvlila, ubralod,<br />
imis Tqma minda, rom ukeTesad gamoCnda<br />
mosamarTlis is saqmianoba, rasac manamdec<br />
akeTebdnen, magram garkveuli mizezebis gamo<br />
amas sazogadoeba ver xedavda. axla,<br />
sazogadoebam dainaxa, rom mosamarTleebs<br />
gamoaqvT bevri iseTi gadawyvetileba, rac<br />
manamde CrdilSi eqceoda. magaliTisTvis<br />
getyviT, administraciuli, sagadasaxado<br />
davebis 58 procenti kerZo pirTa mogebiT<br />
sruldeboda, magram ar Canda, radgan saerTo<br />
foni iyo sxvagvari.<br />
zemoT aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis<br />
magaliTi vaxsene da aqve getyviT, rom<br />
ucxoelebTan Sexvedrisas ara erTxel<br />
gangvicxades, rom axla qveyanaSi<br />
demokratiis arseboba unda daadasturos<br />
sasamarTlo sistemam. is, rom Catarda<br />
demokratiuli arCevnebi da xelisufleba<br />
mSvidobiani gziT Seicvala, demokratiuli<br />
ganviTarebisken gadadgmuli nabiji iyo,<br />
magram axla sasamarTlo sistemam unda Tqvas<br />
gadamwyveti sityva _ politikur moTamaSeebs<br />
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TamaSis wesebi unda daudginos Tavisi<br />
samarTliani gadawyvetilebiT. sasamarTlos<br />
obieqtur da samarTlian gadawyvetilebebs<br />
am etapze qveynisTvis globaluri<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs da didi imedi maqvs, rom<br />
sasamarTlos roli kidev ufro gamoikveTeba.<br />
bolo periodSi sasamarTlo aRmkveT<br />
RonisZiebad xSir SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
iyenebs dapatimrebas, rac adre ar<br />
xdeboda. riT aris gamowveuli es<br />
cvlileba? arsebuli praqtika<br />
Secvala sasamarTlom Tu<br />
prokuratura gaxda ufro lmobieri?<br />
_ ver dageTanxmebiT, rom TiTqos adre<br />
aRmkveT RonisZiebad umetes SemTxvevaSi,<br />
patimroba gamoiyeneboda, es ase ar iyo da<br />
statistikas moviSvelieb: 2010 wels aRmkveTi<br />
RonisZiebis Sefardebisas patimrobis<br />
gamoyeneba 54 procenti iyo, momdevno wels _<br />
49, 2012 wels _ 43 procentze CamovediT. es<br />
tendencia arsebobda da gagrZelda 2013<br />
welsac _ axla dapatimrebis maCvenebeli 25<br />
procentia. amas isic ganapirobebs, rom Tu<br />
adre prokuratura dapatimrebis moTxovniT<br />
Semodioda, axla saqmeebis 8-10 procentze<br />
giraos iTxovs, ramac bunebrivia, Secvala<br />
praqtikac da Seicvala mosamarTleTa<br />
midgomac.<br />
TavisTavad es Zalian kargi tendenciaa, Cven<br />
isedac aqeT mivdiodiT, magram rogorc<br />
giTxariT, arsebulma situaciam procesi<br />
daaCqara da kargia Tu es ase gagrZeldeba.<br />
sainteresoa, rogoria mosamarTleebis<br />
ganwyoba, miT umetes, roca maT mimarT<br />
ara erTi pretenzia gamoiTqmis.<br />
_ 2 oqtombers me Sevxvdi sasamarTlos<br />
Tavmjdomareebs da vuTxari, rom miuxedavad<br />
politikuri xelisuflebis cvlilebisa,<br />
sasamarTloSi araferi Secvlila da Cven<br />
Cveul ritmSi gavagrZelebdiT saqmianobas.<br />
Tumca, bunebrivia, isini SeSfoTebuli iyvnen<br />
maTze dawyebuli Tavdasxmebis gamo, maT<br />
vamSvidebdi da veubnebodi, rom es aris<br />
verbalurad gamoxatuli agresia, aravis<br />
xelmosakidi araferi aqvs da Tu Cven Cvens<br />
simaRleze vidgebodiT da Rirseulad<br />
gavagrZelebdiT saqmianobas, es qveynisTvis<br />
iqneboda sasargeblo da sazogadoeba<br />
gaarCevda mtyuan-marTals. asec moxda da<br />
bolo periodSi Senelda sasamarTlos<br />
kritika. mosamarTleTa saerTo ganwyoba<br />
dadebiTia, isini TavianT saqmianobas<br />
pasuxismgeblobiT agrZeleben. Cven gvyavs<br />
profesionali mosamarTleebi, romlebzec<br />
aranairi motiviT gamoTqmuli kritika ar<br />
moqmedebs, radgan ician, rom maT mier<br />
gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi dasabuTebulia<br />
da qveynis ganviTarebis am etapze<br />
umniSvnelovanesia.<br />
igives gavimeoreb, sasamarTlom axla unda<br />
aCvenos, rom marTalia, politikuri<br />
xelisufleba Seicvala, magram sasamarTlo<br />
sistema xelSeuxebelia. samwuxarod, CvenTan<br />
aseTi mentalobaa: vfiqrobT, radgan<br />
Seicvala xelisufleba, unda Seicvalos<br />
yvela da yvelaferi _ es ar aris<br />
demokratiuli ganviTarebis gza, ase ar xdeba<br />
demokratiul qveynebSi. sasamarTlos<br />
pozicias _ obieqtur da samarTlian<br />
gadawyvetilebebs axla qveynisTvis aqvs didi<br />
mniSvneloba, Cven Cveni obieqturi<br />
gadawyvetilebebiT unda SevinarCunoT am<br />
sistemis damoukidebloba, am etapze es<br />
mniSvnelovania qveynisTvis da ara romelime<br />
konkretuli mosamarTlisTvis.<br />
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo niSnavs kanoniT,<br />
samarTliT, zogadad, xelisuflebis<br />
SezRudvas, im TamaSis wesebis dadgenas, rac<br />
konstituciiT aris garantirebuli<br />
demokratiuli ganviTarebisTvis, es<br />
mosamarTleebma Zalian kargad ician da<br />
gaazrebuli aqvT maTi funqciebi am procesSi.<br />
10
isini zustad ise moqmedeben, rogorc unda<br />
imoqmedos Rirseulma mosamarTlem.<br />
batono kote, cota xnis winaT Tqveni<br />
da premier-ministris Sexvedra Sedga,<br />
am Sexvedris Semdeg premier-ministrma<br />
Tqveni, rogorc profesionalis<br />
mimarT gansakuTrebuli simpaTia<br />
gamoxata. sainteresoa, raze isaubreT<br />
Sexvedrisas?<br />
_ dadebiTad vafaseb faqts, roca premierministrma<br />
gamoiCina iniciativa da uzenaes<br />
sasamarTlos ewvia. Sexvedraze ra Tqma unda,<br />
Cems Sesaxeb ar gvisaubria, visaubreT<br />
sasamarTlo sistemaSi arsebul situaciaze,<br />
warmatebebze, problemebze, im yvelaferze<br />
razec axla vsaubrobT.<br />
premier-ministrma Tqva, rom is garanti<br />
iqneba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />
damoukideblobis, rom misi xelisuflebis<br />
arc erT warmomadgenels ar miscems uflebas<br />
raime saxis zegavlena moaxdinos<br />
sasamarTloze.<br />
zogadad, sasamarTlos procedurul<br />
sakiTxebze. premiers mivawode detaluri<br />
informacia Tu rogoraa proceduruli<br />
sakiTxebi kanonmdeblobiT mowesrigebuli.<br />
magaliTad, Tu rogor nawildeba saqmeebi,<br />
rasac kanoni aregulirebs. ra aris<br />
specializacia da ratom SemoviReT, rom es<br />
siswrafes da xarisxs matebs sasamarTlo<br />
sistemas... detalurad visaubreT msgavs<br />
sakiTxebze, Sida struqturul Temebze da,<br />
saboloo jamSi, SevTanxmdiT rom ar moxdeba<br />
sasamarTlo sistemis saqmianobaSi<br />
politikuri an sxva saxis Careva. es kargi<br />
iqneba ara marto sasamarTlosTvis, kargi<br />
iqneba qveynis ganviTarebisTvis, rac vuTxari<br />
premiers da isic dameTanxma. ai, es iyo Cveni<br />
Sexvedris Tema.<br />
ase, rom miuxedavad patar-patara<br />
xarvezebisa, sasamarTlo cdilobs iyos<br />
obieqturi da damoukidebeli, rac iqneba am<br />
qveynis evropisken wamyvani gza.<br />
premier-ministrs vuTxari, rom es yvelaze<br />
mTavaria da Tu ase moxdeba, Tu<br />
sasamarTloze ar moxdeba xelisuflebis<br />
zegavlena, Sedegic Sesabamisi iqneba _<br />
sasamarTlo obieqtur da samarTlian<br />
gadawyvetilebebs gamoitans. premierministrs<br />
vuTxari, roca vxvdebi<br />
mosamarTleebs maT veubnebi: marTalia, Tavs<br />
gesxmian, magram ar ahyveT emociebs, saqmeebi<br />
obieqturad ganixileT, xelisuflebaSi vinc<br />
ar unda iyos, Tu swori, myari pozicia aqvs,<br />
unda daadginoT, rom is sworia, Tu ar aris<br />
Tavis poziciebSi myari, arc amis Tqmas<br />
moeridoT-meTqi.<br />
me da premier-ministrma visaubreT arsebul<br />
xarvezebze, mas SekiTxvebi hqonda ara<br />
konkretul saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
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"INDEPENDENCE OF THE<br />
JUDICIARY – WAY TO EUROPE<br />
FOR OUR COUNTRY"<br />
"Judges should not be affected by the political changes in the<br />
country, no matter how many times either President of Prime<br />
Minister of the Country is changed, judge should not be and feel as<br />
part of these changes. He / she should be occupied with own work<br />
only and in case a judge has to try a case of the Minister of Finance<br />
or other representative of the government, he /she should do it<br />
objectively. Court should prove now that notwithstanding the fact<br />
that the political leadership has changed – judiciary is inviolable," –<br />
Chairman of the Supreme Court of Georgia, KONSTANTINE<br />
KUBLASHVILI. Below, we offer interview with him.<br />
Mr. Kote, Parliament adopted the law, with third hearing, affecting<br />
High Council of Justice, this Law should change rules for electing<br />
members of the high council of justice and their activities, you had<br />
comments regarding the draft law, that were taken into<br />
consideration by the government at a later stage, do you agree with<br />
the new version of the Law?<br />
_ First of all, I would like to state that major part of the draft law was<br />
acceptable for us from the beginning and remains to be. More than that, we<br />
worked on this draft together with the local NGOs and international<br />
organizations. First stage of this joint work, ended up by adopting significant<br />
changes to the Law on Common Courts in spring 2012. We had to launch the<br />
second stage, we elaborated the package of amendments and since October 1,<br />
2012, new leadership of the Ministry of Justice presented this package. Thus,<br />
there were no novelties in this Law for us, we agreed to that and it was<br />
acceptable for us, except for the part, that was added to the Draft by the new<br />
leadership of the Ministry. We expressed our legal opinion against these very<br />
12
norms, as we thought that those additions did not have<br />
legal reasoning. Here, I refer to the rule of electing judge<br />
members to the High Council of Justice. According to<br />
originally proposed model, Chairpersons of the Courts,<br />
Collegiums, their deputies, as well chairpersons that held<br />
this position during last year, would have been restrained<br />
from the opportunity to be elected to the High Council of<br />
Justice and second issue that we had critical comments to,<br />
was that the acting members of the High Council of<br />
Justice had to leave their positions. We expressed our<br />
opinion regarding both restrictions, more than that, we<br />
requested that the draft law be sent to the Venice<br />
Commission. Commission has issued its conclusion.<br />
It seems like you do not have any critical<br />
comments towards the final version of the law,<br />
right?<br />
_ I believe that our critical comments had to be taken into<br />
consideration fully that also coincide with the comments<br />
of the Venice Commission and these comments were<br />
partially shared. Desire of the judges to elect chairperson<br />
or his / her deputy as the member of the High Council of<br />
Justice is not ignored and if the law is enforced in its<br />
current form, we will hold elections and judges will<br />
decide composition of the Council.<br />
Government took into consideration part of the<br />
recommendations given by the Venice Commission and<br />
some compromises were made. As a result of changes<br />
made to the draft amendments, now everyone is allowed<br />
to be elected as the member of the High Council of<br />
Justice. As for the acting members, there were no changes<br />
made to this part, although certain changes were made,<br />
this part of the amendments is still problematic. I believe<br />
it would have been possible to take into consideration<br />
recommendations of the Venice Commission in terms of<br />
maximum 4 acting members of the High Council of<br />
Justice. 3 out of 4 are chairpersons. They should have<br />
been given the right of choice – either resign and choose<br />
to maintain position of the member or keep position as<br />
the chairperson and terminate membership of the High<br />
Council of Justice. According to the current law,<br />
chairpersons and deputies should resign from the<br />
membership to the High Council of Justice, although they<br />
are not prohibited to participate in the election. Our<br />
position was shared also in the part, were we<br />
recommended that chairpersons of the collegiums,<br />
chambers or chairpersons and deputies of the courts be<br />
given the right to be elected as member of the Council. In<br />
the initial version of the amendments the will of judges<br />
was restricted, now this restriction is removed and there is<br />
a special quota that three members of the Council could<br />
be chairpersons or deputies of the collegiums or<br />
chambers, if judges will elect them.<br />
In this situation, when there is complaint<br />
towards the judiciary being politicized, and this<br />
being motive for amending the law, does this<br />
law provide safeguards to prevent interference<br />
and ensure independent elections? Will the<br />
election of the new members lay out guarantees<br />
for achieving judicial independence?<br />
_ Current members of the Council are also elected<br />
independently and objectively, there were nominated at<br />
the Conference of Judges and afterwards, judges voted<br />
according to the law and elected members. New elections<br />
will be slightly different, it will be held through secret<br />
ballot. High Council of Justice is extremely important<br />
structure and based on the Constitution, it has significant<br />
functions, I am sure future members will realize very well<br />
their obligations. And still, we cannot expect that<br />
something significant will happen though the election of<br />
new members to the High Council of Justice.<br />
I believe that in order to finalize judicial reform, to reach<br />
its full stability and highest level of independence, it is<br />
not sufficient to replace members of the High Council of<br />
Justice. Only life time appointment of judges shall<br />
become the safeguard fortheperfection of the process.<br />
After the Presidential elections in 2013,Constitutional<br />
Norm shall enter into legal force, that envisages life time<br />
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appointment of judges. The Constitution allows possibility<br />
to initially appoint judges with the probation period,<br />
although, there is an opinion that assignment should take<br />
place without any probation period. I believe that judges<br />
should be assigned with the lifetime tenures and it is not<br />
necessary to have probation period, because we have very<br />
well functioning system of High School of Justice for<br />
assignment and continues education for judges. Besides<br />
that, it is my request to the government that currently<br />
sitting judges should be also appointed for life. Some of<br />
them have 1, 2, 3, 4 remaining years. If this does not<br />
happen, establishment of unstable process will be<br />
supported, because judges will be expecting expiration of<br />
their term and while thinking about possibility to extend<br />
their term, and the quality of their work will be reduced. I<br />
believe that a faithful and a professional judge, appointed<br />
with lifetime tenure, will have high sense of stability and<br />
this directly effects his / her proper and objective<br />
activities. Judge that will commit a crime may not be<br />
protected by the tenure and will be kept liable anyway,<br />
lifetime tenure does not mean “immortality”, there is no<br />
immunity in case he /she commits a crime.<br />
And here we came across the issue that is especially<br />
urgent in recent times: we hear a lot of complaints<br />
regarding politicized judiciary, when speaking<br />
on this, there are specific examples brought.<br />
_ Representatives of the new government used to make<br />
similar statements against the courts since October 1,<br />
however not any more. I believe that this complaint does<br />
not refer to the judiciary as a whole, because the system,<br />
in general, functions objectively and independently.<br />
Accusations refer to special categories of cases. Politicians<br />
discuss decisions made on these cases before media and<br />
state that certain arrests were political and this is<br />
absolutely unreasoned.<br />
Mr. Kote, you have never mentioned that<br />
judiciary is absolutely independent, you would<br />
always refer to certain shortcomings and only<br />
after addressing those, we would reach the full<br />
independence of the judiciary. It is interesting<br />
to know why after so many years of reforms,<br />
process is still not fulfilled, and what are these<br />
shortcomings?<br />
_ I agree, I have never said that the judiciary is<br />
completely independent and while saying this, I meant the<br />
lifetime tenures of judges. This is one of the legal<br />
constitutional safeguards for the proper functioning of the<br />
courts. We have been creating conditions during these<br />
eight years, where judiciary should be independent. We<br />
increased remunerations of judges because financial<br />
independence of judges is another grounds for the judicial<br />
independence. We solved another issue as well – we<br />
created rather good social conditions for judges, besides<br />
the remuneration, they have good state insurance; they<br />
have various exemptions – that solved their social<br />
problems. We established High School of Justice –<br />
excellent system of selection and continues education of<br />
judges. It will take long to discuss all achievements of<br />
these 8 years, but to say briefly, during these years we were<br />
establishing needed legal framework for the independence<br />
of the judiciary, and this will lay strong grounds for the<br />
stable and independent judiciary. The only remaining<br />
thing to be done is the lifetime tenure of judges.<br />
Lifetime tenure is a type of immunity for the good faith<br />
and professional judges, he / she is fully independent in<br />
the activities, no one can interfere, no one can instruct<br />
what and how things should be done. This is a great sense<br />
of freedom, judge will not think of certain social or other<br />
problems. Thus, this is exactly what I mean when I speak<br />
about the system stability.<br />
Judges should not be affected by the political changes in<br />
the country, no matter how many times either President of<br />
Prime Minister of the Country is changed, a judge should<br />
not feel as part of these changes. He / she should be<br />
occupied with own work only and in case a judge has to<br />
try a case of the Minister of Finance or other<br />
14
epresentative of the government, he /she should do it<br />
objectively.<br />
There are other reasons as well why courts are not fully<br />
independent. It is based on various circumstances,<br />
relations, mentality, these approaches should be changed<br />
radically and we were heading in this direction.<br />
There is one significantly important factor: in many<br />
Eastern European countries, where political leadership<br />
was changed several times – there are examples, how<br />
changes in government facilitated strengthening of the<br />
judiciary. Since the links with the previous government<br />
were disappearing, judges got desire to prove what they<br />
were able to do. This process is underway in Georgia<br />
curenttly and this is extremely important for the<br />
development of the country.<br />
Did the situation change in the courts since<br />
October 1?<br />
Court does not apply detention as a coercive<br />
measure recent times; unlike it happened in the<br />
past. What is the reason for this change? Did<br />
the courts change their practice or did the<br />
prosecutor’s office become milder?<br />
_ I would disagree that detention was applied in most<br />
cases as a coercive measure, this is not true and I will use<br />
statistics here: in 2010, detention was applied in 54 %<br />
when applying coercive measure, following year – 49, in<br />
2012 – 43%. These trends existed and continued, in 2013<br />
– currently indicator of detention is 25%. This is also<br />
reasoned with the fact that if in the past prosecution<br />
would request detention, now in 8 – 10 % they are<br />
ask for bail, this apparently changed practice and changed<br />
judges’ approach.<br />
This is a very good trends obviously, we were heading<br />
towards it, however, as I said, this situation speeded up<br />
the process and it will be good to maintain this speed.<br />
_ There are no radical changes, I would like to underline<br />
that activities of judges, what they were doing before,<br />
were better exposed now. However, for various reasons,<br />
society did not realize this. Now, public witnesses that<br />
judges make decisions that were not publicized before.<br />
Illustration of that is the 58% of tax disputes were ending<br />
up with wining of physical persons, however this was not<br />
publicized due to the general context in the country.<br />
I mentioned Eastern European countries above and would<br />
like to state that when meeting various foreigners, they<br />
stated number of times that courts should prove now<br />
existence of democracy in the country. The fact that<br />
elections were held democratically and government was<br />
changed peacefully, as the step forward towards<br />
development, however, courts should say decisive word –<br />
should set the playing rules for politicians through its fair<br />
decisions. Objective and fair decisions of the courts have<br />
global importance and I do hope that the role of the<br />
judiciary will be even more strengthened.<br />
It is interesting to know what is the attitude of<br />
the judges, especially when there are number of<br />
complaints against them.<br />
_ I met with the Chairpersons of the courts on October 2<br />
and told them that despite the changes of political<br />
government, nothing changed in the judiciary and we<br />
should continue working in the usual way. However,<br />
obviously they were concerned with the attacks against them,<br />
I calmed them down and told them that this is verbally<br />
expressedaggression, and nothing else and if we would<br />
upheld the respect of judiciary and continue our work,<br />
this would be useful and public would distinguish who is<br />
right and who is wrong. This is exactly what happened<br />
and criticism towards judiciary has slowed down recently.<br />
General attitude of the judges is positive, they continue<br />
their work with high sense of responsibility. We have<br />
professional judges, and they do not react to any type of<br />
criticism, because they know that their decisions are<br />
reasoned and it is important at this stage of development.<br />
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I would repeat again, court should prove now that<br />
notwithstanding the fact that the political leadership has<br />
changed – judiciary is inviolable. Unfortunately mentality<br />
in our country is that if government changed, everything<br />
should be changed – this is not the democratic way of<br />
development, this would not happen in the democratic<br />
countries. Position of the court – objective and fair<br />
decisions has significant importance for the country,<br />
through our objective decisions we should maintain<br />
independence of this system, this is important for the<br />
country and not for any particular judge. Rule of law state<br />
means restriction of the government through laws, justice,<br />
setting rules as guaranteed by the Constitution for<br />
democratic states, judges know this very well and realize<br />
their functions in this process. They act precisely like<br />
respectful judges should act.<br />
Together with the Prime Minister we discussed existing<br />
gaps, he had questions on specific cases, on procedural<br />
issues in the courts. I provided detailed information to the<br />
Prime Minister on the procedural regulations. For<br />
example, how are cases being assigned, as the law<br />
regulates this. What is the specialization and why did we<br />
introduce it – in order to speed up and raise quality... We<br />
discussed in details similar issues like structural topics<br />
and finally, agreed that there will be no political or other<br />
type of influence on the judiciary. This will be beneficial<br />
not just for the courts, but also for the development of the<br />
country, I told this to the Prime Minister and he agreed.<br />
This was the substance of our meeting.<br />
Thus, despite some small shortcomings, court tries to be<br />
objective and independent, this will lead our Country to<br />
Europe.<br />
Mr. Kote, recently you met with the Prime<br />
Minister, after this meeting, Prime Minister<br />
expressed his sympathy to you as a<br />
professional. It is interesting to know what did<br />
you discuss during the meeting?<br />
– I evaluate positively that the Prime Minister had the<br />
initiative and visited the Supreme Court of Georgia. We<br />
certainly did not speak about myself during the meeting,<br />
we spoke about the situation in the judiciary, successes,<br />
problems, about everything we are discussing now.<br />
Prime Minister stated that he would become guarantee for<br />
the judicial independence, that he would not allow any<br />
representative of his government to influence the courts.<br />
I told the Prime Minister that the latter was the top<br />
priority and if this happens, if the courts are not<br />
influenced, we’ll have respective consequences – courts<br />
will make objective and fair decisions. I told the Prime<br />
Minister: when I meet judges I tell them: although you are<br />
being attacked, do not react emotionally, handle cases<br />
objectively, no matter who is in the government, base<br />
your decisions on the truth.<br />
16
saerTaSoriso<br />
sainvesticio<br />
samarTlis zogierTi<br />
samarTlebrivi<br />
aspeqtis Sesaxeb<br />
ia xarazi<br />
soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetisa da<br />
saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis<br />
samarTlis skolis profesori<br />
Tamar gardafxaZe<br />
saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis<br />
samarTlis skolis sruli profesori<br />
sainvesticio samarTali arsebiTad aris sakuTrebis uflebis<br />
cnebis farTo azriT gansaxiereba, realizacia, romelsac garkveuli<br />
Taviseburebani axasiaTebs. kerZod:<br />
jer erTi, aRniSnul samarTalSi saubaria mxolod ucxouri<br />
sakuTrebis reJimsa da dacvaze, amasTan, saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi<br />
saSualebebiT. calke ganxilvis sagnad rCeba calkeuli<br />
saxelmwifoebis erovnul samarTalSi ucxouri sakuTrebis re-<br />
Jimi, magram es reJimi fuZemdebluria da bunebrivia, umniSvnelo<br />
ar aris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi;<br />
meore, saerTaSoriso sainvesticio samarTlis CarCoebSi ganmartebulia<br />
ucxouri kerZo sakuTrebis reJimi da dacva. rac<br />
Seexeba ucxouri saxelmwifoebis sakuTrebas, misi dacva xdeba<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi saxelmwifo, diplomatiuri imunitetis<br />
institutebiT, 1 Tumca, meTodologiurad SeiZleboda ucxouri<br />
saxelmwifo sakuTrebis reJimi sruli safuZvliT ganxiluliyo<br />
saerTaSoriso qonebrivi samarTlis farglebSi. vinaidan<br />
imunitetebs ara marto qonebrivi xasiaTi aqvT, es Tema tradiciis<br />
mixedviT, SeiZleba gavaerTianoT garkveulwilad saer-<br />
TaSoriso ekonomikuri samarTlis subieqtebis Sesaxeb sakiTxTan<br />
erTad;<br />
17
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
mesame, saerTaSoriso sainvesticio samarTalSi saubaria ara sazogadod, ucxouri sakuTrebis,<br />
aramed konkretulad ucxouri investiciebis Sesaxeb. amitom aRmocenda am cnebis gansaz-<br />
Rvris sakiTxi. investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis ormxriv saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebSi investiciebi<br />
Cveulebriv gagebulia Zalze farTo mniSvnelobiT _ arsebiTad, rogorc nebismieri<br />
qonebrivi sikeTe, yovelgvari nivTebi, uflebebi da interesebi. qonebrivi sikeTe SeiZleba iyos<br />
jer erTi, materialuri faseulobani e. i. nebismieri moZravi da uZravi qoneba, fasiani qaRaldebis<br />
CaTvliT; meorec, esaa aramaterialuri sikeTe, upirveles yovlisa, inteleqtualuri sakuTreba.<br />
mravalmxrivi sainvestico garantiebis saagentos (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency –<br />
MIGA) Seqmnis Sesaxeb seulis 1985 wlis konvencia investiciebs ufro SezRudulad ganmartavs.<br />
MIGA-Si garantiebiT `avtomaturad~ ifareba mxolod pirdapiri investiciebi 2 , investirebuli<br />
sawarmos kapitalSi monawileobis formiT, finansuri investiciebis CaTvliT.<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, investiciebi seulis konvenciis azriT, jer erTi, unda iyis anabaris<br />
formiT (fuladi an naturiT, maT Soris, aramaterialuri faseulobebis formiT, magram ara<br />
momsaxurebis formiT); meore, anabari ar unda iyos moklevadiani; mesame da mTavari, investicia<br />
samewarmeo xasiaTis unda iyos e. i. unda gulisxmobdes gansazRvrul samewarmeo risks. unda<br />
iyos ara marto kapitalis dabandeba, aramed am dabandebidan SesaZlo mogebac.<br />
magram seulis konvencia investiciebs gansazRvravs mxolod maTi garantiebis garantirebulobasTan<br />
kavSirSi. investiciebis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi gansazRvreba<br />
ar arsebobs da dRes, aseTi mkacrad samarTlebrivi gansazRvrebis micema saeWvoa<br />
SesaZlebeli iyos, vinaidan sabolood, yoveli saxelmwifo erTiani universaluri saerTaSoriso<br />
samarTlebrivi aqtis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, Tavisufalia kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvros rogorc<br />
zogadad, investiciis cneba, ise kerZod, ucxouri investiciis cnebac. investiciis cnebas,<br />
`erovnuli sainvesticio saagentos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 2002 wlis 19 ivnisis kanonis me-3 muxli<br />
Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `saxelmwifos mier sxvadasxva dargis sawarmoSi, sawarmoo-sainvesticio<br />
programebsa da sawarmoo-sainvesticio proeqtebSi kapitalis dabandeba, romlis ZiriTadi<br />
mizania qveynis samrewvelo potencialis maqsimaluri efeqtianobiT amoqmedeba da warmoebis<br />
ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT umuSevrobis donis Semcireba~. xolo `sainvesticio saqmianobisa da<br />
xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanonis 1-li muxliT: `investiciad<br />
miiCneva yvela saxis qonebrivi da inteleqtualuri faseuloba an ufleba, romelic dabanddeba<br />
da gamoiyeneba SesaZlo mogebis miRebis mizniT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganxorcielebul<br />
samewarmeo saqmianobaSi~. aqve aRsaniSnavia Cveni mosazreba, orive kanonSi `investiciis~ ganmartebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, rom radgan orive kanonSi ganmartebulia investiciis cneba da Tan<br />
gansxvavebulad, migvaCnia, rom orive kanonis definicia `investiciis~ Sesaxeb unificirebuli<br />
unda iyos. aqedan gamomdinare, zogjer, usafuZvloa motanil investiciebsa da kapitaldabandebebs<br />
Soris gansxvaveba. migvaCnia, rom es sityvebi sinonimebia.<br />
qonebrivi urTierTobebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia samxedro, radiolokaciuri da misi<br />
msgavsi bazebisa da nagebobebis gamoyenebasTan, romlebsac eqspluatacias uwevs erTi saxelmwifo<br />
meore saxelmwifos teritoriaze, regulirdeba Sesabamisi bazebis statusiT da maTi gamoyenebis<br />
pirobebis samTavrobaTaSoriso SeTanxmebebiT, xSirad eqsteritoriulobis safuZvelze.<br />
magram Cveulebriv saxelmwifos infrastruqturasTan bazebis garduvali kavSiri, sadac isini<br />
imyofebian, moiTxovs anazRaurebis safuZvelze tranzitis, wylisa da energomomaragebis problemebis<br />
aucilebel regulirebas. am dros ganxorcielebuli kapitaldabandebebi saerTaSoriso<br />
urTierTobebis cnebaSi ver Tavsdeba;<br />
meoTxe, samewarmeo mniSvnelobis sakuTrebis dabandeba (SeZena) _ savaWro operaciaa. magram am<br />
rakursSi sainvesticio samarTali ganixileba ara savaWro samarTlis CarCoebSi, aramed rogorc<br />
18
qonebrivi samarTlis nawili, vinaidan sainvesticio samarTlis azria ara imdenad sakuTrebis<br />
uflebis (savaWro) gadacemis sakiTxi, ramdenadac sakuTrebis reJimisa da dacvis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
saerTaSoriso savaWro samarTalTan dakavSirebuli investiciebis reJimis aspeqtebi regulirdeba<br />
msoflio savaWro organizaciis (WTO) CarCoebSi, sainvesticio zomebis aspeqtebis gansakuTrebul<br />
SeTanxmebaSi (TRIMs), romelic erT adgilze yvela sainvesticio problemis gadmocemiT,<br />
erTianobis interesebisaTvis ganixileba, aseve, saerTaSoriso qonebriv samarTalTan erTad;<br />
mexuTe, sainvesticio urTierTobebSi ase Tu ise monawileobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis ori<br />
subieqti: sainvesticio kapitalis saxelmwifo-eqsportiori da saxelmwifo-importiori. aris<br />
mesame subieqtic (magram ara saerTaSoriso, aramed erovnuli samarTlis) _ kapitalis kerZo<br />
eqsportiori, sxvagvarad _ investori. 3 rogorc wesi, maT Soris investiciebis waxalisebisa da<br />
dacvis saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis praqtikaSi, investorSi esmiT erTi saxelmwifos fizikuri<br />
piri an iuridiuli piri SeTanxmebis meore monawile saxelmwifoSi. amasTan, ganmsazRvrelia fizikuri<br />
pirisaTvis _ misi moqalaqeoba, iuridiuli pirisaTvis _ misi registraciis adgili. `teqnikuri<br />
azriT SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom ucxouri investicia _ esaa investicia, romelSic investorad<br />
gamodis ucxoeli piri. praqtikulad, ucxoeli investorebi Cveulebriv msxvili sawarmoebia,<br />
Zalze xSirad transerovnuli korporaciebi (tek-ebi). swored am sawarmoebis interesebia<br />
kerZo investiciebis koleqtiuri interesebis gamoxatva (da ara gamomxatveli) sainvesticio<br />
kapitalis eqsportiori-saxelmwifos interesebTan SeerTebiT. amasTan, saerTo _ saxelmwifo,<br />
ekonomikuri interesebi warmoadgenen ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi saerTaSoriso sainvesticio<br />
TanamSromlobisa da samarTlebrivi regulirebis mamoZravebel `motors~.<br />
saerTaSoriso investirebis ganviTareba. `kapitalis eqsportis, maT Soris, investiciebis<br />
formiT farTo ganviTarebam, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, gamoiwvia misi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi<br />
regulirebis saWiroeba. Sesabamisad, investiciebis sakiTxebze saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi<br />
SedarebiT axali movlenaa. ormxriv safuZvelze aseTi SeTanxmebebis dadebis praqtikas<br />
saTave daudo mrewvelobiT ganviTarebulma qveynebma, romlebic daadgnen ganviTarebad qveynebSi<br />
kapitalis eqsportis gzas. SeTanxmebebis dadebis mizezi ki, iyo ganviTarebuli qveynebis miswrafeba,<br />
uzrunveleyoT TavianTi investorebis dacva im politikuri riskebisagan, rac dakavSirebuli<br />
iyo eqspropriaciebis, savaluto transferebis akrZalvebis, omebisagan zaralisa da<br />
a.S. SesaZleblobasTan~. 4<br />
`Tavis mxriv, ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic dainteresebulni arian kapitalis mozidvaSi,<br />
an dadebuli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis gamo, an Sida kanondeblobis safuZvelze xSirad ucxoel<br />
investorebs aZleven sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs, damatebiT sakredito SesaZleblobebs,<br />
sakonsultacio momsaxurebas da misT~. 5<br />
amJamad, msoflioSi dadebulia daaxloebiT samasze meti gansakuTrebuli ormxrivi saerTaSoriso<br />
investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis SeTanxmebebi. am mxriv, pirveloba ekuTvnis germanias,<br />
aSS-s, did britaneTs, TurqeTs da sxva qveynebs. ormxriv SeTanxmebebSi ganviTarebuli qveynebi<br />
xedaven Tavisi investorebis investirebis did garantirebulobas, vidre im qveynebis erovnul<br />
arastabilur kanondeblobaSi, sadac isini investiciebs abandeben.<br />
SevniSnavT, rom TavisTavad ormxrivi sainvesticio SeTanxmeba panacea rodia, igi jer kidev,<br />
ar niSnavs kapitaldabandebebis efeqtur mozRvavebas. gacilebiT ufro arsebiTia, am sferoSi<br />
xelsayreli da stabiluri erovnuli kanondebloba da qveyanaSi saerTo sainvesticio klimati,<br />
rom savaraudo kapitaldabandebebis momgebianoba sarwmuno gaxdes.<br />
pirvelad, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi, romlebic exeba ucxouri investiciebis dacvas,<br />
Cndeba 60-iani wlebis bolos, aSS-is mier dadebuli megobrobis vaWrobisa da naosnobis Sesaxeb<br />
ormxriv xelSekrulebebSi.<br />
19
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba (iwdS)<br />
kapitaldabandebebis transsasazRvro gadaadgilebebis dargSi saxelmwifoTaSorisi interesebis<br />
regulirebis mTavari samarTlebrivi saSualeba XX saukunis Sua xanebSi xdeba investiciebis<br />
waxalisebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi, ZiriTadad, mrewvelobiT ganviTarebuli<br />
qveynebisa ganviTarebad qveynebTan. ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris msgavsi SeTanxmebebis<br />
dadebis praqtikam ganviTareba ver hpova, vinaidan erT-erTi da Zalze msxvili kapitaldabandebebis<br />
sakmaod xelsayreli pirobebis uzrunvelyofa am qveynebSi saerTo stabiluri da sando<br />
politikuri, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri struqturuli situaciiT xdeba. aseve, sagulisxmoa,<br />
rom ganviTarebadi qveynebidan yvelaze ufro mowinaveebi, msxvili laTinoamerikuli qveynebis<br />
(argentina, brazilia) CaTvliT, romlebic moizidaven ucxouri pirdapiri kapitaldabandebebis<br />
yvelaze did nawils, rogorc wesi, mrewvelobiT ganviTarebul qveynebTan aseTi SeTanxmebebis<br />
dadebisadmi interess ar iCenen. investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ZiriTadi<br />
ideologia, saxeldobr yovelgvari nacionalizaciisa da eqspropriaciis SemTxvevebSi, ucxouri<br />
sakuTrebis dacvis tradiciuli principebis SenarCunebaa `swrafi, efeqturi da adekvaturi~<br />
kompensaciis valdebulebiT. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mxridan, ucxouri kapitalis nakadis waxalisebis<br />
pirobebi ganicdis kritikas, rogorc maTi erovnuli interesebis sawinaaRmdego SeTanxmeba.<br />
investori imave samarTlebriv reJimSi unda moeqces, rogorc kapitaldabandebis mimRebi qveynis<br />
erovnuli subieqtebi, investorisaTvis ar unda moqmedebdes iseTi preferenciuli formebi, romlebic<br />
daazaralebdnen erovnul sawarmoebs, sadac isini deben investiciebs.<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis daaxloebiT, naxevari Tavs ikavebs investiciebis waxalisebisa da<br />
dacvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis dadebaze, rac safuZvelia varaudis, rom es SeTanxmebebi ar SeiZleba<br />
ganxilul iqnas rogorc saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi regulirebis idealurad umwikvlo forma.<br />
magaliTad, statistikuri analizi ar aCvenebs investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb Se-<br />
Tanxmebasa da ucxouri kapitalis mozRvavebas Soris pirdapir kavSirs. metic, laTinur amerikaSi,<br />
romelzec modis ufro meti ucxouri kapitali, vidre nebismier sxva regionze, mxolod<br />
calkeuli qveynebi deben aseT SeTanxmebas. afrikam ki, romelzec yvela aseTi dadebuli SeTanxmebebis<br />
TiTqmis naxevari modis, ucxouri kapitalis mxolod umniSvnelo nawili miizida.<br />
ucxouri kapitalis mozidvisas, erT-erT umniSvnelovanes prioritetul faqtorad migvaCnia<br />
erovnuli interesebis dacva (umTavresad komerciuli riskebisagan).<br />
`unda SevniSnoT, rom samamulo warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis tarifis gamoyenebis stimulirebisaTvis<br />
tarifis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis analizi gvexmareba, rom SevafasoT proteqcionizmis<br />
damcavi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mosazrebebi. amerikeli mecnieris, ekonomistis h. lindertis<br />
mosazrebebis mixedviT, sabaJo-satarifo politikasTan dakavSirebiT metad sainteresoa, ganvsazRvroT<br />
argumentebi axalgazrda dargebis ganviTarebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. argumentebis<br />
Sinaarsi Semdegia: naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi tarifis droebiTi SemoReba gamarTlebulia,<br />
ramdenadac igi akavebs Tanamedrove samrewvelo produqciis imports, vidre axladaRmocenebuli<br />
sakuTari industria gamocdilebas daagrovebs da warmoebis xarjebi im donemde Semcirdeba,<br />
rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes winaaRmdegobis gaweva importuli produqciis konkurenciisaTvis. axalgazrda<br />
dargebis dacvis aucileblobis problema yovelTvis wamoiWreba da aqtualuri iqneba,<br />
radgan aseTi axali dargebi yovelTvis warmoiSoba da bunebrivia, rom misi dacvis aucileblobac<br />
yovelTvis idgeba qveynebis ekonomikuri saqmianobis dRis wesrigSi, xolo rodesac erovnuli<br />
ekonomika moSlilia, tarifebis SemoReba ufro xelsayreli SeiZleba iyos~. 6<br />
`sainvesticio saqmianobis efeqtianad gamoyenebis mizniT, saxelmwifo kanoniT dadgenili<br />
SesaZleblobebis farglebSi ereva da warmarTavs am process. aq mxedvelobaSi ar aris saxelmwifo<br />
20
investireba, romlis drosac saxelmwifo gamodis investoris rolSi. kerZo da ucxouri investirebis<br />
dros xdeba sainvesticio saqmianobis koreqtireba saxelmwifos mier. SesaZloa SeRavaTiano<br />
pirobebis daweseba im investorebisaTvis, romlebic axorcieleben sainvesticio saqmianobas<br />
sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani mimarTulebebiT<br />
da upirveles yovlisa, socialur sferoSi, warmoebis teqnikur srulyofaSi, axali<br />
teqnologiebis danergvaSi da sxva~. 7<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb ormxrivi SeTanxmebis Sinaarsi<br />
ZiriTadad, Semdegze daiyvaneba: preambulaSi Cveulebriv, miTiTebulia SeTanxmebis miznebsa da<br />
saganze, kerZod, investiciebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnaze, maT waxalisebasa da dacvaze.<br />
aseve, masSi Setanilia iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa: investirebis qveynis suverenitetisa da<br />
kanonebis pativiscema da rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro (saxelmwifo) sawarmoebTan sainvesticio<br />
TanamSromlobis ufleba. SeiZleba ganisazRvros investiciebis waxalisebis specifikuri sferoebic.<br />
iuridiulad, aseTi SeTanxmeba Cveulebriv, emyareba formaluri nacvalgebis princips.<br />
ormxrivi SeTanxmebis principebSi CamoTvlilia sxvadasxva saxis kapitaldabandebebi: moZravi<br />
da uZravi qoneba, sxvadasxva qonebrivi uflebebi, aqciebi, obligaciebi inteleqtualuri<br />
sakuTrebis saxeebi, `nou-hau~, savaWro markebi da aS. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom CamonaTvali ar<br />
aris amomwuravi.<br />
investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb SeTnxmebaSi principuli adgili ukavia investirebis<br />
Sepirebul saerTo samarTlebriv reJims (standarts). klasikurad iTvleba `sasurveli da<br />
samarTlebrivi reJimi~. misi zusti gageba ar arsebobs, magram misi zogierTi elementi metad Tu<br />
naklebad miCneulia sayovelTaod. esaa aradiskriminacia, raRac minimaluri standarti (arc<br />
mTlad konkretuli, magram orientirebuli ucxoel pirTa reJimze). kapitalmimRebi saxelmwifos<br />
movaleobaa daicvas ucxouri sakuTreba. Cveulebriv, aseT SeTanxmebaSi, Sedis specialuri `dacvisa<br />
da uzrunveloyofis daTqma~ (‘‘protection and security clause”).<br />
investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebisaTvis Cveulebrivia `uflebis dacvis~<br />
daTqma, romlis mizania SeTanxmebis mxareTa sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebidan da valdebulebebidan,<br />
an maTi erovnuli kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare, nebismier, ufro xelsayrel re-<br />
Jims upiratesoba hqondes mocemuli SeTanxmebis pirobebze. am daTqmasTan zogjer, dakavSirebulia<br />
e. w. `qolgiani~ klauzula, romlis Tanaxmad, SeTanxmebis erT-erTi damdebi mxare valdebulebas<br />
kisrulobs Seasrulos TavisTavze aRebuli nebismieri valdebuleba, mis teritoriaze<br />
investiciebis mimarT, meore mxaris pirebTan an sawarmoebTan SeTanxmebebis mixedviT. zogjer,<br />
SeTanxmebaSi Setanilia stabilurobis daTqma, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom Sesabamisi sainvesticio<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis kanonmdeblobis SesaZlo cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi, ucvleli<br />
rCeba sainvesticio kontraqtis an SeTanxmebaze xelmoweris dros moqmedi kanonmdeblobis<br />
pirobebi.<br />
`investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb SeTnxmebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia<br />
sainvesticio urTierTobebis Sewyvetis pirobebs eqspropriaciisa (nacionalizaciis CaTvliT)<br />
da indigenizaciis (gansazRvruli saxis sakuTrebis gadacema mimRebi saxelmwifos erovnuli<br />
pirebisaTvis) SedegiT, romelic Cveulebriv daTqmulia, rom eqspropriacia da misT. SeiZleba<br />
marTlzomierad iqnas aRiarebuli sazogadoebrivi interesebis arsebobisas, ara diskriminaciis,<br />
kompensaciis (`dauyovneblivi, adekvaturi da efeqturi~) uzrunvelyofis dacvisas, agreTve<br />
rogorc Sesabamisi zomebis iuridiuli dasabuTebulobisas, ise kompensaciis odenobis nawilSi<br />
investoris interesebis samarTlebrivi dacvis uzrunvelyofisas~. 8<br />
yvela investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb SeTnxmeba Seicavs mxareTa Soris davebis<br />
ganxilvis wesis pirobebs (sadac SeiZleba moeqces `qolgiani~ klauzulas Sesabamisad, investorsa<br />
21
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
da mimReb saxelmwifos Soris davebic). gaTvaliswinebulia davebis regulirebis ori ZiriTadi<br />
procedura, saxeldobr: mxareTa molaparakebis meSveobiT, xolo SeTanxmebis miuRwevlobisas _<br />
‘‘ad hoc” saarbitraJo proceduris saSualebiT. umravles SemTxvevaSi ki, araa daTqmebi arbitraJis<br />
mier gamosayenebeli samarTlis Sesaxeb. magram Tu amis Sesaxeb rig SeTanxmebebSi aRniSnulia,<br />
maSin mxareebi Tavad gansazRvraven gamosayenebel samarTals saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebze<br />
da normebze miTiTebebis CaTvliT, investiciebis mimRebi qveynis, erovnuli samarTlis<br />
normebis gamoyenebis rekomendaciebis CaTvliT.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli SeTanxmebis mokle analizi SeiZleba davasruloT am tipis SeTanxmebebisaTvis<br />
specifikur subrogaciul 9 daTqmebze miTiTebiT. aq subrogaciis instituti gadmotanilia sadazRvevo<br />
saqmidan. esaa damzRvevisaTvis sadazRvevo sazRauris gadamxdeli mzRvevelis regresis<br />
ufleba zianis mimyenebeli mxaris mimarT. subrogaciuli konstruqcia Setanilia praqtikulad<br />
yvela aseTi tipis SeTanxmebaSi da gulisxmobs, rom politikuri riskebis gamo, investoris<br />
mier Tavisi erovnuli sadazRvevo saagentosagan kompensaciis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, misi saxelmwifo<br />
an sadazRvevo saagento iZens investiciebis mimRebi saxelmwifos mimarT zaralis anazRaurebis<br />
moTxovnis uflebas.<br />
ucxouri investiciebisaTvis `politikuri~ riskebis problemebi erT-erTi aqtualuri<br />
sakiTxia msoflio Tanamedrove, rTuli politikuri fonis pirobebSi. rogorc mravalmxrivi,<br />
ise ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis yvela reJimSi prioritetulia investorTa dacvis meqanizmis gamar-<br />
Tuli funqcionireba, maTi interesebis dacva specifikuri, kerZod, e. w. `politikuri~ an sxvagvarad,<br />
arakomerciuli riskebisagan, romlebsac ganicdian investiciebi ZiriTadad, ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi.<br />
ramdenime sityviT e. w. privatizaciis Sesaxeb. 10 Tavisi ekonomikuri arsiT privatizacia aseve,<br />
sainvesticio zomaa _ sakuTrebis uflebebis gadanawilebisa, romelic iuridiulad safuZvlad<br />
udevs nebismier investirebas. erTi mxriv, ar arsebobs privatizaciis regulirebis raime zogadi<br />
saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebi, rogorc sazogadod, investirebis mimarT. meore mxriv,<br />
arc erT, arc meore SemTxevaSi ar aris arc privatizaciis, arc nacionalizaciis, arc mTlianad<br />
investirebis sakiTxebis saerTaSoriso konvenciuri wesiT gadawyvetis dabrkolebebi. doqtrinaluri,<br />
vidre eqspropriaciisa da nacionalizaciis anazRaurebadobidan da aradiskriminaciulobis<br />
materialursamarTlebriv debulebebze dayrdnobis arasaimedoobis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
praqtika ucxouri investiciebis realuri dacvis uzrunvelyofis nawilSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />
investiciebis waxalisebisa da dacvis ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis samarTlis instrumentebze,<br />
xolo investiciebis sandoobis uzrunvelyofis mTavari praqtikuli saSualeba amasTan, gaxda<br />
e.w. sainvesticio garantiebi. komerciul safuZvelze sainvesticio arakomerciuli riskebis garantireba<br />
(arsebiTad _ dazRvevis nairsaxeoba) xorcieldeba erovnul da/an saerTaSoriso<br />
doneebze ucxouri investiciebis garantirebulobis gansakuTrebuli meqanizmebis Seqmnis meSveobiT.<br />
komerciuli riskebis dazRveva arsebiTad ki ar aris gamoricxuli Cveulebriv sadazRvevo<br />
institutebSi, aramed garantiebis meqanizmebis Seqmna _ investoris mier arakomerciuli riskebis<br />
moqmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli danakargebisa da rac SeiZleba sruli kompensaciis miRebis<br />
erTaderTi saimedo uzrunvelyofaa. erovnul doneze investiciebis garantirebis funqciebi<br />
Cveulebriv ekisreba saxelmwifos mier Seqmnil specialur dawesebulebebs, romlebic aRWurvili<br />
arian iuridiuli piris uflebebiT, magram saxelmwifos saimedo kontrolis qveS. magaliTad,<br />
aSS-Si esaa sazRvargareTis kerZo investiciebis korporacia _ Overseas Private Investment Corporation<br />
(OPIC); kanadaSi eqsportis ganviTarebis korporacia (EDC) da sxva. zogadad, investiciebis garantirebis<br />
saerTaSoriso mravalmxrivi meqanizmebi regionuli an universaluria. regionuli meqanizmis<br />
iSviaTi magaliTia aziisa da afrikis, aseve, 22 arabuli qveynis erT-erTi sainvesticio<br />
22
saqmianobis mxardaWerisaTvis Seqmnili investiciebis garantiebis arabTaSorisi kompania. universaluri<br />
meqanizmia 1985 wlis seulis konvenciis safuZvelze, rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis<br />
saerTaSoriso bankis (rgsb-is) egidiT Seqmnili mravalmxrivi sainvesticio garantiebis<br />
saagento (MIGA), romelSic Sedis msoflios umravlesi saxelmwifo da sxva.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom mravalmxrivi investiciebisa da garantiebis saagento (MIGA) Sedis<br />
rgsb-is sistemaSi, igi iuridiulad da finansurad damoukidebelia. saagentos samarTlebrivi<br />
statusi araerTmniSvnelovania. seulis konvenciis Sesabamisad, MIGA-s wevrebi saxelmwifoebia,<br />
magram saagentos samarTlebrivi statusi konvenciaSi pirdapir gansazRvrulia rogorc iuridiuli<br />
piri (muxli 1), romelic dakavebulia komerciuli saqmianobiT. 11 vinaidan araa dazustebuli<br />
iuridiuli piris erovnuli statusi (konkretulad, romel saxelmwifoSi), unda CaiTvalos, rom<br />
am saagentos statusi SeiZleba hqondes yvela wevr saxelmwifoSi. iuridiuli piris formaluri<br />
statusi konvenciaSi dakonkretebulia saaqcio sazogadoebis formiT, romlis parametrebi gansazRvrulia<br />
konvenciaSi. sayuradReboa, rom saagentos saxelwodebaSi gamoyenebulia sityva<br />
`mravalmxrivi~ da ara `saerTaSoriso~. 12 Tumca, saagentos saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi statusi<br />
konvenciaSi gacxadebuli ar aris, mainc es statusi impliciturad ikiTxeba saagentosaTvis im<br />
privilegiebisa da imunitetebis micemaSi, rac Cveulebriv damaxasiaTebelia samTavrobaTaSoriso<br />
organizaciebisaTvis (muxlebi 43_50); saagentosa da wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris SesaZlo davebis<br />
regulirebis arsebiTad gansakuTrebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi proceduris SeqmnaSi<br />
(muxli 57 da konvenciis I I danarTi) da sxv. amis gamo, saagento kvalificirdeba rogorc samTavrobaTaSoriso<br />
organizacia.<br />
`uSualod saagentos mier an misi monawileobiT xorcieldeba ori saxis garantiebi: a) xelmoweris<br />
kapitalTan dakavSirebuli dazRvevis garantiebi (`ordinaluri~ an `avtomaturi~). es<br />
garantiebi Semoifargleba qveynis xelmoweris kapitalis saerTo moculobidan 150%-is WeriT<br />
da MIGA-s mier eZleva mxolod I jgufis qveynebis investorebs I I jgufis qveynebSi investiciebze;<br />
b) garantiebi, romlebic araa dakavSirebuli xelmowerebis kapitalTan. faqtobrivad da iuridiulad,<br />
aseTi garantiebi investorebs MIGA-s mier ar eZleva, MIGA gamodis mxolod Suamavali<br />
mxardaWeris gansakuTrebuli ndobis fondis qveynebis sponsoruli jgufis Seqmnisas, saidanac<br />
eZlevaT garantiebi investorebs. masze saagentos aranairi finansuri pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreba.<br />
aseTi garantiebi ar Semoifargleba raime wesiT. isini SeiZleba mieceT I jgufis investorebs<br />
I I jgufis qveynebSi investiciebze; meore saxis garantiebi aseve, SeiZleba mieceT I jgufis investorebs<br />
amave jgufis qveynebSi investiciebisaTvis an I I jgufis qveynebis investorebs amave<br />
jgufis qveynebSi investiciebisaTvis.~ 13<br />
sainvesticio zomebis savaWro aspeqtebis SeTanxmeba<br />
vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli sainvesticio RonisZiebebi<br />
(TRADE-RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES _ TRIMS)<br />
ucxouri investiciebis samarTlebrivi regulireba, romelic uzrunvelyofilia, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, erovnul marTlwesrigSi, ZiriTadad, ara savaWro, aramed qonebriv urTierTobebs miekuTvneba<br />
e.i. ucxoeli investoris mier investirebuli qonebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli reJimis<br />
dadgenas. Tumca es qonebrivi uTierTobebi, romlebic damyarebulia sazRvargareTidan kapitaldabandebebze,<br />
Cveulebriv, Sesabamisi faseulobebis Sesyidvis Sedegad warmoiSoba, ese igi vaWrobis<br />
meSveobiT. magram, TRIMs-is dadebis ZiriTadi mizezia qveyanaSi ucxouri investiciebis<br />
gamoyenebis msvlelobaSi msoflio savaWro organizaciis (WTO) liberaluri reJimis darRvevebis<br />
23
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
ardaSvebisaken miswrafeba. aseTi darRvevebi konkretulad dakavSirebulia ucxouri investiciebis<br />
daSvebisa da gansazRvruli saWiro ekonomikuri Sedegebis miRwevis pirobebiT, maTi gamoyenebis<br />
(‘‘performance requirement”) erTob gavrcelebul praqtikasTan. xSirad investiciebis importiori<br />
qveynebi TavianT kanonmdeblobaSi pirdapir iTvaliswineben magaliTad, rom sainvesticio<br />
sawarmos produqcia unda miewodos (SesaZloa, daTqmuli wiliT) Sida bazars an mowyobilobis<br />
an nedleulis garkveuli nawili ucxouri kapitalis monawileobiT, warmoebisaTvis Sesyidva unda<br />
moxdes Sida bazarze da misT. swored aseTi pirobebi SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaSi iyos liberalizaciis,<br />
raodenobrivi SezRudvebis dauSveblobis da a.S. Sesaxeb GATT-s (generaluri SeTanxmeba<br />
tarifebsa da vaWrobaze _ The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) wesebTan.<br />
Tavisi samarTlebrivi statusiT TRIMs _ SeTanxmebaa marakeSis paketis CarCoebSi, maSasadame,<br />
savaldebuloa WTO-s yvela monawile qveynisaTvis.<br />
TRIMs-Si gaTvaliswinebuli iyo gardamavali periodi, saxelmwifoebis mier SeTanxmebis Seusabamo,<br />
yvela dafiqsirebuli, ZalaSi Sesuli sainvesticio zomebis likvidaciisaTvis da agreTve<br />
Semdgom, yvela aseTi zomebis upirobod akrZalvis wesi. aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia TRIMs-is<br />
SesrulebaSi saxelmwifoebis mier keTilsindisierebis dacvis valdebuleba da aseve, WTO-s<br />
sistemaSi Sepirobebuli SeTanxmebis mixedviT, valdebulebebis SesrulebasTan urTierTdakav-<br />
Sirebuli yvela erovnuli zomebis mimarT gamWvirvalobis moTxovna. TRIMs-is Sesrulebis kontrolisa<br />
da xelSewyobisaTvis WTO-s CarCoebSi Seqmnilia vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli investiciebis<br />
komiteti.<br />
24
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
diplomatiuri imunitetis Sesaxeb, ix.: ia xarazi, saqarTvelos<br />
sagadasaxado samarTali, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 234-239.<br />
2<br />
pirdapir investiciebSi Cveulebriv esmiT investiciebi, romlebic<br />
grZelvadiani kavSirebis safuZvelze, investors aZlevs investirebuli<br />
sawarmos mmarTvelobaze realuri zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobas. pirdapiri<br />
investiciebi SeiZleba iyos realuri e.i. materialur-nivTobrivi formiT,<br />
an finansuri _ sawarmos kapitalSi fulis, aqciebisa da sxva fasiani<br />
qaRaldebis formiT. finansuri investiciebi araa gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
sawarmos mmarTvelobasTan kavSirze, aramed mxolod saxsrebis dabandebaa<br />
mogebis misaRebad an kapitalis SesaZenad (saportfelo investiciebi).<br />
3<br />
investori:<br />
1. saqarTvelos an ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi, iuridiuli pirebi an<br />
iuridiuli pirebis erToblioba (konsorciumi), romlebic monawileoben<br />
navTobisa da gazis Zebna-Ziebasa da mopovebaSi da amisaTvis iyeneben<br />
sakuTar, nasesxeb an mozidul finasur saSualebebs. ix.: saqarTvelos<br />
kanoni `navTobisa da gazis Sesaxeb~, 1999 wlis 16 aprili, muxli 1.<br />
2. fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelic aris saqmianobis ganxorcielebis<br />
iniciatori da mimarTavs garemosdacviTi nebarTvis gamcem organos<br />
saqmianobaze garemosdacviTi nebarTvis misaRebad. ix.: saqarTvelos kanoni<br />
`garemosdacviTi nebarTvis Sesaxeb~, 1996 wlis 15 oqtomberi, muxli 3.<br />
investoris ganmartebis Sesaxeb aseve, ix.: saqarTvelos kanoni<br />
`sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb, muxli. 2,<br />
sadac investorad moiazreba fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, agreTve<br />
saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic axorcielebs investirebas<br />
saqarTveloSi. ucxoel investorad iTvleba: a) ucxoeTis saxelmwifos<br />
moqalaqe; b) moqalaqeobis armqone piri, romelic ar cxovrobs<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze; g) saqarTvelos moqalaqe, romelic mudmivad<br />
cxovrobs sazRvargareT; d) iuridiuli piri, romelic registrirebulia<br />
saqarTvelos sazRvars gareT.<br />
4<br />
g. m. veliaminovi, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri samarTali da procesi,<br />
moskovi, volter kluveri, 2004, (rusul enaze), gv. 357-358.<br />
5<br />
iqve, gv. 358.<br />
6<br />
ix.: ia xarazi, sabaJo samarTali, Tbilisi, gv. 250-251.<br />
7<br />
roman Sengelia, safinanso samarTali, gv. 63-64.<br />
8<br />
g. m. veliaminovi, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri samarTali da procesi,<br />
moskovi, volter kluveri, 2004, (rusul enaze), gv. <strong>36</strong>9-370.<br />
9<br />
subrogaciis dros investori mTel Tavis uflebebsa da moTxovnebs<br />
saxelmwifos gadascems.<br />
10<br />
privatizeba an privatizacia, aseve denacionalizacia aris sakuTrebis<br />
saxalxo sakuTrebidan kerZo mflobelobaSi transformaciis procesi, an<br />
raime samsaxuris an servisis marTvis saxelmwifodan kerZo seqtorSi<br />
gadayvana. sawinaaRmdego process nacionalizeba an municipalizacia hqvia.<br />
Tavad termini `privatizacia~ pirvelad 1948 wels iqna gamoyenebuli da mas<br />
popularizacia 1980 wlebSi Jurnalma `ekonomistma~ gauwia.<br />
11<br />
ix.: seulis konvenciis muxli 1, 2, 27 da sxv.<br />
12<br />
ix.: seulis konvenciis muxli 5-10.<br />
13<br />
g. m. veliaminovi, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri samarTali da procesi,<br />
moskovi, volter kluveri, 2004, (rusul enaze), gv. 378.<br />
25
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
REGARDING SOME ASPECTS<br />
OF INTERNATIONAL<br />
INVESTMENT LAW<br />
IA KHARAZI<br />
Professor at Sokhumi State University, Faculty of Law<br />
TAMAR GARDAPKHADZE<br />
Full Professor at Davit Aghmashenebeli University of Georgia, School of Law<br />
Investment law is in essence a wider representation and realization of the<br />
ownership right notion that has certain peculiarities. In particular: firstly, this law<br />
covers only foreign property and its protection through international-legal<br />
instruments. How domestic laws of different countries treat foreign capital remains<br />
a separate topic, but this issue is fundamental and naturally it is important in<br />
international relations; secondly, foreign good -first of all intellectual property -<br />
is interpreted within the frames of international investment law.<br />
The Convention Establishing the Multilateral Investment Guarantee<br />
Agency (MIGA)done at Seoul in 1985 gives more limited interpretation of<br />
investments. MIGA’s guarantees are “automatically” granted only to direct<br />
investments made in capital of the enterprise inclusive of financial investments.<br />
In any case, investments as per Seoul Convention should be firstly made in<br />
the form of a deposit (monetary or in kind, as well as in the form of intangible<br />
assets exclusive of services); secondly, the deposit should not be for s short term;<br />
thirdly, and most importantly, investments should be of an entrepreneurial<br />
character, i.e. they should also imply certain entrepreneurial risks. It should be<br />
not only capital investment, but also possible profit gained from the investments.<br />
26
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, kulturuli faseulobebis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, xalxis cnobierebaSi TavianTi istoriis materialuri<br />
Sinaarsis mqone fizikuri mtkicebulebebis dazianeba an<br />
ganadgureba yovelTvis Rrma kvals tovebs. kulturuli faseulobebi,<br />
maTi geografiuli mdebareobis, istoriuli situaciisa<br />
da drois miuxedavad, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, mizanmimarTul samiznesac ki, warmoadgendnen. mravalricxovani<br />
arqiteqturuli Tu arqeologiuri memkvidreoba, xelovnebis<br />
nimuSi, muzeumi Tu sxva saxis Sedevri Seewira omis<br />
saSinelebas, magram miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi maTgani mTlian<br />
ganadgurebas mainc gadaurCa da Cvenamde aRdgenili saxiT moaRwia.<br />
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros kulturuli faseulobebisa<br />
da Rirebulebebis dacva, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mecnierebaSi<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis nawilad aris aRiarebuli.<br />
saerTaSoriso doneze mravalmxrivi ganxilvis miuxedavad,<br />
sakiTxi metad aqtualuria, sakamaToa da did interessac iwvevs.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, statiaSi ganxilulia SeiaraRebuli konfzogierTi<br />
normis<br />
ganmartebisaTvis<br />
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis<br />
dros _ `samxedro<br />
aucilebloba~ _ arsebuli<br />
midgomebi da realoba<br />
mamuka Sengelia<br />
quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
samarTlis departamentis sruli profesori<br />
Sesavali<br />
27
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
liqtis dros, kulturuli faseulobebis dacvis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi garantiebi,<br />
ganzogadebulia is normebi, romlebic gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, Sinaarsobriv SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba<br />
saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi da metnaklebad gasaziarebelia.<br />
1. SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros kulturuli faseulobebis dacvis<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi wyaroebi<br />
a. liberis kodeqsi. 1863 wels, gamoqveynda kongresmen frensis liberis Sedgenili da aSS-is<br />
kongresis mier miRebuli, saomari moqmedebebis yvela aspeqtis momcveli wesebi _ `instruqciebi<br />
aSS-is savele samxedro SenaerTebisaTvis~ (brZaneba <strong>#1</strong>00 samwyobro nawilebisaTvis), romelic<br />
dRes liberis kodeqsis saxeliTaa cnobili. instruqciaSi zogadi normebis saxiT, pirvelad aris<br />
miTiTebuli saomari moqmedebebis dros kulturuli faseulobebis dacvis aucileblobis<br />
Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom liberis instruqciebis iuridiuli Zala vrceldeboda mxolod<br />
aSS-is SeiaraRebul Zalebze, misi ZiriTadi principebi SeiTvisa saerTaSoriso samarTlis mecnierebam<br />
da SemdgomSi, saerTaSoriso xasiaTis xelSekrulebebSi hpova asaxva.<br />
b. haagis 1899 da 1907 wlebis konvenciebi saxmeleTo omis kanonebisa da Cveulebebis Sesaxeb.<br />
saerTaSoriso doneze SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros kulturuli faseulobebis dacvis<br />
principebi pirvelad, haagis 1899 da 1907 wlebis konvenciebSi gvxvdeba, romlebic Seicavdnen<br />
meomar mxareTa mavaldebulebel specialur normebs garkveul obieqtTa dacvis uzrunvelyofisa<br />
da saomari mizniT gamouyeneblobis Sesaxeb. konvenciebSi xazgasmuli iyo kulturuli faseulobebis<br />
specialuri niSniT, sxva obieqtebisagan gamoyofis aucilebloba, rac mocemul normaTa<br />
upirobo Sesrulebas gulisxmobda.<br />
g. rerixis paqti/vaSingtonis xelSekruleba. 1929 wels, cnobilma rusma mxatvarma nikoloz<br />
rerixma, kulturuli Zeglebis dacvis Sesaxeb gamoaqveyna proeqti (SemdgomSi rerixis paqti),<br />
Sesavlis da oTxi muxlis saxiT, romelic universaluri xasiaTis saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv<br />
dokuments, kulturul faseulobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb yvela qveynisaTvis misaReb, saerTo principul<br />
winadadebebs warmoadgenda. 1935 wlis 15 aprils, TeTr saxlSi, panamerikuli kavSiris<br />
wevr saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenlebma, rerixis paqtSi Camoyalibebuli debulebebis gaziarebis<br />
Semdeg, saerTaSoriso doneze, xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas da am saxelmwifoTa SeTanxmebas<br />
`vaSingtonis xelSekruleba~ ewoda, xolo saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv literaturaSi `rerixis<br />
paqtis~ saxelwodebiTac moixsenieba. haagis zemoaRniSnuli konvenciebisagan gansxvavebiT, `va-<br />
Singtonis xelSekrulebaSi~ Camoyalibebuli msjelobiT, romelic garkveul principebs, normebs<br />
da faseulobebs eyrdnoba, kulturuli faseulobebis dacvis meqanizmebi gaazrebulia aramarto<br />
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis, aramed mSvidobianobis drosac. rerixis paqti, rogorc regionuli<br />
xasiaTis dokumenti, kulturul faseulobaTa dacvas, daTqmis gareSe iTvaliswinebs. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom saerTaSoriso samarTalSi aqtma pirvelad da kategoriulad daadgina am faseulobebis<br />
dacvis prioritetuloba.<br />
d. SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros kulturuli faseulobebis dacvis Sesaxeb haagis 1954<br />
wlis konvencia 1 gaeros egidiT momzadebuli, iuneskos pirveli saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi<br />
aqti da universaluri saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa, romelSic SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros<br />
kulturul faseulobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb inkorporirebuli normebia Tavmoyrili. konvencia<br />
efuZneba ideas, rom kulturuli memkvidreobis dacva ar aris mxolod im saxelmwifos movaleoba,<br />
romlis teritoriazec es simdidrea moTavsebuli, aramed es kulturuli faseulobebi mTeli<br />
msoflios sakuTrebas warmoadgens da saWiroa maTi saerTaSoriso dacviT uzrunvelyofa. am<br />
28
faseulobebis dacvis interesi aWarbebs mxolod erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs da saerTaSoriso<br />
dacvis interesis sagania.<br />
2. haagis 1954 wlis konvencia da `samxedro aucileblobis~ koncefcia<br />
kulturul faseulobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis konvenciis 28-e muxlis Tanaxmad, konvenciis<br />
monawileebi `ivaldebuleben TavianTi kanonmdeblobis farglebSi miiRon yvela aucilebeli<br />
zoma, imisaTvis, rom gamovlenil iqnas da sisxlis an disciplinur sanqciebs daeqvemdebaros<br />
yvela piri, miuxedavad maTi moqalaqeobisa, romlebmac daarRvies an ubrZanes mocemuli konvenciis<br />
darRveva.~ 2 konvencia, praqtikuli SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, iTvaliswinebs 1-el muxlSi<br />
(konvenciis I Tavi) CamoTvlili kulturuli faseulobebis (moZravi da uZravi arqiteqturis,<br />
xelovnebis da istoriis Zeglebi; religiuri da arqeologiuri adgilmdebareoba; istoriuli<br />
da mxatvruli interesis mqone arqiteqturuli ansamblebi; mxatvruli, istoriuli an arqeologiuri<br />
mniSvnelobis sagnebi; samecniero koleqciebi, saarqivo masalebi; reproduqciuli Rirebulebebi;<br />
Senobebi, romelTa daniSnulebaa moZravi kulturul faseulobaTa Senaxva da eqspozicia:<br />
muzeumebi, biblioTekebi, saarqivo saqmeebi) `ganTavsebis adgilebis~, aseve, specialuri dacvis<br />
imunitetiT aRWurvili moZravi kulturuli faseulobebis saerTo dacvas (konvenciis I I Tavi).<br />
mocemuli normebiT, usafrTxoebis maregulirebeli zomebi qcevis aSkara standarts warmoadgens,<br />
magram `SeuZlebelia usafrTxoebis zomis darRvevis identificireba da Tu ramdenad kargad<br />
muSaobs esa Tu is usafrTxoebis zoma. maSin, roca nebismieri warumatebeli usafrTxoebis<br />
zoma Seswavlil unda iqnas misi farTo gamoyenebis safuZvelze, yoveli konkretuli specifikuri<br />
incindentic damoukideblad unda iqnas ganxiluli. rodesac umetesma usafrTxoebis zomam<br />
danakargamde da zaralamde migviyvana, aucileblad unda iqnas ganxiluli usafrTxoebis zomebis<br />
buneba, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli zarali da danakargi~. 3<br />
saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv sivrceSi gaziarebulia mosazreba da Sexeduleba, rom `1954 wlis<br />
konvenciis erT-erTi problemuri aspeqtia, aSS isa da didi britaneTis zewoliT, mkacri kritikis<br />
qveS moqceuli~, 4 teqstSi Setanili zogadi kriteriumebis damdgeni sagangebo piroba `samxedro<br />
aucilebloba~ (zogjer moixsenieben, rogorc daTqma, doqtrina, koncefcia), romelic pirdapiri<br />
gagebiT, Sesabamisi sirTuleebidan gamomdinare, vrcel ganmartebas eqvemdebareba. konvenciis<br />
me-4 muxlis 1 li punqtis Tanaxmad, mxareebi valdebulni arian pativiT moepyran, rogorc TavianT<br />
teritoriebze aseve, sxva xelSemkvrelmxareTa anu, konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebis teritoriebze<br />
ganlagebul kulturul faseulobebs. konvenciiT ikrZaleba am faseulobebis gamoyeneba<br />
aramiznobrivad, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios maTi dazianeba an dangreva. aseve aRsaniSnavia,<br />
is garemoebac, rom efeqtiani dacvis gansaxorcieleblad saxelmwifoebma SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis<br />
dros Tavi unda Seikavon am faseulobebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli raime mtruli aqtisagan.<br />
Tumca, iqve, amave muxlis me-2 punqtiT, mocemuli norma SeiZleba dairRves im SemTxvevaSi, `Tu<br />
samxedro aucilebloba gardauvalad moiTxovs aseT darRvevas.~<br />
daTqma vrceldeba konvenciiT saerTo dacvas mikuTvnebul kulturis obieqtebze. garda<br />
aRniSnulisa, konvenciam moZravi da uZravi kulturuli faseulobebis dacvis specialuri sistemac<br />
daawesa, Tumca, am faseulobebisaTvisac dacva daTqmiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli. me-11 muxlis<br />
me-2 punqtiT, `specialuri dacvis qveS myof kulturul faseulobebze imuniteti SeiZleba<br />
moixsnas mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi gardauvali samxedro aucileblobiT da mxolod im<br />
dromde, vidre arsebobs es aucilebloba~. konvencia specialuri dacvis qveS myofi kulturuli<br />
faseulobebis dacvis imunitetzec Seicavs miTiTebas (me-9 muxli). mocemul SemTxvevaSi, `sam-<br />
29
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
xedro aucileblobas~ upiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba `imunitetTan~, anu xelSeuxeblobasTan<br />
mimarTebiT. amave dros, aqve dakonkretebulia imunitetis moxsnis xandazmulobac `vidre<br />
arsebobs es aucilebloba~. konvenciis xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebis mier ganmtkicebul normaSi<br />
(me-9 muxli), mxareebi specialuri dacvis qveS myofi kulturuli faseulobebis imunitetis dacvas<br />
ivaldebuleben maT winaaRmdeg mimarTuli yovelgvari mtruli aqtisagan, agreTve, samxedro<br />
samizned gamoyenebisagan. magram me-11 muxliT (me-2 punqti), rogorc aRniSnuli iyo `gamonaklis<br />
SemTxvevebSi~ garkveuli arsebiTi pirobebis e.i. `gardauvali samxedro aucileblobidan~ gamomdinare,<br />
specialuri dacvis qveS myofi kulturuli faseulobebi SeiZleba ganadgurdes imunitetis<br />
moxsnis Sedegad.<br />
es norma sadavo imis gamoc gaxda, rom praqtikaSi mas SeeZlo iuridiuli nonsesi gamoewvia da<br />
TviTnebobisaTvis Seewyo xeli. amitom aseTma bundovanebam 1954 wlis konvenciis normebis gamoyenebis<br />
problematuroba Seqmna. gaurkvevloba da gansxvavebebi mxolod imaze mianiSnebda, rom<br />
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros kulturuli faseulobebis dacva met kvalificiur midgomas<br />
saWiroebda, Tumca, maSindeli realobidan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso normaTa Semoqmedebis<br />
procesSi, SesaZlebelia nakleb miRwevadic iyo, radgan zogieri mecnieris mosazrebiT, `samxedro<br />
interesma privilegirebuli mdgomareoba daikava humanur problemebTan mimarTebiT~. 5<br />
haagis 1954 wlis konvenciis me-8 muxli kulturuli faseulobebis dacvis or formas gvTavazobs:<br />
saerTo da specialuri dacva. saerTo dacvis qveS igulisxmeba yvela obieqti, romelic<br />
am konvencias aqvs gansazRvruli, rogorc kulturuli faseuloba, xolo specialuri exeba mxolod<br />
da mxolod dasacav obieqtTa viwro wres anu iseTi uZravi kulturuli memkvidreobis elementebs,<br />
romelTac didi kulturuli mniSvneloba aqvT aramarto erTi romelime qveynisaTvis,<br />
aramed saerTod, mTeli kacobriobisaTvis da misi sulieri da kulturuli memkvidreobis nawils<br />
warmoadgenen. 6<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom haagis 1954 wlis konvenciam ver gansazRvra da ver daadgina, TviT am konvenciaSi<br />
gamoyenebuli koncefciis an Tundac, daTqmis (doqtrinis) iuridiuli Sinaarsi, realizaciis<br />
mkveTrad gamoxatuli kriteriumebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sadavo gaxada SeiaraRebuli<br />
konfliqtis dros misi gamoyenebis masStabebi da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi legitimuroba.<br />
amitom ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT imaT, vinc Tvlida, rom daTqma `kulturis Zeglebis ganzrax<br />
ganadgurebis SesaZlebobas uSvebda, aseTi formulireba ki, miuRebeli iyo da unda Secvliliyo~. 7<br />
aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom haagis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli kulturuli faseulobebis<br />
dacva, 1907 wlis konvenciisagan ‘nasesxebi,~ mxolod garkveuli pirobebis arsebobiT dacvaa.<br />
3. Jenevis 1949 wlis konvenciebis 1977 wlis I damatebiT oqmTan `samxedro<br />
aucileblobis~ mimarTebis sakiTxi<br />
1977 wels miRebulma Jenevis 1949 wlis konvenciebis 8 damatebiTma oqmma saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli<br />
konfliqtis msxverplTa dacvis Sesaxeb (I oqmi), met-naklebi sicxade Seitana haagis<br />
konvenciseul midgomaSi da dasaSvebad miiCnia ieriSis ganxorcieleba mxolod samxedro obieqtebze,<br />
xolo samoqalaqo pirebisa da obieqtebis, maT Soris, kulturuli faseulobebis, rogorc<br />
samoqalaqo obieqtebis mimarT, aseTi ieriSis sagnad qceva, kvalificiurad SezRuda. Tumca,<br />
am poziciis sawinaaRmdegod I damatebiTma oqmma, aseve, calsaxad daadastura, kulturuli faseulobebis<br />
ganadgureba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini samxedro obieqtad arian gadaqceuli.<br />
oqmSi erTmniSvnelovnad aris ganmtkicebuli `samxedro aucileblobis~ kriteriumebi da<br />
farTo cnebis saxiTaa warmodgenili `samxedro obieqtis~ ganmartebac: `Tavdasxma mkacrad unda<br />
30
Semoifarglos samxedro obieqtiT. samxedroa obieqti, romelsac Tavisi xasiaTis, ganlagebis,<br />
daniSnulebis an gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, efeqtiani wvlili Seaqvs saomar moqmedebebSi da<br />
romlis sruli an nawilobrivi ganadgureba, dakaveba an neitralizeba mocemul garemoebebSi<br />
saomar upiratesobas iZleva~ (52-e muxlis meore punqti). `akrZalulia: (a) mtruli moqmedebis<br />
ganxorcieleba im istoriuli Zeglebis, xelovnebis nimuSebis an RvTismsaxurebis adgilebis mimarT,<br />
romelic xalxTa kulturul an sulier memkvidreobas warmoadgens; (b) amgvari obieqtebis<br />
gamoyeneba samxedro moqmedebaTa mxardasaWerad; (g) represaliebis warmoeba amgvari obieqtebis<br />
mimarT~ (53-e muxli).<br />
aSkaraa, rom 1954 wlis konvencia da 1977 wlis I damatebiTi oqmi sxvadasxva poziciaze dganan,<br />
radgan am ukanasknelSi mocemuli argumentacia sakmaod specifikuri sakiTxisadmi SedarebiT<br />
mkafio da damajerebelia, Tumca, naklebad sayovelTao da misaRebi.<br />
4. haagis 1954 wlis konvenciis II damatebiTi oqmi: `samxedro aucileblobis~<br />
Sinaarsis dazusteba da gamoyenebis kanonzomiereba<br />
kulturuli faseulobebis gadaqceva , `samxedro obieqtad,~ yuradRebiT gadamowmebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
moklebulia dasabuTebul argumentacias. haagis 1954 wlis konvenciis I I damatebiTi oqmiT<br />
(1999 wlis), rac yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania, dakonkretebulia kulturul faseulobebze<br />
Tavdasxmisas `samxedro aucileblobis~ SezRudulad gamoyenebis kriteriumebi, magram miuxedavad<br />
amisa, oqmis zogierTi norma naklebgamWvirvalea am koncefciasTan mimarTebiT. xazgasmulia<br />
is garemoebac, rom `konvenciis me-4 muxlis Sesabamisad, kulturul faseulobaTa pativiscemis<br />
mizniT: a) konvenciis me-4 muxlis me-2 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisi wesi, romelic<br />
moqmedebs imperatiuli samxedro aucileblobebis SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba saomari moqmedebis<br />
ganxorcielebis mizniT kulturuli faseulobebis winaaRmdeg Tu: I. kulturuli faseuloba<br />
gadakeTda samxedro obieqtad; I I . am obieqtis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebis ganxorcielebis<br />
gareSe, SeuZlebelia imave mniSvnelobis samxedro Sedegebis miReba; b)konvenciis me-4 muxlis<br />
me-2 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisi wesi, romelic moqmedebs imperatiuli samxedro<br />
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba mxolod maSin, Tu im moqmedebis ganxorcielebis gareSe,<br />
romelic zianis an ganadgurebis safrTxes uqmnis kulturul faseulobebs, SeuZlebelia imave<br />
mniSvnelobis samxedro Sedegis miRweva; g) imperatiuli samxedro aucileblobis arsebobas adgens<br />
mxolod batalionis sididis an ufro didi zomis samxedro SenaerTis sardali, an Tu arsebul<br />
situaciaSi sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia, ufro mcire zomis SenaerTis ufrosi. d) (a) qvepunqtis<br />
Sesabamisad, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze Setevis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, ieriSis<br />
mitanis Sesaxeb gafrTxileba unda gakeTdes maSinve, rogorc ki, amis SesaZlebloba Seiqmneba~<br />
(me-6 muxli).<br />
cxadia, rom mocemuli muxlis safuZvelze, gamonaklisi wesi, romelic moqmedebs `imperatiuli<br />
samxedro aucileblobebis~ SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba kulturuli faseulobebis winaaRmdeg<br />
saomari moqmedebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, Tu saomari moqmedebis ganxorcielebis gareSe<br />
SeuZlebelia imave mniSvnelobis samxedro Sedegebis miReba. aseve, Tu im moqmedebis ganxorcielebis<br />
gareSe, romelic zianis an ganadgurebis safrTxes uqmnis kulturul faseulobebs, SeuZlebelia<br />
imave mniSvnelobis samxedro Sedegis miRweva.<br />
gaumarTleblad miiCneven kulturuli faseulobebisa da maTi funqciis samxedro obieqtad<br />
gadaqcevas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar arsebobs sxva realuri alternativa Tanabari samxedro upiratesobis<br />
misaRwevad. 9 me-6 muxli ori kriteriumis mixedviT adgens `imperatiuli samxedro aucileb-<br />
31
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
lobis~ arsebobas: batalionis sididis an ufro didi zomis samxedro SenaerTis sardlis da<br />
ufro mcire zomis SenaerTis ufrosis meSveobiT. radgan `samxedro aucilebloba~ sabrZolo<br />
moqmedebebis miznebis miRwevis aucilebel zomad aris legalizebuli, ‘TavisTavad omis kanonebisa<br />
da Cveulebebis Sesabamisad, kanonieria, magram uazro ganadgureba arasodes kanonierad ar<br />
unda CaiTvalos, savaldebulo garantiad proporciulobis principis dacva rCeba~. 10 saxelmwifoebma<br />
praqtikaSi, swored, am faqtoris balansis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda ixelmZRvanelon. manamde<br />
arsebulma normebma, samxedro meTaurebisaTvis kulturuli faseulobebis dacvis mindoba<br />
maT `keTil survilze damokidebuli~ gaxada. 11<br />
kulturuli faseulobebis dazianebis, dangrevis an ganadgurebis minimumade dasayvanad,<br />
mecnierebi yuradRebas amaxvileben samxedro meTaurTa garkveuli garantiebis dawesebazec. omis<br />
warmoebis saSualebebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebisas, operatiuli informaciis safuZvelze, winmswrebi<br />
efeqtiani zomebis miRebasa da gaTvaliswinebaze. 12 mniSvnelovan garantiadaa aRiarebuli<br />
`samxedro aucileblobis~ SesaZleblobisTanave ieriSis mitanis Sesaxeb gafrTxilebis maSinve<br />
gakeTeba. I I damatebiTi oqmiT, nawilobriv gansxvavebulia `samxedro aucileblobis~ efeqtianad<br />
uzrunvelyofa gaZlierebuli dacvis qveS myofi kulturuli faseulobebis mimarT: `kulturul<br />
faseulobebze SesaZlebelia gavrceldes gaZlierebuli dacvis reJimi, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi<br />
akmayofilebs Semdeg pirobebs: a. warmoadgens kacobriobisaTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone<br />
kulturuli faseulobis mqone memkvidreobas; b. aRiarebulia gansakuTrebuli kulturuli da<br />
istoriuli Rirebulebis mqone qonebad Sida sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli normebis Sesabamisad,<br />
romlebic uzrunvelyofs am qonebis maRal doneze dacvas; g. ar gamoiyeneba samxedro<br />
miznebisaTvis an samxedro obiqtebis dafarvis mizniT da arsebobs Sesabamisi mxaris gancxadeba,<br />
romelic anxorcielebs kontrols kulturul faseulobebze, rom es qoneba ar iqneba gamoyenebuli<br />
samxedro mizniT~ (me-10 muxli).<br />
kritikas eqvemdebareba oqmis me-13 (gaZlierebuli dacvis reJimis gauqmeba) da me-14 (gaZlierebuli<br />
dacvis reJimis moqmedebis SeCereba da gauqmeba) muxlebic. `gaZlierebuli dacvis reJimi<br />
uqmdeba, Tu qoneba gadaiqca saomari moqmedebebis obieqtad~ (me-13 muxlis `b~ punqti) da `im Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi Tu kulturuli faseuloba aRar akmayofilebs zemoaRniSnul, me-10 muxlSi miTiTebul<br />
kriteriumebs, komitets SeuZlia SeaCeros gaZlierebuli dacvis reJimis moqmedeba an gaauqmos<br />
es reJimi am qonebis nusxidan amoRebis gziT.~<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisis _ gaZlierebuli dacvis reJimis gauqmebis gamo, aRniSnuli<br />
normebi mniSvnelovnad akninebs 1954 wlis konvenciasTan da I damatebiT oqmTan SedarebiT, I I<br />
damatebiTi oqmiT miRweul upiratesobebs.<br />
zogadad, saerTaSoriso samarTalSi sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli obieqtebis samoqalaqod da<br />
samxedrod dayofis doqtrina, rac TavisTavad, upiratesobis mimaniSnebelia gaugebari da sadavo<br />
`samxedro aucileblobis~ doqtrinasTan mimarTebiT. 13 ufro metic, samxedro obieqtad gadaqcevis<br />
doqtrina `samxedro aucileblobas~ inkorporirebs, samxedro obieqtad kulturuli faseulobis<br />
gadaqceva ki, mtrul qmedebaTa ganxorcielebis safuZvelia am qmedebebiT arsebiTi samxedro<br />
upiratesobis misaRwevad. faqtia isic, rom dReisaTvis, saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar<br />
SeiniSneba `samxedro aucileblobis~ arc ganmarteba da arc imis axsna, Tu konkretulad ra<br />
elementebis momcvelia es termini. 14<br />
J. piktes SexedulebiT, `samxedro aucileblobaze~ xSirad miuTiTeben, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli<br />
samarTlis normebis daucvelobis gamo. aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom omis samarTlis<br />
aranairi mdgomareoba, arc pirdapiri da arc iribi ar aZlevs prioritets samxedro aucileblobas,<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, omis samarTali ar iarsebebda. amasTan, arsebobs muxlebi, romlebic<br />
uSveben gamonaklisebs ‘gardauvali samxedro aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi~ da sxva msgavs<br />
32
daTqmebs. es Seexeba SemTxvevebs, rodesac saxelmwifoebs ar undaT Tavi valdebulebebs daukav-<br />
Siron. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi formulireba saSiSia Tavisi elastikurobis gamo, imitom, rom<br />
isini SeiZleba gagebul iqnes subieqturad da damokidebulia meTaurTa Sexedulebebze~. 15<br />
v. maqsimovis SeniSvniT, haagis 1954 wlis konvencia ar uTiTebs, TviT `samxedro aucileblobis~,<br />
rogorc gansazRvrebis, ise definiciis kriteriumebs _ mocemulia subieqturi, urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />
ganmarteba, ramac sabrZolo moqmedebaTa dros SeiZleba kulturul faseulobaTa<br />
dacvis normaTa Seusrulebloba gamoiwvios. sakiTxi radikalurad gadauwyvetelia 1999 wlis<br />
damatebiT oqmSic, 16 sadac ufro qvemoT aris Camonacvlebuli samxedro meTaurTa done _ diviziis<br />
meTauridan batalionis meTauramde, rasac avtori sabrZolo moqmedebebSi uSualod monawile<br />
samxedro SenaerTebis raodenobis Semcirebis dRevandel tendencias ukavSirebs. avtoris<br />
azriT, `samxedro aucilebloba~ ZeglTa ngrevis indulgenciad rCeba, misi miRebis gadawyvetileba<br />
subieqtur midgomas uSvebs, swored amitom, sakmaod rTulia msgavs qmedebaTa sanqciis<br />
gamcem pirTa pasuxismgeblobaSi micemis SesaZlebloba. 17<br />
misaniSnebelia, rom cneba `samxedro aucilebloba,~ misi gamoyenebis safuZvlidan gamomdinare<br />
TavisTavad Seicavs `upiratesobis~ elements. mtris saswrafo, sruli kapitulaciisaTvis<br />
am elements `samxedro aucileblobis~ erT-erT niSnad miiCneven.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom `upiratesoba~ TavisTavad `samxedro aucileblobis~ Semadgenelia,<br />
igi ar unda arRvevdes miyenebuli zianis proporciulobas da garCevadobas, samxedro meTaurebma<br />
xelmZRvanelobisas mxolod sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmoebis daSvebuli saSualebebi da<br />
meTodebi unda gamoiyenon. garda aRniSnulisa, yvela kompetentur meTaurs, kulturul faseulobebze<br />
ieriSis mitanisas, mocemuli normebiT xelmZRvanelobisas, mouwevs metad mniSvnelovani<br />
da erTdroulad eTikuri sakiTxis gadawyveta: ra ufro faseulia, unikaluri istoriuli<br />
Zegli Tu adamianis sicocxle. moqmedi saerTaSoriso samarTali am kiTxvaze pasuxs ver iZleva,<br />
magram praqtika adasturebs, rom sakiTxi namdvilad ar gadawydeba kulturuli faseulobebis<br />
sasargeblod. 18 2003 wels, erayis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier baRdadis muzeumi sabrZolo<br />
poziciad da gasamagrebel punqtad iqna gamoyenebuli (erayi haagis 1954 wlis konvenciis monawilea).<br />
mecnierTa TvalTaxedviT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis da 1954 wlis konvenciis darRvevaTa<br />
dasakvalificireblad erays unda daemtkicebina muzeumis gamoyeneba `samxedro aucileblobiT~,<br />
im miznebis misaRwevad, romlebic sxva saSualebiT ver iqneboda miRweuli. 19<br />
zogierTma SeiZleba idavos, magram faqtia, konvencia `samxedro aucileblobis~ koncefcias<br />
or SemTxvevaSi mimarTavs: upirveles yovlisa, kulturuli faseulobebis saerTo dacvisas<br />
gamoyenebulia termini `imperatiuli samxedro aucilebloba~ (me-4 muxlis me-2 punqti) da<br />
gaZlierebuli dacvis qveS myofi kulturuli faseulobebis mimarT ki, `gardauvali samxedro<br />
aucilebloba~ (me-11 muxlis me-2 punqti). yvelaze didi praqtikuli problema mdgomareobs imaSi,<br />
rom `samxedro aucileblobis~ cnebaTa mravalsaxeobas kidev meti gaugebroba Seaqvs maTi gamoyenebisas,<br />
radgan Tavad konvenciaSi isini, praqtikaSi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTisagan<br />
mkveTrad gamijnuli ar arian. ufro metic, praqtika adasturebs, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
subieqtTa umravlesoba saerTod ar cnobs ‘gardauval samxedro aucileblobas~. `samxedro<br />
aucilebloba~ mkveTrad dapirispirebuli da Seusabamoa konvenciis normebTan, zogad miznebTan<br />
da amocanebTan. amave dros `samxedro aucileblobisaTvis~ mimarTva mxolod im SemTxvevaSia<br />
SesaZlebeli, Tu saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT ar aris akrZaluli.<br />
`samxedro aucilebloba~, omis warmoebis saSualebebisa da meTodebis proporciulobis<br />
arCeviTobis msgavsad, erT-erTi sakvanZo cnebaa saerTaSoriso humanitarul samarTalSi. 20<br />
TavisTavad, saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali erTgvar balanss warmoadgens humanurobasa<br />
da `samxedro aucileblobas~ Soris. 21 `samxedro aucilebloba~ regulirdeba ramdenime<br />
33
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
SezRudviT: mowinaaRmdegis samxedro obieqtze Tavdasxma ieriSiT da qmedebiT, samxedro gamarjvebas<br />
unda emsaxurebodes, xolo samoqalaqo pirebisa da samoqalaqo obieqtebisaTvis miyenebuli<br />
zarali, proporciuli unda iyos da arazRvargadasuli konkretul da pirdapir samxedro<br />
upiratesobasTan mimarTebiT. ganadgureba, rogorc mizani, saerTaSoriso samarTlis darRvevaa. 22<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis mocemulobis Tanaxmad, `samxedro aucileblobis~ arsi<br />
da ara ganmarteba/definicia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac meomari mxare aRmoCndeba<br />
gardauvali safrTxis winaSe da misi gadalaxva SesaZlebelia legaluri gziT, mas ufleba<br />
aqvs mimarTos yvela sxva saSualebas safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad. anu eqstraordinaruli<br />
mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevis SesaZlo saSualeba _ `samxedro aucilebloba~, swored<br />
maT mier saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis uxeSi darRvevis legalizebaa, rac iuridiul dasabu-<br />
Tebas absoluturad moklebulia. `samxedro aucileblobis~ doqtrina SeiZleba gamoyenebul<br />
iqnes im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dadasturebulia, rom aRniSnuli qmedeba Cadenilia im mizniT,<br />
rom: boroteba iyo seriozuli; ar arsebobda sxva saSualeba mis aRsakveTad; miyenebuli zarali<br />
mcirea imasTan SedarebiT, romelic aRkveTil iqna. magram aRiarebulia isic, rom `samxedro<br />
aucilebloba~ an misi ganxorcielebis mizanSewoniloba ar SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnes pozitiuri<br />
samarTliT. 23<br />
cneba `samxedro aucilebloba~ emsaxureba iseTi zomebis ganxorcielebis gamarTlebas,<br />
romlebic:<br />
a) akrZaluli ar aris omis samarTliT;<br />
b) aucilebelia mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
omis samarTlis darRvevis uflebisSemcveli `samxedro aucilebloba~, vrcel ganmartebas<br />
eqvemdebareba. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo samarTali iqmneboda `samxedro<br />
aucileblobis~ koncefciis saTanado gaTvaliswinebiT. ase, rom `samxedro aucileblobaze~ mi-<br />
TiTebas adgili SeiZleba hqondes mxolod omis samarTliT dadgenil SezRudvaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
omis samarTali mkveTrad gamoxatuli formiT gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi uSvebs im debulebebidan<br />
gadaxvevas, romelic iTvaliswinebs dacvas `imperatiuli~ an msgavsi `samxedro aucileblobis~<br />
SemTxvevaSi. gadaxveva niSnavs, aucileblobidan gamomdinare, dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad<br />
dacvis statusis SezRudvas, SeCerebas an moxsnas. `samxedro aucilebloba~ amarTlebs mxolod<br />
im zomebs, romlebic dasaxuli miznis miRwevis erTaderT SesaZleblobas warmoadgenen. 24<br />
zogadad, `samxedro aucileblobis~ miznebidan gamomdinare, samxedro obieqtze Tavdasxma<br />
kanonieria. 25 `samxedro aucilebloba~ warmoadgens saerTaSoriso humanitarul samarTalSi gamoyenebad<br />
iuridiul cnebas, kanonieri safuZvlebis farglebSi kanonier samxedro samizneebze Tavdasxmas,<br />
romelmac SeiZleba mZime, arasasurveli Sedegi iqonios samoqalaqo mosaxleobis da samoqalaqo<br />
obieqtebis mimarT. samxedro aucileblobis koncefcia aRiarebs, rom omis kanonebisa da<br />
humanitaruli samarTlis Tanaxmad, omSi gamarjveba warmoadgens kanoniers. `samxedro aucilebloba~<br />
xel-fexs uxsnis SeiaraRebuli Zalis gamoyenebiT mimarTon sxvagvarad dauSvebel qmedebas,<br />
radgan igi yovelTvis balansirebulia humanitaruli samarTlis sxva humanur moTxovnebTan.<br />
`samxedro aucileblobis~ legalurad ganxorcielebis sami SezRudva arsebobs:<br />
upirveles yovlisa, igi miznad unda isaxavdes mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebas. `samxedro aucileblobis~<br />
sxvagvari ieriSi SeiZleba gaumarTleblad iqnes miCneuli, radgan mas ar eqneba saomari<br />
daniSnuleba;<br />
meore, mowinaaRmdegis dasasusteblad mimarTulma ieriSma, ziani ar unda miayenos samoqalaqo<br />
mosaxleobasa da samoqalaqo obieqtebs, rac pirdapir da konkretul samxedro upiratesobas<br />
warmoSobs; mesame, `samxedro aucilebloba~, ver amarTlebs humanitaruli samarTlis sxva normebis<br />
darRvevas. 26<br />
34
dReisaTvis, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs `samxedro aucileblobis~<br />
erTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba. zogierTi mecnieri SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams, rom haagis konvenciaSi<br />
asaxuli principebi, kulturuli faseulobebis dacvaze uaris Tqmis principsac Seicavs `samxedro<br />
aucileblobis~ saxiT da am formulirebaSi Cadebuli SinaarsiT misi konvenciis teqstSi<br />
gamoyenebis winaaRmdegni gamodian. 27 amasTan dakavSirebiT, marTebuli iqneba, `samxedro aucileblobis~<br />
gaugebari, sadavo da bevrad subieqturi doqtrinis nacvlad, gamoyenebadi mniSvneloba<br />
mieniWos samxedro obieqtis Tanamedrove doqtrinas, romelsac ara marto obieqturi xasiaTi<br />
aqvs, aramed mTel msoflioSi sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv doneze.<br />
cneba `imperatiuli saomari aucilebloba~ (gamoyenebuli saerTo dacvis qveS myof kulturul<br />
faseulobaTa mimarT) gansxvavdeba `gardauvali samxedro aucileblobisagan~ (gaZlierebuli<br />
dacvis SemTxvevaSi), kerZod, oficris wodebiT (Sesabamisad, batalionis an diviziis meTauri),<br />
romlebmac rogorc gamonaklisi gascen gafrTxileba samxedro operaciamde (sarekomendacio<br />
an savaldebulo). 28<br />
`gardauvali~ an msgavsi `samxedro aucileblobis~ SemTxvevaSi, dacvis zomebisagan gadaxvevis<br />
magaliTebs warmoadgens:<br />
a) obieqtebis dangreva an xelSi Cagdeba (`samxedro aucilebloba~ iTxovs: `ukiduresad aucilebelia~);<br />
b) xelSi Cagdebul stacionarul sanitariul dawesebulebaTa gamoyeneba (`imperatiuli aucilebloba~);<br />
g) ngreva okupirebul teritoriaze (`absoluturad aucilebelia~);<br />
d) saerTo dacvis qveS myof kulturul faseulobebze imunitetis moxsna (`ukiduresad aucilebelia~);<br />
e) gansakuTrebuli dacvis qveS myof kulturul faseulobebze imunitetis moxsna (`gardauvalia~);<br />
v) samoqalaqo mosaxleobis gadarCenisaTvis aucilebeli obieqtebis ngreva: mxolod Tavis teritoriaze<br />
da rogorc SeWris sawinaaRmdego TavdacviTi zoma (`ukiduresad aucilebelia~);<br />
z) samoqalaqo Tavdacvis organoebis mier TavianTi amocanebis Sesruleba (`ukiduresad aucilebelia~).<br />
`ukiduresi~ da `gardauvali samxedro aucileblobis~ cnebaTa Tanafardobis gamoklebiT,<br />
samxedro TvalsazrisiT, cnebebs _ `ukiduresi aucilebloba~, `imperatiuli aucilebloba~ an<br />
`absoluturi aucilebloba~, Soris gansxvavdeba ar arsebobs. 29<br />
5. individualuri sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, I I oqmis mniSvnelovan miRwevad miiCneva kulturuli faseulobebis<br />
dacvis saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli normebis darRvevisaTvis calkeul fizikur pirTa individualuri<br />
sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcieleba.<br />
am oqmis me-15 muxliT, `piri Cadis samarTaldarRvevas, Tu igi ganzrax da konvenciis<br />
an oqmis darRveviT, axorcielebs qvemoT mocemul Semdeg qmedebebs: a. saomari Setevis ganxorcieleba<br />
gaZlierebuli dacvis qveS arsebul kulturul faseulobebze; b. gaZlierebuli dacvis<br />
qveS arsebuli kulturuli faseulobis an misi mimdebare teritoriis gamoyeneba saomar operaciebSi;<br />
g. konvenciiT an winamdebare oqmiT gaTvaliswinebuli kulturul faseulobaTa masobrivi<br />
ganadgureba an miTviseba; d. Setevis ganxorcieleba konvenciiT an winamdebare oqmiT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
kulturul faseulobebze; e. konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli kulturuli faseulo-<br />
35
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
bis qurdoba, Zarcva an miTviseba an am qonebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli vandaluri aqti~ (1-<br />
li punqti).<br />
faqtia, rom meore msoflio omis Semdeg, pirvelad, kulturuli faseulobebi da maTi ganTavsebis<br />
adgilebi barbarosuli ngrevisa da ganadgurebisagan iuridiuli normebiT dacvis qveS<br />
moeqca, xolo maTi xelmyofi pirebi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas daeqvemdebara.<br />
aRniSnuli iyo, rom samxedro meTauri da sxva samxedro pirebi sisxlisamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas<br />
daeqvemdebarebian, ara marto kulturul faseulobebze ieriSis mitanis gamo, aramed<br />
maTi `qurdobis, Zarcvis an miTvisebis an am qonebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli vandaluri<br />
aqtis gamoc~. 30 aqedan gamomdinare, novatorulia I I oqmSi garkveuli qmedebebis kriminalizacia<br />
(romlebic kvalificirdeba, rogorc `seriozuli darRvevebi~) da maTi aRkveTa. 31<br />
6. sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis statuti<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebis darRvevisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebriv<br />
pasuxismgeblobas yvelaze metad asaxavs sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis<br />
statuti. 32 kerZod, misi me-8 muxli (`omis danaSaulebi~) konkretul danaSaulebriv qmedebaTa<br />
CamonaTvalSi miuTiTebs sakuTrebis ukanono, uazro da farTomasStabian ganadgurebaze da miTvisebaze,<br />
rac gaumarTlebelia `samxedro aucileblobiT~ (a/iv). statuti, omis danaSaulad aseve,<br />
aRiarebs im kanonebisa da Cveulebebis mZime darRvevebs, romlebic saerTaSoriso samarTlis<br />
Sesabamisad gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros. kerZod: `religiuri,<br />
saganmanaTleblo, xelovnebis, samecniero an saqvelmoqmedo miznebisaTvis gankuTvnil Senobebze,<br />
istoriul Zeglebze, saavadmyofoebze an avadmyofTa da daWrilTa Tavmoyris adgilebze<br />
dartymebis ganzrax miyeneba, Tu isini ar warmoadgenen samxedro samiznes~ (a/ix), agreTve, `mowinaaRmdegis<br />
sakuTrebis ganadgureba an xelSi Cagdeba, Tu es ganadgureba an xelSi Cagdeba ganpirobebuli<br />
ar iyo imperatiuli samxedro aucileblobiT~ (b/xiii. analogiuria c/xii).<br />
Tumca, cnebis _ `samxedro aucileblobis~ ganmarteba arc am SemTxvevaSia mocemuli. statuti<br />
mxolod zogadi fraziT kmayofildeba. miniSnebac ki ar aris gakeTebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra<br />
kategoriis cnebaa da moklebulia konkretulobas. amitom kiTxvebis logikurad dasmis safuZveli<br />
am SemTxvevaSic arsebobs.<br />
statuti arasaerTaSoriso SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis saerTaSoriso samarTalSi damkvidrebuli<br />
kanonebisa da Cveulebebis mZime darRvevad miiCnevs, `religiuri, saganmanaTleblo, xelovnebis,<br />
samecniero an saqvelmoqmedo miznebisaTvis gankuTvnil Senobebze, istoriul Zeglebze,<br />
hospitlebze an avadmyofTa da daWrilTa Tavmoyris adgilebze ganzrax dartymebis miyenebas,<br />
Tu isini ar warmoadgenen samxedro obieqts~ (c/iv).<br />
statutSi `samxedro samizne~ da `samxedro obieqti~ gaigivebul, identur cnebebad aris<br />
gamokveTili da konkretuli samxedro upiratesobis uzrunvelmyofadaa miCneuli. swored aqedan<br />
gamomdinareobs, zemodasaxelebul obieqtTa xelyofis legitimurobac da Sesabamisi riskis<br />
albaTobis arsebobac, Tumca, migvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli terminebis urTierTmimarTeba dazustebas<br />
aucileblad moiTxovs.<br />
daskvna<br />
haagis 1954 wlis konvencia erTmaneTisagan ar mijnavs saerTaSoriso da arasaerTaSoriso<br />
xasiaTis SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs, misi normebi erTnairad vrceldeba orive SemTxvevaSi. kon-<br />
<strong>36</strong>
venciis 28-e muxli mouwodebs xelSemkvrel mxareebs, rom ganaviTaron da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
kanonmdeblobis farglebSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT pasuxismgebloba an disciplinuri<br />
sanqciebi daakisron yvela im pirs, vinc uSualod daarRvevs an mouwodebs sxvas am konvenciis<br />
darRvevisaken.<br />
saqarTvelom, rogorc konvenciebze da damatebiT oqmebze xelSemkvrelma saxelmwifom uzrunvelyo<br />
aRniSnuli normebis implementacia, anu Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa Sidasaxelmwifoebriv<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis (kari meToTxmete _ danaSauli<br />
kacobriobis winaaRmdeg, Tavi XLVII _ danaSauli kacobriobis mSvidobis, uSiSroebisa da saer-<br />
TaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis winaaRmdeg) 411-e muxlis 1-li punqtis, `k~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad,<br />
`istoriul Zeglebze, xelovnebis nimuSebze an sakulto adgilze, rogorc xalxTa kulturuli<br />
memkvidreobis nawilze Tavdasxma, ramac misi ganadgureba gamoiwvia, _ isjeba Tavisuflebis<br />
aRkveTiT vadiT aTidan TxuTmet wlamde~. xolo amave muxlis me-2 punqtis `T~ qvepunqtis mixedviT,<br />
`TviTneburi da farTomasStabiani ngreva an qonebis miTviseba, rac ar iyo gamowveuli<br />
saomari aucileblobiT, _ isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT TxuTmetidan oc wlamde an uvado<br />
Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT~.<br />
rogorc miuTiTeben `samxedro aucilebloba~ `Sefasebul unda iqnes aucilebeli mogeriebis,<br />
ukiduresi aucileblobisa da marTlzomieri, dasabuTebuli riskis wesebiT~. 33<br />
saqarTvelos interesi konvenciisadmi bunebrivia, ramdenadac igi ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos<br />
ganuyofeli nawilis _ afxazeTis teritoriaze separatizmis niadagze gaCaRebuli SeiaraRebuli<br />
konfliqtis Sedegad gamowveul kulturuli memkvidreobis aunazRaurebel danakliss. afxaze-<br />
Tis separatistuli reJimisaTvis kulturuli memkvidreoba agresiuli kuTxiT nacionalizmis<br />
gamoxatvis saSualebad iqca. igi istoriisa da kulturis qarTul Zeglebs mowinaaRmdegis simbolur<br />
xatad aRiqvams, sakuTari xalxis cnobierebaSi aRvivebs am mtruli simboloebis ganadgurebisa<br />
da mospobis fsiqozs. afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli qarTuli arqiteqturuli memkvidreobis<br />
unikaluri nimuSebis afxazur Zeglebad aRiarebis faqti, rac separatistuli xelisuflebis<br />
mieraa provocirebuli da rac iuneskos misiis gamocemaSia dafiqsirebuli _ miznad<br />
isaxavs Zeglis gamoyenebas qarTveli da afxazi xalxis dapirispirebisa da konfliqtis sagnad.<br />
aRniSnuli, WeSmaritebis gayalbebasTan erTad haagis konvenciis uxeS darRvevas warmoadgens,<br />
ramdenadac konvencia (me-4 muxlis me-3 punqti) krZalavs kulturul faseulobaTa miTvisebis<br />
nebismier gamovlinebas. SemTxveviTi araa, rom qarTuli warwerebiTa da freskebiT Semkobili,<br />
saqarTvelos erTianobis simbolod aRiarebuli, meTerTmete saukunis unikaluri Zegli _ bediis<br />
taZari, sadac misi aRmSenebeli _ gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefe bagrat I I I aris<br />
dakrZaluli, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros afxaz separatistebis mier saomar Stabad iyo<br />
gamoyenebuli. TavisTavad Zeglis saomari mizniT gamoyenebis aRniSnuli faqti haagis konvenciis<br />
uxeSi darRvevaa, ramdenadac konvencia (me-4 muxlis 1-li punqti) krZalavs uZravi Zeglebisa da<br />
mis uSualod mimdebare teritoriis gamoyenebas iseTi mizniT, romelmac SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisas<br />
SesaZloa gamoiwvios Zeglis ngreva da dazianeba. 34<br />
`samxedro aucileblobis~ cneba subieqturia da misi ganmartebis SesaZlebloba yovelTvis<br />
Zalismflobelis interesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. rogorc ukve iTqva, dasanania, rom konvencia<br />
da II damatebiTi oqmi ar Seicavs `samxedro aucileblobis~ terminologiur ganmartebas. saer-<br />
TaSorisosamarTlebriv dokumentebSi, terminebi `dauyovneblivi aucilebloba~, `ukiduresi<br />
aucilebloba~, `absoluturi aucilebloba~ _ yovelgvari ganmartebis gareSe gvxvdeba. rogorc<br />
mecnierebi miuTiTeben, saerTo dilemaa muzeumebTan, ZeglebTan da sxva kulturul faseulobeb-<br />
Tan samxedro samizneebis ganlageba, 35 xolo SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros kulturuli faseulobebis<br />
ganadgureba (xorvatia, bosnia-hercegovina, serbeTi) genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis<br />
37
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
politikis gamovlinebaa. <strong>36</strong> ra Tqma unda, es argumentacia mkafiod dasabuTebulia. haagis 1954<br />
wlis konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebma unda SeimuSaon aRniSnuli terminebis erTiani unificirebuli<br />
SefasebiTi kriteriumebi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros da ganamtkicon igi saer-<br />
TaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis normebSi. SesaZlebelia imis Tqmac, rom msgavsi TvalTaxedva<br />
farTod aisaxa sxvadasxva mecnierul kvlevaSi. saerTod, momavalSi imedi unda viqonioT, rom<br />
zemoaRniSnuli formulireba kidev bevrjer gaxdeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis mecnier-iuristTa<br />
msjelobis sagani da erTsa da imave monacemebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, imedia, mokamaTe mxareebi<br />
sruliad sapirispiro daskvnebamde ar mivlen.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
konvencias saqarTvelo 1993 wlis 4 Tebervals SeuerTda.<br />
2<br />
konvenciis oficialuri teqstis naxva SesaZlebelia Semdeg misamarTze:<br />
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1<strong>36</strong>37&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION<br />
=201.html; http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/400 [moZiebulia: 25/09/2012].<br />
3<br />
wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis iuridiuli ganyofilebis<br />
iuridiuli mrCevlis Jan fransua kegineris statia „usafrTxoebis zomebi<br />
saomari moqmedebebis maregulirebeli samarTlis mixedviT~, 2006 wlis<br />
dekemberSi gamoqveynda komitetis saerTaSoriso JurnalSi (#864) da<br />
mogvawoda saqarTveloSi wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis<br />
TanamSromelma qalbatonma nino gvaramaZem.<br />
4<br />
ix.: Ìàèíåòòè Â., Íîâûå ïåðñïåêòèâû äëÿ çàùèòû êóëüòóðíûõ öåííîñòåé â ñëó÷àå<br />
âîîðóæåííîãî êîíôëèêòà: âñòóïëåíèå â ñèëó Âòîðîãî ïðîòîêîëà ê Ãààãñêîé êîíâåíöèè<br />
1954 ã., Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé æóðíàë Êðàñíîãî Êðåñòà, 2004, ¹854, 50.<br />
5<br />
ix.: Craig J.S. Forrest. The Doctrine of Military Necessity and the Protection of Cultural<br />
Property During Armed Conflicts. California Western International Law Journal, Vol. 37,<br />
Spring 2007, Number 2, 196.<br />
6<br />
me-8 muxlis me-6 punqtiT specialuri dacvis qveS myofi faseulobebi<br />
eqvemdebarebian registracias da iuneskos generaluri direqtoris mier<br />
specialur reestrSi Setanas, rac kidev ufro ganamtkicebs maT<br />
xelSeuxeblobas anu imunitets da gamoricxavs Zalismieri aqtebis<br />
ganxorcielebas am obieqtebisadmi. termini „imuniteti~ kulturuli<br />
faseulobebis mimarT pirvelad, swored, 1954 wlis konvenciam gamoiyena da<br />
garkveuli instituciuri meqanizmebic daawesa.<br />
7<br />
detalurad ix.: Henckaert Jean-Marie. New rules for the protection of cultural property<br />
in armed conflict.International Review of the Red Cross, No.835,593-620 (1999 wels<br />
saerTaSoriso diplomatiur konferenciaze, haagis 1954 wlis konvenciis<br />
meore damatebiTi oqmis miRebisas, Jan-mari henkaerti warmoadgenda<br />
wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitets).<br />
8<br />
Jenevis 1949 wlis konvenciebSi (I konvenciis 33-e, 34-e da 50-e muxlebi; I I<br />
konvenciis 28-e muxli; I I I konvenciis 126-e muxli; IV konvenciis 49-e, 57-e,<br />
108-e, da 143-e muxlebi) gvxvdeba cneba „ukiduresi samxedro<br />
aucilebloba~, 1977 wlis damatebiT oqmebSi (I damatebiTi oqmis 54-e<br />
muxlis me-5 punqti, 62-e, 67-e da 71-e muxlebi) „imperatiuli samxedro<br />
aucilebloba~ da „ukiduresi samxedro aucilebloba~. konvenciebsa da I da<br />
I I damatebiT oqmebs saqarTvelo SeuerTda 1994 wlis 14 marts, 2005 wlis I I I<br />
damatebiT oqms 2007 wlis 19 marts.<br />
9<br />
ix.: Chadha N.Protection Of Cultural Property During Armed Conflict: Recent Developments,<br />
www.worldlii.org/int/journals/ISILYBIHRL/2001/12.rtf [moZiebulia: 6/10/2012].<br />
10<br />
ix.: SerisicM.Protection of Cultural Property in Time of Armed Conflict.<br />
NetherlandsYearbook ofInternationalLaw, 1996, Vol.26, 3-14.<br />
11<br />
ix.: Merryman J.H. Two Ways of Thinking about Cultural Property. American Journal of<br />
International Law,1986, Vol.80, 838-841.<br />
38
12<br />
iqve.<br />
13<br />
ix.: Henckaert Jean-Marie. New rules for the protection of cultural property in armed<br />
conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, No.835, 573-620.<br />
14<br />
2004 wlis 24-25 ivniss sankt-peterburgis universitetis iuridiuli<br />
fakultetis mier mowyobil saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikul konferenciaze,<br />
cnobilma rusma mecnierebma, profesorebma l. galenskaiam da m. boguslavskim<br />
TavianT moxsenebebSi da CvenTan pirad saubarSi kidev erTxel daadastures,<br />
rom „samxedro aucileblobis~ ganmarteba SeuZlebelia moiZebnos<br />
romelime dRemde miRebul saerTaSoriso-samarTlebriv aqtSi, „omis dros<br />
pirvel adgilze samxedro aucileblobis problemaa da ara kulturul<br />
faseulobaTa dacva. samxedro aucileblobas praqtikulad nulamde dahyavs<br />
konvenciis debulebebi, radgan TviT es termini arcerT aqtSi ar aris<br />
formulirebuli~ (l. galenskaia), „TviT SesaZlebloba samxedro aucileblobis<br />
gamoyenebisa, asustebs am dokumentis (mxedvelobaSia 1954 wlis konvencia)<br />
efeqtianobas da mis arsebiT nakls warmoadgens, samwuxarod, „samxedro<br />
aucilebloba~ damatebiT oqmSic ganmeorda~ (m. boguslavski).<br />
15 Ïèêòå Æ.Ðàçâèòèå è ïðèíöèïû ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ãóìàíèòàðíîãî ïðàâà, Ì.,1994, 112-113.<br />
16<br />
ZalaSi Sevida 2004 wlis 9 marts. saqarTvelo SeuerTda 2009 wlis 31<br />
ivliss. oqmis miRebis ZiriTadi mizani saxelmwifoTa praqtikaSi<br />
gamovlenili haagis 1954 wlis konvenciis zogierTi xarveziani debulebis<br />
gadaxedva iyo. oqmis sruli teqstis naxva SesaZlebelia misamarTze:<br />
http://www.parliament.ge/files/international-acts/conventions/1604-rs-31-07-2009.doc;<br />
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=15207&URLDO=DOTOPIC&URL_SECTION=<br />
201.html, [moZiebulia: 25/09/2012].<br />
17 Ìàêñèìîâ Â.Â. Ê âîïðîñó î ïîíÿòèè „âîåííàÿ íåîáõîäèìîñòü“ â ìåæäóíàðîäíîì<br />
ãóìàíèòàðíîì ïðàâå. Ðîññèèñêèé åæåãîäíèê ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ïðàâà, 2000,126-127.<br />
18<br />
praqtikaSi „samxedro aucileblobis~ gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ix.: Zedalis R.J.<br />
Military Necessity and IraqDestruction of Kuwaiti Oil. Revue Belge de droit international,<br />
1990, Vol.23, 333-349; Goldman R.K.The legal regime covering the conductofoperation<br />
desert strom. University of Toledo Law Review, 1992,Vol.23, <strong>36</strong>6-393.<br />
19<br />
ix.: Milligan A.Targeting CulturalProperty: The role ofinternational law,<br />
http://www.princeton.edu/jpia/past-issues-1/2008/5.pdf [moZiebulia: 9/01/2013].<br />
20<br />
detalurad ix.: Cowling M.G.The relationship between military necessity and the<br />
principle of superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering in the law of armed conflict. South<br />
African Yearbook of International Law,Vol.25, 2000, 131-160.<br />
21<br />
ix.: Bhat I.P. Protection Of Cultural Property Under International Humanitarian Law: Some<br />
Emerging Trends.ISIL Year Book of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law.<br />
http://www.worldlii.org/int/journals/ISILYBIHRL/2001/4.html, [moZiebulia: 21/06/2012].<br />
22<br />
ix.: Schmitt Michael N. Military Necessity and Humanity in International Humanitarian Law:<br />
PreservingThe Delicate Balance. Virginia Journal of International Law, 2010,Vol.50, 4.<br />
23<br />
ix.: Law Reports of trials of war criminals.Washington, 1949,Vol. X,34.<br />
24<br />
detalurad ix.: ÌóëèíåíÔ.Ïðàâîâîéíû.Ðóêîâîäñòâîäëÿâîîðóæåííûõñèë, Ì.,1993, 102-103.<br />
25<br />
ix.: HayashiN. Requirements of Military Necessity in International Humanitarian Law and<br />
international Criminal Law. Boston University International Law Journal, 2010, Vol.28, 114.<br />
26<br />
ix.: Military Necessity, by Françoise Hampson. http://www. CRIMESOFWAR.ORG/A-Z-<br />
GUIDE/MILITARY-NECESSITY/, [moZiebulia: 8/07/2012].<br />
27<br />
ix.: Craig J.S. Forrest.The Doctrine of Military Necessity and the Protection of Cultural<br />
Property During Armed Conflicts. California Western International Law Journal, Vol. 37,<br />
Spring 2007, Number 2, 219.<br />
28<br />
ix.: The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of<br />
Armed Conflict and the notion of military necessity.The review of the 1954 Convention and<br />
the adoption of the Second Protocol thereto (26 March 1999) by Jan Hladík. International<br />
Review of the Red Cross, ¹835,627.<br />
29<br />
detalurad ix.: ÌóëèíåíÔ.Ïðàâîâîéíû.Ðóêîâîäñòâîäëÿâîîðóæåííûõñèë, Ì.,1993, 102-103.<br />
30<br />
ix.: Matthew D. Thurlow. Protecting Cultural Property in Iraq: How American Military<br />
Policy Comports with International Law. Yale Human Rights & Development L.J, 2005,<br />
Vol.8,170-171. http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/LawJournals/thurlow.pdf, [moZiebulia:<br />
5/01/2013].<br />
39
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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kanoni<br />
31<br />
ix.: Ìàèíåòòè Â. Íîâûå ïåðñïåêòèâû äëÿ çàùèòû êóëüòóðíûõ öåííîñòåé â ñëó÷àå<br />
âîîðóæåííîãî êîíôëèêòà: âñòóïëåíèå â ñèëó Âòîðîãî ïðîòîêîëà ê Ãààãñêîé êîíâåíöèè<br />
1954 ã.Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé æóðíàë Êðàñíîãî Êðåñòà, 2004, ¹854,51.<br />
32<br />
ix.: Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (U.N.Doc. A/CONF.183/9).<br />
33<br />
ix.: lekveiSvili m., danaSauli kacobriobis mSvidobis, uSiSroebisa da<br />
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis winaaRmdeg, sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kerZo nawili, wigni I I , red. prof. g. mamulaSvili, gamomcemloba<br />
`meridiani~, 2007, 402.<br />
34<br />
ix.: SaiSmelaSvili g., SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi kulturul<br />
faseulobaTa dacvis haagis 1954 wlis konvencia da afxazeTSi arsebuli<br />
saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis gadarCenis problemebi,<br />
parlamentis uwyebebi, #21-22, 1998, 45.<br />
35<br />
detalurad ix.: Milligan A.Targeting CulturalProperty: The role ofinternational law,http://<br />
www.princeton.edu/jpia/past-issues-1/2008/5.pdf, [moZiebulia: 9/01/2013].<br />
<strong>36</strong><br />
detalurad ix.: Desch T. Problems in the Implementation of the Convention from the<br />
Perspective of International Law. Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed<br />
Conflict – A Challenge in Peace Eace Support Operations Edited by Edwin R.<br />
Micewski,Gerhard Sladek Vienna 2002,http://www.bmlv.gv.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/<br />
05_pcp.pdf [moZiebulia: 9/01/2013].<br />
40
FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF<br />
SOME NORMS IN THE EVENT OF<br />
ARMED CONFLICT: “MILITARY<br />
NECESSITY” – EXISTING<br />
APPROACHES AND REALITY<br />
MAMUKA SHENGELIA<br />
Full Professor at Akaki Tsereteli State University, Law Department<br />
The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the<br />
Event of Armed Conflict is a document that is drafted under the aegis of the<br />
United Nations, the first international law act of UNESCO and universal international<br />
agreement which has gathered incorporated norms regarding protection of<br />
cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. According to views and opinions<br />
shared in international legal field, one of the problematic issues of the 1954<br />
Convention is a special condition establishing general criteria – “military necessity”.<br />
The Second Protocol to the Convention (1999) specifies the criteria of restricted<br />
use of “military necessity” during attack against cultural property. In spite<br />
of this, some norms of the Protocol are not clear regarding this concept.<br />
“Military necessity” is not in conformity with the norms of the Convention,<br />
its general goals and objectives. At the same time, “military necessity” can be<br />
applied only in case it is not prohibited by international humanitarian law. The<br />
essence of “military necessity” is that in case the attacking force finds itself countering<br />
the unavoidable threat and it is possible to overcome it through a legal way,<br />
it has the right to apply all other measures to avoid the threat, which means that a<br />
possible way of escaping from extraordinary situation – “military necessity” – is<br />
legalization of gross violation of international law norms by them, which totally<br />
lacks legal reasoning. It is a pity that the Convention and the Second Additional<br />
Protocol do not contain interpretation of the term “military necessity”. We meet<br />
the terms “immediate necessity”, “extreme necessity”, “absolute necessity” in<br />
international legal documents without any interpretation. Contracting states of<br />
the 1954 Hague Convention should elaborate unified assessment criteria in the<br />
event of armed conflicts for the indicated terms and to strengthen them further in<br />
the international humanitarian law norms. We hope that the above-mentioned formulation<br />
will become the topic of discussions among international law scholars<br />
and professionals many times in the future. Hopefully, as a result of observations<br />
on the same data, opposing parties shall not make contradictory conclusions.<br />
41
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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2010 wlis 8 seqtembers, maltis droSis qveS mcuravi berZnuli<br />
tankeri ‘‘OLIB G” adenis sruteSi somaleli mekobreebis tyveobaSi<br />
aRmoCnda. gemze TurqeTis 3 moqalaqesTan erTad 15 qarTveli<br />
mezRvauric imyofeboda. maTi araadamianuri pirobebidan<br />
gaTavisufleba, mxolod 16 Tvis Semdeg, 2012 wlis 8 ianvars<br />
moxerxda. 1<br />
mekobreoba aqamde miviwyebul Temad miiCneoda 2 da mxolod<br />
sazRvao usafrTxoebis sferoSi specialistebis doneze Tu ganixileboda.<br />
sazRvao mekobreoba yovelwliurad, msoflio ekonomikas<br />
daaxloebiT 7 12 miliardi aSS dolari ujdeba. 3 arasamTavrobo<br />
organizacia ‘‘One Earth Future Foundation (OEF)”-is 4 mier<br />
gamoqveynebuli wliuri angariSis mixedviT, sazRvao mekobreobis<br />
Sedegad miyenebulma finansurma zaralma 2010 wels 7-12<br />
miliardi aSS dolari, 5 xolo 2011 wels ki, 6,6 6,9 miliardi aSS<br />
dolari Seadgina. 6 am Tanxis didi nawili indoeTis okeanidan, im<br />
gemebis usafrTxoebisTvis ixarjeba, romlebic adenis sruteSi<br />
moZraoben. bolo dros, somalis sanapiro wylebSi gaxSirebuli<br />
Tavdasxmebisa da adamianis gatacebebis gamo, msoflios qveynebma<br />
mekobreobis winaaRmdeg brZola gaaqtiures. es SemTxvevebi saermekobreoba<br />
_<br />
saerTaSoriso<br />
politikis „axali~<br />
gamowveva?<br />
mekobreobis winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi analizi<br />
daviT CixlaZe<br />
berlinis humboldtis universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis<br />
magistri; evropul samarTalsa da samarTlebriv praqtikaSi,<br />
germaniis akademiuri gacvlis samsaxuris (DAAD) da<br />
berlinis parlamentis fondis stipendiati<br />
Sesavali<br />
42
TaSoriso sazRvao savaWro urTierTobebsa da saerTaSoriso sanaosno kompaniebs udidesi finansuri<br />
safrTxeebis winaSe ayenebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom somalelma mekobreebma mekobreoba sagareo<br />
da usafrTxoebis politikis erT-erT aqtualur sakiTxad aqcies. Tavad qveyana ki, ukanaskneli<br />
movlenebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, upirveles yovlisa, agresiul mekobrul TavdasxmebTan<br />
asocirdeba. 7<br />
somaleli mekobreebis „biznes modelis~ 8 Taviseburebaa, rom isini Tavdasxmebis dros gemebs<br />
itaceben da bortze myofi adamianebi mZevlad ahyavT, raTa SemdgomSi, maT sanacvlod gamosasyidi<br />
Tanxa moiTxovon. somaleli mekobreebi SeiaraRebulni arian 9 da mcire zomis TevzsaWeri navebiT 10<br />
gadaadgildebian, rac radarisaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. Sedegad isini aRweven gembanze, mZevlad<br />
ahyavT mezRvaurebi, gemebs isakuTreben, Rebaven 11 da sxva saxels arqmeven. miRebuli Semosavali<br />
ki, axali teqnikisa da iaraRis SeZenas xmardeba. 12 Sesabamisad, mekobreoba organizebuli danaSaulis<br />
erT-erT saxeobad ganixileba, 13 mas wyalzeda terorizmad (Maritime Terrorism) an zRvaze<br />
organizebul danaSaulad moixsenieben. 14<br />
statiis mizania mekobreobis, rogorc saerTaSoriso politikis aqtualuri problemis warmo-<br />
Cena, mekobreobis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi regulirebis ganxilva da gaerTianebuli erebis<br />
somalis sanapiro wylebSi misiis analizis safuZvelze mekobreobis mizezebisa da prevenciis<br />
strategiis Sejameba.<br />
statiaSi mekobreobis definiciasTan erTad ganxiluli iqneba qmedebis mekobreobad kvalifikaciisaTvis<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis winapirobebi, am danaSaulis gansxvaveba teroristuli<br />
aqtisagan, mekobreobis sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis uflebamosileba da somaleli mekobreebis<br />
winaaRmdeg hamburgis sasamarTlos procesebis mimoxilva. daskvniT nawilSi ki, mocemuli iqneba<br />
mekobreobis prevenciis SesaZlo gzebi da maTi kritikuli analizi.<br />
mekobreobis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi regulireba<br />
gaeros mier 1982 wels miRebuli, „zRvis konstituciad~ 15 wodebuli, saerTaSoriso sazRvao<br />
samarTlis konvencia mekobreobis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi regulirebis uniSvnelovanesi<br />
dokumentia. 16 miuxedavad imisa, rom es konvencia mekobreobis Sesaxeb normebs mravlad Seicavs,<br />
mekobreoba mainc rCeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis im sferod, sadac bevri samarTlebrivi<br />
vakuumia.<br />
I. mekobreobis definicia<br />
`saerTaSoriso sazRvao samarTlis Sesaxeb~ gaeros konvenciis 101-e muxli mekobreobis legalur<br />
definicias iTvaliswinebs. am muxlis mixedviT, mekobreoba ganixileba, rogorc yoveli<br />
Zaladobrivi qmedeba, romelic xdeba kerZo gemis ekipaJis an misi mgzavrebis mier maTi piradi<br />
miznebisaTvis da mimarTulia sxva gemis an am gemze myofi pirebisa da materialuri sikeTeebis<br />
winaaRmdeg, romelic Ria zRvaSi an iseT adgilas imyofeba, sadac aranairi saxelmwifo Zalaufleba<br />
ar vrceldeba. mekobreobis es cneba saerTaSoriso samarTalSi bevr winapirobasTan aris<br />
dakavSirebuli. 17<br />
a) mekobreobis CadenisTvis aucilebeli qmedebebi<br />
imisaTvis, rom saerTaSoriso sazRvao samarTlSi qmedeba mekobreobad dakvalificirdes sakmarisi<br />
ar aris saxeze iyos mxolod erTi mekobruli qmedeba. mekobreobis Casadenad Zaladobrivi<br />
43
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
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qmedebebia saWiro. es qmedebebi farTod ganimarteba da moicavs mkvlelobas, janmrTelobis<br />
dazianebas, Tavisuflebis aRkveTas da sxva. Sesabamisad, mekobreoba ar aris tradiciulad mxolod<br />
yaCaRoba, romelic mxolod Ria zRvaSia Cadenili. mcire mniSvnelobis danaSaulebs, iseTebs<br />
rogoricaa qurdoba da TaRliToba, mekobreobis cneba ar moicavs. 18<br />
b) mekobreTa da msxverplTa gemebis ganmarteba<br />
konvenciis 101-e muxlis definicia arafers ambobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis winaaRmdeg unda iyos<br />
mimarTuli mekobruli Tavdasxma. am SemTxvevaSi, msxverplis gemi farTod unda ganimartos. is<br />
SeiZleba iyos rogorc samxedro, saxelmwifo Tu kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli gemi, aseve sxva<br />
patara navebi. amasTan mekobreoba ar aris zRvaSi gamavali sadenebis, xelovnuri kunZulebis an<br />
nagebobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli. 19 konvenciis 103-e muxli mekobreTa gemis definicias<br />
Seicavs. es normac farTod unda iqnas ganmartebuli da masSi agreTve moculi unda iyos patara<br />
navebic, radgan mekobreTa umravlesoba aseTi navebiT moqmedebs maTi siswrafisa da SeumCnevlobis<br />
gamo.<br />
g) „ori gemis arsebobis~ piroba<br />
101-e muxlis mixedviT aucilebelia arsebobdes minimum, mekobreTa ori gemi da sxva gemi,<br />
romelsac mekobreebi Tavs esxmian. amasTan, sxva da ara ucxo gemi. rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom ar<br />
aris aucilebeli sxva saxelmwifos droSis qveS mocurave gemze moxdes Tavdasxma. 20 somaleli<br />
mekobreebis msxverpli SeiZleba somalis savaWro gemic gaxdes.<br />
ori gemis arsebobis moTxovna xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom mekobreoba ar SeiZleba Cadenil<br />
iqnas mxolod erT gemze. gemze ekipaJis wevrebs Soris Zaladobrivi aqtebi, anda maT mier gemis<br />
dazianeba ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos rogorc mekobreoba.<br />
d) teritoria, romelic arcerT saxelmwifo Zalas ar eqvemdebareba<br />
mekobreoba Cadenil unda iqnas Ria zRvaSi an iseT wylebSi, romelic arcerT saxelmwifo Zalas<br />
ar eqvemdebareba. konvenciis 101-e muxli ar vrceldeba im danaSaulebze, romlebic Cadenilia<br />
Sida wylebSi _ sanapiro wylebsa 21 Tu mdinareebze. es adgilebi saxelmwifo suverenitetiT aris<br />
daculi da maTze nacionaluri saxelmwifos sisxlissamarTlebrivi iurisdiqcia vrceldeba. 22<br />
amasTan, aseT teritoriebze Sesvla akrZalulia, Tundac mekobreTa gemis devnis mizniT, garda<br />
im SemTxvevisa, Tu Tavad saxelmwifo gamoTqvams mis teritoriaze sxva gemis Sesvlis Sesaxeb<br />
Tanxmobas.<br />
e) piradi miznebisTvis Cadenili qmedeba<br />
konvenciis mixedviT, mekobreoba Cadenili unda iyos piradi miznebisaTvis kerZo gemis mier.<br />
101-e muxlis es nawili da mekobreobis cnebaSi kerZo sakuTrebis cnebis Semotana Tavidanve<br />
gamoricxavs mekobreobis SesaZleblobas saxelmwifo gemebis mier. 23 sainteresoa sakiTxi, Seiara-<br />
Rebuli konfliqtis dros sazRvao Tavdasxma gemze ganixileba Tu ara mekobreobad. konvenciis<br />
mixedviT, mniSvneloba ara aqvs ra tipis saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSia gemi. Tundac, konfliqtis<br />
erTi mxare ar iyos aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier, Tavdasxma aseTi saxelmwifos<br />
gemis mier, mainc ar qmnis mekobreobis Semadgenlobas, iseve, rogorc gamoricxulia mekobreobis<br />
Cadena ajanyebulebis an de-faqto xelisuflebis mier.<br />
politikuri miznebiT ganpirobebuli teroristuli aqtebi ar warmoadgens saerTaSoriso<br />
sazRvao samarTlis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul mekobreobis danaSauls. 24 1961 wels, portugaliuri<br />
laineri “Santa Maria” gaitaca opoziciurad ganwyobilma jgufma, romelsac saerTaSoriso<br />
44
presis yuradRebis miqceva surda, raTa amiT Salazar-is diqtatoruli reJimis diskretidacia<br />
momxdariyo. 1985 wels ki, italiur gemze “Achille Lauro” palestinis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis<br />
wevrebis mier Tavdasxma moxda, romlebic israelis mier dakavebuli 50 palestinelis<br />
gaTavisuflebas moiTxovdnen. arcerTi SemTxveva ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT mekobreobad. 25 teroristuli<br />
qmedebebi 1982 wlis sazRvao samarTlis konvenciiT ar aris moculi. aseT qmedebebs<br />
terorizmis Sesaxeb sxva konvenciebi da 1988 wlis 13 martis romis konvencia aregulirebs,<br />
romelic sazRvao gemebis moZraobis usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul marTlsawinaaRmdego<br />
qmedebebs krZalavs. 26<br />
v) Zaladobrivi aqtis marTlsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi<br />
mekobreebis mier gamoyenebuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebi unda iyos marTlsawinaaRmdego, anu<br />
saxeze ar unda arsebobdes marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebi, Tumca, konvencia<br />
amis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs. Sesabamisad, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, nacionaluri qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT<br />
unda vixelmZRvaneloT, maTi regulireba ki, sxvadasxva qveynis mier sxvadasxgvarad<br />
xdeba. miRebulia, rom garemos dacva an sxva politikuri ineteresebi ar amarTlebs mekobreobis<br />
Cadenas. magaliTad, belgiis sakasacio sasamarTlom garemos dacviTi organizacia Greenpeace-is<br />
wevrebi mekobreobis muxliT gaasamarTla, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini im or ucxour gems daesxnen<br />
Tavs, romlebic momwamvlel nivTierebebs zRvaSi uSvebdnen. 27<br />
mekobreobis sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna<br />
problemuria sakiTxi, Tu rogor unda gasamarTldnen dakavebuli mekobreebi. erTi SexedviT<br />
Cans, rom iZulebis iseTi RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa mekobreTa gemebis SeCereba da maTi dakaveba<br />
samarTlebrivad aris daregulirebuli, amave dros saxezea saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis er-<br />
Tianoba mekobreobasTan brZolaSi. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod ramdenime qveyana Tu aris mzad<br />
dakavebuli mekobreebis winaaRmdeg sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna ganaxorcielos. 28 mekobreebis<br />
winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo procesebi aqamde mxolod amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, safrangeTSi,<br />
holandiaSi, espaneTsa da germaniaSi gaimarTa. umetes SemTxvevebSi ki, dakavebuli mekobreebi<br />
gadaecema imave regionis qveyanas, kerZod, kenias, raTa mekobreebis dasja iq moxdes. amasTan,<br />
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, afrikis am qveyanas raime Semxebloba aqvs Tu ara danaSaulTan. 2009 wlis<br />
6 martidan, evrokavSirsa da kenias Soris xeli moewera SeTanxmebas, romelic awesrigebs keniis<br />
sasamarTloebis mier daWerili mekobreebis mimarT sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas. 29<br />
I. saerTaSoriso tribunalis Seqmnis idea<br />
mekobreebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis samarTlebrivi regulirebis mxriv ganixileba<br />
iniciativa sazRvao danaSaulebis saerTaSoriso tribunalis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 30 aseTma tribunalma<br />
mekobreebis devna unda ganaxorcielos. erTi mxriv, warmodgenilia mosazreba, Seiqmnas aseTi<br />
sasamarTloebi eqsiugoslaviisa da ruandis tribunalebis msgavsad, gaerTianebuli erebis qartiis<br />
safuZvelze. Tumca, es mosazreba kritikas imsaxurebs, radganac mekobreoba msoflio mSvidobisa<br />
da usafrTxobisTvis iseT masStabur safrTxes ar warmoadgens, rogoric genocidi,<br />
adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli an omis danaSaulia. 31 Sesabamisad, mekobreobis<br />
Sedareba aseT qmedebebTan gaumarTlebeli iqneboda.<br />
meore mxriv ki, ganixileba idea, Seiqmnas specializebuli palata saerTaSoriso sazRvao sasamarTlos<br />
SemadgenlobaSi. es sasamarTlo, 1982 wels, saerTaSoriso sazRvao samarTlis konven-<br />
45
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
ciis safuZvelze, gaeros mier Seiqmna da hamburgSi mdebareobs. 32 am ideis ganxorcielebas konvenciis<br />
damatebiTi oqmis miReba sWirdeba, rac ara marto xangrZlivi da droSi gawelili procesia,<br />
aramed SesaZlebelia, proeqti Cavardes kidec, radgan saxelmwifoebi mzad ar arian am<br />
xelSekrulebis moTxovnebi, romelic mekobreobis garda sxva uamrav normas moicavs, Seasrulon.<br />
33<br />
yvelaze realur modelad UN Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia-s mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
alternativa ganixileba. kerZod, saqme exeba nacionalur sasamarTloebSi iseTi specializebuli<br />
palatebis Seqmnas, romelic internacionalizebuli iqneba, rogorc masSi momuSave moxeleebis<br />
mxriv, aseve finansurad. magram aseTi tribunalebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic, minimum, mekobreebis<br />
winaaRmdeg gamotanili sasamarTlo ganaCenebis aRsrulebis dros sasamarTloebi valdebulni<br />
iqnebian kvlav nacionalur sistemas daubrundnen. Tumca, naklebad savaraudoa, saxelmwifoebis<br />
mxridan, sisxlisamarTlebrivi sasjelebis aRsrulebis mzadyofna ufro didi iyos, vidre mekobreebis<br />
winaaRmdeg sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebis survili.<br />
mekobreebis winaaRmdeg Catarebuli sasamarTlo procesebi<br />
2008 wlis 19 dekembris germaniis sakanonmdeblo organos bundestagis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT,<br />
somalis sanapiro wylebSi mimdinare operaciaSi germaniis sazRvao flotic monawileobs.<br />
34 am operaciis farglebSi 1400 germaneli jariskaci CaerTo. 35 germanuli misia afrikis am<br />
regionSi warmatebuli aRmoCnda. germanulma gemma “Karlsruhe” adenis yureSi 2008 wlis 25 dekembers<br />
egvipturi tankeris “Wabi al Arab”-is mekobreebisgan daxsna SeZlo. <strong>36</strong> gansakuTrebiT warmatebuli<br />
aRmoCnda samxedro gemis “Rheinland-Pfalz”-is operacia 2009 wlis martSi. ekipaJma SeZlo<br />
mekobreebis gemis dakaveba da gaCxreka, Sedegad amoRebul iqna mtkicebulebebi, xolo dakavebuli<br />
cxra mekobris winaaRmdeg ki, hamburgis prokuraturam gamoZieba daiwyo. 37 germanuli sisxlis<br />
samarTlis mixedviT, danaSaulis adgilis miuxedavad, SesaZlebelia, §316c StGB muxlis safuZvelze<br />
(Tavdasxma sahaero da sazRvao xomaldze), mekobreebi waredginon sasamarTlos universalurobis<br />
principidan gamomdinare, romelsac germanuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-6<br />
paragrafi iTvaliswinebs. xolo saproceso kodeqsis me-10 paragrafis `a~ qvepunqtis mixedviT,<br />
Ria zRvaze Cadenili danaSaulebisaTvis hamburgis sasamarTloa gansjadi, iseve, rogorc germanuli<br />
droSis qveS myofi gemis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebisaTvis igive sasamarTloa kompetenturi<br />
(§10 Abs. 1 StPO). 38 saqmis masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, prokuraturam miiRo gadawyvetileba<br />
mekobreebis winaaRmdeg braldeba (germanuli interesebis arqonis gamo) ar aReZra 39<br />
da miuxedavad amisa, gadaeca isini keniisaTvis, evrokavSirsa da kenias Soris gaformebuli<br />
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. 1982 wlis `sazRvao samarTlis Sesaxeb~ gaeros konvenciiT, prokuraturis<br />
qmedeba konvenciis normebs Seesabameba. konvenciis 105-e muxlis mixedviT, saxelmwifos,<br />
romlis samxedro an saxelmwifos gemma mekobreebis gemi daakava, SeuZlia sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
Zalaufleba gaavrcelos mekobreebze da daiwyos misi devna. Tumca, amasTan, igi valdebuli ar<br />
aris msgavsi RonisZieba mekobreebis mimarT ganaxorcielos. 40 105-e muxli aRmWurveli da ara<br />
mavaldebulebeli normaa. 41 swored am normas daeyrdno hamburgis prokuratura somaleli<br />
mekobreebis keniisaTvis gadacemisas. amasTan, mekobreTa gadacema yovelTvis SesaZlebelia, radganac<br />
mekobreobaze universaluri iurisdiqcia vrceldeba, 42 rac niSnavs, rom yvela saxelmwifo<br />
valdebulia dauqvemdebaros es danaSauli mis sisxlissamarTlebriv iurisdiqcias. 43 qveynis<br />
pasuxi, Tavad ar gaavrcelos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna mekobreebis winaaRmdeg, SesaZlebelia,<br />
logikuri mizezebidan gamomdinareobdes, kerZod, rTulia danaSaulis adgilidan moSorebiT<br />
46
efeqtiani sisxlissamarTlebrivi gamoZiebis Catareba. 44 mekobreebis mier im saxelmwifoSi<br />
sasjelis moxda, romlebic axla afrikis am regionis misiaSi monawileoben, am saxelmwifos sajaro<br />
organoTa dafiqrebas iwvevs, 45 radgan Semdgom, afrikis qveynebSi wamebisa da sikvdiliT dasjis<br />
safrTxis arsebobis gamo, maT ufleba ara aqvT ganaxorcielon mekobreTa eqstradicia.<br />
sasjelis srulad moxdis Semdeg, Tavad mekobreebs SeeZlebaT TavSesafaris moTxovniT mimarTon<br />
am saxelmwifoebs. 46<br />
hamburgis prokuraturis mier mekobreTa keniisaTvis gadacemis Semdeg, pirvelad, 600 wlis<br />
Semdeg, germaniaSi mainc moxerxda mekobreTa procesis Catareba. 47 amjerad, mekobreebi 2010 wels,<br />
germanuli gemis “MS Taipan”-ze Tavdasxmis gamo gasamarTldnen. hamburgis sasamarTlom (Landsgericht)<br />
19.10.2012 wlis ganaCeniT aT somalel mekobres 2-dan 7 wlamde Tavisuflebis aRkveTa<br />
miusaja. sasamarTlom daadgina sazRvao xomaldze Tavdasxmis faqti da mekobreebi damnaSaved<br />
cno. mekobreebs bralad edebodaT 2010 wels, germanuli gemis “MS Taipan”-is somalis sanapirosTan<br />
gataceba. dacvis mxarem argumentad somaliSi arsebuli rTuli politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareoba daasaxela.<br />
mTlianobaSi, sasamarTlom am ganaCeniT, mekobreobasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso saqmeSi<br />
garkveuli wvlili Seitana da sakuTari pasuxismgebloba aiRo. es ganaCeni gzas uxsnis mekobreobasTan<br />
dakavSirebul procesebs germaniaSi. Tumca, kriminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, problemuria<br />
hamburgis sasamarTlos ganaCenis gageba. process, romelic ori weli grZeldeboda da gamamtyunebeli<br />
ganaCeniT damTavrda, ufro meti generalur-prevenciuli mniSvneloba unda hqonoda.<br />
naklebad savaraudoa, rom am ganaCenis Sesaxeb, somaliSi mekobreebma informacia miiRon da miT<br />
umetes am ganaCenma isini SeaSinos. 48 gasamarTlebul mekobreebs Soris erTi arasrulwlovanic<br />
imyofeboda, 49 16 wlis mekobres procesis dawyebamde eSinoda, rom mas sasamarTlo wamebas miusjida<br />
an sikvdiliT dasjida. 50 „kiTxvaze, Tu ramdeni wlis arian, erTma mekobrem upasuxa, rom is<br />
wvimebis sezonis dros daibada, meorem ki, xis qveS~. 51 msgavsi faqtebi kidev erTxel xazs usvams,<br />
Tu ramdenad aqvs azri mekobreebis dasjas maTi qveynidan moSorebiT an saerTod sad unda moxdes<br />
maTi resocializacia, somaliSi Tu germaniaSi?<br />
mekobreobis gamomwvevi mizezebi<br />
mekobreoba erT-erT uZveles danaSaulTa kategorias ganekuTvneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
bolo periodSi, es danaSauli ar iyo msofliosaTvis maincdamainc aqtualuri, igi yovelTvis<br />
warmoadgenda problemas aziuri qveynebisaTvis, romlis magaliTsac, malakis srute warmoadgens. 52<br />
malakis srutisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic mekobreobis winaaRmdeg brZolis warmatebul magali-<br />
Tad iTvleba, 53 adenis srute rTuli geografiuli da politikuri mdgomareobis gamo, savaraudod,<br />
ufro problemuri regioni iqneba.<br />
mekobreobis warmoSobis mizezebad ZiriTadad, siRaribe, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis nakleboba<br />
da destabilizebuli politikuri mdgomareoba saxeldeba. 54 amave dros mekobreoba ara marto<br />
zRvis, aramed xmeleTis problemacaa. 55 mekobreobis mizani ki, aucileblad piradi gamdidrebaa. 56<br />
gasakviri ar aris, rom somalis aRmosavleT sanapiroSi xSiria mekobruli Tavdasxmebi. swored<br />
am regionSi mekobreobis ganviTareba, upirveles yovlisa, geografiuli mdgomareobiT aixsneba.<br />
adenis yure, weliwadSi, daaxloebiT, 16 000 gemiT, erT-erTi centraluri satransporto kvanZia<br />
evropasa da azias Soris. 57 meore mxriv, saerTaSoriso samarTali da mekobreobasTan brZolis<br />
normebi am regionSi gansakuTrebuli sisustiT gamoirCeva.<br />
somalis prezidentis Siad Barré-s avtoritaruli reJimis damxobis Semdeg, somali mekobreebis<br />
„mwarmoebeli~ mTavari qveyanaa. 58 saxelmwifoSi, sadac samoqalaqo omi mimdinareobs, arc sisxlis-<br />
47
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
samarTlebrivi devnis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebi arseboben, romelic mekobreobas aRkveTda<br />
da arc Sesabamisi sasamarTloebi. 59 „20-wliani samoqalaqo omis Sedegad, somali arSemdgari<br />
saxelmwifoa, sadac ufro meti iaraRi iSoveba, vidre saWmeli~. 60 Zalaufleba korufciuli droebiTi<br />
mTavrobis garda, sanapiros klans (Suleyman-Clan) ekuTvnis. xSirad gamoiTqmeba varaudi,<br />
rom mekobreebsa da al qaidas, aseve, italiur mafias Soris kavSirebi arsebobs. 61<br />
mekobreobis prevencia<br />
somalis sanapiro wylebSi mekobreobis masStabebma da finansurma zaralma, msoflio iZulebuli<br />
gaxada mieRo Sesabamisi zomebi, am danaSaulis aRmosafxvrelad. mekobreobis prevenciis<br />
dros mekobreobisagan Tavdacvis saSualebebis ganxilva ufro xdeba, vidre problemis gadaWris<br />
TanamimdevrobiTi da grZelvadiani perspeqtivis dasaxva. ZiriTadad, saubaria, gemebSi specialuri<br />
oTaxis Seqmnaze, romelic miuwvdomeli iqneba mekobreebisaTvis da sadac mezRvaurebi<br />
Tavdasxmis dros Caiketebian, ise, rom wyalTan da sakveb maragTan xeli miuwvdebodeT. am oTaxSi<br />
agreTve SOS signalia damontaJebuli, raTa male moxdes Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb Setyobineba. 62<br />
I. gaeros mier miRebuli RonisZiebebi mekobreobasTan brZolis saqmeSi<br />
2008 wlis dekemberSi, gaerTianebuli erebis uSiSroebis sabWom mekobreobis winaaRmdeg<br />
arsebuli normebi mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova 63 da erTxmad miiRo rezolucia, romelmac mekobreebis<br />
winaaRmdeg RonisZiebebis mandati gaagrZela, rogorc somalis sanapiro wylebSi, aseve xmeleTze<br />
damnaSaveTa devnis mizniT. 64 uSiSroebis sabWo yovelTvis aRniSnavda, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania<br />
mekobreobis cnebis sisxlisamarTlebrivi SemuSaveba. 65 am rezoluciis mixedviT,<br />
saxelmwifoebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs ufleba aqvT ebrZolon mekobreobas Zalis<br />
gamoyenebiTac. 66 rac Seexeba devnis RonisZiebebs Ria zRvaze, am sferoSi, jer kidev, 1982 wlis<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis sazRvao samarTlis konvencia moqmedebs, romlis 105-e muxlis mixedviTac,<br />
mekobreebis gemebi SesaZlebelia SeCerebuli, ekipaJi dakavebuli, xolo sakuTreba dayadaRebuli<br />
iqnas. 67 konvenciis moqmedebis sferos SezRudva mxolod Ria zRvaze problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli,<br />
radganac mekobreebi xSir SemTxvevaSi, sanapiro wylebisaken garbian 68 an Segnebulad iq<br />
esxmian gemebs Tavs, sadac samarTlebrivi regulireba ar arsebobs. 69 isini specialurad irCeven<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi e.w. “failed states”, anu iseT qveynebs, romelTac ar SeuZliaT sisxlis<br />
samarTlis maT winaaRmdeg gavrceleba. 70 2008 wels, swored amis gamo, uSiSroebis sabWom mekobreobis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolis reJimi gaafarTova. kerZod, saxelmwifoebs uflebamosileba aqvT<br />
sazRvao samarTlis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli policiursamarTlebrivi xasiaTis RonisZiebebi<br />
somalis sanapiro wylebSic ganaxorcielon 71 _ aqamde es uflebamosileba mxolos somalis<br />
saxelmwifos prerogativa iyo. Sedegad ki, mekobreobasTan brZolam sruliad axali ganzomileba<br />
miiRo. 72 SemoRebul iqna danaSaulis axali Semadgenloba _ „SeiaraRebuli yaCaRuri Tavdasxma<br />
zRvaze~, radgan mekobreobis tradiciuli definicia danaSaulis mxolod Ria zRvaze Cadenas<br />
moicavda. Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda somalis teritoriul wylebSi Cadenili sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
danaSaulebis devna. amave dros uSiSroebis sabWom Seqmna Sesabamisi uflebamosileba<br />
da gza gauxsna somalis saxmeleTo teritoriaze samxedro operaciebis Catarebas. 73 gadawyvetileba<br />
aixsna imiT, rom somali failad state 74 aris da droebiT mTavrobas ar ZaluZs mekobreebis<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna.<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos am rezolucias somali daeTanxma, rac niSnavs, rom qveyana samarTlebriv<br />
valdebulebebs, romelic konvenciis me-100 muxlidan gamomdinareobs, asrulebs. 75 Tanxmoba<br />
48
adasturebs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanas moqmedeba ar SeuZlia da mekobreobasTan brZolaSi<br />
uunaroa, is mainc survils gamoTqvams saerTaSoriso kooperaciaze da amiT samarTlebriv CarCoebs<br />
aniWebs arsebul viTarebas. saerTaSoriso samarTlis motivacia regionSi mSvidobis interesebis<br />
dacva da saxelmwifo organoebis Zalis vakuumis Tavidan acilebaa. 76 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
am faqtebis fonze uSiSroebis sabWo dainteresebulia ara marto somalis teritoriaze mekobreobis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZoliT, aramed icavs mis suverenitets, teritoriul mTlianobasa da politikur<br />
damoukideblobas. 77<br />
II. evrokavSiris mier mekobreobis winaaRmdeg brZola _ EU Mission Atalanta<br />
2008 wlis 8 dekembers, evrokavSirma miiRo gadawyvetileba, somalis sanapiro wylebSi evropuli<br />
dacvis misiis dawyebis Sesaxeb (EU NAVFOR), romelsac berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT<br />
“Atalanta” daerqva. 78 es pirveli evropuli samxedro misiaa zRvaze. 79 bolodroindeli politikuri<br />
movlenebis analizi cxadyofs, rom evrokavSiri magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba ekonomikuri<br />
miznebisaTvis dafuZnebuli organizacia samxedro tipis saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebad gadaiqces. 80<br />
amitomac evropul doneze ganixileba SesaZlebloba, rom afrikis kavSiris (African Union) samxedro<br />
Zalebi mekobreobis winaaRmdeg xmeleTze sabrZolvelad gadamzaddes. 81<br />
eqspertebis azriT, uSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebuli RonisZiebebi da gafarToebuli uflebamosilebebi<br />
mekobreobis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis sakmarisia. es rezoluciebi evrokavSiris<br />
qveynebisaTvis misiaSi moqmedebis samarTlebrivi safuZvelia. 82<br />
farTo policiuri uflebamosilebebisa da iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis zogadi, bundovani regulacia<br />
zogadad, kritikulad unda Sefasdes. mekobreobis rezoluciaSi mocemulia magaliTad,<br />
mxolod generaluri miTiTeba adamianis uflebebze. 83 vinaidan saxelmwifoebi mekobreobis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolisas eqsteritoriulad, multinacionaluri koaliciebis farglebSi an kidev<br />
Ria zRvaSi moqmedeben, rTuli gasarkvevia, adamianis romeli uflebebia am konteqstSi gamosayenebeli.<br />
84<br />
III. misiebis dros warmoqmnili siZneleebi<br />
samxedro misiebis dros uamravi sirTule warmoiSoba, rogorc teqnikuri, ise samarTlebrivi<br />
TvalsazrisiT. misiaSi monawile mxareTa umravlesoba ZiriTadad, Semdeg problemebze amaxvilebs<br />
yuradRebas:<br />
a) mekobreTa gemebis identifikaciis problema<br />
operaciebis dros warmoqmnili erT-erTi problema mekobreTa gemis identifikaciaa. rTulia<br />
meTevzeTa da mekobreTa gemebis gansxvaveba, radganac mekobreebi ZiriTadad, patara navebiT<br />
gadaadgildebian. mxolod is faqti, rom gembanze iaraRi iqna SemCneuli, araa sakmarisi da damajerebeli,<br />
imisaTvis, rom gemi mekobreebis sakuTrebad CaiTvalos. vinaidan msoflios am<br />
regionis mZime politikuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT usafrTxoebidan gamomdinare, yvela gemi<br />
flobs iaraRs Tavdacvis miznebisaTvis. 85<br />
mekobreTa gemebis warmatebuli identifikacia ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, damokidebulia misiaSi<br />
monawile mxareebs Soris informaciis intensiur gacvlaze. swored am miznisaTvis 2008 wlis<br />
dekemberSi SHADE Group Seiqmna, romelic informaciis gacvlisa da praqtikuli rCevebis Semu-<br />
Savebis forums warmoadgens da romelsac adenis yureSi monawile misiebi SeuerTda. SHADE Groupis<br />
wevrebs saSualeba aqvT samxedro komunikaciis sistemis 86 safuZvelze, informaciis mudmivi<br />
gacvla realur droSi awarmoon, rac mekobreobis winaaRmdeg brZolas aadvilebs inovaciuri<br />
da efeqtiani sakoordinacio instrumentebis daxmarebiT. 87<br />
49
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b) mtkicebulebebis Segrovebis problema<br />
Semdegi gamowveva adenis yureSi myofi misiebisaTvis gamoZiebaa, kerZod, mekobreTa dakavebis<br />
Semdeg, mtkicebulebebis Segrovebis procesi. mekobreTa ganiaraRebis Semdeg umniSvnelovanesia,<br />
im nivTebis Segroveba da CamorTmeva, romelic danaSaulis sagans warmoadgens. am mxriv, samxedro<br />
gemebis ekipaJis arakvalificiuroba Zalian sagrZnobia. 88 mtkicebulebebi xSirad arasworad inaxeba<br />
an saerTod nadgurdeba, rac xSiria iaraRis SemTxvevaSi. mekobreTa sisxlis samarTlis procesisaTvis<br />
mniSvnelovani mtkicebulebebis arSenaxvam an saerTod ganadgurebam SesaZlebelia<br />
momavalSi maT gaTavisuflebamde migviyvanos, Sesabamisad, aucilebelia samxedro personalis<br />
momzadeba da maTi gamoZiebisaTvis saWiro unarebis amaRleba.<br />
g) kerZo dacvis firmebis monawileobis samarTlebrivi regulirebis problema<br />
mekobreobasTan brZolaSi<br />
aramxolod saxelmwifo, aramed kerZo samxedro Tu dacvis firmebic did rols asruleben<br />
mekobreobis safrTxis qveS myofi wylebis dacvaSi. gemebze Tavdasxma, romelTa gembanzec dacvis<br />
personali imyofeba, SedarebiT naklebad xdeba, radganac mekobreebi e.w. “soft targets” eZeben. 89<br />
momavalSi mekobreobasTan brZolaSi maTi roli kidev ufro gaizrdeba, radgan isini saxelmwifoebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT Sesabamis teqnikas floben, samxedro gemi ki, Zalian neli da mouqneli<br />
instrumentia mekobreebTan sabrZolvelad, garda amisa, kerZo dacvis organoebi ufro swrafad<br />
axdenen TavianTi strategiis modificirebas da maT morgebas mekobreTa Tavdasxmebze.<br />
miuxedavad am garemoebebisa, kerZo dacvis monawileoba mekobreobasTan brZolaSi samarTlebrivad<br />
naklebad aris regulirebuli. gasarkvevia Tu vin sargeblobs brZanebis uflebiT<br />
gembanze _ kapitani Tu is piri, vinc usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs. magaliTad, mekobreTa Tavdasxmis<br />
dros, vis aqvs gadawyvetilebis miRebis prerogativa da mekobreTa winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
ufleba. garda amisa, mekobris aramarTlzomieri mkvleloba Ria zRvaSi swored, rom ufro<br />
problematuria, vidre xmeleTze. 90<br />
daskvna<br />
mekobreobis safuZvliani aRmofxvra xangrZlivi politikuri procesebis Sedegad SeiZleba<br />
moxdes da ara moklevadiani samxedro CarevebiTa 91 da masTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi Tu<br />
politikuri problemebiT. 92 mekobreoba mxolod policiuri Tu sisxlissamarTlebrivi RonisZiebebis<br />
daxmarebiT ver daiZleva. upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia, somalis politikuri problemebis<br />
gadaWra da regionSi mSvidobis miRweva. unda damTavrdes SeiaraRebuli konfliqti da<br />
Semdgom gaeros saSualeba mieces daexmaros qveynas saxelmwifo struqturebis aSenebasa da<br />
normalur funqcionirebaSi.<br />
pozitiurad unda Sefasdes is garemoeba, rom somali Tanaxmaa mis saxelmwifo teritoriaze<br />
dauSvas sxva saxelmwifoTa intervencia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, 1982 wlis sazRvao samarTlis<br />
konvenciis 101-e muxli ar gavrceldeba iseT Zaladobriv aqtebze, romelic sanapiro wylebSi<br />
xdeba. mekobreobasTan brZolis centraluri problema is aris, rom swored im adgilas viTardeba,<br />
sadac saxelmwifo Zalaufleba sanapiro wylebze Zalian sustad vrceldeba. 93 amave dros,<br />
Tu saxeze ar aris sanapiro qveynis Tanxmoba, gamodis, rom msoflio uunaro xdeba mekobreobasTan<br />
brZolaSi. Sesabamisad, somalis aseTi Tanxmoba saxeze rom ar yofiliyo, mekobreoba adenis yureSi<br />
daubrkoleblad gagrZeldeboda.<br />
50
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
ix.: gazeTi `kviris palitra~ _ 16.01.2012, „vin daixsna qarTveli<br />
mezRvaurebi~<br />
2<br />
aSS-s sagareo saqmeTa ministri hilari klintoni: „es me-17 saukunis<br />
danaSaulia _ Cven mas 21-e saukunis saSualebebiT unda vebrZoloT~ _ Der<br />
SPIEGEL, 17/2009, 100.<br />
3<br />
Der SPIEGEL, 20/2011, 86.<br />
4<br />
One Earth Future (OEF) Foundation 2007 wels koloradoSi dafuZnebuli<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciaa, romelic yovelwliuri angariSis momzadebis<br />
saxiT mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis sferoSi msoflios winaSe arsebuli<br />
safrTxeebis analizsa da dokumentirebas axdens. ix.: www.oneearthfuture.org<br />
5<br />
Bowden, The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy, One Earth Future Working Paper,<br />
December 2010, gv. 2.<br />
6<br />
The Economic Cost of Somali Piracy 2011, One Earth Future Working Paper, gv. 1.<br />
7<br />
Schmahl, AöR, 1<strong>36</strong> (2011) 51, Fischer-Lescano NordÖR 2/2009, 49.<br />
8<br />
Der SPIEGEL, 17/2009, 102 – „Die Piraten seien nicht dumm und ziemlich selbstbewuss...<br />
Sie wissen, dass sie ein erfolgreiches Geschäftsmodell haben.“<br />
9<br />
Maihold/Kerstin, SWP-Aktuell 56, Juni 2008, gv. 2.<br />
10<br />
Der SPIEGEL, 17/2009, 100 _ `TavianTi patara navebiT mekobreebi msoflios<br />
udides saxelmwifoebs arcxvenen _ Mit ihren kleinen Plastikbotzen blamieren die<br />
Seeräuber die Großmächte der Welt.“<br />
11<br />
Galaski, SWP-Berlin, März, 2009, S. 3.<br />
12<br />
Schwind, Kriminologie, §29, Rn. 58.<br />
13<br />
Schwind, Kriminologie, §29, Rn. 57, Rn. 59, Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten<br />
Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 297.<br />
14<br />
Der SPIEGEL, 17/2009, 102 - „Das ist eine richtige Piraten-AG... organisiertes Verbrechen<br />
zur See.”; Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 60 _ mekobreoba terorizmisagan upirveles<br />
yovlisa, imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mekobreoba piradi, ZiriTadad finansuri<br />
miznebisaTvis xorcieldeba, terorizmi ki, politikurad motivirebuli,<br />
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulia.<br />
15<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011) 50.<br />
16<br />
Fischer-Lescano NordÖR 2/2009, 50.<br />
17<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 53.<br />
18<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 53.<br />
19<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 53.<br />
20<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 54.<br />
21<br />
Fischer-Lescano NordÖR 2/2009, 50.<br />
22<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 55.<br />
23<br />
Fischer-Lescano NordÖR 2/2009, 50 _ termini piradi mizani, mekobreobas<br />
ganasxvavebs terorizmisganac, romelic saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg aris<br />
mimarTuli.<br />
24<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 58.<br />
25<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 58.<br />
26<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 59.<br />
27<br />
belgiuri sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: 19.12.1986, Castle John and<br />
Nederlandse Stichting Sirius v. NV Mabeco and NV Parfin.<br />
28<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 295.<br />
29<br />
Schwind, Krinimologie §29, Rn. 65.<br />
30<br />
Der SPIEGEL 23/2009, 22.<br />
31<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 296.<br />
32<br />
Fischer-Lescano NordÖR 2/2009, 52.<br />
33<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 296.<br />
34<br />
Esser/ Fischer, ZIS 13/2009, 772; Fischer-Lescano NordÖR 2/2009, 53; Schwind,<br />
Krinimologie §29, Rn. 63; Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 45.<br />
35<br />
Lescano/Tohidipur NJW 2009, 1246; Weber, SWP-Aktuell 5, Januar 2009, 1.<br />
<strong>36</strong><br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 45.<br />
37<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 46.<br />
51
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38<br />
Esser/ Fischer, ZIS 13/2009, 777; Umlauf, Kammerreport Hanseatische Rechtsanwaltskammer,<br />
Ausgabe 4. Ausgabe, 9.<br />
39<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 62.<br />
40<br />
Esser/ Fischer, ZIS 13/2009, 774; Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 61.<br />
41<br />
A.v.Arnauld, die moderne Piraterie und das Völkerrecht, AVR 47 (2009), 454.<br />
42<br />
Wang, Der universale Strafanspruch des nationalen Staates, ZIS 14/2007, 572; Schmahl, AöR<br />
1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 61<br />
43<br />
Esser/ Fischer, ZIS 13/2009, 774.<br />
44<br />
A.v.Arnauld, die moderne Piraterie und das Völkerrecht, AVR 47 (2009), 469.<br />
45<br />
Der SPIEGEL 23/2009, 22: - “Selbst wenn sie verurteilt würden, könnten sie kaum dauerhaft<br />
auf deutschem Boden bleiben, „das wäre niemandem vermittelbar.“<br />
46<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 61.<br />
47<br />
bolo sasamarTlo procesi, romelzec mekobre Klaus Störtebecker mis 70 TanamoazresTan<br />
erTad, gasamarTlda 1401 wels, hamburgSi gaimarTa. sikvdiliT dasajes. ix.: Schwind,<br />
Krinimologie §29, Rn. 57; Umlauf, Kammerreport Hanseatische Rechtsanwaltskammer,<br />
Ausgabe 4. Ausgabe, S.9; dawvr. Puhle, M. , Die Vitalienbrüder. Klaus Strötebecker und die<br />
Seeräuber der Hansezeit, 2. Aufl. Frankfurt/M 1994.<br />
48<br />
Der SPIEGEL 14/2011, 54 _ „hamburgis verc erTi drakonuli gadawyvetilebac<br />
ki, veranair efeqts ver moaxdens afrikaSi” _ „kein noch so drakonisches Urteil in<br />
Hamburg wird irgendeinen Effekt am Horn von Afrika haben.“<br />
49<br />
Umlauf, Kammerreport Hanseatische Rechtsanwaltskammer, Ausgabe 4. Ausgabe, S.9.<br />
50<br />
Der SPIEGEL, 14/2011, 52.<br />
51<br />
Der SPIEGEL, 14/2011, 54.<br />
52<br />
Mildner/Große, SWP-Berlin, Juni 2010, S. 21; Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011) 50; Galaski, SWP-<br />
Berlin, März 2009, 3; Maihold/Kerstin, SWP-Aktuell 56, Juni 2008, 2.<br />
53<br />
Galaski, SWP-Berlin, März 2009, 4.<br />
54<br />
A. Fischer-Lescano, Bundesmarine als Polizei der Weltmeere?, NordÖR 2009, 49, Schmahl,<br />
AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 90; Maihold/Kerstin, SWP-Aktuell 56, Juni 2008, 4.<br />
55<br />
Weber, SWP-Aktuell 5, Januar 2009, S. 1; Maihold/Kerstin, SWP-Aktuell 56, Juni 2008, 4.<br />
56<br />
Maihold/Kerstin, SWP-Aktuell 56, Juni 2008, 1.<br />
57<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011) 51, Fischer-Lescano NordÖR 2/2009, 50; Maihold/Kerstin, SWP-<br />
Aktuell 56, Juni 2008, 1.<br />
58<br />
Schwind, Krinimologie §29, Rn. 61.<br />
59<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011) 66 – „Das Land ist zusamengebrochen.“<br />
60<br />
Der SPIEGEL, 14/2011, 53.<br />
61<br />
Der SPIEGEL 17/2009, 101.<br />
62<br />
Der SPIEGEL, 14/2011, 53 _ swored ase daicva Tavi germanulma gemma taipanma<br />
mekobreebis Tavdasxmisgan.<br />
63<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 291, Schmahl, AöR<br />
1<strong>36</strong> (2011) 66.<br />
64<br />
Fischer-Lescano NordÖR 2/2009, 51; Schwind, Krinimologie §29, Rn. 62; Petrig,<br />
Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 291.<br />
65<br />
Frau, ZIS 10/2011, 793.<br />
66<br />
SZ, 4. Dez. 2008, NOZ, 4.12.2008, 4.<br />
67<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 291, Schmahl, AöR<br />
1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 60<br />
68<br />
Maihold/Kerstin, SWP-Aktuell 56, Juni 2008, S. 2.<br />
69<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011) 66 – „failed states” Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten<br />
Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 292.<br />
70<br />
Ziff. 5 der Präambel der Sicherheitsratsresolution 1897 (2009).<br />
71<br />
Schmahl, 67, Vgl. Ziff 7 lit. b der Sicherheitsresolution Nr. 1816 (2008), Ziff. 7 und Ziff. 10<br />
der resolution Nr. 1846 (2008) und Ziff. 3 Sicherheitsratsresolution 1897 (2009).<br />
72<br />
Maihold/Kerstin, SWP-Aktuell 56, Juni 2008, S. 2.<br />
73<br />
Lescano/Tohidipur NJW 2009, 1245; Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias,<br />
ZStW 122 (2010), 292, Schmahl, 68.<br />
74<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 297.<br />
75<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 68.<br />
52
76<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 68.<br />
77<br />
Vgl. Ziff. 7, der Sicherheitsratresolution Nr. 1816 (2008).<br />
78<br />
Schwind, Krinimologie §29, Rn. 63, Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 45 _ atalante berZnul<br />
miTologiaSi mamaci monadire qalwulia, romelmac argonavtebis<br />
laSqrobaSi miiRo monawileoba.<br />
79<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 76; Lescano/Tohidipur NJW 2009, 1243.<br />
80<br />
Lescano/Tohidipur NJW 2009, 1243.<br />
81<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 292.<br />
82<br />
Fischer-Lescano, NordÖR 2/2009, 52, Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011), 74; Lescano/Tohidipur NJW<br />
2009, 1245.<br />
83<br />
Lescano/Tohidipur, NJW 2009, 1245.<br />
84<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 292.<br />
85<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 292.<br />
86<br />
Sead. Albrecht, Marine-Forum, 5-2012, 12.<br />
87<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 293.<br />
88<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 293.<br />
89<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 294.<br />
90<br />
Petrig, Pirateriebekämpfung vor den Küsten Somalias, ZStW 122 (2010), 294.<br />
91<br />
Galaski, SWP-Berlin, März 2009, S. 9.<br />
92<br />
Fischer-Lescano NordÖR 2/2009, 55.<br />
93<br />
Schmahl, AöR 1<strong>36</strong> (2011) 65.<br />
53
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PIRACY _ “NEW” CHALLENGE<br />
TO INTERNATIONAL POLITICS?<br />
CRIMINAL ANALYSIS OF A MARITIME PIRACY<br />
PREVENTION<br />
DAVIT CHIKHLADZE<br />
(LL.M HU Berlin)<br />
Master of European Law and Legal Practice, Humboldt University of<br />
Berlin, Fellow of German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD) and<br />
Study Foundation of the Berlin House of Representatives<br />
The Maltese-flagged Greek tanker “OLIB G” was hijacked by Somali pirates<br />
while transiting the Gulf of Aden on September 8, 2010. The vessel and her crew<br />
consisted of 3 Turks and 15 Georgians. It became possible to free them from<br />
harsh conditions only after 16 months, on January 8, 2012.<br />
Piracy was considered to be a forgotten topic until present. However, recent<br />
frequent pirate attacks in Somalia coastal waters have inflicted huge financial<br />
damage to the world. Piracy – the crime of the 17 th Century – has become a “new”<br />
challenge for the world politics.<br />
The goal of this article is to present piracy as a topical problem of international<br />
politics and to discuss international law regulations connected with piracy; to<br />
summarize causes of piracy and its prevention strategy on the basis of analysis of<br />
a specific case heard by Hamburg Court against piracy and review of an ongoing<br />
mission of the UN for Somalia Coastal Waters.<br />
54
adamianis<br />
uflebaTa dacvis<br />
afrikuli sistema<br />
mariam jiqia<br />
samarTlis doqtori<br />
Sesavali<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sistemis Camoyalibeba da ganvi-<br />
Tareba afrikaSi sakmaod xangrZliv process warmoadgens. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom es sistema dResac srulyofili ar aris, mniSvnelovani<br />
nabijebi gadaidga adamianis uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebis<br />
SeqmnisaTvis.<br />
1963 wlis 25 miass, q. adis-abebaSi, ocdaTormetma afrikulma<br />
saxelmwifom xeli moawera afrikul saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebis<br />
Seqmnas. aRniSnuli organizacia funqcionirebda 2002 wlamde,<br />
xolo 2002 wels, igi Seicvala afrikuli gaerTianebiT, romelsac<br />
dResdReobiT, 54 wevri saxelmwifo hyavs. erTaderTi saxelmwifo,<br />
romelic am gaerTianebis wevri ar aris _ marokoa.<br />
organizaciis mniSvnelovani organoebia: asamblea, pan-afrikuli<br />
parlamenti, aRmasrulebeli sabWo da afrikuli komisia.<br />
organizaciis ZiriTadi miznebi aris:<br />
wevri saxelmwifoebis teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis<br />
dacva;<br />
afrikis kontinentze politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
integraciis xelSewyoba;<br />
afrikis kontinentze mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacva da a.S.<br />
am ukanaskneli miznis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad, afrikulma<br />
gaerTianebam, 1986 wlis 21 oqtombers, miiRo adamianis<br />
55
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
uflebaTa afrikuli qartia, romelic Tavis mxriv, iTvaliswinebs am qartiis dacvis meqanizmebis<br />
arsebobas. swored es konkretuli sakiTxi warmoadgens winamdebare naSromis Seswavlis sagans.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis afrikuli qartia da afrikuli komisia<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis afrikuli qartia adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli da inter-amerikuli<br />
meqanizmebis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. aRniSnuli qartia iseT ZiriTad uflebebs<br />
moicavs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc evropul, aseve inter-amerikul konvenciaSi,<br />
magram amavdroulad mas aqvs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli Taviseburebanic. qartiaSi<br />
mocemulia samoqalaqo, politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu socialuri uflebebis ganmartebebi, masSi<br />
ganxilulia rogorc individualuri uflebebi, aseve xalxTa koleqtiuri uflebebic.<br />
afrikuli qartiis 30-e muxli iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebaTa afrikuli komisiis Seqmnas. 1<br />
es ukanaskneli Seiqmna 1987 wels da misi samdivno q. banjulSi, gambiaSi mdebareobs. 1980-1990<br />
wlebSi afrikis kontinentze adamianis uflebaTa masobriv darRvevebs hqonda adgili, kerZod:<br />
keniaSi mTavrobam daarbia politikuri disidentebi da mediis warmomadgenlebi, nigeriaSi iyo<br />
saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdeloba, eTiopia bombavda samoqalaqo mosaxleobas da a.S. 2<br />
afrikuli komisia 11 wevrisagan Sedgeba, romelTac 6 wlis vadiT irCevven da isini umaRlesi<br />
reputaciiT gamoirCevian. isini ikribebian weliwadSi orjer _ gazafxulze da Semodgomaze _<br />
15-dRian sesiebze. komisias aseve, ufleba aqvs Caataros riggareSe sesiac. 1987 wlis Semdgom,<br />
afrikul komisias Catarebuli aqvs 47 sesia, maT Soris 4 riggareSe.<br />
komisiis funqciebi ganisazRvra Semdegnairad:<br />
adamianis uflebaTa popularizacia;<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacva;<br />
adamianis uflebaTa afrikuli qartiis interpretacia. 3<br />
adamianis uflebaTa popularizaciaSi igulisxmeba mosaxleobis codnis gaRrmaveba adamianis<br />
uflebaTa afrikuli qartiis Sesaxeb. es konkretuli funqcia Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan is<br />
ganapirobebs danarCeni funqciebis swor realizaciasac. popularizaciisa da gavrcelebis funqciis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad, afrikulma komisiam sxvadasxva misiebi Seqmna, sadac sxvadasxva<br />
saxelmwifos moxaliseebi monawileobdnen. isini avrcelebdnen informacias umciresobebisa da<br />
maTi uflebebis Sesaxeb, adamianis uflebaTa saxeebisa da maTi dacvis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb. zemoaRniSnuli<br />
funqciis Sesrulebis procesSi, samuSao jgufebi sxvadasxva problemebs awydebodnen,<br />
Tumca, yvelaze mniSvnelovans warmoadgenda zogierTi cnebis ganmartebis ararseboba an am<br />
cnebebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciis arseboba. 4 es exeboda rogorc eris TviTgamorkvevis<br />
uflebas, aseve teritoriuli mTlianobis princips. 5<br />
dacviTi funqcia moicavs im ganacxadebebis gaTvaliswinebas, romlebic adamianis uflebaTa<br />
darRvevebs exeba. ganacxadebis wardgenis ufleba aqvT fizikur pirebs, arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa<br />
da saxelmwifoebs im konkretuli wevri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, romelmac daarRvia<br />
afrikuli qartiiT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri ufleba. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs,<br />
rom adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi, afrikuli komisia yvelaze moqnili instrumentia, romelic<br />
ganixilavs yvela saxis ganacxads, wardgenils wevri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.<br />
afrikuli komisiis mier dacviTi funqciis ganxorcieleba da misi warmateba damokidebulia<br />
ramdenime faqtorze, romelTa Soris erT-erTi komisiis damoukideblobaa. warsulSi komisiis<br />
Semadgenloba ganisazRvreboda mTavrobis warmomadgenlebiT, maT Soris, elCebiT, generaluri<br />
prokurorebiTa da ministrebiT. msgavsi Semadgenloba badebda kiTxvebs, Tu ramdenad miukerZoeblad<br />
SeeZlo komisias gadawyvetilebebis miReba sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa winaaRmdeg. am sakiT-<br />
56
xis irgvliv garkveuli kritikis arsebobam ganapiroba afrikuli komisiis mier debulebis miReba,<br />
sadac detalurad aris ganxiluli nominirebuli kandidatebis mimarT moTxovnebi. am moTxovnebis<br />
Sesabamisad, komisiaSi nominirebuli kandidati mTavrobis wevri an diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli<br />
ar SeiZleba iyos. 6<br />
afrikuli komisiis dacviTi funqciebis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs Soris,<br />
erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas miRebuli gadawyvetilebis implementacia da saxelmwifoebis<br />
mier, misi rekomendaciebis Sesruleba warmoadgens. saqmeze „samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis organizacia<br />
nigeriis winaaRmdeg~, komisiam miiCnia, rom nigeriis saxelmwifom daarRvia afrikuli qartiiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi. Tumca, nigeriam amaze protesti gamoTqva im argumentiT,<br />
rom komisias ar gaaCnia sasamarTlo dawesebulebis funqcia da mis gadawyvetilebebs savaldebulo<br />
xasiaTi ara aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom komisiam ganmarta, rom mas aqvs msgavsi saqmeebis<br />
ganxilvisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, misi es gadawyvetileba nigeriis saxelmwifos<br />
mier ignorirebul iqna.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa afrikuli qartiis 59-e muxlis mixedviT, adamianis uflebaTa afrikuli<br />
komisiis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi da zomebi konfidencialuria, vidre nebadarTuli ar<br />
iqneba afrikuli gaerTianebis saxelmwifoTa da mTavrobaTa meTaurTa asambleis mier. zemoaRniSnuli<br />
muxlis Sesabamisad, afrikuli komisiis sxdomebi iyofa sajarod da daxurulad. sajaro<br />
sxdomebis dros ganixileba komisiis moRvaweoba, romelic exeba adamianis uflebaTa afrikuli<br />
qartiis popularizacias. sxdomis es nawili komisiis wevrebisa da 62-e muxlis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifoebis<br />
mier warmodgenil moxsenebebs moicavs. daxuruli sxdomis dros komisia ganixilavs<br />
individualur ganacxadebs, romlebic exeba qartiis wevri saxelmwifoebis mxridan, adamianis<br />
uflebaTa afrikuli qartiiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis xelyofas. zemoaRniSnulis ganxilvis<br />
Semdgom, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi Setanilia yovelwliur moxsenebaSi, romelic waredgineba<br />
afrikuli gaerTianebis asambleas. isini sajaro xdeba mas Semdeg, rac gamoqveyndeba wliuri<br />
mimoxilva. 7<br />
afrikuli komisiis muSaobis kidev erTi xarvezi drois faqtoria. zogierTi saqme saWiroebs<br />
ramdenime wels, rom saboloo gadawyvetileba iqnas miRebuli.<br />
afrikuli qartiis damatebiTi oqmi da afrikuli sasamarTlo<br />
1998 wels, miRebul iqna qartiis damatebiTi oqmi, romlis ratificireba 2003 wlis dekembers,<br />
15 saxelmwifom moaxdina, xolo 2004 wels ki, ZalaSi Sevida. dResdReobiT, 24 saxelmwifom 8 moaxdina<br />
am oqmis ratificireba.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli oqmis 1-li muxlis safuZvelze, Seiqmna adamianis uflebaTa afrikuli sasamarTlo,<br />
rac gulisxmobs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis orsafexurian saerTaSoriso meqanizms.<br />
afrikuli sasamarTlos warmateba damokidebulia misi wevrebis kompetenciasa da damoukideblobaze.<br />
misi Semadgenloba ganisazRvreba 11 mosamarTliT, romlebic arCeulia 2006 wels, 6<br />
wlis vadiT. Zalian mniSvnelovania is faqti, Tu rogor moxdeba mosamarTleTa nominireba am<br />
poziciaze saxelmwifoebis mier. TiToeuli maTgani maRali reputaciiT unda sargeblobdes,<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros _ damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli unda iyos. afrikuli sasamarTlos<br />
kidev erT problemas warmoadgens disbalansi mis SemadgenlobaSi, sadac 11 mosamar-<br />
Tlidan 9 mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelia, gansxvavebiT afrikuli komisiisagan, sadac 11<br />
wevridan 7 mdedrobiTi sqesisaa.<br />
afrikuli komisiis uflebamosilebas aramarto adamianis uflebaTa qartiis darRvevebis<br />
ganxilva warmoadgens, aramed sxvadasxva konvenciebis darRvevebis ganxilvac da maTi interpretaciac.<br />
kerZod: afrikis gaerTianebis mier miRebuli konvencia `ltolvilTa Sesaxeb~, aseve,<br />
qartiis damatebiTi oqmi `qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~.<br />
57
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
afrikul komisias aqvs uflebamosileba ganixilos rogorc individualuri, aseve saxelmwifoTa<br />
da arasamTavrobo organizaciaTa ganacxadebi.<br />
afrikuli sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba sabolooa da is gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareba.<br />
TiToeuli gadawyvetileba dasabuTebuli unda iyos. gadawyvetileba egzavneba ara<br />
marto mxareebs, aramed afrikuli gaerTianebis komisiasa da aRmasrulebel sabWos, romelic<br />
pasuxismgebelia am gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebis monitoringze.<br />
daskvna<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis afrikuli sistema uaRresad mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso sistemaa,<br />
romelic jer kidev, srulyofili ar aris da daxvewas saWiroebs.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis afrikuli sistemis dasaxvewad, afrikuli gaerTianebis yvela wevri<br />
qartiis damatebiTi oqmis monawile unda gaxdes, rac Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs am saxelmwifoebis<br />
mier pozitiuri da negatiuri valdebulebebis aRebas adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi.<br />
saWiroa, zemoaRniSnuli meqanizmis ufro daxvewa da Camoyalibeba, rac garkveulwilad,<br />
damokidebulia proceduruli normebis harmonizaciis sferoSi, afrikuli komisiisa da afrikuli<br />
sasamarTlos TanamSromlobaze. am procesis gaWianureba iwvevs adamianis uflebaTa daRvevebis<br />
Tavidan acilebis gaWianurebas. statistikuri monacemebiT, afrikuli sasamarTlos arsebobis<br />
10 wlis manZilze, jer, am mimarTulebiT, arc erTi saqme ar aris ganxiluli sasamarTlos mier.<br />
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebis gaZlierebisa da srulyofis mizniT aucilebelia<br />
garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba:<br />
Sesabamisi finansuri da adamianuri resursebis moZieba;<br />
afrikuli sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
mosamarTleTa nominirebis dros sqesobrivi balansis dacva;<br />
mosamarTleTa nominirebis dros samoqalaqo mosaxleobis azris gaTvaliswineba;<br />
afrikuli komisiisa da sasamarTlos urTierTTanamSromloba proceduruli normebis dasaxvewad;<br />
mosamarTleTa treiningi adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso da regionuli standartebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
miuxedavad zemoaRSnuli xarvezebisa da gasatarebeli RonisZiebebisa, aRniSnuli sistemis<br />
farglebSi moqmedma saerTaSoriso meqanizmebma, rogoricaa adamianis uflebaTa komisia da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa sasamarTlo, didi wvlili Seitanes adamianis uflebebis dacvasa da adamianis<br />
uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebaSi afrikis kontinentze.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
adamianis uflebaTa afrikuli qartiis 30-e muxli.<br />
2<br />
Http://www.hrw.org/doc/t-africa. retrieved 15 january 2007.<br />
3<br />
adamianis uflebaTa afrikuli qartiis 45-e muxli.<br />
4<br />
Resolution of Namibia on behalf of the Group of African states, UN GA, 61 st Session, 3 rd<br />
comm., UN doc A/C.3/61/L.57/Rev. 1, 2006.<br />
5<br />
AU decision on UN Declaration on the rights of the Indigenous Peoples, Doc. Assembly/AU/<br />
Dec. 141 (VIII), 30 January, 2007.<br />
6<br />
http://interights.org/doc/african%20court%20Nomination%20Guidlines_.doc<br />
7<br />
Viljoen F., Recent Developments in the African regional Human Rights System, “African<br />
Human Rights Law Journal”, 2004, pp. 344-345.<br />
8<br />
alJiri, burkina-faso, burundi, kot-diuvari, gaboni, gambia, libia, mali,<br />
mauritusi, mozambiki, nigeria, ruanda, senegali, samxreT afrikis<br />
respublika, togo, gana, lesoTo.<br />
58
AFRICAN SYSTEM OF HUMAN<br />
RIGHTS PROTECTION<br />
MARIAM JIKIA<br />
Doctor of Juridical Science<br />
In 1998 Organization of African Unity in Burkina Faso established the African<br />
Court on Human and Peoples‘ Rights. On this conference 15 states signed<br />
additional protocol of Charter. Today there are 24 state members that ratified this<br />
document.<br />
African system of Human Rights protection is one of the most important<br />
international system in this field, thou it still needs to be improved.<br />
There is no doubt about the scale of the needs. In the time that has elapsed,<br />
countless human rights violations have taken place on the African continents,<br />
with minorities and indigenous peoples particularly affected.<br />
For imporvement of African System of Human Rights all members of African<br />
Unity should sign Charter of Human and Peoples‘ Rights, which rises positive<br />
and negative obligations of member states on protection of human rights.<br />
According to the statistical data there no applications were claimed to the<br />
Court during 10 years. It means that there are lots of things to be done.<br />
In spite of abovemnetioned some important steps have been taken: judges<br />
have been appointed, rules of procedure have been elaborated and the location for<br />
the Court – Arusha in Tanzania – has been established.<br />
One of the most important issues is the relationship between the African<br />
Commission and African Court. The African Commission is currently the main<br />
human rights monitoring body on the continent. However Commission is a quasijudicial<br />
body and the states‘ track record of enforcing its decisions has been poor.<br />
With stronger political will from states these problems could be overcome.<br />
Civil society will continue to play a vital role in further development of this system,<br />
but it’s not only their responsibility. States as well are obliged to protect their<br />
population as they promised daceda go.<br />
59
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
mediaciis<br />
kriminologiuri<br />
aspeqtebi<br />
mixeil gabunia<br />
samarTlis doqtori, kriminologi,<br />
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis<br />
asocirebuli profesori<br />
Tamar beriZe<br />
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis<br />
asocirebuli profesori<br />
Sesavali<br />
gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, inglisurma kriminologiam<br />
savsebiT ugulebelyo sasjelis saxiT samarTlianobis aRdgenis,<br />
axali danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis da damnaSavis resocializaciis<br />
idea. mcdarad miiCnies Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasjels<br />
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc danaSaulebrivi qcevis Sedegad dar-<br />
Rveuli balansis aRdgenas.<br />
danaSauloba socialuri movlenaa, aqedan gamomdinare, misi<br />
Tavidan acilebisaTvis, mniSvnelovania ganxorcieldes politikuri,<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri, ideologiuri, kulturuli Ronis-<br />
Ziebebi, xolo sasjeli unda asrulebdes ZiriTadad, prevenciul<br />
rols.<br />
kriminologiaSi mecnierulad dasabuTebulia, rom adamianis<br />
patimrobaSi yofna 10 welze meti xniT iwvevs misi fsiqikis Seuqcevad<br />
cvlilebas. 1 faqtia da aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom TviT sab-<br />
WoTa kavSiris pirobebSi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT Tavisuflebis<br />
aRkveTis saxiT sasjelis maqsimaluri vada gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
iyo 15 wliT. profesori m. n. gerneti Tavisi moRvaweobis<br />
periodSi, mivida daskvnamde, rom cixe aris kriminaluri profesionalizaciis<br />
adgili da ara resocializaciis dawesebuleba. 2<br />
tradiciuli sasjelis krizisma ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom<br />
evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samecniero wreebSi<br />
aqtiurad daiwyes fiqri sasjelis alternatiuli RonisZiebebis<br />
60
SemuSavebisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, upirveles yovlisa, naklebad mZime kategoriis danaSaulebis<br />
mimarT. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis nacionaluri komisiis me-11 rekomendaciaSi sisxlis<br />
samarTlis iusticiasTan mimarTebiT, xazgasmulia, rom sisxlis samarTlis iusticiis dRis wesrigi<br />
sasurvelia Seicvalos `omidan~ `mSvidobisaken~. 3<br />
istoriulad, axali sisxlis samarTlis politikis _ mediaciis ganviTareba, saTaves iRebs me-<br />
20 saukunis miwuruls, anglosaqsuri samarTlis ojaxis farglebSi. evropaSi `mediaciis~ Semo-<br />
Rebas safuZveli did britaneTSi Caeyara.<br />
danaSaulze procesualuri reagirebis inglisuri modeli<br />
sasjelis alternatiuli RonisZiebis _ mediaciis arsi rom gavigoT, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
saWiroa gavaanalizoT danaSaulze procesualuri reagirebis inglisuri sqema, romliTac sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
devnis dawyebis umTavresi kriteriumi `sajaro interesis~ arsebobaa.<br />
inglisi im qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis mizanSewonilobis<br />
principi moqmedebs. aq ar aris formaluri sazRvrebi, romlebic gamijnavda sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis process _ procesamde saqmianobisagan; sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvrasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
iq ar arsebobs raime saxis iuridiuli aqti an misi analogi. 4 TviTon cneba `sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saqmis aRZvra~ inglisur samarTalSi pirobiTad gamoiyeneba.<br />
procesis sasamarTlo stadiamde sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna imaSi gamoixateba, rom policia,<br />
danaSaulis Cadenis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebisas, uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos faqtobrivi<br />
qmedebebi mtkicebulebaTa SekrebisaTvis, rasac calkeul SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa Tan axldes procesualuri<br />
iZulebis RonisZiebaTa gamoyeneba. amasTan, danaSaulis Sesaxeb informaciis arsebobisa<br />
da saWiro masalebis Sekrebis SemTxvevaSi, policias aqvs diskreciuli uflebamosileba,<br />
miiRos erT-erTi Semdegi gadawyvetileba: wauyenos pirs braldeba da gadasces saqme Semdgom<br />
instancias an uari Tqvas sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvraze. 5<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu policia mizanSeuwonlad miiCnevs sisxlis samarTlis<br />
saqmis aRZvras, mas ar gamoaqvs aranairi formalur iuridiuli aqti. 1985 wels miRebulma kanonma<br />
(Prosecution of Offences Act) da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis samefo samsaxuris Seqmnam (Crown Prosecution<br />
Service _ CPS) viTareba erTgvarad gaarTula. kerZod, policia wyvets, romel saqmes misces<br />
Semdgomi msvleloba, gadascems masalebs CPS-s, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganixilavs sakiTxs sisxlis<br />
samarTlis devnis dawyebis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb, riTac iqmneba damatebiTi barieri. aqve<br />
SevniSnavT, rom damoukideblad CPS-s ar SeuZlia daiwyos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna (amis<br />
prerogativa rCeba policias). igi uflebamosilia, mxolod Sewyvitos sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
devna policiisgan miRebul saqmeze. aRsaniSnavia, rom sisxlis samarTlis saqmis Sewyvetis iuridiuli<br />
forma, magaliTad, `dadgenilebis gamotana sisxlis samarTlis saqmis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb~<br />
inglisur samarTalSi ar gvxdeba. amdenad, inglisSi sakiTxi sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis<br />
dawyebis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb fasdeba orjer: Tavdapirvelad amas afasebs policia, Semdeg<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis samefo samsaxuri (CPS). Tu policia miiRebs gadawyvetilebas, rom<br />
sisxlisamarTlis saqme ar aRZras, es gadawyvetileba ar eqvemdebareba raime saxis, maT Soris,<br />
CPS-is kontrols. kerZo braldebis saqmeze, inglisuri koncefciis Tanaxmad (kontinenturi<br />
evropis qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, magaliTad, germaniaSi, avstriaSi da a.S. ar aris calsaxad<br />
formulirebuli im danaSaulTa CamonaTvali, romlebic ganekuTvnebian kerZo braldebis saqmes),<br />
dazaralebuls ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad aRZras sisxlis samarTlis saqme. magram aseT<br />
uflebas, erTi mxriv, aqvs mTeli rigi SezRudvebi, magaliTad, kanonis 6 (2) da 23 (3) muxlebi<br />
61
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
uflebas aniWebs CPS-s Sewyvitos sisxlis samarTlis saqme, romelic aRZrulia dazaralebulis<br />
iniciativiT, Tumca, praqtikaSi igi Zalian iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. 6 sapirispirod, policiis gadawyvetileba<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvrasTan dakavSirebiT kontroldeba da fasdeba CPS-is<br />
mier. 7<br />
rogor afasebs policia da CPS sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebis mizanSewonilobis<br />
sakiTxs da ramdenad Tavisufalni arian isini gadawyvetilebis miRebisas? kanonis me-10 muxliT,<br />
CPS-is direqtors mieniWa uflebamosileba, gamosces specialuri instruqcia Tavisi qveSevrdomebisaTvis.<br />
ase, rom Seiqmna specialuri instruqcia samefo bralmdeblebisaTvis (Code for Crown<br />
Prosecutors, SemdgomSi _ instruqcia), romelSic gacemulia pasuxi zemoaRniSnul kiTxvaze. sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
devnis dawyebis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi ori<br />
ZiriTadi kriteriumiT fasdeba: 1. procesualuri kriteriumi (sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi<br />
micemis e.w. realisturi interesis e.i. bralis wayenebisaTvis sakmarisi mtkicebulebebis arseboba);<br />
2. materialuri kriteriumi (piris braldebulis saxiT sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi<br />
micemis Sesaxeb e.w. sajaro interesis arseboba, rac upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs danaSaulis<br />
xasiaTisa da damnaSavis pirovnebas.) meore kriteriumi ufro sainteresoa, vinaidan `sisxlis<br />
samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micemis realisturi perspeqtivebi~ mxolod braldebis sust mtkicebulebiT<br />
bazaze miuTiTebs da ar ukavSirdeba uaxles mimdinareobebs sisxlis samarTlis politikaSi. 8<br />
amdenad, danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebisas CPS da policia,<br />
romlisTvisac instruqcia savaldebuloa, sajaro interesis koncefciiT xelmZRvaneloben. 9<br />
ZiriTadi problema yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevis sakmarisi abstraqtuli kriteriumebis<br />
individualizaciaSi mdgomareobs, romelsac instruqcia Seicavs. amitom, zogierT regionSi 90-<br />
iani wlebidan vrceldeba erTgvari eqsperimenti, e.w. PICA shemes (Public Interest Case Assessment),<br />
romlis mixedviTac, CPS miiRebs ra, saqmes policiidan, gadascems mas probaciis samsaxurs. 10<br />
probaciis samsaxuri informacias braldebulis pirovnebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, masTan detaluri<br />
gasaubrebis gziT moipovebs. am informaciiT saSualeba eZlevaT, Seafason pirovnebis<br />
samomavlo qceva, anu moaxdinon kriminologiuri prognozireba SesaZlo recidivis dadgenis<br />
mizniT. Sesabamisi masalebi probaciis samsaxuridan gadaigzavneba CPS-Si, romelsac igi iTvaliswinebs<br />
saqmis Semdgomi msvlelobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros.<br />
miuxedavad ganxiluli novaciebisa, yvela maTgani Seesabameba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis<br />
sabazo inglisur models, romelic tradiciulad, Cadenili qmedebis socialuri saSiSroebidan<br />
gamomdinare, saxelmwifos mxridan, danaSaulze reagirebis mxolod or variants Seicavs. pirveli<br />
varianti piris oficialuri sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnaa, ris Sedegadac unda miviRoT sasjeli,<br />
rogorc Cadenili danaSaulis samarTlebrivi Sedegi, meore ki _ sisxlis samarTlis devnaze<br />
uaris Tqma, anu saxelmwifo ar reagirebs sisxlis samarTlis normis darRvevaze, rasac ZiriTadad,<br />
naklebad mZime kategoriis danaSaulebTan mimarTebiT iyeneben.<br />
danaSaulis gafrTxilebis instituti<br />
sasjelis alternatiuli RonisZiebebis Ziebam inglisuri sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba miiyvana<br />
ori uaxlesi fenomenis aRmoCenamde. amaTgan qronologiurad pirveli iyo e.w danaSaulis gafrTxilebis<br />
instituti (caution), rac ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi Zalze xSirad gamoiyeneba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT arasrulwlovnebTan mimarTebiT. 11 Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom sakanonmdeblo baza<br />
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulebis kontrolTan (caution) mimarTebiT, ar arsebobs, rac sruliadac<br />
ar aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT inglisuri samarTlis Taviseburebebs.<br />
62
danaSaulis gafrTxilebis arsi, inglisuri samarTlis mixedviT, unda ganvixiloT sami mimar-<br />
TulebiT:<br />
1. policieli, romelic daadgens arasrulwlovanis mier naklebad mZime kategoriis danaSaulis<br />
Cadenis faqts da ar miiCnevs saWirod sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvras, mxolod afrTxilebs<br />
mas, rom aRar Caidinos msgavsi qmedeba da amasTan, aranair sxva zomas ar iRebs; aRniSnuli<br />
qmedeba ganixileba, rogorc arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulebis `araformaluri gafrTxileba~<br />
(informal warning). mas ar gaaCnia iuridiuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan ar Seicavs procesualur<br />
mxares. faqtobrivad, saqme gvaqvs sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvraze dausabuTeblad uaris<br />
Tqmaze. 12<br />
2. gafrTxileba Seitaneba oqmSi, amitom aseT zomas ewodeba arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulebis<br />
formaluri kontroli (formal warning). araformaluri kontrolisagan mxolod imiT gansxvavdeba,<br />
rom am SemTxvevaSi, gafrTxileba oqmSi Seitaneba. vinaidan aRniSnuli oqmi procesualur<br />
aqtad ar gvevlineba, mas mtkicebulebiTi Zala ar gaaCnia sasamarTloSi recidivis SemTxvevaSic<br />
ki. 13<br />
3. `oficialuri gafrTxileba~ (official caution), romelsac wina ori SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
iuridiuli Zala aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi, policia, romelsac ar surs arasrulwlovnis mimarT<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvra da Cadenili qmedebis uyuradRebod datoveba, oficialurad<br />
afrTxilebs arasrulwlovans da mis mSoblebs CamoarTmevs xelwerils. aseTi gafrTxileba<br />
SeaqvT specialur reestrSi, romelic inaxeba policiis arqivSi. arasrulwlovnis mier axali<br />
danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ukve sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ardawyeba SeuZlebelia,<br />
sasamarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs im faqts, rom adre arasrulwlovani erTxel ukve<br />
iyo oficialurad gafrTxilebuli, sxva danaSaulis CadenisaTvis. sasamarTlo aRniSnul faqts<br />
iTvaliswinebs sasjelis daniSvnisas. bunebrivia, rom oficialuri gafrTxilebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
policia ganumartavs arasrulwlovans da mis mSoblebs im samarTlebriv Sedegebs, romlebsac<br />
gamoiwvevs mis mier axali danaSaulis Cadena. `oficialur gafrTxilebas~, rogorc wesi, win<br />
uswrebs braldebulis mier danaSaulis aRiareba. 14<br />
inglisSi am axali institutis ganviTarebis tempebi saocrad maRalia, magaliTad: 1995 wels<br />
inglisisa da uelsis teritoriaze gamotanilia 120 000 oficialuri gafrTxileba arasrulwlovanTa<br />
mimarT. aRniSnuli institutis SemoRebiT, erTi mxriv, daizoga saxelmwifo biujeti, meore<br />
mxriv, ganitvirTa sasamarTlo. amasTan, umravles SemTxvevaSi, arasrulwlovani aRar agrZelebs<br />
danaSaulebriv gzas. im garemoebam, rom axalma institutma gaamarTla arasrulwlovanTa<br />
danaSaulebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da sakmaod dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyva, gamoiwvia misi Semdgomi<br />
ganviTareba. kerZod, gafrTxilebis instituti amoqmedda srulwlovanTa mimarTac. niSandoblivia,<br />
rom sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis 20%, sadac figurireben srulwlovanebi, mTavrdeba<br />
`oficialuri gafrTxilebiT~ da TavisTavad, sasamarTlomde saqme ar midis. 15<br />
dadebiT mxareebTan erTad, aRniSnul instituts naklic aqvs. kerZod, masSi arasakmarisadaa<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli dazaralebulis interesebi. kerZod, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu braldebuli zians<br />
aunazRaurebs dazaralebuls, policia amas iTvaliswinebs, magram igi valdebuli ar aris, oficialuri<br />
gafrTxilebis gamoyenebisas aiZulos braldebuli, aanazRauros ziani. amave dros,<br />
zianis aunazRaurebloba ar SeiZleba gaxdes policiis mxridan `oficialuri gafrTxilebis~ ar<br />
gamoyenebis safuZveli. meore mxriv, dazaralebuls ufleba aqvs, sasamarTlos mimarTos da<br />
Seitanos sarCeli policiis mxridan braldebulisaTvis oficialuri gafrTxilebis gamoyenebis<br />
Taobaze; sasamarTlo aseT SemTxvevas iTvaliswinebs da auqmebs `oficialur gafrTxilebas~<br />
mxolod or SemTxvevaSi: pirveli, rodesac policias ar hqonda `oficialuri gafrTxilebis~<br />
63
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
gamotanis safuZveli danaSaulis xasiaTisa da damnaSavis pirovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT; meore,<br />
Tu dairRva gafrTxilebis gamotanis procesualuri forma. dazaralebulisaTvis zianis anazRaureba<br />
oficialuri gafrTxilebis gamotanis safuZveli ar aris, amitom sasamarTlos ufleba<br />
ara aqvs, am motiviT gaauqmos policiis gadawyvetileba. 16 Sedegad miviReT problema, romelic<br />
saWiroebs Rrma analizsa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis gacilebiT<br />
ufro moqnili formebis SemoRebas. inglisuri samarTali swored am gziT wavida, rasac<br />
Sedegad mohyva axali institutis _ mediaciis _ SemoReba, romelic sakmaod efeqtiani aRmoCnda<br />
da etapobrivad gavrcelda mTel evropaSi.<br />
mediaciis institutis Taviseburebani inglissa da saqarTveloSi<br />
norvegieli kriminologi n. kristi, asabuTebs, rom sazogadoebaSi dazaralebuli _ danaSaulis<br />
Sedegad warmoSobili konfliqtis erT-erTi mxare, gadascems ra, mTel Tavis uflebamosilebas<br />
saxelmwifos, Tavad rCeba sisxlis samarTlis procesis miRma. 17 mas miaCnia, rom unda aRdges<br />
istoriuli samarTlianoba da dazaralebuli gaxdes procesis srulfasovani monawile, rogorc<br />
es adre iyo. n. kristis ideebs bevri mxardamWeri gamouCnda da SesaZloa iTqvas, rom man safuZveli<br />
Cauyara mediaciis institutis SemoRebas sisxlis samarTalSi. 18<br />
sisxlis samarTalSi mediaciis ZiriTadi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom konfliqtis mxareebi _<br />
dazaralebuli da braldebuli _ uflebamosili saxelmwifo organoebis TanxmobiT, mimarTaven<br />
ra, Suamavals, mesame piris monawileobiT cdiloben gadaWran konfliqti sisxlis samarTlis<br />
iusticiis farglebs gareT. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Suamavlebad gvevlinebian sazogadoebis gamoCenili<br />
warmomadgenlebi (magaliTad, saganmanaTleblo elita), romlebic orientirebulni da dainteresebulni<br />
arian qveyanaSi danaSaulebis neitralizaciiT. mediaciis warmatebiT dasrulebisas,<br />
braldebuli anazRaurebs zians im formiT, romelic misaRebia dazaralebulisaTvis: bodiSis<br />
moxda, fuladi Tanxis gadaxda, sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis gaweva, dazianebuli qonebis<br />
aRdgena da a.S. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxeze ara gvaqvs realuri ziani (magaliTad,<br />
mcdelobisas), dazaralebuli SeiZleba dakmayofildes imiT, rom `damnaSavem~ moinania da gamoisyida<br />
danaSauli konkretuli qmedebebiT, zogjer simbolurad. sirTules qmnis is faqti, rom<br />
mediacia inglisSi daregulirebuli ar aris konkretuli normatiuli aqtiT. igi mxolod kriminologTa,<br />
Teoretikos iuristTa, sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis dainteresebis sagania.<br />
Sesabamisad, arsebobs mediaciis mravali varianti, romlebic damokidebulia adgilobriv garemoebebze.<br />
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan, inglisSi moqmedebs sakmaod Zlieri sazogadoebrivi<br />
organizacia `mediacia did britaneTSi~ (Mediation U. K.), romlis ZiriTadi mizania mediaciis<br />
ganzogadeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze. aRniSnuli organizaciis saqmianobas, mis programebs<br />
finansurad da organizaciulad, didi britaneTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministro uWers mxars. 1988<br />
wels, Sss-m gamosca dokumenti saxelwodebiT `sasjeli, patimroba da sazogadoeba~, sadac naTqvamia,<br />
rom `Tavisuflebis aRkveTa zRudavs damnaSaveTa Tavisuflebas da amave dros, Tavisuflebis<br />
aRkveTa zRudavs maT pasuxismgeblobas, erTi mxriv, dazaralebulTa winaSe, xolo meore<br />
mxriv, Tavs arideben im zianis anazRaurebas, romelic miayenes rogorc dazaralebuls, ise sazogadoebas~.<br />
19 am dokumentis safuZvelze, SesaZloa, mediacia inglisSi sisxlis samarTlis politikis<br />
oficialur mimarTulebad miviCnioT.<br />
inglisSi mediaciis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis nebismier stadiaze,<br />
rogorc arasrulwlovanTa, ise srulwlovanTa mimarT. ufro metic, mediacia dasaSvebia sasamar-<br />
Tlos mier gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamotanis Semdgomac. mediaciis araformaluri xasiaTi,<br />
64
omelic samarTlebrivi normebiT ar aris gamyarebuli, ar gvaZlevs imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom<br />
igi iuridiul instituts mivakuTvnoT. mediacia am etapze calsaxad kriminologiuri institutia.<br />
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq mediacia gamoiyeneba ganridebis farglebSi,<br />
damoukidebel institutad mediacia qarTul samarTalSi ar gvxdeba. 2010 wels, sisxlis samar-<br />
Tlis saproceso kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebiT, prokurors mieca diskreciuli uflebamosileba<br />
sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas ganaridos arasrulwlovani, romelmac pirvelad<br />
Caidina naklebad mZime danaSauli ori pirobis arsebobisas:<br />
1. arasrulwlovani aRiarebs danaSauls;<br />
2. arasrulwlovani gamoTqvams mzadyofnas aanazRauros ziani (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi)<br />
da bodiSi mouxados dazaralebuls. 20<br />
ganridebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg, prokurori socialur muSaks gadascems<br />
arasrulwlovnis saqmes. socialuri muSaki SeimuSavebs arasrulwlovanis biofsiqosocialur<br />
portrets, ris safuZvelzec, ganisazRvreba Tu romeli pirobis Sesruleba imoqmedebs dadebi-<br />
Tad arasrulwlovanze da Seuwyobs xels mis gamosworebas. amis Semdeg, mediaciis farglebSi,<br />
mxareebi SeTanxmdebian samoqalaqo xelSekrulebis pirobebze, maT Soris, arasrulwlovnis pasuxismgeblobisa<br />
da valdebulebebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnul xelSekrulebas xels aweren arasrulwlovani,<br />
misi mSoblebi, prokurori, socialuri muSaki da dazaralebuli. xelSekrulebis pirobebis<br />
Sesabamisad, arasrulwlovans gaeweva misTvis saWiro momsaxureba da daekisreba movaleobebi<br />
dazaralebulis an sazogadoebis winaSe. arasrulwlovanis mier xelSekrulebis Sesrulebas meTvalyureobas<br />
uwevs socialuri muSaki. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arasrulwlovani daarRvevs xelSekrulebiT<br />
nakisr valdebulebebs, socialuri muSaki mis saqmes daubrunebs prokurors. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
prokurori uflebamosilia daiwyos an ganaaxlos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna arasrulwlovanis<br />
mimarT. 21<br />
rac Seexeba srulwlovanebs, 2011 wlis dekembridan, ganrideba maT mimarTac xorcieldeba.<br />
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 168 1 -e muxlis Tanaxmad, `prokurors SeuZlia ar daiwyos<br />
an Sewyvitos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna piris (ganridebis subieqtis) mimarT naklebad mZime<br />
an mZime danaSaulis Cadenis faqtze, Tu piri (ganridebis subieqti) Seasrulebs qvemoT CamoTvlili<br />
pirobebidan erTs an ramdenimes:<br />
a) ukanonod mopovebuli qonebis saxelmwifosaTvis gadacema an am qonebis Rirebulebis anazRaureba;<br />
b) danaSaulis iaraRis an/da samoqalaqo brunvidan amoRebuli obieqtis saxelmwifosaTvis gadacema;<br />
g) misi qmedebis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis sruli an nawilobrivi anazRaureba;<br />
d) saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod fuladi Tanxis gadaxda, romlis minimaluri odenobaa<br />
500 lari;<br />
e) sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo usasyidlo samuSaos Sesruleba 40 saaTidan 400 saaTamde.<br />
2. ganrideba ar gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Semdegi muxlebiT: 143 1<br />
_ `adamianiT vaWroba (trefikingi)~, 143 2 _ `arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (trefikingi)~, 143 3 _ `adamianiT<br />
vaWrobis (trefikingis) msxverplis (dazaralebulis) momsaxurebiT sargebloba~, 144 _<br />
`mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba~, 144 1 _ `wameba~, 144 2 _ `wamebis muqara~, 144 3 _ `damamcirebeli an<br />
65
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
araadamianuri mopyroba~ da agreTve, sisxlis samarTlis politikis saxelmZRvanelo principebiT<br />
gansazRvrul danaSaulTa saqmeebze.<br />
3. Tu piri (ganridebis subieqti) ar Seasrulebs ganridebis pirobebs, prokurors ufleba<br />
aqvs, daiwyos an ganaaxlos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna.<br />
amave kodeqsis 168 2 -e muxli gansazRvravs ganridebis gamoyenebis wess:<br />
1. pirisaTvis (ganridebis subieqtisaTvis) ganridebis SeTavazeba xorcieldeba werilobiTi<br />
formiT. masSi mocemulia ganridebis pirobebi, maTi Sesrulebis dro, adgili da saSualeba;<br />
2. pirs (ganridebis subieqts) werilobiT ganemarteba, rom ganridebis pirobebis Sesruleba<br />
nebayoflobiTia da is sargeblobs braldebulis yvela uflebiT;<br />
3. ganridebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebamde prokurori konsultacias gadis dazaralebulTan<br />
(aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi);<br />
4. ganrideba, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba winasasamarTlo sxdomis gamarTvamde. ganrideba SeiZleba<br />
agreTve gamoyenebul iqnes winasasamarTlo sxdomis Semdeg, Tu mxareebi ganridebis gamoyenebis<br />
mizniT sasamarTlos mimarTaven SuamdgomlobiT saqmis prokurorisTvis dabrunebis Taobaze.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, saqme daubrunos prokurors, romelic<br />
braldebuls SesTavazebs ganridebas;<br />
5. ganrideba ar gamoiyeneba im braldebulis mimarT, romelsac aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT<br />
Sefardebuli aqvs patimroba;<br />
6. ganridebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas prokurori xelmZRvanelobs am kodeqsiTa da<br />
sisxlis samarTlis politikis saxelmZRvanelo principebiT. 22<br />
2012 wlis maisis statistikuri monacemebiT, mediaciisa da ganridebis safuZvelze, sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
devnisagan gaTavisuflda 145 arasrulwlovani da 500 srulwlovani piri. 23<br />
sasamarTlo mediacia<br />
sasamarTlo mediacia gamoiyeneba yvela kategoriis saqmeze. igi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli<br />
cnobil inglisur procesualur funqciasTan, romelic amJmad ukve kontinenturi evropis bevr<br />
qveyanaSi arsebobs _ ganaCenis gamocxadebis gadadeba da sasjelis daniSvna mas Semdeg, rac pirovneba<br />
Tavs cnobs damnaSaved; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ori mTavari<br />
aspeqti _ braleulobis garkvevisa da sasjelis dadgenis periodi _ droSi iweleba im mizniT,<br />
rom Segrovdes informacia damnaSavis pirovnebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi probaciis samsaxuri an<br />
mediaciis profilis mqone romelime sazogadoebrivi organizacia cdilobs, Seasrulos Suamavlis<br />
roli braldebulsa da dazaralebuls Soris, ra drosac arwmunebs braldebuls dazaralebulisaTvis<br />
miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis aucileblobaSi. mediaciis warmatebiT dasrulebisas<br />
da Sesabamisi oficialuri dokumentis xelmoweris Semdeg, mosamarTle, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebs<br />
mediaciiT miRweul Sedegebs sasjelis daniSvnis dros. Sedegad mogebuli rCeba orive<br />
mxare. dazaralebuli, realurad monawileobs ra, braldebulisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis procesSi, iRebs im kompensacias, romelsac Tavadve gansazRvravs,<br />
rogorc SeTanxmebis aucilebel pirobas. braldebulis sargebelic aSkaraa: mis mimarT, faqtobrivad,<br />
ar gamoiyeneba vadiani Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba visaubroT<br />
pirobiT msjavrze.<br />
66
sainteresoa q. lidsis praqtikac, romlis mixedviTac, mediacia unda ganxorcieldes sasamarTlo<br />
ganxilvamde. aq mediaciis specialuri samsaxuri sasamarTlodan gamoiTxovs mxolod<br />
im pirTa saqmeebs, romelnic mzad arian, werilobiT aRiaron TavianTi brali (aseT dros, rogorc<br />
wesi, sasamarTlo gamoZieba ar tardeba) da Tanaxmani arian morigebis procedurebze. 24 am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
mediacia braldebulisaTvis mastimulirebeli garemoebaa.<br />
sapolicio mediacia<br />
sxva suraTi gvaqvs mediaciis meore tipTan _ sapolicio mediaciasTan mimarTebiT. Tavdapirvelad<br />
sapolicio mediacia xorcieldeboda arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulobasTan mimarTebiT.<br />
SemdgomSi, q. ifsviCSi Seiqmna mediaciis programebi, romlebic ganxorcielda srulwlovanTa<br />
mimarTac (17 wlis asakidan). principSi, sapolicio mediacia, Tu ar CavTvliT inglisis zogierT<br />
regions, moqmedebs iuvenaluri iusticiis farglebSi.<br />
sapolicio mediaciis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom policias, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis<br />
aRZvris Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, SeuZlia saqme mediaciis samsaxurs gadasces. es ukanaskneli,<br />
rogorc wesi, probaciis samsaxuris wevrebisa da Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis<br />
warmomadgenlebisagan, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, policiis muSakebisaganac Sedgeba. Semdeg<br />
etapze xorcieldeba Serigebis procedura, ra drosac mediatori Tanmimdevrulad xvdeba<br />
jer dazaralebuls, xolo Semdeg _ im pirs, romelic eqvemdebareba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas<br />
da cdilobs moZebnos kompromisis gza. erToblivi Sexvedra samive piris monawileobiT<br />
SesaZlebelia, magram aucilebeli araa. aseTi Sexvedra dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac miRweulia SeTanxmeba zianis anazRaurebis Taobaze. zianis anazRaurebis formebi mediaciis<br />
orive tipisaTvis sxvadasxvagvaria: fuladi Tanxis gadaxda, werilobiTi bodiSis moxda,<br />
zianis anazRaureba sakuTari SromiT dazaralebulis an mTlianad sazogadoebis sasargeblod.<br />
mediaciis warmatebiT dasrulebisas policia uars ambobs sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gamoZiebaze.<br />
igi, rogorc wesi, gafrTxilebiT Semoifargleba (formaluriT an oficialuriT). am mxriv,<br />
mediaciisa da gafrTxilebis institutebi mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni rogorc<br />
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis alternatiuli saSualebebi da praqtikaSi kompleqsurad gamoiyeneba,<br />
vinaidan mediaciis warmatebiT dasruleba gafrTxilebis gamotanas iwvevs.<br />
sapolicio mediacia xuTi ZiriTadi kriteriumis safuZvelze xorcieldeba: 1. danaSaulebrivi<br />
qmedebis tipi da simZime; 2. sajaro interesis arseboba; 3. saqmis sasamarTloSi gansaxilvelad<br />
warmarTvisas piris damnaSaved cnobisaTvis sakmarisi mtkicebulebebis arseboba; 4. braldebulisa<br />
da dazaralebulis mxridan saqmis yvela garemoebis aRiareba; 5. dazaralebulis moTxovnebi.<br />
25<br />
Tu mediaciis procedura Sedga da mxareebs Soris SeTanxmeba damtkicda, braldebuli maSinve<br />
Tavisufldeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisagan, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis Sewyvetis safuZvelze,<br />
imisda miuxedavad, aanazRaura Tu ara ziani. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirovneba Tavs aridebs Se-<br />
TanxmebiT nakisr valdebulebas, mis mimarT saqme ganaxldeba samoqalaqo samarTlis wesiT. 26<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis ganaxleba imave danaSaulisaTvis, romelzec<br />
miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba, dauSvebelia.<br />
mediacia SeiZleba gaxdes umniSvnelovanesi etapi sisxlissamarTlebrivi iusticiis miznebis<br />
gadasinjvis gzaze imdenad, ramdenadac misi mizani mimarTuli unda iyos ufro metad zianis<br />
anazRaurebisaken da ara pirovnebis dasjisaken. ufro metic, zianis anazRaurebas aqvs fakul-<br />
67
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
taturi mniSvneloba, vinaidan aseT dros dazaralebuli iRebs Rrma moralur kmayofilebas.<br />
misTvis ufro mniSvnelovania ara realuri zianis anazRaureba, aramed danaSaulis Sedegad mi-<br />
Rebuli fsiqologiuri travmis aRmofxvra, arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsis ganeitraleba, rac<br />
braldebulis mier mediaciis procesSi xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebebis SesrulebiT<br />
miiRweva.<br />
mediaciis instituts am sferoSi momuSave kriminologebi iseve dadebiTad ganixilaven, rogorc<br />
gafrTxilebisas. socialuri konfliqtebis mosagvareblad sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis<br />
alternatiuli formebis gamoyeneba sul ufro xSiria evropis qveynebSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
Sead. Ïèðîæêîâ Â.Ô., Âëèÿíèå ñîöèàëüíîé èçîëÿöèè â âèäå ëèøåíèÿ ñâîáîäû íà ïñèõîëîãèþ<br />
îñóæäåííîãî // Âîïðîñû áîðüáû ñ ïðåñòóïíîñòüþ, Ì., 1981, Âûï. 35, Ñ. 40-50.<br />
2<br />
Sead. Ãåðíåò Ì.Í.,  òþðüìå: Î÷åðêè òþðåìíîé ïñèõîëîãèè, Þð. Èçäàò. Óêðàèíû, 1930.<br />
3<br />
ix.: Donziger S., The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Criminal Justice Comission,<br />
Harper Collins Publ, Inc., 1996.<br />
4<br />
ix.: Ëóáåíñêèé À.È., Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîå ðàññëåäîâàíèå ïî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâó êàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêèõ<br />
ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ì., 1977, Ñ.37-38.<br />
5<br />
ix.: Spencer J.R., La celerite de la procedure penale en Angleterre // Revue internationale de<br />
droit penal, Vol. 66, 1995, N3-4, P. 414.<br />
6<br />
ix.: O’Doherty S., Compensation and young offenders // The criminal law review, 1997, N4, P.<br />
283.<br />
7<br />
ix.: Sanders A., The limits to diversion from prosecution // The British journal of criminology,<br />
1988, Vol. 28, P. 513. aseve, Evans R., Evaluating young adult diversion shemes in the metropolitan<br />
police district // The criminal law review, 1993, ¹7, P. 496.<br />
8<br />
ix.: The criminal law review, 1995, N6, P. 446.<br />
9<br />
ix.: Ashworth A., The criminal process. An evaluative study, Oxford, 1994, P. 177.<br />
10<br />
ix.: Ïðåñòóïëåíèå è íàêàçàíèå â Àíãëèè, ÑØÀ, Ôðàíöèè, ÔÐÃ, ßïîíèè: Îáùàÿ ÷àñòü<br />
óãîëîâíîãî ïðàâà, Ì., 1991, Ñ. 43.<br />
11<br />
ix.: Evans R., Comparing young adult and juvenile cautioning in the metropolitan police district<br />
// The criminal law review, 1993, N 8, P. 572.<br />
12<br />
ix.: iqve, gv. 177-183.<br />
13<br />
ix.: iqve.<br />
14<br />
ix.: Evans R., Comparing young adult and juvenile cautioning in the metropolitan police district<br />
// The criminal law review, 1993, N8, P. 573.<br />
15<br />
ix.: Spencer J.R., La celerite de la procedure penale en Angleterre, 1995, P. 415.<br />
16<br />
ix.: Wright M., Victims, mediation and criminal justice // The criminal law review, 1995, N3, P.<br />
189.<br />
17<br />
ix.: Christie N., Conflicts as property // The British journal of criminology, 1977, Vol. 17, P. 3.<br />
18<br />
ix.: Desdevises M.C., L’evaluation des experiences de mediation ente dilinquants et victimes:<br />
l’exemple britannique // Revue de science criminelle et de droit penal compare, 1993, N1, P. 47.<br />
19<br />
ix.: Young R., Reparation as mitigation //The criminal law review, 1989, N7, P. 463.<br />
20<br />
ix.: http://justice.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=651&lang_id=GEO.<br />
21<br />
ix.: iqve.<br />
22<br />
ix.: http://police.ge/uploads/sakanonmdeblobaza/25.Criminal_Procedural_Code.pdf<br />
23<br />
ix.: http://newpress.ge/index.php?page=1&news_id=224<br />
24<br />
Sead. Íèêîëàé÷èê Â.Ì., Óãîëîâíûé ïðîöåññ ÑØÀ, Ì., 1981, Ñ. 140-155.<br />
25<br />
ix.: Wright M., Victims, mediation and criminal justice, 1999, Ð. 190.<br />
26<br />
ix.: iqve, gv. 191.<br />
68
CRIMINOLOGICAL<br />
ASPECTSOF MEDIATION<br />
MIKHEIL GABUNIA<br />
PhD in Law,<br />
Criminologist, Associated Professor at Technical University of Georgia<br />
TAMAR BERIDZE<br />
Associated Professor at Technical University of Georgia<br />
Alternative sanctions have big prospects in the criminal law. It is possible to<br />
settle a conflict at an early stage with their help and to prevent psychological<br />
complications among conflicting parties.<br />
Alternative sanctions in criminal law, that are very topical both in Georgia as<br />
well as in European countries, were first applied in England. They were further<br />
spread to Anglo-Saxon and Continental Europe law familycountries.<br />
Application of alternative sanctions for the settlement of social conflicts is<br />
becoming wider in Europe and among them in Georgia, where the institution of<br />
mediation and diversion are more and more actively used in the juvenile justice<br />
field. In the future it would be desirable to apply mediation alsofor adults in the<br />
same active manner as it is done in case of diversion.<br />
69
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
saqarTvelos prezidentis<br />
uflebamosilebaTa<br />
ganxorcielebis formebi<br />
marine marinaSvili<br />
samarTlis doqtori,<br />
sulxan-saba orbelianis saswavlo universitetis<br />
asocirebuli profesori<br />
zurab maWaraZe<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
asistent-profesori<br />
saqarTvelos prezidentis mier uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba<br />
gansazRvrul formaSi vlindeba, romelic misi saqmianobis<br />
garegan mxares gamoxatavs. amdenad, saxelmwifos meTauris saqmianobis<br />
formebis CamonaTvali damokidebulia misi kompetenciis<br />
moculobaze. Cveni interesis sagania, saxelmwifo meTauris saqmianobis<br />
calkeuli formebis ganxilva rogorc moqmedi konstituciis,<br />
ise 2010 wlis asamoqmedebeli redaqciis WrilSi.<br />
brZanebuleba, brZaneba, dekreti da gankarguleba<br />
prezidentis mier uflebamosilebaTa ganxorcieleba yvelaze<br />
xSirad samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocemaSi vlindeba. saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis dRes moqmed redaqciaSi prezidentis samarTlebrivi<br />
aqtebis saxeebi sxvadasxva muxlSia gabneuli. konstituciuri<br />
normebi prezidentis samarTlebriv aqtebs Soris, pirdapir<br />
asaxeleben brZanebulebas, gankargulebas da dekrets.<br />
rac Seexeba konstituciis asamoqmedebel redaqcias igi mkafiod,<br />
erT normaSi gansazRvravs, rom konstituciiT miniWebuli<br />
uflebamosilebis gansaxorcieleblad prezidenti gamoscems<br />
dekrets, brZanebulebas, gankargulebas, agreTve, rogorc saqarTvelos<br />
samxedro Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali _ brZanebas<br />
(saqarTvelos konstituciis asamoqmedebeli redaqciis 73-<br />
e muxlis pirveli punqtis `l~ qvepunqti).<br />
70
saqarTvelos konstitucia ar ganmartavs zemoCamoTvlili aqtebidan romelia normatiuli<br />
an individualuri. aRniSnuli sakiTxi mowesrigebulia `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
kanoniT, romlis me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad, prezidentis normatiuli aqtebia brZanebuleba,<br />
dekreti da brZaneba. maSasadame, kanoni, konstituciis dRes moqmedi redaqciisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
iTvaliswinebs prezidentis, rogorc saqarTvelos umaRlesi mTavarsardlis mier brZanebis gamocemasac,<br />
Tumca ar axsenebs gankargulebas. ismis kiTxva, ratom ar iTvaliswinebs `normatiuli<br />
aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni prezidentis gankargulebas? aRniSnuli aixsneba imiT, rom<br />
prezidentis gankarguleba yovelTvis individualuri aqtia da kanonis saxelwodebisa da misi<br />
me-11 muxlis saTauridan gamomdinare, mocemul aqtSi ver iqneba moxseniebuli. amdenad, dauSvebelia<br />
saxelmwifos meTauris mier normatiuli xasiaTis aqtis gamocema gankargulebis saxiT.<br />
prezidentis brZanebuleba normatiuli aqtia, Tumca, gamonaklisia prezidentis iseTi brZanebuleba,<br />
romelic Seexeba sakadro da personalur sakiTxebs. 1 magaliTad, premier-ministris<br />
daniSvnis, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebis daniSvnis, parlamentis daTxovnis Sesaxeb,<br />
moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebiT gancxadebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, gamocemuli brZanebuleba<br />
da sxv. individualuri aqtia. Tumca praqtikaSi prezidenti personalur sakiTxebze brZanebulebas<br />
yovelTvis ar gamoscems. kerZod, saxelmwifo jildos miniWebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba<br />
udavod personaluri xasiaTisaa, magram vinaidan kanonmdebloba (zemoT CamoTvlili magaliTebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT) pirdapir ar adgens ra saxis aqtiT unda mowesrigdes sakiTxi, prezidenti<br />
gankargulebas gamoscems. 2<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes moqmedi kanonmdebloba agreTve ar gansazRvras ra saxis aqtiT iniSneba<br />
arCevnebi. praqtikaSi, arCevnebi iniSneba saxelmwifos meTauris gankargulebiT, vinaidan es<br />
gadawyvetileba erTjeradi xasiaTisaa e.i. individualuri aqtia. 3 Tumca, referendumis daniSvnis<br />
Taobaze prezidentis gadawyvetileba arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba arCevnebis daniSvis Sesaxeb<br />
gadawyvetilebisagan, magram igi brZanebulebis saxiT gamoicema. 4 amdenad, erTi mxriv, Tu<br />
kanonmdebloba ar gansazRvravs prezidentis saqmianobis formas, individualuri xasiaTis gadawyvetileba,<br />
rogorc wesi, gamoicema gankargulebis saxiT. meore mxriv, kanoniT SeiZleba pirdapir<br />
dadgenili iyos individualuri xasiaTis gadawyvetilebis, romelic ar exeba personalur da<br />
sakadro sakiTxebs, brZanebulebis saxiT gamocema.<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
kanonis me-11 muxlis me-3 punqtis formulireba araa zusti, prezidents kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil<br />
farglebSi SeuZlia gamosces individualuri xasiaTis brZanebuleba, ara mxolod<br />
personalur da sakadro sakiTxebze. kanonis swori Canaweri iqneba: prezidenti gamoscems individualuri<br />
xasiaTis brZanebulebas konstituciiTa da kanoniT pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi.<br />
praqtikaSi ki, damkvidrdes erTiani wesi, kerZod: prezidentis individualuri xasiaTis gadawyvetileba,<br />
Tu kanonmdeblobiT pirdapir ar aris dadgenili misi gamocemis forma, gankargulebis<br />
saxiT unda iqnes miRebuli.<br />
prezidentis samxedro xasiaTis sakiTxebze miRebuli gadawyvetileba unda gaformdes brZanebis<br />
saxiT, romelic Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iyos rogorc normatiuli, agreTve individualuri<br />
samarTlebrivi aqti. 5 aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT prezidentis<br />
brZanebis Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebel pirs ar warmoadgens Sesabamisi ministri, kerZod, ministri<br />
pasuxismgebelia prezidentis mxolod brZanebulebisa da gankargulebis Sesrulebaze. 6 `erovnuli<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-4 muxlis me-2 punqtis `e~ qvepunqtis<br />
Tanaxmad, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivani akontrolebs saxelmwifos Tavdacvisa da uSiSroebis<br />
sakiTxebze saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebebis, gankargulebebisa da sxva aqtebis<br />
Sesrulebas. Tumca, sakiTxavia, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivani, romeli saxelmwifo orga-<br />
71
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
nos mier prezidentis brZanebis Sesrulebaze axorcielebs kontrols. amasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
praqtikaSi problema ar warmoSobila, vinaidan dRemde (arc individualuri da arc normatiuli<br />
xasiaTis) brZaneba prezidents ar gamoucia. savaraudod, prezidenti konkretul brZanebaSi<br />
gansazRvravs mis Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebel pirs an organos, magram calsaxaa, rom brZanebis<br />
Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebel pirad prezidenti ver daasaxelebs ministrs.<br />
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos prezidentis dekrets, vinaidan igi kanonis Zalis mqonea anu<br />
sakanonmdeblo aqtia, bunebrivia, yovelTvis normatiulsamarTlebriv aqts warmoadgens. 7 am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, aqtis saxe pirdapir gansazRvravs mis normatiulobas. kanonqvemdebare aqtebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, normatiuli buneba aqcevs mas kanonqvemdebare aqtad. magaliTad, prezidentis<br />
brZaneba SeiZleba iyos, rogorc individualuri, aseve normatiuli xasiaTis, magram<br />
prezidentis mxolod normatiuli xasiaTis brZaneba warmoadgens kanonqvemdebare aqts. Sesabamisad,<br />
aqtis normatiuli Sinaarsi mas kanonqvemdebared aqcevs.<br />
amdenad, prezidentis dekreti yovelTvis normatiuli xasiaTis aqtia, gankarguleba _ individualuri.<br />
brZaneba SeiZleba iyos rogorc individualuri, aseve normatiuli. rac Seexeba brZanebulebas,<br />
igi normatiuli xasiaTis aqtia, gamonaklisia brZanebuleba, romelic Seexeba<br />
personalur da sakadro sakiTxebs. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mimdinare kanonmdeblobiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, individualuri xasiaTis brZanebuleba prezidentis mier gamoicema<br />
ara mxolod personalur da sakadro sakiTxebze.<br />
rac Seexeba prezidentis normatiuli aqtebis ierarqias es sakiTxi `normatiuli aqtebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT, nawilobriv aris mowesrigebuli. rogorc sakanonmdeblo aqti<br />
prezidentis dekreti kanonTan da parlamentis reglamentTan ierarqiis erT safexurze dgas.<br />
Sesabamisad, igi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur kanons,<br />
konstituciur SeTanxmebas, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasa da SeTanxmebas, aseve, organul<br />
kanons. 8<br />
saqarTvelos prezidentis normatiuli xasiaTis brZanebulebas aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli<br />
Zala saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoTa<br />
(Tanamdebobis pirTa) normatiuli aqtebis mimarT. 9<br />
dRes moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi prezidentis brZanebis 10 adgili<br />
gansazRvruli ar aris. vinaidan prezidentis brZaneba gamoicema mxolod samxedro sakiTxebze,<br />
rac normatiul doneze mosawesrigebeli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sferoa. vfiqrobT, rom igi<br />
ierarqiis erT safexurze unda iyos brZanebulebasTan. Sesabamisad, brZanebas upiratesi iuridiuli<br />
Zala eqneba saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />
organoTa (Tanamdebobis pirTa) normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebi iyofa sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare<br />
normatiul aqtebad. saqarTvelos prezidentis sakanonmdeblo aqtia _ dekreti, xolo kanonqvemdebare<br />
aqtia _ normatiuli xasiaTis brZanebuleba da brZaneba.<br />
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciiT prezidenti saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saxeliT debs konstituciur<br />
SeTanxmebas saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan.<br />
`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-11 muxlis me-7 punqtis Tanaxmad,<br />
prezidenti debs konstituciur SeTanxmebas. konstituciuri SeTanxmebis dadeba saxelmwifos<br />
meTauris mier ar warmoadgens utyuar mtkicebas, rom igi prezidentis normatiuli aqtia. amas-<br />
72
Tan, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Sedis mxolod parlamentis mier damtkicebis Semdeg. 11<br />
logikurad ibadeba kiTxva vin unda CaiTvalos am aqtis mimReb organod prezidenti Tu parlamenti?<br />
erTi mxriv, prezidentia am SeTanxmebis damdebi organo, magram meore mxriv, aqtis ZalaSi<br />
Sesvlis pirobaa _ parlamentis mier misi damtkiceba. Tu konstituciur SeTanxmebas parlamentis<br />
aqtad vaRiarebT mxolod imis gamo, rom es ukanaskneli amtkicebs mas, maSin prezidentis dekretic<br />
ar unda CaiTvalos saxelmwifos meTauris samarTlebriv aqtad. magram vfiqrobT, konstituciuri<br />
SeTanxmebis mimarT arsebuli wesi ar unda gavaigivoT prezidentis dekretis damtkicebis<br />
procedurasTan, vinaidan am ukanasknelis ZalaSi Sesvla ar aris damokidebuli parlamentis<br />
mxridan mis damtkicebaze. sakanonmdeblo organos uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba mxolod prezidentis<br />
dekretis iuridiuli Zalis moqmedebis gagrZeleba. konstituciuri SeTanxmebisaTvis<br />
ki, iuridiuli Zalis miniWeba mxolod sakanonmdeblo organos nebazea damokidebuli.<br />
garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis saqarTvelos konstituciasTan<br />
Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb sarCelis Setanis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos prezidents. 12 zemoaRniSnulidan<br />
gamomdinare, logikurad, konstituciuri SeTanxmeba ver CaiTvleba prezidentis<br />
normatiul aqtad. amdenad, `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-11 muxlis<br />
Canaweris miuxedavad, romelic gansazRvravs prezidentis normatiuli aqtebis saxeebs, konstituciuri<br />
SeTanxmeba saxelmwifos meTauris samarTlebriv aqts ar warmoadgens. migvaCnia, rom<br />
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba prezidentis saqmianobis erT-erTi formaa, romlis ganxorcielebis<br />
dros saxelmwifos meTauri moqmedebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saxeliT.<br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis/SeTanxmebis dadeba<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis moqmedi redaqcia iTvaliswinebs prezidentis uflebas awarmoos<br />
molaparakeba sxva saxelmwifoebTan, xolo 2010 wlis asamoqmedebeli redaqciiT, saxelmwifos<br />
meTauri molaparakebas sxva saxelmwifoebTan da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan awarmoebs<br />
mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT.<br />
prezidentis molaparakebis Sedegi, rogorc wesi, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis dadebaa.<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciiT prezidents ufleba aqvs dados saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba da<br />
SeTanxmeba. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis dadeba moicavs yvela moqmedebas, romelic<br />
saqarTvelos saxeliT saerTaSoriso doneze xorcieldeba xelSekrulebis dasadebad, saxeldobr,<br />
molaparakebaTa gamarTvas, xelSekrulebis xelmowerisa da misi savaldebulod aRiarebis<br />
CaTvliT. 13 Tumca, molaparakebis warmarTva ar unda miviCnioT mxolod saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis<br />
dadebis stadiad. prezidentis mier molaparakebis warmarTva, Tu igi miznad ar isaxavs<br />
xelSekrulebis dadebas, misi saqmianobis damoukidebel formad migvaCnia, iseve, rogorc samsaxurebrivi<br />
mizniT saerTaSoriso xasiaTis vizitebi, saerTaSoriso donis Sexvedrebis Catareba,<br />
konsultaciebi saparlamento fraqciebTan premier-ministris kandidaturis SerCevis mizniT<br />
da sxv.<br />
prezidenti gadawyvetilebas saxelmwifoTaSorisi da mTavrobaTaSorisi xelSekrulebebis<br />
Taobaze molaparakebis gamarTvisa da misi xelmoweris Sesaxeb, brZanebulebis saxiT iRebs. 14<br />
gadawyvetilebas saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaSi saqarTvelos monawileobis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb,<br />
saqarTvelos prezidenti aseve, brZanebulebis saxiT aformebs. 15 Tu saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba<br />
ar eqvemdebareba saqarTvelos parlamentis mier ratificirebas an masTan SeerTeba ar moiTxovs<br />
parlamentis gadawyvetilebas, magram misi ZalaSi SesvlisaTvis aucilebelia Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
procedurebis Sesruleba, saqarTvelos prezidenti gamoscems brZanebulebas. 16<br />
73
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
ismis kiTxva _ warmoadgens Tu ara saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba prezidentis normatiul aqts,<br />
miT ufro, rodesac igi uSualod awarmoebs molaparakebas mis dadebaze da igi ar saWiroebs<br />
parlamentis mxridan ratificirebas, denonsirebas an gauqmebas?<br />
`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-11 muxlSi, romelic gansazRvravs<br />
prezidentis normatiul aqtebs saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba da SeTanxmeba ar aris naxsenebi.<br />
maSasadame, moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba prezidentis samarTlebriv<br />
aqtad pirdapir ar aris gansazRvruli. migvaCnia, rom konstituciuri SeTanxmebis msgavsad, gansaxilvel<br />
SemTxvevaSic prezidenti moqmedebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saxeliT da Sesabamisad,<br />
saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba/SeTanxmeba misi saqmianobis erT-erTi formaa.<br />
iniciativa samarTalSemoqmedebis sferoSi<br />
konstituciis 2010 wlis redaqciisagan gansxvavebiT, dRes moqmedi redaqcia, prezidents<br />
sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebiT aRWuravs. iuridiul literaturaSi, tradiciulad,<br />
sakanonmdeblo iniciativa ganimarteba, rogorc sakanonmdeblo procesis pirveli stadia, romlis<br />
drosac uflebamosil subieqts oficialurad Seaqvs kanonproeqti sakanonmdeblo organoSi<br />
gansaxilvelad. sakanonmdeblo iniciativa aris ara mxolod konkretuli moqmedeba, romelic<br />
gamoixateba kanonproeqtis SetaniT, aramed upirvelesad is uflebac, romlis safuZvelze ama<br />
Tu im subieqts aqvs realuri SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielos es moqmedeba. 17<br />
sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebis realizacia praqtikaSi saqarTvelos prezidentis mier<br />
xorcieldeba parlamentisadmi werilobiTi mimarTviT, sadac aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos<br />
prezidenti konstituciis 67-e muxlis Sesabamisad, parlaments ugzavnis kanonproeqts. werils<br />
Tan erTvis kanonproeqti. sakanonmdeblo iniciativa gulisxmobs an TviT kanonmdeblis gancxadebas,<br />
an kanonmdeblisadmi kanoniT dadgenili wesiT mimarTul visime gancxadebas axali kanonis<br />
an Zvelis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. 18 aqedan gamomdinare, sakanonmdeblo iniciativa gulisxmobs kanonmdeblisadmi<br />
oficialuri mimarTvas.<br />
prezidentis mier sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebis realizacia niSnavs, rom sakanonmdeblo<br />
organo valdebulia ganixilos Setanili kanonproeqti, Tumca, es ar gulisxmobs, rom parlamenti<br />
aucileblad daakmayofilebs prezidentis nebas. sakanonmdeblo iniciativis, iseve, rogorc<br />
`vetos~, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis damtkicebis da sxv. msgavs mimarTvebSi gamoxatulia<br />
prezidentis survili daadginos an Secvalos moqmedi normebi. amdenad, kanonmdeblisadmi oficialuri<br />
mimarTva, romelSic gamoxatulia prezidentis iniciativa (daadginos/Secvalos/gaauqmos<br />
norma) saxelmwifos meTauris saqmianobis erT-erT formas warmoadgens.<br />
sakanonmdeblo sferoSi prezidentis erT-erTi konstituciuri uflebaa parlamentis mier<br />
miRebul kanonproeqtze `vetos~ dadeba. damkvidrebuli praqtikiT, saqarTvelos prezidenti<br />
parlaments ugzavnis werils kanonproeqtis motivirebuli SeniSvnebiT dabrunebis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelsac Tan axlavs axali kanonproeqti. aRniSnul werilSi saxelmwifos meTauri parlaments<br />
ganumartavs kanonproeqtze sakuTari SeniSvnebis arss. parlamentSi gagzavnili werili savaldebulod<br />
Sesasrulebel qcevis wess ar adgens. Tumca, SesaZloa arsebobdes mosazreba, rom mocemuli<br />
werili adgens qcevis wess parlamentisaTvis, kerZod, konkretul kanonproeqtze konkretuli<br />
SeniSvnebis ganxilvis valdebulebas da igi samarTlebriv aqtad unda miviCnioT. Tu msjelobas<br />
am mimarTulebiT gavagrZelebT, maSin igive parlamentSi Setanili sajaro informaciis<br />
gamoTxovis Sesaxeb prezidentis weriliT sakanonmdeblo organos ekisreba qcevis wesi, kerZod,<br />
konkretuli informaciis gacema. aRniSnul msjelobas mcdar daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom saxel-<br />
74
mwifo organos (Tanamdebobis piris) mier ganxorcielebuli nebismieri saqmianoba samarTlebrivi<br />
aqtia. msgavsi tipis mimarTvebSi (sasamarTloSi, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis da<br />
sxv.) saxezea qmedebis ganxorcielebiT an aqtis gamocemiT dainteresebuli saxelmwifo organos<br />
werilobiTi Txovna meore organos mimarT.<br />
kanonze xelis mowera da gamoqveyneba<br />
kanonze xelis mowera da gamoqveyneba sakanonmdeblo procesis bolo stadiaa. saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis Tanaxmad, kanons xels awers da aqveynebs prezidenti. Tumca, faqtobrivad, parlamentis<br />
mier miRebuli kanonproeqti iqceva kanonad xelis moweris Semdeg e.i. prezidenti xels<br />
awers ara kanons, aramed kanonproeqts. amasTan, kanonze xelis mowera da gamoqveyneba ar aris<br />
prezidentis eqskluziuri uflebamosileba. kerZod, Tu saxelmwifos meTaurma xeli ar moawera<br />
da ar gamoaqveyna kanoni, mas xels awers da aqveynebs parlamentis Tavmjdomare (konstituciis<br />
68-e muxlis me-5 punqti). Sesabamisad, kanon(is)ze xelis mowera mxolod prezidentis saqmianobis<br />
formas ar warmaodgens.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom konstituciis 2010 wlis redaqciis 73 1 muxlis me-4 punqtis `b~ qvepunqtidan<br />
ikiTxeba, rom kontrasignacias ar saWiroebs prezidentis is samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romelic<br />
ukavSirdeba kanonze xelis moweras da gamoqveynebas. moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, prezidenti<br />
kanonze xelis mowerisa da gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb sagangebo samarTlebriv aqts ar gamoscems.<br />
Sesabamisad, konstituciis 2010 wlis redaqciis amoqmedebis Semdeg, SesaZloa daisvas aRniSnuli<br />
sakiTxis damatebiTi reglamentirebis saWiroeba.<br />
winaswari Tanxmoba, SeTanxmeba da Tanxmoba<br />
saqarTvelos konstitucia prezidentis uflebamosilebis nawilSi miuTiTebs terminebze _<br />
`SeTanxmeba~, `winaswari Tanxmoba~ da `Tanxmoba~. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba es terminebi msgavsi<br />
Sinaarsis mogveCvenos, magram vfiqrobT, rom maT gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvT. calsaxaa,<br />
rom samive terminis SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba mxolod erTi<br />
subieqtis nebaze ar aris damokidebuli.<br />
konstituciis 2010 wlis redaqciis amoqmedebis Semdeg, prezidenti garkveul uflebamosilebebs<br />
axorcielebs mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT an winaswari TanxmobiT (da ara TanxmobiT).<br />
magaliTad, mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT awarmoebs molaparakebebs sxva saxelmwifoebTan da<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, debs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da SeTanxmebebs (73-e<br />
muxlis pirveli punqtis `a~ qvepunqti).<br />
rac Seexeba termins `winaswari Tanxmoba~, konstituciis 2010 wlis asamoqmedebeli redaqciis<br />
73-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `v~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, prezidenti mxolod mTavrobis winaswari<br />
Tanxmobis Semdeg, umaRles sabWos dasamtkiceblad warudgens aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis<br />
mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris kandidaturas.<br />
rogorc Cans, orive termini (`SeTanxmeba~ da `winaswari Tanxmoba~) gamoyenebulia prezidentsa<br />
da mTavrobas Soris warmoSobili urTierTobis regulirebisas. ismis kiTxva, ra gansxvavebaa<br />
`SeTanxmebasa~ da `winaswar Tanxmobas~ Soris? saqarTvelos konstituciiT kontrasignacias ar<br />
saWiroebs prezidentis is samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebzedac mTavrobas micemuli aqvs<br />
winaswari Tanxmoba (asamoqmedebeli redaqciis 73 1 -e muxlis me-3 punqti). amdenad, gansxvaveba<br />
kontrasignaciis saWiroebaSi mdgomareobs. logikurad, ismis meore kiTxva: `ratom gamoricxa<br />
kanonmdebelma kontrasignaciis aucilebloba `SeTanxmebis~ SemTxvevaSi? vfiqrobT, maTi gansxvavebuli<br />
formis gamo. kerZod, gansxvavebuli terminebis SemoReba SesaZloa aixsnas imiT, rom<br />
75
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
`SeTanxmeba~ ar saWiroebs aqtis gamocemas, maSin rodesac `winaswari Tanxmoba~, savaraudod,<br />
mTavrobis aqtis saxiT iqneba gaformebuli.<br />
`Tanxmoba~, rogorc saqarTvelos prezidentis saqmianobis forma unda ganvixiloT ori gagebiT,<br />
kerZod, rodesac prezidenti calkeuli uflebamosilebis gansaxorcieleblad iTxovs `Tanxmobas~<br />
sxva organosagan da meore, rodesac prezidenti Tavad gascems `Tanxmobas~.<br />
saqarTvelos konstituciis dRes moqmedi redaqciis 73-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `a~ qvepunqtis<br />
Tanaxmad, prezidenti parlamentis TanxmobiT niSnavs saqarTvelos elCebsa da sxva diplomatiur<br />
warmomadgenlebs. praqtikaSi prezidentis Txovna parlamentisadmi ar formdeba brZanebulebis<br />
an gankargulebis saxiT. prezidenti werilobiT mimarTavs saqarTvelos parlaments da<br />
konstituciis 73-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `a~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, konkretuli piris elCad<br />
daniSvnaze sTxovs sakanonmdeblo organos Tanxmobas. saxezea aqtis (parlamentis dadgenileba)<br />
gamocemiT dainteresebuli saxelmwifo organos (prezidentis) werilobiTi survili, gaformebuli<br />
Txovnis saxiT, meore organos (parlamentis) mimarT. parlamenti dadgenilebis gamocemiT<br />
nebas rTavs prezidents konkretuli piri daniSnos elCad.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad samxedro ZalTa gamoyeneba<br />
aseve, SesaZlebelia mxolod parlamentis TanxmobiT (saqarTvelos konstituciis me-100 muxlis<br />
pirveli punqtis meore winadadeba). am dros prezidenti warudgens parlaments mimarTvas, sadac<br />
aseve, gamoxatulia mxolod prezidentis survili saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad<br />
samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebaze parlamentisagan miiRos Tanxmoba. prezidentis werils Tan axlavs<br />
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros moTxovna da parlamentis dadgenilebis proeqti, ganmartebiTi<br />
baraTiT. saqarTvelos parlamenti dadgenilebis miRebiT prezidents nebas rTavs gaagzavnos<br />
saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebi samSvidobo misiaSi monawileobis misaRebad.<br />
zemoT ganxilul SemTxvevebSi, prezidentis saqmianoba pirvelsawyis xasiaTs atarebs. saxelmwifos<br />
meTauri SeiZleba iTqvas winaswar iTxovs parlamentisagan Tanxmobas, raTa daadginos<br />
qcevis wesi. Tumca, ZiriTadi kanoniT SesaZlebelia, rom prezidentma daadginos qcevis wesi da<br />
Semdgom, mis dasamtkiceblad, mimarTos parlaments. magaliTad, mimarTva sagangebo Tu saomari<br />
mdgomareobis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb brZanebulebis damtkicebis Taobaze.<br />
rogorc Cans, prezidentis mier Tanxmobis miRebis mizniT wardgenili mimarTva sakanonmdeblo<br />
iniciativis dros gagzavnilis msgavsia. oriveSi gamoxatulia mxolod prezidentis survili.<br />
maT Soris gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erT SemTxvevaSi, prezidenti sTxovs parlaments<br />
miiRos qcevis wesi. meore SemTxvevaSi ki, prezidenti iTxovs Tanxmobas, raTa Tavad daadginos<br />
qcevis wesi an mis mier ukve dadgenili wesi sakanonmdeblo organom ZalaSi datovos.<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `SeTanxmebisagan~ gansxvavebiT,<br />
`winaswari Tanxmoba~ savaraudod gamoicema mTavrobis samarTlebrivi aqtiT. mTavrobisagan<br />
winaswari Tanxmobis misaRebad, prezidenti mas werilobiT mimarTavs. mTavrobasTan `SeTanxmeba~<br />
ki, vinaidan aqtis gamocemas ar gulisxmobs ar saWiroebs kontrasignacias. Tumca, SeTanxmebis<br />
Sedegad prezidentis mier gamocemuli aqti, bunebrivia, eqvemdebareba kontrasignacias. rac<br />
Seexeba `Tanxmobas~, konstituciis mixedviT, prezidenti iTxovs sakanonmdeblo organosagan,<br />
rac praqtikaSi werilobiTi mimarTvis saxiT formdeba da sakanonmdeblo organos `Tanxmoba~<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi (winaswari Tu Semdgomi) formdeba dadgenilebis saxiT.<br />
ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac prezidenti Tavad gvevlineba Tanxmobis gamcem subieqtad.<br />
magaliTad, dRes moqmedi saqarTvelos konstituciis redaqciiT, prezidenti Tanxmobas aZlevs<br />
premier-ministrs ministrebis daniSvnaze (73-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `b~ qvepunqti). praqtikaSi,<br />
prezidenti `Tanxmobas~ ar aformebs brZanebulebis Tu gankargulebis saxiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
prezidentis saqmianobis mocemul formas, anu `Tanxmobis~ gacemas ar iTvaliswinebs konstituciis<br />
2010 wlis asamoqmedebeli redaqcia.<br />
76
prezidentis mier `Tanxmobis~ gacemis erTgvar nairsaxeobasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac saxelmwifos<br />
meTauri iRebs ucxoeTis saxelmwifoTa da saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa elCebisa da<br />
sxva diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis akreditacias. aRniSnuli sakiTxi mowesrigebulia damkvidrebuli<br />
praqtikiT da saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT, kerZod, 1961 wlis, `diplomatiuri<br />
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb~ venis konvenciiT. maakreditebeli saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa saministro<br />
an saelCo notiT mimarTavs saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros axali elCis daniSvnasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. agremanis (Tanxmobis) gacemis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro<br />
werilobiT atyobinebs maakreditebeli qveynis saelCos an sagareo saqmeTa saministros,<br />
ris Semdgomac, ucxo qveynis elCs SeuZlia nebismier dros Camovides saqarTveloSi Tavisi misiis<br />
Sesasruleblad.<br />
zemoxsenebuli konvenciis Tanaxmad, adgilsamyofel saxelmwifoSi damkvidrebuli praqtikis<br />
Sesabamisad, warmomadgenlobis meTauri Tavisi funqciebis Semsruleblad CaiTvleba an Tavisi<br />
rwmunebaTa sigelebis wardgenis momentidan, an Tavisi Camosvlis Setyobinebisa da adgilsamyofeli<br />
saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeTa saministrosaTvis rwmunebaTa sigelebis damowmebuli aslebis<br />
wardgenis momentidan. saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli praqtikidan gamomdinare, diplomatiuri<br />
warmomadgenlobis meTauri Tavisi funqciebis Semsruleblad iTvleba saqarTvelos prezidentisaTvis<br />
Tavisi rwmunebaTa sigelebis wardgenis momentidan. amdenad, prezidentis mier elCebisa<br />
da sxva diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis akreditacia xorcieldeba Sesabamisi pirebis mier<br />
wardgenili rwmunebaTa sigelebis miRebiT. prezidenti Tavisi qmedebiT (sigelis miRebiT) anu<br />
erTgvari uTqmeli TanxmobiT, ucxo qveynis warmomadgenels aZlevs uflebas ganaxorcielos<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze uflebamosilebebi.<br />
kandidatis wardgena Tanamdebobaze<br />
saxelmwifos meTauris mier sxvadasxva organoebis formirebas aqvs ordoniani xasiaTi. ker-<br />
Zod, erTi mxriv, prezidenti daiTxovs saxelmwifo organoebs, niSnavs da aTavisuflebs Tanamdebobis<br />
pirebs da meore mxriv, Sesabamisi kadrebis SerCevaSi monawileobs. ganvixiloT prezidentis<br />
saqmianobis orive forma.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi anu Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis Taobaze, rogorc wesi, gamoicema prezidentis<br />
brZanebuleba. magaliTad, brZanebuleba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris daniSvnis<br />
Sesaxeb. prezidentis brZanebulebis arsze zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari.<br />
rac Seexeba sakadro politikas, saqarTvelos konstituciiT, prezidenti uflebamosilia, mTel<br />
rig SemTxvevebSi, parlaments warudginos kandidati Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad. magaliTad,<br />
prezidenti parlaments warudgens uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarisa da mosamarTleebis<br />
kandidaturebs (90-e muxlis me-2 punqti); erovnuli bankis sabWos wevris kandidaturas (96-e<br />
muxlis pirvelis punqti) da sxv.<br />
prezidenti aRniSnuli uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisas bunebrivia, ar gamoscems samarTlebriv<br />
aqts, vinaidan zemoaRniSnuli Tanamdebobis pirebi iniSnebian parlamentis aqtiT. am Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi saxelmwifos meTauri ugzavnis parlaments werils Sesabamis Tanamdebobaze dasaniSnad<br />
wardgenili piris vinaobis miTiTebiT, romelsac Tan axlavs cnoba (kandidatis dabadebis Tari-<br />
Risa da adgilis, ganaTlebis, gamocdilebis da a.S. Sesaxeb). vinaidan sabolood, Tanamdebobaze<br />
daniSvna formdeba parlamentis aqtiT, romelic uflebamosilia uaryos prezidentis mier wardgenili<br />
kandidatura, udavoa, rom am dros prezidentis mxolod survilTan gvaqvs saqme. amdenad,<br />
Tanamdebobis piris wardgena anu kadrebis SerCeva saxelmwifos meTauris saqmianobis organizaciuli<br />
xasiaTis damoukidebeli formaa.<br />
77
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
xalxisadmi da parlamentisadmi mimarTva. yovelwliuri moxseneba<br />
saqarTvelos prezidents ufleba aqvs mimarTos xalxs da parlaments. garda amisa, prezidenti<br />
yovelwliurad warsdgeba moxsenebiT parlamentis winaSe. bunebrivia, qveynis pirveli piris moxseneba<br />
individualuri aqtis anu gankargulebis saxiT ar gamoicema. vfiqrobT, rom prezidentis<br />
xalxisadmi mimarTva/moxseneba ar adgens Sesasruleblad savaldebulo qcevis wess e.i. mas ar<br />
gaaCnia samarTlebrivi buneba. amdenad, igi sainformacio xasiaTs atarebs. prezidentis mimarTva/<br />
moxseneba ara samarTlebrivi urTierTobis mowesrigebisaken, aramed faqtobrivi Sedegebis dadgomisaken<br />
aris mimarTuli. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, prezidentis wliuri moxseneba da<br />
xalxisadmi mimarTva misi saqmianobis erT-erT formas warmoadgens.<br />
konstituciuri sarCeli<br />
saqarTvelos prezidenti uflebamosilia konstituciuri sarCeliT mimarTos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos. prezidentis garda, sxvadasxva kategoriis sakiTxebze, konstituciuri sarCeliT<br />
mimarTvis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrebs (rogorc wesi, aranakleb erT mexu-<br />
Teds), saqarTvelos mTavrobas, saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTlos, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri<br />
respublikis umaRles warmomadgenlobiT organoebs, TviTmmarTveli erTeulis warmomadgenlobiT<br />
organos _ sakrebulos, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels, saqarTvelos moqalaqes, sxva<br />
fizikur da iuridiul pirebs.<br />
konstituciuri sarCeli ar adgens savaldebulod Sesasrulebel qcevis wess anu masSi mxolod<br />
prezidentis neba-survilis donezea Camoyalibebuli. sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi sarCelis<br />
Setana, faqtobrivad, prezidentis iniciativaa konkretuli normis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. konstituciuri<br />
sarCelis Sinaarsi ar aris savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis.<br />
es ukanaskneli valdebulia ganixilos prezidentis sarCeli, magram SeuZlia ar daakmayofilos<br />
igi. amasTan, konstituciur sarCels samarTlebrivi urTierTobis mowesrigebis funqcia<br />
ar gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri sarCeli prezidentis uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis<br />
damoukidebeli formaa.<br />
daskvna<br />
rogorc Cans, prezidentis mier uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba vlindeba saqmianobis<br />
sxvadasxva formebSi. Tumca, saxelmwifos meTauris mravalferovani uflebamosilebebis gamo,<br />
ganvixileT saqmianobis mxolod ZiriTadi formebi. prezidentis mier calkeuli uflebamosilebebis<br />
ganxorcielebis procedurebis gansazRvriT, gamoikveTa, rom misi saqmianobis formas<br />
mxolod samarTlebrivi aqti ar warmoadgens. amasTan, saqmianobis zogierTi forma saboloo<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis pirvelsawyis xasiaTs atarebs. sabolood, sakiTxis ganxilvam<br />
Semdeg daskvnamde migviyvana:<br />
`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-11 muxlis formulireba araa zusti,<br />
prezidents kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil farglebSi, SeuZlia gamosces individualuri xasiaTis<br />
brZanebuleba ara mxolod personalur da sakadro sakiTxebze. kanonis swori Canaweri iqneba:<br />
78
prezidenti gamoscems individualuri xasiaTis brZanebulebas konstituciiTa da kanoniT<br />
pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi;<br />
`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonma unda gansazRvros prezidentis brZanebis<br />
adgili normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiaSi da igi erT safexurze unda iyos brZanebulebasTan;<br />
prezidentis mier dadebuli konstituciuri SeTanxmeba da saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba/Se-<br />
Tanxmeba misi saqmianobis erT-erTi formaa, sadac saxelmwifos meTauri moqmedebs saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifos saxeliT;<br />
konstituciis 2010 wlis redaqciis 73 1 -e muxlis me-4 punqtis `b~ qvepunqtidan ikiTxeba, rom<br />
kontrasignacias ar saWiroebs prezidentis is samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romelic ukavSirdeba<br />
kanonze xelis moweras da gamoqveynebas. moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, prezidenti kanonze xelis<br />
mowerisa da gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb sagangebo samarTlebriv aqts ar gamoscems. Sesabamisad,<br />
konstituciis 2010 wlis redaqciis amoqmedebis Semdeg SesaZloa daisvas aRniSnuli sakiTxis<br />
damatebiTi reglamentirebis saWiroeba;<br />
prezidentis uflebamosilebebis nawilSi konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli `SeTanxmebis~ da<br />
sxva organosagan `winaswari Tanxmobis~, `Tanxmobis~ miReba ar gamoixateba saqmianobis identur<br />
formaSi. `Tanxmobis~ da `winaswari Tanxmobis~ misaRebad prezidenti, savaraudod, mimar-<br />
Tavs weriliT, gansxvavebiT SeTanxmebisagan, romelic werilobiT mimarTvas ar saWiroebs.<br />
`SeTanxmeba~ prezidentis saqmianobis damoukidebeli formaa.<br />
79
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
2009 wlis 22 oqtombris, `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
kanonis me-11 muxlis me-3 punqti.<br />
2<br />
ix.: magaliTad, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2012 wlis 9 Tebervlis #09/02/01<br />
gankarguleba `tatiSvilis brwyinvalebis saprezidento ordeniT<br />
dajildoebis Sesaxeb~; saqarTvelos prezidentis 2012 wlis 18 ianvris<br />
<strong>#1</strong>8/01/03 gankarguleba `dan mihai barlibas Rirsebis ordeniT<br />
dajildoebis Sesaxeb~ da sxv.<br />
3<br />
ix.: magaliTad, saqarTvelos prezidentis 2008 wlis 21 martis <strong>#1</strong>96<br />
gankarguleba `saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebis daniSvnis Sesaxeb~;<br />
saqarTvelos prezidentis 2010 wlis 30 martis #254 gankarguleba<br />
`adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis daniSvnis Sesaxeb~.<br />
4<br />
1996 wlis 15 maisis, `referendumis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis me-13 muxlis<br />
me-3 punqti. Cveni azriT, es gadawyvetileba Tavisi SinaarsiT<br />
individualuri samarTlebrivi aqtia da ara normatiuli, amitom mas<br />
gankargulebis saxe unda hqondes.<br />
5<br />
2009 wlis 22 oqtombris, `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
kanonis me-11 muxlis me-4 punqti.<br />
6<br />
2004 wlis 11 Tebervlis, `saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis,<br />
uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-20<br />
muxlis me-2 punqtis `b~ qvepunqti.<br />
7<br />
2009 wlis 22 oqtombris, `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
kanonis me-11 muxlis me-5 punqti.<br />
8<br />
2009 wlis 22 oqtombris `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis<br />
me-7 muxlis me-3 punqtis `e~ qvepunqti, me-11 muxlis me-6 punqti.<br />
9<br />
2009 wlis 22 oqtombris `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis<br />
me-7 muxlis me-10 punqti.<br />
10<br />
vgulisxmobT, normatiuli xasiaTis brZanebas.<br />
11<br />
`saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalur<br />
marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris~ konstituciuri SeTanxmebis me-12 muxlis<br />
me-4 punqti.<br />
12<br />
1996 wlis 31 ianvris `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
organuli kanonis 33-e muxlis pirveli punqti.<br />
13<br />
1997 wlis 16 oqtombris `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis `d~ punqti.<br />
14<br />
1997 wlis 16 oqtombris `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-11 muxlis pirveli punqti.<br />
15<br />
1997 wlis 16 oqtombris `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqti.<br />
16<br />
1997 wlis 16 oqtombris `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis<br />
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-18 muxli.<br />
17<br />
p. cnobilaZe, g. xubua, v. xmalaZe, n. metreveli, o. kapanaZe. `rogor iqmneba<br />
kanoni~, Tb., 2000, gv. 52-53.<br />
18<br />
iqve, gv. 53.<br />
80
FORMS OF EXERCISE OF<br />
THE PRESIDENTIAL<br />
POWERS IN GEORGIA<br />
MARINE MARINASHVILI<br />
PhD in Law, Associated Professor at Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani University<br />
ZURAB MACHARADZE<br />
Assistant Professor at IvaneJavakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
Exercising powers by the President of Georgia is carried out in a specified<br />
format, which demonstrates external side of his activities. Therefore, a list of<br />
activities of the head of state depends on the volume of his competence. As the<br />
head of state has multiple powers, the article presents only the main forms of the<br />
president’s activities against the background of the current constitution as well as<br />
its 2010 edition.<br />
Exercise of powers by the President is most often demonstrated in issuing of<br />
a legal act. Therefore, we shall start discussion with this very form of activity. It<br />
should be noted that through the process of defining procedures connected with<br />
exercising certain powers by the President it was revealed that issuing of a legal<br />
act is not his only activity form. Therefore, article also discusses such important<br />
forms of activitieslike constitutional agreement, international agreements and<br />
contracts, constitutional claim, application to people and the parliament, annual<br />
report, forms of implementation of the so-called “appointing power”, etc.<br />
The article concludes with visions of authors regarding the discussed<br />
problematic issues.<br />
81
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
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kanoni<br />
saapelacio saCivris<br />
Setana. saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso<br />
kodeqsis <strong>36</strong>4-e muxlis<br />
analizi<br />
robinzon xurcilava<br />
samarTlis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori<br />
yoveli pirisaTvis uzrunvelyofilia uflebis sasamarTlo<br />
wesiT dacva. saqmis ganxilvas sasamarTlo Seudgeba im piris<br />
gancxadebiT, romelic mimarTavs mas Tavisi uflebebis an kanoniT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli interesebis dasacavad. 1<br />
sasamarTlo wesiT adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacva garantirebulia<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli<br />
principebiTa da normebiT. sasamarTlo dacvis ufleba aris yvela<br />
danarCeni ufleba Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli<br />
garantia, romelTa dacva saxelmwifos valdebulebaa. saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 42-e muxlis, agreTve adamianis uflebaTa da<br />
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis me-6 muxlis, samoqalaqo<br />
da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis<br />
me-14 muxlis mixedviT, marTlmsajuleba unda pasuxobdes samarTlianobis<br />
moTxovnebs da uzrunvelyofdes uflebebis efeqtian<br />
aRdgenas. sasamarTlos dacva unda iyos sruli, rac gulisxmobs<br />
nebismieri piris ara mxolod SesaZleblobas, mimarTos<br />
sasamarTlos, aramed aseve, sasamarTlos valdebulebas, miiRos<br />
samarTliani da dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba. 2 uflebis sasamarTlo<br />
wesiT dacva aseve, uzrunvelyofilia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawiliT,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac, saqmis ganxilvas sasamarTlo Seudgeba im<br />
piris gancxadebiT, romelic mimarTavs mas Tavisi uflebis an<br />
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli interesebis dasacavad.<br />
axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis miRebamde, saqmeTa ganxilva<br />
dakavSirebuli iyo rTul procedurebTan, rac sabolood<br />
82
aWianurebda saqmeze gadawyvetilebis miRebas da Sesabamisad, mis aRsrulebas. 3 moqmedi samoqalaqo<br />
saproceso kodeqsi, romelic 1997 wlis 14 noembers iqna miRebuli, ufro TanafardobaSia<br />
arsebul samarTlis realiebTan, rac gulisxmobs, rom efeqtianad uzrunvelyofs saqmeTa droulad<br />
ganxilvas, sabolood ki, ekonomiis principisa da mxareTa uflebebis dacvas emsaxureba.<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, axali saproceso kanonmdeblobis Seqmna ZiriTadad, or mizans unda<br />
emsaxurebodes: pirveli is, Tu rogor unda gavxadoT sasamarTlo damoukidebeli samoqalaqo<br />
procesis farglebSi, raTa samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldebodes SejibrebiTobisa da dispoziciurobis<br />
sawyisebze da meore, rogor gavamartivoT samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi davebis ganxilvis<br />
procedura samarTlis subieqtebis uflebebis efeqtianad dacvis mizniT. 4 sabazro ekonomikis<br />
principebze gadasvlam samoqalaqo (rogorc materialuri, ise saproceso) kanonmdeblobaSi,<br />
mravali axali institutis damkvidreba gamoiwvia. moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mi-<br />
RebiT, axleburad Camoyalibda samoqalaqo warmoebis saxeebi, aRniSnuli ki, mimarTulia samoqalaqo<br />
uflebebis maqsimalurad swrafi dacvisaken. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli Sexamebuli unda<br />
iyos uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvis maRalefeqtianobasTan.<br />
mxareTa Soris arsebuli valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis 5 darRvevisas, am<br />
urTierTobis monawiles, kerZod, kreditors kanonmdeblis mier ufleba eZleva daicvas Tavisi<br />
darRveuli uflebebi sasamarTlos wesiT, 6 e.i. arsebobs sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis safuZveli<br />
(competit assisa). 7 zogadad, valdebuleba (cobligatio), rogorc samarTlebrivi urTierToba, sxvadasxva<br />
safuZvlidan warmoiSoba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas<br />
calmxrivi garigebidan, xelSekrulebis momzadebidan, xelSekrulebidan, deliqtidan, usafuZvlo<br />
gamdidrebidan da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva safuZvlebidan. Tanamedrove msoflios<br />
yvela samarTlebriv sistemaSi, valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZvlis miuxedavad, valdebulebis<br />
Sesruleba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani institutia. 8 valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, kreditors<br />
ufleba 9 aqvs mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT an gancxadebiT warmoSobili valdebulebis<br />
Sesrulebis moTxovniT. garda valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobisa, sasamarTloSi davis<br />
sagani aseve, SeiZleba gaxdes sanivTo, saojaxo, memkvidreobiTi samarTlidan da a.S. warmoSobili<br />
urTierTobebi. aRniSnulis safuZvels iZleva saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxli, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac, `yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos<br />
sasamarTlos~, 10 vinaidan saerTo sasamarTloebis mier darRveuli uflebis dacva, yvelaze ufro<br />
efeqtiani da civilizebulia. 11<br />
mxareTa Soris arsebuli materialursamarTlebrivi davis SemTxvevaSi, pirveli instanciis<br />
sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba, 12 magram igi saboloo ar aris 13 da SesaZlebelia, gasaCivrdes<br />
mxareebisa da damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis mqone mesame pirebis mier saapelacio<br />
sasamarTloSi. gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba, mxareTa uflebas warmoadgens da ara valdebulebas,<br />
uflebis gamoyeneba ki, procesualursamarTlebriv dispoziciaSi gamoixateba.<br />
saapelacio warmoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi mniSvnelovani principebis moqmedeba, rogoric<br />
aris dispoziciuroba, SejibrebiToba da a.S. mocemul principebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs saqmeze obieqturi WeSmaritebis dadgenisaTvis.<br />
gansaxilvel sakiTxSi, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mxolod dispoziciurobisa da Sejibrebi-<br />
Tobis principebze.<br />
zogadad, termini `dispoziciuroba~ laTinuri sityvaa (dispositivus) da `gankargvas~ niSnavs,<br />
Sesabamisad, iuridiuli termini `dispoziciuroba~ niSnavs samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawileTa<br />
iuridiul Tavisuflebas gamoiyenon TavianTi uflebebi. 14<br />
dispoziciurobis principis 15 arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mxareebs SeuZliaT Tavisuflad<br />
gankargon TavianTi materialuri da saproceso uflebebi. 16 swored mosarCelis nebazea damoki-<br />
83
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
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debuli samoqalaqo saqmis aRZvra, davis sagnis gansazRvra, 17 gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba, 16 gadawyvetilebis<br />
aRsruleba. 19<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-3 muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, mxareebs<br />
SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba morigebiT daamTavron, mosarCeles SeuZlia uari Tqvas sarCelze,<br />
xolo mopasuxes _ cnos sarCeli. 20 dispoziciurobis principi 21 aseve, damaxasiaTebelia administraciuli<br />
procesisaTvis, Tumca, samoqalaqo procesisagan gansxvavebiT saqmeSi monawile administraciul<br />
organos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia uari Tqvas sarCelze, morigdes an cnos<br />
sarCeli, Tu es ar ewinaaRmdegeba kanons. 22 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, administraciuli organos<br />
(aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dawesebulebis) mier sarCelis cnobis, sarCelze uaris Tqmis an<br />
morigebis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom unda gamoikvlios da Seamowmos miRebuli gadawyvetilebis<br />
Sesabamisoba kanonmdeblobasTan da SeuZlia miiRos an ar miiRos sarCelis cnoba (sarCelze uaris<br />
Tqma) da administraciuli organos morigeba. sasamarTlos es valdebuleba kidev erTxel xazs<br />
usvams, rom administraciuli marTlmsajuleba ara mxolod asrulebs neitraluri arbitris<br />
movaleobas mxareTa Soris, aramed uzrunvelyofs garkveul kontrols administraciuli organoebis<br />
saqmianobis kanonSesabamisobaze gansaxilveli konkretuli saqmis farglebSi. 23 aRniSnuli<br />
SezRudva ganpirobebulia administraciuli samarTlis iseTi mniSvnelovani principiT, rogoricaa<br />
administraciuli organos mier uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba mxolod kanonis safuZvelze.<br />
24<br />
dispoziciurobis principi samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis erT-erTi specialuri principia,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs samoqalaqo procesis moZraobis meqanizms. 25<br />
dispoziciurobis niSnebi aseve, SeimCneva 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi, Tumca,<br />
calke muxli dispoziciurobis principis saxelwodebiT Camoyalibebuli ar yofila. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom mxareebs garantirebuli hqondaT sarCelze uaris, sarCelis cnobis an morigebis ufleba,<br />
1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 34-e muxli mxareebs zRudavda sasamarTlos<br />
meSveobiT aRniSnuli udlebamosilebis ganxorcielebaSi, Tu igi ewinaaRmdegeboda kanons, arRvevda<br />
sxvis uflebebsa da kanoniT dacul interesebs. kerZod, 34-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `mosarCeles<br />
ufleba aqvs Secvalos sarCelis safuZveli an sagani, gaadidos an Seamciros sasarCelo moTxovnebis<br />
odenoba, an uari Tqvas sarCelze. mopasuxes ufleba aqvs cnos sarCeli. mxareebs SeuZliaT<br />
saqme daamTavron morigebiT. sasamarTlo ar miiRebs mosarCelis uars sarCelze, mopasuxis mier<br />
sarCelis cnobas da ar daamtkicebs mxareTa morigebas, Tu es moqmedeba ewinaaRmdegeba kanons<br />
an arRvevs visime uflebebs da kanoniT dacul interesebs.~ 26<br />
m. lebedevis azriT, dispoziciuroba samoqalaqo procesSi ganisazRvreba dispoziciurobis<br />
principis arsebobiT im materialur urTierTobebSi, romlebic sasamarTlo ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis<br />
obieqts warmoadgenen. 27 yovel pirs eZleva ufleba ganaxorcielos an ar ganaxorcielos<br />
sakuTari uflebebi, uari ganacxados maTze, moiTxovos maTi Sesruleba Sesabamisi pirebisagan<br />
an Seeguos Tavisi uflebebis darRvevas. kreditors ufleba aqvs vali apatios movales an ar<br />
apatios da moiTxovos misi anazRaureba.<br />
S. qurdaZis ganmartebiT, dispoziciurobis principis Sinaarsi moicavs im uflebamosilebebs,<br />
romlebic dakavSirebulia mxareebis mier materialuri uflebebisa da am uflebebis dacvis saproceso<br />
saSualebebis gankargvasTan. 28 swored dispozociurobis principebzea agebuli samoqalaqo<br />
saproceso kanonmdebloba.<br />
marTebulad miuTiTebs a. kobaxiZe, rom samoqalaqo samarTlis normebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
e.w. avtonomiuroba, rac gulisxmobs, rom samoqalaqo uflebis matarebeli am uflebebs<br />
gankargavs Tavisuflad. samoqalaqo saproceso normebis dispoziciurobis xasiaTi gamoxatulebas<br />
poulobs imaSi, rom TviT uflebis mqone piris gadasawyvetia, mimarTos Tu ara sasamarT-<br />
84
los. sasamarTlos Tavisi iniciativiT ar SeuZlia aRZras saqme romelime piris sasargeblod,<br />
aseve, aravis ar SeuZlia aiZulos piri sarCeli Seitanos sasamarTloSi. 29 marTalia, marTlmsajulebis<br />
instituti mowodebulia daicvas calkeuli subieqtebis uflebebi da interesebi, aseve,<br />
qveyanaSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mTeli sistema, magram cxadia, aRniSnulisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia 30 sarCelis an gancxadebis wardgena sasamarTloSi. dispoziciurobis<br />
principiT gamsWvalulia mTeli samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba samoqalaqo saqmis aRZvridan<br />
dawyebuli saaRsrulebo warmoebiT damTavrebuli. 31<br />
dispoziciurobis principis Sinaarsi ramdenime elementisagan Sedgeba esenia:<br />
dainteresebuli piri Tavad iRebs gadawyvetilebas, rom darRveuli uflebis aRsadgenad<br />
Seitanos Tu ara sarCeli sasamarTloSi;<br />
mxolod dainteresebuli mxare gansazRvravs davis sagnis Rirebulebas, sasarCelo moTxovnaTa<br />
farglebs;<br />
mxareebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba morigebiT daamTavron, mosarCeles SeuZlia uari Tqvas<br />
sarCelze, xolo mopasuxes _ cnos sarCeli.<br />
saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSi dispoziciurobis principis gamovlineba gvaqvs saapelacio<br />
saCivris wardgenis momentidan, vinaidan swored mxaris procesualuri dispoziciuri uflebaa<br />
gadawyvitos, waradginos Tu ara sapelacio saCivari pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze.<br />
SejibrebiTobis principi, romelsac dominirebuli adgili uWiravs pirveli instanciis<br />
sasamarTloSi, arc saapelacio warmoebisaTvis aris ucxo. 32 swored SejibrebiTobis principis<br />
dacviT xdeba saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSi rogorc werilobiTi mtkicebulebebis<br />
gacvla, ise mxareTa axna-ganmartebebis miReba. 33<br />
SejibrebiToba iseTi principia, romelic specialurad aris aRiarebuli rogorc konstituciiT,<br />
ise samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT. SejibrebiTobis principis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo ar<br />
aris valdebuli Tavisi iniciativiT Sekribos mtkicebulebebi. 34 es principi emyareba TviT<br />
samoqalaqo uflebaTa bunebas. es uflebebi piris kerZo sferos moicaven da misi sruli uflebaa<br />
Tavisuflad gankargos isini. SejibrebiToba niSnavs sasamarTlos movaleobas Seuqmnas pirobebi<br />
mxareebs SejibrebiTobis realizaciisaTvis, rasac is axorcielebs gansaxilveli saqmis TaviseburebebiT.<br />
35 moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, 1964 wlis samoqalaqo<br />
saproceso kodeqsi ZiriTadad, efuZneboda samZebro princips, kerZod, me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
sasamarTlo movale iyo ar dasjereboda warmodgenil masalebs da axsna-ganmartebebs da mieRo<br />
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma, raTa yovelmxriv, srulad da obieqturad gamoerkvia<br />
saqmis namdvili garemoebani.<br />
1921 wlamde, SejibrebiTobis principi saqarTveloSic arsebobda, mis safuZvels, 1864 wels,<br />
ruseTSi ganxorcielebuli sasamarTlo reforma warmoadgenda, romelmac kardinalurad Secvala<br />
maSindeli ruseTis samoqalaqo procesi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani miRweva iyo agreTve sam-<br />
Zebro sistemis Secvla SejibrebiTobis sistemiT. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,<br />
SejibrebiTobis sistema pirvelad, 1995 wlis saqarTvelos konstituciiT dakanonda, ker-<br />
Zod, konstituciis 85-e muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad, samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba mxareTa<br />
Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze. <strong>36</strong><br />
SejibrebiTobis principi mxareebs uxsnis gzas damoukidebeli moqmedebisaTvis da SesaZleblobas<br />
aZlevs sakuTari energiisa da iniciativis gamosaCenad. 37 amasTan, SejibrebiTobis principi<br />
gansazRvravs mxareTa avtonomiurobasa da TviTpasuxismgeblobas. 38 SejibrebiTobis principis<br />
85
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
mixedviT, mtkicebis sagnisa da masSi Semavali faqtebis gansazRvris, aseve, am faqtebis damadasturebeli<br />
mtkicebulebebis Segrovebisa da wardgenis Tanabari SesaZlebloba eZlevaT mxareebs<br />
da ekisrebaT maT mier miTiTebuli garemoebebis dadasturebis tvirTi. 39<br />
SejibrebiTobis principTan dakavSirebiT T. liluaSvilis mier Camoyalibebulia Semdegi<br />
daskvnebi:<br />
SejibrebiTobis principi moicavs mxareTa saqmianobas mxolod saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebisa<br />
da mtkicebulebebis sferoSi;<br />
mxareTa moTxovnebis Tu Sesageblis faqtobrivi (da ara iuridiuli) dasabuTeba (gamarTleba)<br />
ekisrebaT TviTon mxareebs;<br />
mxareebma TviTon unda gansazRvron Tu romeli faqtebi daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs<br />
(Sesagebels);<br />
mxareebma, TviTon unda miuTiTon mtkicebulebebze, romelTa safuZvelze, unda damtkicdes<br />
(dadasturdes) maT mier TavianTi moTxovnis (Sesageblis) dasabuTebis mizniT miTiTebuli<br />
faqtebi. 40<br />
inkviziciurobis procesisagan gansxvavebiT, SejibrebiTobis principis dros sasamarTlo<br />
ar agrovebs mtkicebulebebs, aramed xels uwyobs mxareebs mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebasa da<br />
warmodgenisaTvis. 41 analogiuri mosazreba aqvT aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT m. lebedevs,<br />
i. franciforovs da a. balaSovs. 42<br />
sapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis dros mxareebs Tanabari uflebamovaleobebi<br />
aqvT dokumentebis gacvlasTan dakavSirebiT, aRniSnuli ki, swored SejibrebiTobis<br />
principis gamovlinebaa.<br />
saapelacio saCivris subieqtebi SeiZleba iyvnen mxareebi da mesame pirebi damoukidebeli<br />
sasarCelo moTxovniT. saapelacio saCivars xels aweren mxareebi da mesame pirebi. 43 saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 93-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT<br />
saqme awarmoon sasamarTloSi piradad, xolo iuridiul pirebs an sxva organizaciebs _ im<br />
Tanamdebobis piris meSveobiT, romelsac wesdebiT an debulebiT SeuZlia am iuridiuli pirisa<br />
Tu organizaciis saxeliT imoqmedos. amave muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, mxareebs SeuZliaT<br />
agreTve saqme awarmoon sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT.<br />
Tengiz luliaSvilis ganmartebiT, sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba _ esaa piris kanoniT<br />
garantirebuli SesaZlebloba awarmoos saqme sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. sasamar-<br />
Tlo warmomadgeneli aris piri, romelic marwmuneblis saxeliT da misi interesebis Sesabamisad,<br />
sasamarTloSi asrulebs yvela im saproceso moqmedebas, rac gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT da<br />
marwmuneblis mier gacemuli mindobilobiT. 44<br />
sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba saproceso urTierTobaa, radgan jer erTi, igi mowesrigebulia<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso normebiT, meorec, am urTierTobidan gamomdinare, garigebis Sedegebi,<br />
romelic ganxorcielebulia erTi piris mier meore piris saxeliT, uSualod gadadis am ukanasknelze.<br />
warmomadgeneli samoqalaqo procesSi aris piri, romelic axorcielebs saproceso<br />
uflebebs im piris saxeliT, visac es ufleba ekuTvnis (marwmunebeli) imgvarad, rom moqmedebis<br />
Sedegi miekuTvnos mis mier warmodgenil pirs. warmomadgenlis meSveobiT marwmunebels warmoeSoba<br />
garkveuli uflebebi da movaleobebi. 45<br />
warmomadgenelsa da warmodgenils Soris urTierTobis dros warmomadgeneli aRiWurveba<br />
garkveuli uflebebiT. warmomadgenelsa da sasamarTlos Soris ganxorcielebuli urTierTobis<br />
dros xdeba warmomadgenlisaTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba, xolo warmo-<br />
86
madgenlisa da sasamarTlos urTierToba Sedegia rogorc Sinagan, ise garegan samarTalurTierTobisa.<br />
46<br />
saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT ar arTmevs uflebas mxareebs TviTonac piradad<br />
miiRon monawileoba saqmeSi. amasTan, Tu vin SeiZleba iyos mxareebisa da mesame pirebis warmomadgeneli<br />
sapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSi, amomwurav pasuxs iZleva saqarTvelos samoqalaqo<br />
saproceso kodeqsis 94-e muxli da misi ganvrcoba ar SeiZleba, esenia:<br />
advokatebi;<br />
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis an mmarTvelobis<br />
organos, organizaciis TanamSromlebi _ am organoebisa da organizaciebis saqmeebze;<br />
erT-erTi Tanamonawile danarCen TanamonawileTa davalebiT;<br />
sxva qmedunariani pirebi _ mxolod pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi;<br />
Tu davis sagnis Rirebuleba aRemateba 500 000 lars an/da saqme faqtobrivi an samarTlebrivi<br />
TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli sirTuliT xasiaTdeba da samoqalaqo procesSi monawileobs<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dawesebuleba, igi mimarTavs saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros,<br />
romelic uflebamosilia moiTxovos samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi am dawesebulebis<br />
warmomadgenlad saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros Tanamdebobis piris an saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris<br />
daniSvna (garda, sagadasaxado da sabaJo kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare davebisa).<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dawesebuleba, saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros<br />
TanxmobiT, uflebamosilia, imave saqmeze warmomadgenlobis uflebamosileba mianiWos<br />
im Tanamdebobis pirs an saxelmwifo mosamsaxures, romelic am dawesebulebaSi msaxurobs.<br />
`advokatTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi<br />
saadvokato saqmianobas axorcielebs advokati. amave muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad,<br />
advokati aris Tavisufali profesiis piri, romelic emorCileba mxolod kanonsa da profesiuli<br />
eTikis normebs da gawevrianebulia saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciaSi. kanonis me-10 muxlis<br />
pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, advokati SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos moqalaqe, romelsac: a. aqvs<br />
umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba; b. gavlili aqvs advokatTa testireba am kanoniT dadgenili<br />
wesiT an Cabarebuli aqvs mosamarTleTa (prokuraturis muSakTa) sakvalifikacio gamocda; g.<br />
aqvs iuristad an advokatis staJiorad muSaobis aranakleb erTi wlis staJi. amave muxlis me-2<br />
nawilis Tanaxmad, advokati ar SeiZleba iyos ganzrax mZime danaSaulisaTvis nasamarTlevi piri,<br />
Tu nasamarTloba ara aqvs moxsnili an gaqarwylebuli kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. 47 advokati<br />
valdebulia profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas ixelmZRvanelos Semdegi ZiriTadi<br />
principebiT: damoukidebloba, ndoba, konfidencialoba, klientis interesebis prioritetuloba,<br />
interesTa konfliqtis dauSvebloba, kolegialoba. 48<br />
advokati Tavis profesiul movaleobas asrulebs marwmunebelTan, anu mandatTan dadebuli<br />
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. `mandatis~ cnebis laTinuri warmoSoba miuTiTebs, rom es davalebis<br />
urTierTobaa. advokats rwmunebulebas aZlevs mosarCele. davalebis tipuri situaciaa, roca<br />
marwmuneblis interesebidan gamomdinare, rwmunebuli marwmunebelze dakisrebul damoukidebel<br />
sameurneo saqmes kisrulobs da exeba advokatis mier marwmuneblis samarTlebrivi interesebis<br />
sakuTar Tavze aRebas. advokati, rogorc rwmunebulebis Semsrulebeli, moRvaweobs sxvis interesebSi,<br />
e.i. misi saqmianoba mimarTulia iseTi garigebisaken, roca Tavdapirvel mepatrones Tavisive<br />
qonebrivi interesebis dasacavad unda ezruna. am SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad, advokats avaleben,<br />
awarmoos saxelSekrulebo molaparakebebi mxaresTan an procesi sasamarTloSi. 49<br />
warmomadgenels, sapelacio warmoebis aRZvris uflebamosileba eZleva im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />
misi uflebamosilebebi Camoyalibebulia kanonis Sesabamisad gacemul da gaformebul mindobi-<br />
87
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
lobaSi. 50 warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis gaformebis wesi gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 96-e muxliT, magram mxolod warmomadgenlisaTvis uflebamosilebis<br />
gaformeba ar aris sakmarisi warmomadgenels mieces SesaZlebloba waradginos saapelacio<br />
saCivari. aRniSnulisaTvis aucilebelia, mis uflebamosilebaSi specialurad iyos miTiTebuli<br />
da miniWebuli saapelacio saCivris wardgenis ufleba. 51 amdenad, Tu saapelacio saCivari wardgenilia<br />
warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, mas xels awers warmomadgeneli.<br />
sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos, ramdenad sworad aris gaformebuli mindobiloba da ra uflebamosilebiT<br />
aris aRWurvili marwmuneblis mier rwmunebuli, radgan igi ar gascdes miniWebuli<br />
uflebamosilebis farglebs.<br />
warmomadgenlobis instituts icnobda 1931 wels miRebuli saqarTvelos ssr samoqalaqo<br />
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsic (1956 wlis gamocema), kerZod, me-2 Tavis me-14 muxli formulirebuli<br />
iyo Semdegnairad: `mxares SeuZlia sasamarTloSi saqme awarmoos piradad an warmomadgenlis<br />
meSveobiT~. am kodeqsis me-15 muxlis Tanaxmad, `im piris saqmis gamo, romelic gamocxadebulia<br />
araqmedobaunarian pirad an iseT pirad, romelsac qmedunarianoba kanoniT SezRuduli<br />
aqvs, sarCels aRZravs misi kanonieri warmomadgeneli. amave kanonieri warmomadgenlis saSualebiT<br />
aRiZvris sarCeli aRniSnuli piris winaaRmdeg~. 52<br />
saqmis warmoebas warmomadgenlis monawileobiT aseve, aRiarebda saqarTvelos ssr samoqalaqo<br />
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis (1964 wlis redaqcia) 45-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac, moqalaqeebs<br />
SeeZloT TavianTi saqme sasamarTloSi ewarmoebinaT rogorc piradad, ise warmomadgenlis<br />
meSveobiT. sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba daiSveboda uklebliv yvela saqmeze, romelic<br />
sasamarTlos uwyebrivad eqvemdebareboda~. 53 saqmeSi piradad monawileoba ar arTmevda<br />
uflebas hyoloda saqmeze warmomadgeneli. imave kodeqsis 46-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTloSi<br />
warmomadgenlad SeiZleba yofiliyvnen:<br />
advokati;<br />
saxelmwifo sawarmoebis, dawesebulebebis, organizaciebis, kolmeurneobebis, sxva kooperaciuli<br />
organizaciebis, maTi gaerTianebebis, sxva sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis muSakebi _<br />
maTi sawarmoebis, dawesebulebebisa da organizaciebis saqmeebze;<br />
profesiuli kavSirebis rwmunebulebi _ muSa-mosamsaxureTa, kolmeurneobebis wevrTa, agreTve<br />
sxva pirTa saqmeebze, romelTa uflebebisa da interesebis dacvasac axorcieleben<br />
profesiuli kavSirebi;<br />
im organizaciebis rwmunebulebi, romlebsac kanoniT, wesdebiT an debulebiT miniWebuli<br />
aqvT ufleba daicvan maTi organizaciebis wevrTa uflebebi da interesebi;<br />
im organizaciebis rwmunebulebi, romlebsac kanoniT, wesdebiT an debulebiT miniWebuli<br />
aqvT ufleba daicvan sxva pirTa uflebebi da interesebi;<br />
erT-erTi Tanamonawile danarCen TanamonawileTa davalebiT (am kodeqsis 35-e muxli);<br />
saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlos mier am saqmeze warmomadgenlad daSvebuli pirebia.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, moqmedi samoqalaqo saprocesi kodeqsiT, SesaZlebelia sapelacio<br />
instanciis sasamarTloSi mxarem saqme awarmoos warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, 54 rac mxares aseve,<br />
Tavadac ar arTmevs uflebas saqmeSi piradad miiRos monawileoba.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli instanciis gadawyvetileba saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSi<br />
aseve, SeiZleba gaasaCivron damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis mqone mesame pirebma.<br />
mesame pirebi pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi SeiZleba monawileobdnen rogorc damoukidebeli<br />
sasarCelo moTxovniT, ise damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe. 55 mesame pirebis<br />
88
erTmaneTisagan gamoyofas didi mniSvneloba aqvs saapelacio warmoebisaTvis, vinaidan damoukidebeli<br />
sasarCelo moTxovnis mqone mesame pirebi, moqmedi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso<br />
kodeqsis <strong>36</strong>4-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ar warmoadgenen saapelacio saCivris subieqts. mesame pirebis<br />
dayofa gansaxilveli davis mimarT xdeba maTi iuridiuli interesis mixedviT.<br />
procesSi mesame pirTa monawileoba imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam<br />
am saqmeze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos SemdgomSi im pirTa interesebsa da uflebebze, romlebic<br />
mxares ar warmoadgenen. amitom, mesame pirebi es is pirebia, romlebic iuridiulad dainteresebulni<br />
arian (iuridiuli interesi aqvT) davis gadawyvetiT (saqmis ganxilvis SedegiT). mesame<br />
pirebs yovelTvis materialuri daintereseba aqvT saqmis SedegiT, aseve, aqvT saproceso<br />
interesic. 56<br />
T. liluaSvilis ganmartebiT, mesame pirebi icaven sakuTar uflebebs, romlebic ara marto<br />
emTxveva, aramed piriqiT, ewinaaRmdegeba kidec mxareebis (mosarCelis, mopasuxis) interesebs. 57<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 88-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, TiToeul<br />
dainteresebul pirs, romelic acxadebs damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze an mis nawilze,<br />
SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli orive an erT-erTi mxaris mimarT mxareTa paeqrobis dawyebamde<br />
(mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT). mesame piris sarCelis miReba da ganxilva<br />
warmoebs saerTo wesebis dacviT. mesame pirisa da Tavdapirveli mosarCelis sarCelis gadawyveta<br />
xdeba erTdroulad. amave muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasar-<br />
Celo moTxovniT sargebloben mosarCelis yvela uflebiT da maT ekisrebaT misi yvela movaleoba.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 89-e muxlis Tanaxmad, yovel dainteresebul<br />
pirs, romelic ar acxadebs damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze an mis nawilze, SeuZlia mimarTos<br />
sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, raTa dauSvas igi saqmeSi mesame pirad mosarCelis an mopasuxis<br />
mxareze, radgan sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas am saqmeze SeuZlia SemdgomSi gavlena moaxdinos<br />
mis uflebebsa da movaleobebze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. mesame pirad daSvebis sakiTxs mxareTa<br />
mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT wyvets sasamarTlo.<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 90-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, mesame<br />
piri damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe SeiZleba Caebas saqmeSi erT-erTi mxaris iniciativiT,<br />
risTvisac igi mimarTavs sasamarTlos motivirebuli gancxadebiT. aseTi gancxadeba sasamarTlo<br />
gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde SeiZleba gakeTdes rogorc werilobiT, ise zepiri formiT.<br />
zepiri gancxadeba Seitaneba sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmSi. mxareTa mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas mesame piris saqmeSi monawileobisaTvis Cabmis an aseT<br />
Cabmaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe<br />
mesame pirebs aqvT mxareebTan SedarebiT SezRuduli uflebamosilebani, isini mainc sadavo<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileni arian. 58<br />
samoqalaqo procesualuri samarTlis TeoriaSi gamoiyofa ori saxis apelacia, sruli (Seuz-<br />
Rudavi) da arasruli (SezRuduli) apelacia. 59<br />
sruli (SeuzRudavi) apelaciis dros saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos ara marto<br />
saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebi, faqtebi, gadawyvetileba, aramed mxareTa mier warmodgenili<br />
axali faqtobrivi garemoebebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic araTu dagvianebiT, aramed saerTod<br />
ar yofila pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi wardgenili. sruli (SeuzRudavi) apelaciisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, arasruli (SezRuduli) apelaciis dros sapelacio sasamarTlo amowmebs im faqtobriv<br />
garemoebebsa da mtkicebulebebs, romlebic pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi iyo wardgenili.<br />
rac Seexeba axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis Semowmebas, arasruli (SezRuduli) apelaciis<br />
dros mowmdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi sapatio mizeziT ar<br />
iyo wardgenili.<br />
89
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawili.<br />
2<br />
m. kopaleiSvili, n. sxirtlaZe, e. qardava, p. turava _ administraciuli<br />
saproceso samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, gamomcemloba `siesta~, Tbilisi,<br />
2008, gv. <strong>36</strong>-37.<br />
3<br />
r. xurcilava, davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmis ganxilvis<br />
gamartivebuli wesi samoqalaqo procesSi, meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema,<br />
gamomcemloba `bona kauza~, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 7.<br />
4<br />
S. qurdaZe, samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva zemdgomi instanciis<br />
sasamarTloebSi, Tbilisi, 2006, winaTqma.<br />
5<br />
relatiuri ufleba, romelic mxolod erTi an SezRuduli raodenobis<br />
pirTa mimarT moqmedebs. ix.: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts von Dr. Bernhard<br />
Windscheid, Erster Band, Frankfurta. M.Literarische Anstalt, 1891. S. 95. Gierke, Ottovon:<br />
Deutsches Privatrecht, Leipzig [u.a] Band I : All-gemeiner Teil u. Personenrecht. 1985. S.<br />
258.<br />
6<br />
r. xurcilava, gamartivebuli warmoeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo procesSi,<br />
Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 102 (pirveli iuridiuli dokumentebi, romlebmac<br />
safuZveli Cauyares adamianis uflebaTa Camoyalibebis mwyobr sistemas,<br />
iyo virjiniis deklaracia (1776 w.), aSS konstitucia (1791 w.), franguli<br />
deklaracia (1789 w.), uflebaTa bili (pirveli Tavisuflebis nusxa). am<br />
politikur-samarTlebriv dokumentebSi Cadebul adamianis fuZemdeblur<br />
uflebebs dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi aqtualuroba. is ganvrcobilad<br />
gamoixata adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi).<br />
7<br />
laTinur-qarTuli iuridiuli leqsikoni, saxalxo damcvelis biblioTeka,<br />
Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 20.<br />
8<br />
S. maCalaZe, zianis anazRaureba valdebulebis darRvevisas (saqarTvelosa<br />
da germaniis kanonmdeblobaTa SedarebiTi analizi), Jurnali `qarTuli<br />
samarTlis mimoxilva~, specialuri gamoSveba, 2004, gv. 74.<br />
9<br />
g. lobJaniZe, adamianis sayovelTao uflebaTa garantiebi, gamomcemloba<br />
quTaisis ss `mandarias stamba~, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 58.<br />
10<br />
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995 weli.<br />
11 Æóéêîâ Â.Ì., Ïðàâà ÷åëîâåêà è âëàñòú çàêîíà. Ì., 1995 ñòð. 6.<br />
12<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 243-e muxlis 1-li nawilis<br />
Tanaxmad, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme<br />
arsebiTad wydeba, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetilebis formiT, xolo<br />
amave kodeqsis 284-e muxlis 1 li nawilis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos<br />
dadgenileba, romliTac saqme arsebiTad ar wydeba, miiReba ganCinebis<br />
formiT.<br />
13<br />
gamonakliss warmoadgens saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis<br />
<strong>36</strong>5-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos<br />
gadawyvetileba aris saboloo Tu davis sagnis Rirebuleba ar aRemateba<br />
1000 lars.<br />
14<br />
n. xoferia, dispoziciuroba saqarTvelos axali samoqalaqo materialuri<br />
da saproceso samarTlis mixedviT, Jurnali `qarTuli samarTlis<br />
mimoxilva~, 1998 wlis pirveli kvartali, gv. 74.<br />
15<br />
`principi~ laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs dasawyiss, dasabams ucxo sityvaTa<br />
leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1973.<br />
16 Ïðèîð À., Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, Ì., 2009, ñòð. 19.<br />
17<br />
Schurter, Grundzuge des materiellen Beweisrechtes in der schweizerischen<br />
Civilprozessgesetzgebung. 1980, s. 24.<br />
18<br />
Ëåáåäåâ Ì.Þ., Ôðàíöèôîðîâ Þ.Â., Áàëàøîâ À.Í., Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, Ì, 2008, ñòð. 22.<br />
19<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 248-e muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
sasamarTlos ufleba ara aqvs miakuTvnos Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT mxares<br />
is, rac mas ar uTxovia, an imaze meti vidre is moiTxovda.<br />
20<br />
mocemuli principiT xdeba procesis dawyebis, Sinaarsis, mimdinareobisa da<br />
dasrulebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba. Rausher,<br />
Munchener Komentar zur Zivilprozessordnung, 3. Auft, Band I, 2008, Einl., Rdnr, 275.<br />
90
21<br />
dispoziciurobis principTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos uzenaesma<br />
sasamarTlom 2007 wlis 3 ianvris #as-198-620-06 ganCinebaSi miuTiTa, rom<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodesis me-3 muxlis darRveva miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZvels warmoadgens. aRniSnul ganCinebaSi<br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta Semdegi: ssk-is 105-e muxlis<br />
me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo afasebs mtkicebulebebs Tavisi Sinagani<br />
rwmeniT, romelic unda emyarebodes sasamarTlo sxdomaze maTs<br />
yovelmxriv, srul da obieqtur ganxilvas, ris Sedegadac mas gamoaqvs<br />
daskvna saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis arsebobis an<br />
ararsebobis Sesaxeb. sakasacio palata miiCnevs, rom imisaTvis, rom<br />
sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba daefuZnos saqmis garemoebebis srul,<br />
yovelmxriv da obieqtur ganxilvas, sasamarTlom upirvelesad, unda<br />
gaarkvios saqmeSi monawile pirTa statusi da moTxovna, rac upirveles<br />
yovlisa, ssk-is me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dispoziciurobis<br />
principidan momdinareobs, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqmis warmoebis dawyebis<br />
safuZvels swored mxaris neba da mis mier warmodgenili moTxovna<br />
warmoadgens. sakasacio palatas miaCnia, rom am mxriv gasaCivrebuli<br />
gadawyvetileba xarveziania. kerZod, winaaRmdegobrivia quTaisis<br />
saapelacio sasamarTlos 2005 wlis 20 dekembris sxdomis oqmi da amave<br />
sxdomaze miRebuli gadawyvetileba, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom<br />
gaurkvevelia sajaro reestris erovnuli saagentos statusi aRniSnul<br />
saqmeSi da mis winaaRmdeg wardgenili moTxovna. rogorc pirveli<br />
instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebidan da saapelacio sasamarTlos<br />
2005 wlis 20 dekembris sxdomis oqmidan irkveva, sajaro reestris<br />
erovnuli saagento saqmis saapelacio wesiT ganxilvis dros ganixileboda<br />
mowinaaRmdege mxared, maSin, rodesac amave sxdomaze miRebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, sajaro reestri aRniSnul saqmeSi iyo mesame<br />
piri. garda sajaro reestris, rogorc saqmeSi monawile piris statusisa,<br />
gaurkvevelia mis winaaRmdeg wardgenili moTxovna. aRniSnul sakiTxTan<br />
mimarTebiT, saapelacio palatis dasabuTeba imdenad arasrulia, rom<br />
sakasacio palata moklebulia misi samarTlebrivi safuZvlianobis<br />
Semowmebis SesaZleblobas, rac ssk-is 394-e muxlis `e 1 ~ punqtisa da amave<br />
kodeqsis 412-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `g~ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad,<br />
gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absoluturi safuZvelia. yovelive<br />
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saapelacio palatam mtkicebulebaTa<br />
srulyofilad da obieqturad gamokvlevis Sedegad, unda daadginos<br />
sajaro reestris statusi mocemuli saqmis saapelacio wesiT ganxilvisas,<br />
kerZod, sajaro reestris erovnuli saagento mocemuli saqmis ganxilvisas<br />
monawileobda rogorc mowinaaRmdege mxare, Tu rogorc mesame piri. Tu<br />
igi monawileoebda rogorc mowinaaRmdege mxare, maSin ra moTxovnebi<br />
gaaCnda apelants mis, rogorc mowinaaRmdege mxaris, winaaRmdeg. amrigad,<br />
sasamarTlos mier saqmeSi monawile erT-erTi mxaris saqmis ganxilvaSi<br />
monawileobis statusis, misi moTxovnebisa da ufleba movaleobebis<br />
arasrulyofilad dadgena da gamokvleva sasamarTlos saboloo<br />
gadawyvetilebaSi arsebiTi usworobis daSvebis safuZveli SeiZleba gaxdes,<br />
rac mxaris sakuTari uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis sasamarTlo<br />
wesiT dacvis konstituciuri uflebis darRvevas gamoiwvevs. yovelive<br />
zemoaRniSnuldan gamomdinare, sakasacio palatas miaCnia, rom kasatoris<br />
moTxovna nawilobriv unda dakmayofildes. kerZod, gasaCivrebuli<br />
gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis nawilSi, xolo rac Seexeba kasatoris moTxovnas<br />
sakasacio palatis mier axali gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
aRniSnul nawilSi, kasators moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze uari unda eTqvas,<br />
vinaidan arsebobs gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da xelaxla gansaxilvelad<br />
dabrunebis safuZvlebi, rac sakasacio palatis mier gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs.<br />
22<br />
saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis me-3 muxlis me-2 nawili.<br />
23<br />
g. gvenetaZe. SejibrebiTobis principis Taviseburebani administraciul<br />
procesSi, Jurnali `profesia advokati~, 2007 wlis #2, gv. 32.<br />
91
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
24<br />
praqtikuli rekomendaciebi administraciuli saproceso samarTlis<br />
sakiTxebze magistrati mosamarTlisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 19.<br />
25 Òóìàíîâ Ë.Â., Âëàäèìèðîâà È.À., Âëàäèìèðîâà Ñ.À., Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëúíîå ïðàâî,<br />
Ì., 2009, ñòð. 26.<br />
26<br />
saqarTvelos ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, 1964 wlis 26<br />
dekemberi.<br />
27 Ëåáåäåâ Ì.Þ., Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, Ì., 2009, ñòð. 34-35.<br />
28<br />
S. qurdaZe. samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva sasamarTloSi, meore gamocema,<br />
Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 90.<br />
29<br />
a. kobaxiZe, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, zogadi sakiTxebi, Tbilisi,<br />
2001, gv. 53-54.<br />
30 Áîííåð. À.Ò., Ïðàâîñóäèå êàê âèä ãîñóäîðñòâåííîè äåÿòåëúíîñòè, Ì., 1973, ñòð. 3.<br />
31 Áîííåð. À.Ò., Ïðèíöèï äèñïîçèòèâíîñòè ñîâåòñêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðîöåññóàëüíîãî<br />
ïðàâà, Ì., 1987, ñòð. 4.<br />
32<br />
1996 wlis 20 Tebervlis gadawyvetilebiT, saqmeSi "Vermelen v. Belgium",<br />
sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom SejibrebiTobis principi niSnavs, rom<br />
samarTalwarmoebis mxareebs hqondeT Sansi, icnobdnen da hqondeT<br />
komentarebis gakeTebis saSualeba saqmesTan dakavSirebul yvela<br />
mtkicebulebasTan mimarTebiT.<br />
33<br />
SejibrebiTobis principis gverdiT, arsebobda inkviziciurobis principi,<br />
inkviziciurobis procesma Tavisi klasikuri formiT arseboba Sewyvita<br />
jer kidev, me-19 saukuneSi. burJuaziul revolucias ar SeiZleboda ar<br />
emoqmeda marTlmsajulebis sistemaze. amis magaliTad gamodgeba<br />
safrangeTi, sadac me-18 saukunis revoluciis dros moxda seriozuli<br />
cvlilebebi davis ganxilvis procesSi. mravali axali principi iqna<br />
ulaparakod miRebuli franguli marTlmsajulebis mier: naficmsajulTa<br />
instituti, sasamarTlos winaSe yvelas Tanasworoba, magram werilobiTi<br />
procesidan zepirze gadasvlam gamoiwvia cxare diskusia. `isini<br />
fiqrobdnen, rom braldebulebs da maT megobrebs, advokatebs, mowmeebs ar<br />
ecodinebodaT visTvis miemarTaT da esminaT, rom isini ar daacdidnen<br />
erTmaneTs saubars, uwesrigod CaeWidebodnen faqtebs, aurevdnen maT~. maT<br />
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen zepiri procesis momxreebi:…toni, mowmis<br />
gamoxatva, misi Careva an rwmuneba, asjer metad aris gaJRenTili simarTliT,<br />
vidre pirobiTi da metafizikuri sityvebis ena~ (ix.: g. qiria, sasamarTlo<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa Teoriul-praqtikuli komentarebi saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, Tbilisi 2002, gv. 10-11).<br />
34<br />
Òóìàíîâà Ë.Â., Âëàäèìèðîâà È.À., Âëàäèìèðîâà Ñ.À., Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðîöåññóàëüíîå<br />
ïðàâî, Ïîä ðåä. Òóìàíîâîé Ë.Ä., Ì. 2009, ñòð. 27.<br />
35<br />
a. kobaxiZe, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, zogadi sakiTxebi,<br />
gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 42-44.<br />
<strong>36</strong><br />
a. liluaSvilis sadoqtori disertacia _ kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebiT damTavrebuli saqmeebis warmoebis ganaxleba, Tbilisi,<br />
2010, gv. 138.<br />
37<br />
n. xoferia, samZebro da SejibrebiTobis principebis Tanafardoba. Jurnali<br />
`samarTali~, 1996, #5-6, gv. 29<br />
38<br />
Rauscher, Munchener Kommentar zur Zivilprozessordnung. 3. Aufl., Band 1, 2008. Einl.,<br />
RdNr. 291. ff.<br />
39<br />
praqtikuli rekomendaciebi administraciul saproceso samarTlis<br />
sakiTxebze magistrati mosamarTlisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2010, gv. 20.<br />
40<br />
T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 85-86.<br />
41<br />
g. qiria, SejibrebiTobisa da inkviziciurobis procesebis ganviTarebis<br />
tendenciebi da maTi daaxloebis gzebi, Jurnali `cxovreba da samarTali~,<br />
1996, #2, gv. 25.<br />
42<br />
Ëåáåäåâ Ì. Þ., Ôðàíöèôîðîâ Þ. Â., Áàëàøîâ À. Í., Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ, Ì., 2009,<br />
ñòð. 23.<br />
43<br />
igulisxmeba saapelacio saCivris avtori.<br />
44<br />
T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 165-166.<br />
45<br />
m. wiqvaZe. warmomadgenloba samoqalaqo procesSi, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 24-25.<br />
92
46<br />
iqve. gv. 25. sqolio 13.<br />
47<br />
`advokatTa Sesaxeb~ 2001 wlis 20 ivnisis saqarTvelos kanoni.<br />
48<br />
advokatTa profesiuli eTikis kodeqsi, damtkicebulia saqarTvelos<br />
advokatTa asociaciis saerTo krebis mier, 2006 wlis 15 aprili.<br />
49<br />
f. basilaia. warmomadgenloba da dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, Jurnali<br />
`marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, 2009 wlis <strong>#1</strong>, gv. 12. sqolio 8.<br />
50<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 440-e muxlis Tanaxmad,<br />
pirebs, romlebsac ar gauvliaT advokatTa testireba da ar arian<br />
gawevrianebuli saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciaSi, ekrZalebaT<br />
warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba saapelacio da sakasacio<br />
instanciebis sasamarTloebSi, garda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organos,<br />
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos, organizaciebis TanamSromlebisa<br />
_ am organoebisa da organizaciebis saqmeebze.<br />
51<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 98-e muxli.<br />
52<br />
n. yurua, mxare samoqalaqo procesSi, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 148.<br />
53<br />
T. liluaSvili, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tbilisi,<br />
1992, gv. 63.<br />
54<br />
warmomadgenlobis SewyvetasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa,<br />
uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis sakiTxi, im SemTxvevaSi Tu igi ar aris<br />
advokati, magram aRniSnuli wesi 2009 wlis 24 seqtembers saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 440-e muxlSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis<br />
mixedviT, moqmedebs mxolod pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi. kerZod:<br />
pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari Tqvas im<br />
piris procesSi warmomadgenlad daSvebaze, romelic ar aris advokati, Tu<br />
miiCnevs, rom am ukanasknels ar gaaCnia sakmarisi monacemebi imisaTvis, rom<br />
warmoadginos mxare da daicvas misi uflebebi (muxli 97).<br />
warmomadgenlobasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 97-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad,<br />
ganCineba, romliTac uari eTqmeboda pirs warmomadgenlad daSvebaze ar<br />
gasaCivrdeboda, Tumca, aRniSnuli norma saqarTvelos sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 16 Tebervlis <strong>#1</strong>/1/186 gadawyvetilebiT,<br />
Zaladakargulad iqna gamocxadebuli. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb, sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom im ganCinebis gasaCivrebis akrZalva, romliTac<br />
sasamarTlo procesSi ar daiSveba warmomadgenlad daniSnuli advokatis<br />
statusis armqone piri, erTgvarad izRudeba agreTve, Sesabamisi mxaris<br />
samoqalaqo saproceso qmedunarianoba. aseT viTarebaSi araa gamoricxuli,<br />
rom mas mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi waerTvas, usafuZvlod aRekveTos<br />
SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 81-e muxlis<br />
pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba _ `daavalos saqmis warmoeba<br />
warmomadgenels.~ SezRuduli materialur SesaZleblobaTa gamo, mxare<br />
araiSviaTad uars ambobs advokatis ayvanaze da warmomadgenlad Tavis<br />
axlobels, naTesavs niSnavs, rac urTierTdaxmarebisa da Tanadgomis<br />
qarTuli istoriuli tradiciis Taviseburi gamoxatulebaa. aseTi piris<br />
warmomadgenlad daSvebaze usafuZvlod uaris Tqmisa da saTanado<br />
ganCinebis gasaCivrebis akrZalvis Sedegad, SeiZleba Sesabamisi mxare<br />
aRmoCndes araTanaswor pirobebSi. sadavo normasTan mimarTebiT,<br />
sasamarTlo kolegia iTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo marTlmsajulebis<br />
ganxorcielebis ZiriTad debulebebs, rogoricaa, kerZod, dispoziciuroba<br />
da SejibrebiToba. samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis prinipebis Sesabamisad,<br />
uzrunvelyofili unda iyos mxaris ufleba, rom sasamarTloSi saqme<br />
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amitomac, sasamarTlos ganCinebaze advokatis statusis armqone piris<br />
warmomadgenlad daSvebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb unda SeiZlebodes kerZo<br />
saCivris Setana. amiT mxares eqmneba aseTi ganCinebis gasaCivrebis ufleba<br />
Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebisagan gancalkavebiT da mis gamotanamde. es<br />
iqneba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis im principis<br />
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marTlmsajuleba<br />
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saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 97-e muxlis me-2 nawili<br />
Camoyalibda axali redaqciiT, sadac aRniSnulia, rom sasamarTlos<br />
ganCinebaze im piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic ar aris advokati, SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana (ix.:<br />
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59<br />
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63.<br />
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96
FILING OF AN APPEAL<br />
ANALYSIS OF ARTICLE <strong>36</strong>4 OF THE GEORGIAN<br />
CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE<br />
ROBINZON KHURTSILAVA<br />
PhD in Law,<br />
Associated Professor at Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University<br />
Protection of human rights under judicial procedure is guaranteed by<br />
universally recognized principles and norms of international law. The right to<br />
seek the defence of one’s interests in court is a guarantee for exercising all other<br />
rights and freedoms and it is an obligation of the state to protect them.<br />
In case of material-legal dispute between the parties, the first instance court<br />
makes a decision, but it is not final and it is possible to appeal against it in the<br />
Appeal Court. To appeal against the decision is a right of parties and not the<br />
obligation. Application of a right is expressed in a procedural legal disposition.<br />
It is characteristic of appeal proceedings to have such important principles as<br />
dispositionality, adversarial proceedings, etc. The indicated principles have a<br />
significant importance for finding the objective truth on the case. Without them it<br />
is impossible to have case proceedings on the basis of an appeal. A party may<br />
appeal against the first instance court decision on the grounds of the dispositionality<br />
principle and define the type of appeal – full or partial.<br />
Therefore, interpretation of Article <strong>36</strong>4 of the Georgian Civil Procedure Code<br />
is essentially important, as the right to appeal against the first instance court<br />
decision is granted only to the parties and the third persons having independent<br />
claims regarding the case, whereas other persons involved in the case are not<br />
authorized to appeal against the first instance court decisions.<br />
97
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
sabWoTa da postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi piradi (ojaxuri)<br />
cxovrebis sferoSi avtonomiurobis moipoveba rogorc sayofacxovrebo<br />
doneze, ise saxelmwifos mxridan, gadaulaxav<br />
problemad iqca. saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxliT deklarirebuli<br />
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba da am<br />
uflebiT sargeblobaze uflebamosili moqalaqeebi sxvadasxva<br />
ganzomilebaSi varsebobT. is, rom mosaxleobis umetesobas aqvs<br />
legitimuri eWvi, rom satelevizio resiverebis saSualebiT<br />
kontrolirdeba misi politikuri simpaTiebi, internetiT misi<br />
mimowera da sjera, rom saxelmwifos `yovlismxedveli~ Tvali<br />
utifrad akvirdeba saZinebelsa da samzareuloSi, gvafiqrebinebs<br />
(miuxedavad imisa, safuZvels moklebulia Tu ara aseTi Si-<br />
Sebi), rom yvela xelisuflebisaTvis, romelsac Cven didi imedebiT<br />
virCevT da ukiduresi imedgacruebebiT gadavirCevT,<br />
umniSvnelo da uinteresoa imis gacnobiereba, rom adamianTa<br />
emociebis pativiscemam didi xania gamoiwvia piradi xelSeuxeblobis<br />
CarCoebis gafarToeba, is gascda mxolod fizikur (sxeulis)<br />
xelSeuxeblobis sazRvrebs da dResdReobiT, masSi moiazreba<br />
reputacia, statusi, intensiuri inteleqtualuri da emociuri<br />
cxovreba. civilizaciam adamianebi miaxvedra, rom tkivili,<br />
siamovneba, grZnobebi mxolod fizikur sagnebTan ar aris<br />
dakavSirebuli da amitom azrebi, SegrZenebebi da emociebi saWiroeben<br />
samarTlebriv aRiarebas. 1<br />
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT 1995-<br />
2000 wlebSi saqarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo muSaoba mTlianad<br />
orientirebuli iyo adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis<br />
dacvisaken mimarTul kanonSemoqmedebaze. am periods ukavSirsaqarTvelos<br />
moqalaqeTa piradi<br />
cxovreba globalur<br />
eleqtronul sivrceSi<br />
Tea SayulaSvili<br />
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti,<br />
sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis<br />
mimarTulebis asistent-profesori<br />
98
deba iseTi mniSvnelovani kanonebis miReba, rogoricaa saqarTvelos konstitucia (1995 w.),<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo da samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsebi (1997 w.), saqarTvelos sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi (1998 w.), saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlisa da zogadi administraciuli<br />
kodeqsebi (1999 w.). am da sxva kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli piradi cxovrebis, piradi<br />
(ojaxuri) saidumlos dacvis meqanizmebi ar Camouvardeboda im droisaTvis msoflioSi arsebul<br />
standartebs, ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze ki, am mimarTulebiT sruli stagnaciaa. axalma<br />
kanonebma Tu arsebulSi Setanilma cvlilebebma, samarTlis yvela sferoSi gaabatona sajaro<br />
interesi da sruliad daucveli datova adamiani.<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba deklarirebulia<br />
konstituciis me-20 muxlSi. `yoveli adamianis piradi cxovreba, piradi saqmianobis adgili,<br />
piradi Canaweri, mimowera, saubari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualebebiT, agreTve,<br />
teqnikuri saSualebebiT miRebuli Setyobinebebi xelSeuxebelia... aravis ara aqvs ufleba, Sevides<br />
sacxovrebel binaSi an sxva mflobelobaSi mflobeli piris nebis sawinaaRmdegod.~ konstituciuri<br />
debulebebis analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom uSualod CamoTvlilis garda,<br />
am muxliT daculia socialur-samarTlebriv sikeTeTa gacilebiT farTo speqtri, romelTa<br />
erToblioba qmnis calkeuli adamianebis pirad cxovrebas da romlis dacvis meqamizmebic<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli da srulyofili unda iyos dargobrivi kanonmdeblobiT.<br />
gansxvavebul suraTs gvaZlevs am uflebis realizebisaTvis arsebuli sakanonmdeblo baza<br />
da arsebuli praqtika. upirvelesad, gvinda yuradReba gavamaxviloT personaluri informaciis<br />
mimoqcevis reJimis maregulirebel kanonmdeblobaze.<br />
sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval gamartivda da SemaSfoTebeli<br />
saxe miiRo TiToeuli adamianis pirad da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze informaciis<br />
Segrovebis, damuSavebis, Senaxvis da miwodebis tendenciam, ramac dRis wesrigSi daayena aseTi<br />
informaciis mimoqcevis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis Seqmna da am saxis informaciisaTvis<br />
dacvis gansakuTrebuli reJimis daweseba.<br />
1972 wels, aSS-is prezidentis _ riCard niqsonis mrCevelma jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da socuzrunvelyofis<br />
sakiTxebSi, eliot riCardsonma Seqmna komisia, romelmac Seiswavla kompiuteruli<br />
teqnologiebis zemoqmedeba privatulobaze. ramdenimewliani muSaobis Semdeg, komisia<br />
mivida daskvnamde, rom adamianTa piradi cxovreba realuri safrTxis winaSe dgeboda da 1973<br />
wels gamosca daskvna _ informaciis samarTlianad gamoyenebis kodeqsi, romelic xuT princips<br />
eyrdnoboda:<br />
1. ar SeiZleba arsebobdes personaluri monacemebis Semkrebi gasaidumloebuli sistema;<br />
2. TiToeul adamians unda hqondes SesaZlebloba gaakontrolos, ra informacia inaxeba mis<br />
Sesaxeb da risTvis xdeba misi gamoyeneba;<br />
3. TiToeul adamians unda hqondes SesaZlebloba, ar dauSvas mis Sesaxeb erTi miznisTvis Sekrebili<br />
informaciis gamoyeneba sxva mizniT;<br />
4. TiToeul adamians unda SeeZlos mis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis koreqtireba;<br />
5. TiToeulma organizaciam, romelic flobs informacias personaluri monacemebis Sesaxeb,<br />
unda uzrunvelyos am monacemebis gamoyeneba mxolod im miznisaTvis, risTvisac is Sekriba<br />
da miiRos yvela zoma sxva daniSnulebiT maTi gamoyenebis aRsakveTad. 2<br />
aRniSnulma daskvnam didi gamoxmaureba hpova evropaSi da masSi Camoyalibebuli principebi<br />
safuZvlad daedo evropuli qveynebis Sesabamisi sferos maregulirebel kanonmdeblobebs.<br />
pirveli aseTi specialuri kanoni 1974 wels, germaniaSi (hesenis miwa) iqna miRebuli, mogvianebiT<br />
99
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
ki, safrangeTSi (1978 wels) da israelSi (1981 wels). gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan, personaluri<br />
monacemebis mimoqcevaze kontrolis problema gascda calkeuli qveynebis farglebs da<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis msjelobis sagnad iqca.<br />
1981 wlis 28 ianvars, strasburgSi, evropis sabWom miiRo konvencia `personaluri monacemebis<br />
avtomaturi damuSavebisas fizikuri pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb~. aRniSnuli konvenciiT, personaluri<br />
monacemebis dacva miCneulia moqalaqeTa piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebis realizaciis<br />
garantiad. mogvianebiT, 2003 wlis 4 dekembers, ZiriTadi uflebebis Sesaxeb evropis<br />
kavSiris qartiiT, personaluri monacemebis dacvis ufleba damoukidebel fundamentur uflebad<br />
iqna aRiarebuli.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo evropis sabWos konvencias jer kidev, 2005 wels SeuerTda,<br />
ukanasknel periodamde, personaluri monacemebis damuSaveba da mimoqceva qveyanaSi zogadi administraciuli<br />
kodeqsis safuZvelze xorcieldeboda. specialuri kanoni mxolod 2011 wlis dekemberSi<br />
iqna miRebuli. Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens kanonis safuZlviani ganxilva, magram yuradReba<br />
unda gavamaxviloT ramdenime sakiTxze, rac kargad aCvenebs upasuxismgeblo da gulgril damokidebulebas<br />
sakuTar moqalaqeTa pirad cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT. aRniSnuli problemebisadmi<br />
kanonSemoqmedis zerele midgoma terminTa ganmartebaSive igrZnoba. kerZod, ar aris axsnili,<br />
ras niSnavs personalur monacemTa gavrceleba da gamoyeneba. es umniSvnelovanesi moqmedebebi,<br />
uwyebaTa Soris personaluri informaciis (maT Soris, specialuris) mimoqcevas, gansajaroebas<br />
an/da mesame pirebisaTvis miwodebas gulisxmobs. mometebuli safrTxis Semcvelobis gamo,<br />
vfiqrobT, aucilebelia maTi individualurad ganmarteba da kanonSi zusti definiciis Camoyalibeba.<br />
kanonmdebelma ki, isini `monacemTa damuSavebaSi~ moaqcia, riTac Tavidan aicila maTi<br />
ganxorcielebisaTvis kanonSi damatebiTi damcavi meqanizmebis gaTvaliswinebis aucilebloba.<br />
kanonis me-3 muxlis analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs daskvnisaTvis, rom dRes adamianis personaluri<br />
monacemebis Segrovebis, Senaxvisa da damuSavebis uflebamosileba aqvs yvelas _ saxelmwifo<br />
organoebidan da kerZo organizaciebidan dawyebuli, fizikuri piriT damTavrebuli. Tavisi<br />
mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, am kanoniT dacvis sferoSi moqceulia pirTa ganusazRvrelad didi<br />
wre. ar arsebobs metnaklebad aqtiuri adamiani, romlis Sesaxebac personalur informacias ar<br />
flobdes romelime kerZo an sajaro uwyeba (aseTi monacemebi ikribeba sapensio, saxelfaso, samgzavro<br />
baraTis damzadebisas, dazRvevis, piradobis mowmobis, pasportis misaRebad). dainteresebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, `Cveulebrivi mokvdavisaTvis~ gaugebari iqneba kanonis moqmedebis farglebi,<br />
kerZod, Tu vin an romeli organizacia SeiZleba flobdes mis Sesaxeb personalur informacias.<br />
kanonis me-3 muxlis gasagebad sainformacio teqnologiebis samomxmareblo doneze floba sakmarisi<br />
aSkarad ar aris, rac zRudavs piris kanonier uflebas, martivad gaigos da survilis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovos mis Sesaxeb ama Tu im saxelmwifo an kerZo organizaciaSi arsebuli personaluri<br />
informacia. amasTan, kanoniT saxelmwifo kontrols eqvemdebareba personaluri monacemebis<br />
fizikuri piris mier profesiuli da samewarmeo interesisaTvis araavtomatizebuli (xeliT)<br />
wesiT damuSaveba (moZieba, gaanalizeba) da maTi sistematizebuli saxiT (siis, karTotekis,<br />
saqmis) Senaxva im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac es informacia ar aris gankuTvnili sxva pirebisaTvis<br />
warsadgenad. ufro naTlad rom warmovidginoT, saxelmwifo kontrols awesebs informaciaze,<br />
romelsac flobs. magaliTad, maswavlebeli, romelic mSoblebis TanxmobiT, mis mier SemuSavebuli<br />
wesiT, wlebis ganmavlobaSi akvirdeba, swavlobs, akeTebs Canawerebs da sabolood, daskvnebs<br />
vTqvaT, hiperaqtiur moswavleebTan dakavSirebiT; fsiqologiaze, romelic imave wesiT swavlobs<br />
mozardTa problemebs da a.S. vfiqrobT, kontrolis daweseba pirTa am wreze aSkarad zedmetia<br />
da kanonis mizans piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis, piradi da ojaxuri garemos saidumlos<br />
dacvas ki ara, swored TiToeulis kontrolis interess emsaxureba.<br />
100
kanoniT nebadarTulia piris mimarT nebismieri xasiaTis informaciis damuSaveba, rogorc<br />
martivad maidentificirebadi (saxeli, gvari, misamarTi, telefonis nomeri, piradi nomeri), ise<br />
biometriuli (TiTis anabeWdi, dnm kodi, baduris garsis an gugis gamosaxuleba da sxv.) da<br />
specialuri (religiuri mrwamsi, politikuri Sexedulebebi, seqsualuri orientacia, Cvevebi,<br />
midrekilebebi). amasTan, subieqtis Tanxmobis gareSe monacemTa damuSaveba SeiZleba moxdes<br />
nebismieri safuZvliT, romelic dammuSavebels azrad mouva, risTvisac karg safuZvels qmnis<br />
kanonis me-5 muxli (magaliTad, mesame piris interesebis dasacavad, mniSvnelovani sajaro interesis<br />
dasacavad.). specialuri monacemebi, es aris piradi an ojaxuri cxovrebis saidumlos<br />
mikuTvnebuli informacia, romelic mimoqcevis gansakuTrebul reJims eqvemdebareba da iseTi<br />
SefasebiTi kategoriis safuZvelze rogoric `sajaro interesia~ misi damuSaveba dauSvebelia,<br />
miT umetes, rom evropis sabWos konvenciis me-7 muxli (rogorc saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, kanonis<br />
zemdgomi aqtia) pirdapir moiTxovs, rom specialuri monacemebis damuSaveba daSvebuli iqnas<br />
mxolod zustad gansazRvruli kanonieri miznisaTvis da ara raRac abstraqtuli, `sajaro<br />
interesisaTvis.~<br />
rom ara xelisuflebis survili, `mniSvnelovani sajaro interesis~ qolgis qveS moaqcios<br />
nebismieri informacia, rac saSualebas miscems konkretul momentSi survilisamebr gamoiyenos<br />
is, martivad iyo SesaZlebeli am interesebis dakonkreteba. klasikuri gagebiT mniSvnelovan<br />
sajaro interess warmoadgens danaSaulis prevencia, gamoZieba, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba,<br />
qveynis konstituciuri wyobisa da usafrTxoebis dacva, rac, survilis SemTxvevaSi, imperatiulad<br />
SeiZleba aisaxos kanonSi (magaliTad, litvis 1996 wlis 11 ivlisis kanoniT `piradi<br />
monacemebis dacvis Sesaxeb~, aseTi monacemebis damuSaveba daiSveba danaSaulis an sxva marTlsawinaaRmdego<br />
qmedebis aRsakveTad an gamosaZieblad, saqmis sasamarTloSi gansaxilvelad (muxli<br />
5); germaniis 1990 wlis 3 oqtombris `monacemTa dacvis~ federaluri kanonis me-13 muxliT,<br />
specialuri kategoriis monacemebis damuSaveba daiSveba swored sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis<br />
xelyofis Tavidan asacileblad, gadaudebel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gadasarCenad,<br />
federaciis saxelmwifo organoebis mier Tavdacvis konkretuli miznebis, zenacionaluri an<br />
saxelmwifoTaSorisi valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad, krizisebis samarTavad, konfliqtebis<br />
SesaCereblad an sxva humanuri miznebisaTvis).<br />
daskvnisaTvis SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom `personalur monacemTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
kanonis SemuSavebisa da miRebisas saxelmwifom cota ifiqra mizanze _ piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis<br />
dacvaze da kanonis moqmedebis sferos gafarToebis, daukonkretebeli safuZvliT<br />
personaluri, maT Soris, specialuri monacemebis damuSavebis daSvebis gziT bevri gaakeTa sajaro<br />
interesebisaTvis, riTac is Tavad gaxda arsebiTi safrTxe moqalaqeTa piradi cxovrebisaTvis.<br />
rodesac 1974 wels, frangi gamomgonebeli roland moreno smart-baraTis ideas apatentebda,<br />
Znelad Tu warmoidgenda, rom sul ociode wlis Semdeg misi es gamogoneba Seexeboda da Secvlida<br />
msoflios yvela moqalaqis cxovrebas ganurCevlad misi statusisa, religiuri mrwamsisa, eTnikuri<br />
da rasobrivi kuTvnilebisa da socialuri mdgomareobisa. ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze,<br />
mTels msoflioSi ar cxreba kamaTi da vnebaTaRelva biometriuli pasportebisa da IDD baraTebis<br />
garSemo. 2001 wlis 11 seqtemberma bevri ram Secvala moqalaqeTa piradi cxovrebis sazianod.<br />
terorizmTan efeqtiani brZolis warmoebis gzebis Ziebam Zalauneburad gamoiwvia xelisuflebaTa<br />
mxridan adamianebis privatuli sferos SezRudva. tragediis Semdeg, amerikis SeerTebulma<br />
Statebma megobari da Tanamoazre saxelmwifoebisagan nacionalur sivrceSi biometriuli sapasporto<br />
da samgzavro dokumentebis danergva moiTxova da gancxada, rom aseTi tipis pasportis<br />
gareSe, yvelas SeezRudeboda mimosvla aSS-Si. mravalwliani muSaobisa da ganxilvis Semdeg,<br />
101
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
2003 wels saerTaSoriso organizacia ICAO-m SeimuSava "Blueprint"-is saxelwodebiT cnobili<br />
rekomendaciebi, romelic samgzavro dokumentebSi eleqtronuli saSualebebiT wakiTxvadi,<br />
adamianis ucvleli parametrebis datanas iTvaliswinebda. rekomendaciebis niadagze, 2004 wlis<br />
13 dekembers, evrokavSiris sabWom miiRo #2252/2004 reglamenti, romlis ZaliTac evrokavSirsa<br />
da masTan asocirebul qveynebSi mimosvla mxolod am saxis pasportebiTa da samgzavro dokumentebiT<br />
aris SesaZlebeli, xolo rac Seexeba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv teritoriaze gadaadgilebisaTvis<br />
saWiro dokumentebs, maTze raime saerTaSoriso standartebi da moTxovnilebebi ar<br />
vrceldeba. evropa, romelic Znelad da garkveuli zewolis Sedegad daTanxmda biometriuli<br />
saerTaSoriso mimosvlis dokumentebis aucileblobas, Seuvali aRmoCnda analogiuri sistemis<br />
Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze danergvasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
farTod reklamirebuli sikeTeebi, rom eleqtronuli mowmoba aadvilebs cxovrebas, rom masze<br />
datanili eleqtronuli xelmoweriT saxlidan gausvlelad aris SesaZlebeli angariSis gaxsna,<br />
registraciis gavla, notariuli damowmeba, qonebisa da organizaciis registracia, registraciidan<br />
moxsna, registraciis adgilis Secvla, gadasaxadebis gadaxda; aseve, is SeiZleba gamoyenebuli<br />
iyos, rogorc eleqtronuli safule, samgzavro, samsaxurebrivi, dazRvevis an dagrovebis<br />
baraTi, romlebsac cal-calke Cvens `Cveulebriv safuleebSi~ adgilis mniSvnelovani nawili<br />
uWiravT, sakmarisi argumenti ar aRmoCnda adamianebisaTvis, romlebic mixvdnen, rom am erTaderTi<br />
baraTiT komfortis miRweva sinamdvileSi niSnavs, rom viRacas SeuZlia erTi sainformacio<br />
bazidan gaigos, rodis da ra saxis garigeba dadeT notariul biuroSi, ra CivilebiT mimarTeT<br />
eqims, romel maRazias stumrobdiT da ra saxis SenaZeni gaakeTeT, sad waxvediT da romeli<br />
sastumro SearCieT dasvenebis dReebSi, sad cxovrobT dRes, rodis gayideT an iyideT uZravmoZravi<br />
qoneba, ramdens Seadgens Tqveni krediti da xelfasi da yvela sxva informacia, romelic<br />
Cveulebriv pirobebSi ojaxuri an piradi cxovrebis saidumlos warmoadgens. swored am mizeziT<br />
(rom aRaraferi vTqvaT religiur mosazrebebze, ramac msoflioSi milionobiT adamianis protesti<br />
gamoiwvia) ID baraTebze uari Tqva safrangeTma, germaniam, saberZneTma, inglisma, ukrainam,<br />
ruseTma da belorusma.<br />
saxelmwifos, represiuli bunebisaTvis ucxoa TiToeuli adamianis „erTaderT da ganumeorebel~<br />
egzemplarad ganxilva, samwuxarod, moqalaqe misTvis iyo da rCeba „empiriulad da statistikurad<br />
saSualod~, 3 xolo misi emociebi mxolod faqtobriv SegrZnebebad, ris gamoc saxelmwifo<br />
yovelTvis mzadaa sazogadoebis mxridan winaaRmdegobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, airCios moqalaqeTa<br />
marTvis umartivesi gza, maTi piradi cxovrebis kontrolis saSualebiT.<br />
yvela dokumentis `Cipizaciisa~ da totaluri eleqtronuli kontrolis winaaRmdeg mimar-<br />
Tulma aqtiurma kampaniebma mraval qveyanaSi `moToka~ xelisuflebis survili _ erT serverze<br />
moeyara Tavi moqalaqeTa piradi cxovrebisa da saqmianobisaTvis. aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi<br />
winaaRmdegobis gamo 2011 wlis 3 dekembers, ukrainis prezidentma veto daado `piradobis mowmobisa<br />
da ukrainis moqalaqeobis damadasturebeli dokumentebis Sesaxeb~ kanons, romelic Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
dokumentebis eleqtronul formaze gadasvlas iTvaliswinebda, 4 inglisis premier-ministrma<br />
devid kemeronma ki, pirdapir ganacxada, rom pirovnebis identifikaciisaTvis<br />
ar aris savaldebulo mis Sesaxeb informacia sajaro iyos mTeli msofliosaTvis. 5<br />
gansakuTrebiT, uaryofiTad Sexvda ID baraTebis danergvas marTlmadidebluri samyaro.<br />
sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis ganxilvisas, bevrma postsabWoTa qveynis xelisuflebam (moldova,<br />
ukraina, ruseTi, belorusia) gaiTvaliswina mrevlisa da eklesiis Txovna da eleqtronuli piradobis<br />
mowmobis aReba da am gziT sakuTari cxovrebis gamartiveba moqalaqis survilze datova.<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris sasargeblod sakiTxis gadawyvetas xels uwyobs isic, rom evrosabWos<br />
qveynebisaTvis ar arsebobs aranairi valdebuleba eleqtronuli personaluri saidentifikacio<br />
dokumentebis valdebulebis Sesaxeb.<br />
102
sapatriarqos wminda sinodis 2012 wlis 5 ivlisis sxdomis oqmiT, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas<br />
eTxova sazogadoebrivi azris gaTvaliswineba da alternatiuli piradobis damadasturebeli<br />
saSualebebis daSveba. rekomendaciis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris 2011 wlis<br />
27 ivlisis #98 brZanebis safuZvelze, saqarTveloSi piradobis (binadrobis) damadasturebeli<br />
mowmobis erTaderT formad dRemde ID baraTi rCeba. (arsebulis _ uCipo piradobis mowmobis<br />
dakargvis, vadis gasvlis an gafuWebis SemTxvevaSi, moqalaqe Semcvlelad mxolod eleqtronul<br />
piradobis mowmobas miiRebs da Zveli piradobis mowmoba am wesiT amova xmarebidan). aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom `saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa da saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoelTa registraciis, piradobis<br />
(binadrobis) mowmobisa da saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa pasportebis gacemis wesis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi<br />
cvlilebebis Setanisas (06.07.2010; 26.06.2011), savaraudod, kanonmdebeli fiqrobda, rom eleqtronuli<br />
piradobis mowmobis floba moqalaqeTaTvis ara valdebuleba, aramed SesaZlebloba<br />
yofiliyo. kanonis me-14 muxlis me-4 da 41-e punqtSi vkiTxulobT, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqis<br />
piradobis mowmoba SeiZleba Seicavdes eleqtronul matarebels da cifruli xelmoweris sertifikats,<br />
rac niSnavs, rom aseTs is SeiZleba arc Seicavdes. amdenad zogadad, kanoni iTvaliswinebs<br />
ori saxis mowmobis arsebobas, saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris 2011 wlis 27 ivlisis<br />
#98 brZanebiT ki, uflebamosilma teritoriulma samsaxurebma SeiZleba gascen mxolod piradobis<br />
(binadrobis) eleqtronuli mowmoba (muxli. 25). brZaneba imperatiulad Seicavs mavaldebulebel<br />
normebs. aRniSnuli, upirvelesad, SeusabamobaSia kanonTan, romlis safuZvelzec<br />
brZaneba gamoica. amasTan, eleqtronul piradobis mowmobaze sajaro personaluri monacemebis<br />
garda, dasatan sxva damatebiT monacemebs, brZanebiT gansazRvravs iusticiis ministri (muxli.<br />
25), rac ra Tqma unda, zRudavs sajaroobasa da transfarentulobas aseTi monacemebis nusxis<br />
dadgenisas. yovelgvari msjelobis gareSe (romelic sakanonmdeblo iniciativas axlavs), erTi<br />
piris gadawyvetilebiT, piradobis eleqtronul mowmobaze SeiZleba mflobelis survilis<br />
miuxedavad, gadavides nebismieri informacia, romelic mis pirad (ojaxuri) cxovrebis saidumlos<br />
warmoadgens, Tumca, aadvilebs mis identificirebas (magaliTad, informacia nasamarTleobis<br />
Sesaxeb, sakredito valdebulebebis Sesaxeb, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis, socialuri<br />
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. erTi sityviT, yvelaferi, rasac ki, konkretuli Tanamdebobis piri gadawyvets<br />
da rac saxelmwifos TiToeuli adamianis piradi cxovrebis kontrols gauadvilebs).<br />
eleqtronuli piradobis mowmobis flobis iZuleba erTdroulad xelyofs mflobelis piradi<br />
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs: 1. rwmenis Tavisuflebas (iseTi maidentificirebeli atributis<br />
flobis valdebulebiT, romelic winaaRmdegobaSi modis mis religiur SexedulebebTan);<br />
2. informaciuli TviTidentifikaciis uflebas (rac gulisxmobs, Tavad gadawyvitos sajaro<br />
personaluri monacemebis garda (saxeli, gvari, registraciis adgili), romeli maidentificirebeli<br />
informacia gaxados xelmisawvdomi).<br />
Tanamedrove saSualebebis miuxedavad, eleqtronul baraTze datanili informaciis dacva<br />
rTulia. evropulma komisiam araerTgzis aRniSna, rom ID Cipis wakiTxvisas susti kriptografis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, specialuri programis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia farulad, mesame piris mier am<br />
informaciis moparva 6 . swored am da sxva mravali faqtoris gamo, demokratiuli samyaro didi<br />
sifrTxiliT ekideba `eleqtronuli iusticiis~ sayovelTaobas da cdilobs, SeunarCunos avtonomiurobis<br />
ufleba sakuTar moqalaqeebs. ratom aRmoCnda qarTuli kanonmdebloba `romis papze<br />
meti kaTolike?~ ra interesi SeiZleba hqondes xelisuflebas eleqtronuli sivrcis gamoyenebiT<br />
`iZulebiT gauadvilos~ cxovreba sakuTar moqalaqeebs? gamoricxuli ar aris es saukeTeso<br />
survilebiTac iyos nakarnaxevi, Tumca, dafiqrebis safuZvels namdvilad iZleva sajaro samsaxurebsa<br />
Tu kerZo seqtorSi aTasobiT adamianisaTvis erTdroulad axali piradobis mowmobebis<br />
damzadebis iZulebis praqtika. amitom, Cndeba legitimuri eWvi, rom qarTuli iusticiis<br />
103
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Tavsmoxveuli momsaxureba _ `ID saxlSi mitaniT~ _ sxva araferia, Tu ara TiToeuli moqalaqis<br />
kontrolis damatebiTi meqanizmi.<br />
sainformacio-sakomunikacio sferoSi arsebuli miRwevebiT tkbobisagan gamosuli Tanamedrove<br />
msoflio sul ufro meti gulmodginebiT cdilobs SeaCeros am teqnologiebiT gamowveuli<br />
privatulobisa da sxva piradi uflebebis Seuqcevadi erozia, Tu Cven vTanxmdebiT cxovrebis<br />
gamartivebas ID baraTiT an nebismieri sxva eleqtronuli identifikatoriT, maSin unda vacnobierebdeT<br />
da veguebodeT im azrs, rom informacia Cvens SenaZenze, gadaadgilebaze, janmrTelobaze<br />
da sxva mraval pirad sakiTxze, „samudamod darCeba monacemTa globalur bazaSi, romlis<br />
gamoyenebis kontrolic Cven ar SegviZlia~. es erTi SexedviT, komforti Tu cxovrebis gaadvileba<br />
Zalian hgavs „faustis garigebas~, 7 romelzec Tanxmoba yvelam gacnobierebulad da individualurad<br />
unda gaakeTos da „am garigebaSi~ saxelmwifos interesi sruliad uadgiloa.<br />
`personalur monacemTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis miznebidan gamomdinare, upirvelesad,<br />
unda gamartivdes da advilad gasagebi gaxdes TviT kanoni. me-5 muxlSi detalurad unda<br />
dakonkretdes, ras niSnavs abstraqtuli sajaro interesi; kanonis gavrcelebis sferodan amo-<br />
Rebuli unda iqnas Tavisufali, profesiuli saqmianobisaTvis araavtomatizirebuli gziT damu-<br />
Savebuli personaluri monacemebis kontrolis dasaSveboba (Tu aseTi Segroveba miznad ar isaxavs<br />
maT gavrcelebas an gansajaroebas).<br />
`saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa da saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoelTa registraciis, piradobis<br />
(binadrobis) mowmobisa da saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa pasportebis gacemis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
kanonTan SesabamisobaSi unda movides saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris 2011 wlis 27 ivlisis<br />
#98-e brZaneba. ra Tqma unda, eleqtronuli piradobis mowmobebiT sakuTari cxovrebis gamartiveba<br />
unda iyos moqalaqis arCevani da ara valdebuleba, rac sabolood, xels Seuwyobs konstituciis<br />
umniSvnelovanesi principis _ piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis dacvas.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
Warren and Brandeis “The Right to Privacy” http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/privacy/Privacy_brand_warr2.html<br />
2 Ñèìñîí Ãàðôèíêåëü, Âñå ïîä êîíòðîëåì - êòî è êàê ñëåäèò çà òîáîé, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2004,<br />
C. 24.<br />
3<br />
Robert C., Post The Social Foundations of Privacy: Community and Self in the Common Law<br />
Tort www.law.upenn.edu/journals/lawreview/articles/volume154/issue3/Solove154U.Pa.L.Rev.<br />
477(2006).pdf. p. 957.<br />
4<br />
http://www.zavtra.com.ua/news/1/271738/<br />
5<br />
http://giorgibenashvili.wordpress.com/2011/12/05/id_card/<br />
6<br />
TinaTin erqvania, ID baraTis da biometriuli pasportis alternatiulobis fenomeni http://www.liberali.ge/<br />
ge/liberali/articles/112116/<br />
7<br />
Ñèìñîí Ãàðôèíêåëü, Âñå ïîä êîíòðîëåì - êòî è êàê ñëåäèò çà òîáîé, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 2004,<br />
C. 13.<br />
104
PRIVACY OF CITIZENS OF<br />
GEORGIA IN THE GLOBAL<br />
ELECTRONIC SPACE<br />
THEA SHAKULASHVILI<br />
PhD Student at Georgian Technical University,<br />
Assistant Professor of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Unit<br />
As early as in 1890, famous American lawyers Samuel Warren and Louis<br />
Brandeis(they were still young at that time)wrote in the essay “Right to Privacy”<br />
that was published in Harvard Law Review that each individual is entitled to<br />
control the information on himself to the same extent as his private property.<br />
Nowadays, control of the flow of private information (collection, processing<br />
and application of personal data) is one of the major and the most important<br />
component of the constitutional right to privacy. Quick development of information<br />
and communication technologies has put certain individuals as well as legislators<br />
of democratic countries before a difficult dilemma starting from the 70s and 80s<br />
of the last century – how to apply the recent technological achievement in a way<br />
that to create less problems for people’s privacy.<br />
Collection and processing of information on citizens’ personal and public<br />
activities, keeping the information in electronic databases and the tendency of<br />
their provision to interested parties in case of their interest, which undoubtedly<br />
renders a priceless service to state bodies and employers, has put drafting of<br />
legislation regulating the information flow and establishment of a special protection<br />
regime for such informationon the agenda.<br />
On January 28, 1981 the Council of Europe in Strasbourg has adopted the<br />
“Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing<br />
of Personal Data”. Georgia joined this convention in 2005 and on December 28,<br />
2011 the Parliament adopted the law on “Personal Data Protection” which, in our<br />
opinion, should be significantly amended in order to meet the goal listed in its<br />
very first article about the protection of privacy.<br />
105
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
uZravi nivTis cnebis da<br />
uZrav nivTze<br />
sakuTrebis uflebis<br />
problematika qarTul<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
revaz miqaberiZe<br />
iuristi<br />
sakuTreba, rogorc adamianis erT-erTi fundamenturi ufleba,<br />
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda da asrulebs adamianis<br />
cxovrebaSi. miuxedavad kerZo sakuTrebis, rogorc samarTlis<br />
institutis ramdenime saukunovani arsebobisa, dRemde ar wydeba<br />
diskusiebi sakuTrebis/sakuTrebis uflebis ganmartebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. Tanamedrove samarTlis mecnierebaSi sakuTrebaSi<br />
ganasaxvaveben sakuTrebis cnebas da sakuTrebis Sinaars. sakuTrebis<br />
cneba ucvlelia, xolo Sinaarsi icvleba arsebuli sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri<br />
viTarebis da marTlwesrigis mixedviT. 1<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kerZo sakuTrebis cneba, kerZo sakuTrebis<br />
idea, zesamarTlebrivi fenomenia, radgan igi liberaluri filosofiis<br />
produqtia, xolo misi Sinaarsis ganmarteba ki, samarTlis<br />
saqmea. Tavis droze sakuTrebis warmatebul ganmartebad iTvleboda<br />
f. savinis Sexeduleba, rom sakuTrebis ufleba es aris pir-<br />
Ta SeuzRudavi da ekskluziuri batonoba nivTebze, 2 misi idea<br />
isaa, rom yvela adamians aqvs nivTebze batonobis ufleba, xolo<br />
sakuTrebis Sinaarsi aris is, rom nivTebze es batonoba SeuzRudavi<br />
da eqskluziuria. ase iTvleboda dasabamidan, Tumca, kerZo<br />
sakuTrebis institutis praqtikaSi amoqmedebisa da sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis kvaldakval Seicvala misi Sinaarsi<br />
(bunebrivia, idea, misi cneba ucvleli darCa _ nivTebze batonobis<br />
ufleba). kerZod, sakuTreba aRar ganixilibeoda, rogorc<br />
nivTebze SeuzRudavi batonoba, rogorc mesakuTris SeuzRudavi<br />
ufleba, dRis wesrigSi dadga, sakuTrebis SinaarsSi SeetanaT<br />
mesakuTris movaleoba, kerZod, misi movaleoba sazogadoebis winaSe,<br />
rom igi keTilsindisierad gankargavda sakuTrebas, ise rom<br />
106
sxvisTvis ziani ar mieyenebina. swored amgvarad aris saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi<br />
sakuTrebis Sinaarsi mocemuli. kerZod, sk-is 170-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mesakuTres SeuZlia, kanonismieri<br />
an sxvagvari, kerZod, saxelSekrulebo SeboWvis farglebSi Tavisuflad flobdes da<br />
sargeblobdes qonebiT (nivTiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier am qonebiT sargebloba, gankargos<br />
igi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba mezoblebis an sxva mesame pirTa uflebebi, anda, Tu es moqmedeba ar<br />
warmoadgens uflebis borotad gamoyenebas. uflebis borotad gamoyenebad CaiTvleba sakuTrebiT<br />
iseTi sargebloba, romliTac mxolod sxvebs adgebaT ziani ise, rom ar aris gamokveTili<br />
mesakuTris interesis upiratesoba da misi moqmedebis aucilebloba gaumarTlebelia. imis Sesabamisad,<br />
rom sakuTreba moicavs ara mxolod mesakuTris uflebas, aramed mis movaleobasac sxvaTa<br />
mimarT, germanul samoqalaqo samarTlis mecnierebaSi damkvidrda sakuTrebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobis gagebac. 3 sxvaTa Soris, sabWoTa samarTlis mixedviTac, sakuTreba ganimarteboda,<br />
rogorc pirTa Soris urTierToba nivTebis Taobaze. 4<br />
gansxvavebulad aris gagebuli sakuTreba saerTo samarTlis sistemis qveynebSi. aq ZiriTadad,<br />
arsebobs sakuTrebis gagebis ori koncefcia. erTi koncefcia sakuTrebas ganixilavs, rogorc<br />
nivTebs (realur (materialur) da ararealur (aramaterialur) nivTebs), xolo meore (romelic<br />
ufro daxvewil Sexedulebad iTvleba) _ rogorc urTierTobebs. 5 kerZod, sakuTrebis uflebis<br />
rigi komponentebi, rac kontinenturi evropis samarTlisaTvis, uSualod sakuTrebis uflebis<br />
Semadgeneli nawilia, saerTo samarTalis sistemaSi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis sferos ganekuTvneba.<br />
aq sakuTrebis gageba, uaxlovdeba sakuTrebis ekonomikur Sinaars, mis ekonomikur<br />
gagebas. 6<br />
cxadia, sakuTrebis uflebas aqvs Tavisi obieqtebi. es aris nivTebi. Cveni kanonmdebloba niv-<br />
Tebs yofs moZrav da uZrav nivTebad (samarTlis literaturasa da zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
arsebobs nivTebis klasifikaciis sxva variantebic). rogorc cnobilia, nivTebis dayofa<br />
moZrav da uZrav nivTebad, romis samarTlidan momdinareobs. 7 tradiciulad nivTebTan mimar-<br />
TebaSi, Tavisi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoboda uZravi<br />
nivTebis sakiTxs. miuxedavad didi sxvaobisa, saerTo samarTlis sistema da kontinenturi evropis<br />
samarTlis sistema Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom miwa sakuTrebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani obieqtia. 8<br />
uZravi qonebis ganmartebis ZiriTad qvakuTxeds miwa warmoadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas isic, rom<br />
sakuTrebis uflebidan uZravi qonebis ganmartebis sakiTxs memkvidreobiT ergo garkveuli<br />
sirTuleebi. samarTlis literaturaSi uZrav qonebas miakuTvneben nivTebs, romelic `uZravia<br />
Tavisi bunebiT~ (immovable by nature) da nivTebs, romelic `uZravia Tavisi daniSnulebis ZaliT~<br />
(immovable by destination). 9 pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saubaria miwasTan myari kavSiris principze, xolo<br />
meore SemTxvevaSi, es kavSiri SeiZleba fizikuri TvalsazrisiT, droebiTi da aramyaric iyos. am<br />
ukanasknelis magaliTia italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romlis 812-e muxlis mixedviT, uZrav<br />
qonebas miwis, wyaroebis, mdinareebis, xeebis da Senoba nagebobebis garda miakuTvneben yvelafers,<br />
rac dakavSirebulia miwasTan bunebrivi an xelovnuri gziT, maSinac ki, Tu es kavSiri droebiTia.<br />
italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi amgvar nivTebad miiCnevs wisqvilebs, abanoebs da yvela obieqts,<br />
romelic mdebareobs wylis zedapirze da mudmivad (xangrZlivad) dakavSirebulia napirTan. 10<br />
kontinenturi evropis samarTlis qveynebSi adgili aqvs imgvar praqtikasac, rom moZrav nivTs<br />
SeiZleba saerTod ar hqondes kavSiri miwasTan, magram iuridiuli fiqciis wyalobiT SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos uZravad, Tu is aseTad iqneba registrirebuli sajaro reestrSi (uZravi qonebis maregistrirebel<br />
Sesabamis organoSi), magaliTad, sahaero an sazRvao xomaldi. 11 Tumca, italiis<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 812-e muxls Tu moviSveliebT, maSin sazRvao xomaldi isedac uZrav qonebad<br />
unda CaiTvalos im drois ganmavlobaSi, vidre napirTan (miwaze) iqneba mimagrebuli (cxadia,<br />
italiis kanonmdeblobis pozicias Tu gaviziarebdiT, amgvari `uZravi nivTis~ registraciis<br />
107
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
dros garkveul sirTuleebs wavawydebodiT). uZravi qonebis aseTive amomwurav CamonaTvals<br />
iZleva ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 130-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, uZrav nivTebs (uZrav qonebas)<br />
miekuTvneba miwis nakveTi, wiaRi, gamoyofili wylis obieqtebi da yvelaferi, rac myarad ukavSirdeba<br />
miwas _ is obieqtebi, romelTa gadatana dazianebisa da daniSnulebis dakargvis gareSe<br />
SeuZlebelia, maT Soris, tye, mravalwliani nargavebi, Senobebi, mowyobilobebi. uZrav nivTebs<br />
miekuTvneba, agreTve, saxelmwifo registracias daqvemdebarebuli sazRvao da Sida curvis<br />
xomaldebi, kosmosuri obieqtebi.~ 12<br />
Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi, uZrav qonebad ganixileba is, rac uZravia Tavisi bunebiT (immovable by<br />
nature), msgavsad germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsisa. kerZod, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 149-<br />
e muxlis Tanaxmad, uZrav nivTebs miekuTvneba miwis nakveTi masSi arsebuli wiaRiseuliT, miwaze<br />
aRmocenebuli mcenareebi, aseve, Senoba-nagebobani, romlebic myarad dgas miwaze. uZravi nivTis<br />
aRniSnul ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia wiaRiseulis sakiTxi. `wiaRis Sesaxeb~<br />
saqarTvelos kanonis me-2 muxlis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad: `saqarTvelos wiaRi saxelmwifo<br />
sakuTrebaa. akrZalulia yovelgvari qmedeba, romelic pirdapir Tu farulad xelyofs wiaRze<br />
saxelmwifo sakuTrebis uflebas, aseTi garigeba ki, baTilia. miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba ar<br />
niSnavs da ar iZleva wiaRze sakuTrebis uflebas.~ erTaderTi ufleba, rac miwis mesakuTres<br />
rCeba mis nakveTze wiaRiseulis aRmoCenisas aris is, rom mas aqvs wiaRiT sargeblobis licenziis<br />
miRebis upiratesi ufleba licenziis gacemisas pretendentebs Soris Tanabari pirobebis arsebobisas<br />
(kanonis me-8 muxlis me-3 punqti). cxadia, mesakuTres ezRudeba sakuTrebis ufleba amgvar<br />
miwis nakveTze, Tumca, es SemTxveva ar scdeba Cveni konstituciis 21-e muxls, romlis meore<br />
nawiliT, aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis dasaSvebia SeizRudos sakuTrebis ufleba<br />
kanonis safuZvelze, Tu ar irRveva sakuTrebis uflebis arsi. aq yuradReba misaqcevia sxva<br />
sakiTxi. kerZod, wiaRiseuli warmoadgens sajaro nivTs, xolo sajaro nivTs, rogorc nivTis<br />
erT-erT saxeobas, Cveni kanonmdebloba ar icnobs. sajaro nivTebis cneba ar aris samoqalaqo<br />
samarTalSi arsebuli nivTebis cnebis identuri. 13 Tu samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT, nivTi<br />
mxolod sxeulebrivi sagania, sajaro nivTi SeiZleba arasxeulebrivi saganic iyos, magaliTad,<br />
sahaero sivrce an eleqtrodeni. Tu samoqalaqo samarTalSi nivTi aris erTeuli sagani, sajaro<br />
nivTi SeiZleba iyos am saganTa erToblioba. magaliTad, sajaro nivTia biblioTeka, maSin rodesac<br />
sanivTo samarTalSi nivTad iTvleba ara mTlianad biblioTeka, aramed TiToeuli wigni. 14 erTerTi<br />
cnobili Teoriis Tanaxmad, sajaro nivTebi saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli sajaro uflebis<br />
obieqtebia. r. ieringis azriT, adamianebze nivTebis damorCilebis ori forma arsebobs: kerZo<br />
sakuTreba da sajaro sargebloba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, gvaqvs individualuri ufleba, meoreSi<br />
ki _ saerTo. sajaro nivTebis SemTxvevaSi swored, rom saerTo sargebloba gvaqvs saxeze. sxva<br />
poziciis Tanaxmad, sajaro nivTebis mesakuTre saxelmwifoa. 15 anu sajaro nivTi ar SeiZleba<br />
iyos kerZo sakuTreba. amitom, mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu Cvens samoqalaqo kodeqsSi nivTebis<br />
klasifikacia moxdeba, ara mxolod misi bunebrivi Tvisebebis mixedviT (moZravi, uZravi), aramed<br />
imis mixedviTac, Tu vin SeiZleba iyos misi mesakuTre. aRniSnulis mixedviT, nivTi SeiZleba iyos<br />
kerZo da sajaro. magaliTad, luizianas samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, nivTebi iyofa, erTi mxriv,<br />
saerTo, sajaro da kerZo nivTebad, meore mxriv, sxeulebriv da usxeulo nivTebad da mesame mxriv,<br />
moZrav da uZrav nivTebad. aseve, avstriis zogadi samoqalaqo kodeqsi icnobs nivTebis Semdeg<br />
klasifikacias: a) mesakuTris pirovnebis mixedviT; b) Tavad nivTebis Tvisebebis mixedviT. mesakuTris<br />
pirovnebis mixedviT kodeqsi ganasxvavebs kerZo, saTemo da saxelmwifo qonebas. 16 amdenad,<br />
zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba icnobs nivTebis dayofas kerZo da sajaro nivTebad.<br />
TavisTavad is faqti, rom nivTi SeiZleba daiyos kerZo da sajaro nivTad, aranair gavlenas<br />
ar axdens, arc sakuTrebis cnebaze da arc mis Sinaarsze da Sesabamisad, ar iwvevs maTSi cvlile-<br />
108
ebis Setanis aucileblobas. garda amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT<br />
gansazRvruli uZravi nivTis cneba naklovania da Cveni azriT, gafarToebas saWiroebs.<br />
kerZod, garda wiaRiseulisa, gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifo sakuTrebis, anu sajaro uflebis<br />
obieqtia wyali. `wylis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
arsebuli wyali saxelmwifo sakuTrebaa da gaicema mxolod sargeblobisaTvis. akrZalulia<br />
yovelgvari qmedeba, romelic pirdapir an faruli formiT xelyofs wylis saxelmwifo<br />
sakuTrebis uflebas. aRniSnuli kanoniT, wyalSi igulisxmeba saqarTvelos teritoriuli wylebi,<br />
miwisqveSa wylebi, saqarTvelos Siga wylebi, transsasazRvro wylis obieqtebi da a.S. amitom,<br />
ukeTesi iqneba, Tu italiisa da ruseTis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis msgavsad, uZravi nivTis<br />
cnebaSi Cvenc SevitanT wylis obieqtebs, raTa ufro kompleqsuri gavxadoT uZravi nivTis cneba.<br />
wyalic xom sajaro nivTebis kategorias miekuTvneba, romelic miwasTan myar kavSirSia da Sesabamisad,<br />
uZravi nivTis erTian kompleqsur cnebaSi unda moiazrebodes. sajaro nivTebs aseve,<br />
miekuTvneba tyis gansazRvruli masivebi, saxelmwifo nakrZali, erovnuli parki, bunebis Zeglisa<br />
da aRkveTilis teritoriebi da am teritoriebze arsebuli bunebrivi resursebi da a.S. samarTlis<br />
literaturaSi, Tavis mxriv, sajaro nivTebi iyofa sxvadasxva saxeobad, romelic winamdebare<br />
statiis kvlevis sagans scildeba. ubralod unda aRiniSnos, rom sajaro nivTebis aq motanili<br />
magaliTebi ganekuTvneba specialuri sargeblobis sajaro nivTebs (radgan maTi gamoyeneba<br />
SeuZlia mxolod imas, visac specialuri saxelmwifo aqtis (nebarTva, licenzia da a.S.) safuZvelze<br />
mieca es ufleba) da saerTo sargeblobaSi arsebuli sajaro nivTebs, romlebic imyofebian<br />
yvelas sargeblobaSi specialuri nebarTvis Tu Tanxmobis gareSe.<br />
sajaro nivTebisa da maTze mxolod (eqskluziurad) saxelmwifos sakuTrebis uflebis arseboba<br />
ar niSnavs, rom arsebobs sakuTrebis gansakuTrebuli saxe _ saxelmwifo sakuTreba. imas,<br />
rasac kontinenturi evropis qveynebis samarTali sajaro nivTebs uwodebs, postkomunistur qveynebSi<br />
miCneulia saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv sakuTrebad, 17 rac sabWouri gadmonaSTia da araswori<br />
midgomaa. sakuTrebis gageba erTiani unda iyos, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin iqneba am uflebis<br />
subieqti. vinaidan sakuTreba (misi cneba da Sinaarsi) ar icvleba imiT, Tu vin iqneba sakuTrebis<br />
uflebis mqone, saxelmwifo Tu kerZo piri da arc imiT, Tu ra iqneba sakuTrebis uflebis obieqti,<br />
kerZo Tu sajaro nivTi. miT umetes, rom sajaro nivTebi ar aris brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi<br />
da emorCilebian kerZo-samarTlebriv reJims. 18 erTi sityviT, moqmedebs principi: sakuTreba<br />
erTiania yvela mesakuTrisaTvis, yvela mesakuTre Tanasworia sakuTrebis winaSe. 19<br />
rac Seexeba, sazRvao xomaldebis an kosmosuri obieqtebis uZrav nivTebad aRiarebis sakiTxs,<br />
rogorc es ruseTis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi pirdapir aris miTiTebuli (xolo sazRvao xomaldebis<br />
mimarT, italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi amas moiazrebs), es SeiZleba imiTac aris gamowveuli, rom<br />
aRniSnul obieqtebs ufro meti iuridiuli bma hqondes saxelmwifos iurisdiqciasTan, iuridiuli<br />
fiqciis wyalobiT miiCneven ra, maT uZrav nivTebad. Tumca, uZravi nivTis klasikur gagebaSi<br />
sazRvao xomaldebi da miT umetes, kosmosuri obieqtebi ar moiazrebian. amitom, Tu Cvens<br />
realobaSi amis saWiroeba dadga, ufro swori iqneba, Tu maTi statusis Sesaxeb calke kanoni<br />
iqneba miRebuli da xelovnurad ar `gavzrdiT~ uZravi nivTis cnebas.<br />
uZravi nivTis cnebasTan mimarTebaSi aseve, mniSvnelovania tyis sakiTxi. saqarTvelos tyis<br />
kodeqsis me-5 muxlis `a~ punqtis Tanaxmad, tye ganimarteba, rogorc geografiuli landSaftis<br />
nawili, romelic moicavs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT tyisaTvis mikuTvnebuli xeebis, maTi<br />
gavrcelebis arealSi moqceuli miwis, agreTve buCqebis, balaxebis, cxovelebisa da sxvaTa er-<br />
Tobliobas, romlebic TavianTi ganviTarebis procesSi urTierTdakavSirebulni arian biologiurad<br />
da gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTsa da garemoze. amdenad, tyis cneba kompleqsuria da masSi<br />
cxovelebic igulisxmeba. unda iyos Tu ara tye uZravi nivTis cnebaSi pirdapir miTiTebuli,<br />
109
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
amaze msjeloba SeiZleba. Tu Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi Camoyalibebul uZravi nivTis cnebas farTod<br />
ganvmartavT, rom uZrav nivTs miekuTveneba miwa da masze aRmocenebuli mcenareebic, TavisTavad<br />
aq tyec igulisxmeba, magram Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom tye Tavis mxriv, didi da farTo<br />
cnebaa, saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani bunebrivi resursia, maSin arsebobs garkveuli samarTlebrivi<br />
da politikuri argumentic, rom is pirdapir iyos miTiTebuli uZravi nivTis cnebaSi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom zogierTi kanoni uZrav nivTs samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan<br />
gansxvavebulad ganmartavs, rac konkretuli kanonis winaSe arsebuli miznebiTaa gamowveuli.<br />
magaliTad, `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, romlis me-2 muxlis `a~ punqtis<br />
Tanaxmad, uZrav nivTSi igulisxmeba miwis nakveTi masze arsebuli Senoba-nagebobiT an mis gareSe,<br />
Senoba-nageboba (mSenebare, aSenebuli an dangreuli), Senoba-nagebobis erTeuli (mSenebare,<br />
aSenebuli an dangreuli) da xazobrivi nageboba; anu uZravi nivTis am ganmartebaSi ar aris naxsenebi<br />
wiaRiseuli da mcenareuloba, damatebulia xazobrivi nageboba da ufro gaSlilia Senoba<br />
nagebobis, rogorc samarTebrivi kategoriis Sinaarsi. `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos<br />
kanoni ki, ufro Sors wavida da misi me-5 muxli (`u~ da `u 1 ~ punqtebi) erTmaneTisagan mijnavs<br />
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebul uZrav nivTs da uZrav qonebas. am kanonis mixedviT, uZravi<br />
nivTi aris saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli uZravi qoneba, sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis<br />
miwa, dasaxlebis teritoriul sazRvrebSi arsebuli tye, daculi landSafti, mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis<br />
teritoria; xolo uZravi qoneba _ saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli arasasoflosameurneo<br />
daniSnulebis miwis nakveTi masze arsebuli Senoba nagebobiT (mSenebare, aSenebuli an<br />
dangreuli) an mis gareSe, Senoba nagebobis erTeuli (mSenebare, aSenebuli an dangreuli), xazobrivi<br />
nageboba, miwaze arsebuli mravalwliani nargavebi. anu uZravi nivTis samoqalaqo kodeqsiseul<br />
ganmartebasTan mimarTebiT, erTgvar kanonismier fiqciebs aqvs adgili, romelTac Sesabamis<br />
administraciul warmoebebSi mxolod teqnikuri da terminologiuri datvirTva aqvT (unda<br />
hqondeT). cxadia es kanonebi (sxva kanonebic, romlebic uZrav nivTebs kanonis winaSe arsebuli<br />
miznebidan gamomdinare ganmartaven) uZravi nivTis axal gagebas ar amkvidreben, magram aman,<br />
garkveulwilad, SeiZleba gaugebrobac gamoiwvios. amdenad, aRniSnuli kanonebic cxadyofs, rom<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsSi arsebuli uZravi nivTis ganmarteba gadaxedvas da srulyofas saWiroebs.<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsi aregulirebs ra, kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebs da uZravi qonebac<br />
kerZosamarTlebrivi brunvis obieqtia, swored samoqalaqo kodeqsi unda iyos is sakanonmdeblo<br />
aqti, sadac uZravi nivTis cneba amomwuravad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos, rogorc es sxva wamyvani<br />
qveynebis samoqalaqo kodeqsebiTaa gansazRvruli.<br />
uZrav qonebaze saubrisas mniSvnelovania nivTis arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilis sakiTxi. miwis<br />
nakveTis arsebiT Semadgenel nawilad, Cveni kanonmdebloba miiCnevs Senoba-nagebobebs da nivTebs,<br />
romlebic myaradaa dakavSirebuli miwasTan da ar aris gamiznuli droebiTi sargeblobisaTvis.<br />
arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawili calke uflebis obieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul<br />
SemTxvevebSi (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 150-e muxli). TavisTavad miwis nakveTis arsebiTi<br />
Semadgeneli nawili uZravi qonebis erTian cnebaSi moiazreba. Tumca, rogorc samoqalaqo kodeqsi<br />
iuwyeba, is SeiZleba calke (anu miwisgan gansxvavebiT sxva piris) uflebis obieqtic iyos. Cveni<br />
kanonmdebloba aseT ramdenime SemTxvevas icnobs. erT erT aseT daSvebas qonda adgili `uZrav<br />
nivTebze uflebaTa registraciis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi. 20 aRniSnuli kanonis me-2 muxlSi<br />
calke uflebis obieqtad miCneuli iyo xazobrivi nageboba an miwis nakveTis arsebiTi Semadgeneli<br />
nawilis sxva Senoba-nageboba (mSenebare an aSenebuli), romelic calke uflebis obieqtia. es<br />
Canaweri ki, iwvevda imas, rom miwis nakveTi (ZiriTadad, arasasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis)<br />
SeiZleba sxvis sakuTrebaSi yofiliyo (ZiriTadad, es iyo saxelmwifo), xolo Senoba-nageboba _<br />
sxvis sakuTrebaSi, rac did problemebs qmnida praqtikaSi da sasamarTlos samarTalwarmoebaSi.<br />
110
amis mizezi ki, 90-iani wlebis sakanonmdeblo vakuumi iyo, rodesac qaoturad xdeboda arasasoflo<br />
sameurneo miwebisa da Senoba-nagebobebis sakuTrebaSi Tu sargeblobaSi (Tavis mxriv, sargeblobaSi<br />
gadacema bevr SemTxvevaSi privatizebis safuZveli gamxdara) gadacema da gamocemuli<br />
iyo mTeli rigi aqtebisa, romelic SemdgomSi winaaRmdegobaSi modioda axali samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
principebTan. 21 aRniSnuli xarvezi gamosworda `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ axali kanoniT,<br />
romlidanac mTlianad iqna amoRebuli calke uflebis obieqtis cneba. dResdReobiT, praqtikaSi<br />
mxolod zogierTi xazobrivi nagebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos miwis nakveTis mesakuTre sxva<br />
da misi arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilis, anu xazobrivi nagebobis mesakuTre _ sxva.<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebulia kidev erTi SemTxveva, rodesac Senoba-nageboba da<br />
miwis nakveTi sxvadasxva pirs ekuTvnis. es SemTxvevaa, rodesac miwis nakveTi datvirTulia<br />
aRnagobis uflebiT da Senoba-nageboba aRmarTul iqna meaRnagis mier. am dros Senoba-nageboba<br />
arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilia ara miwis nakveTisa, aramed Tavad aRnagobis sanivTo uflebisa da<br />
Sesabamisad, ekuTvnis meaRnages. 22 Tavad germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romlis recefciaa Cveni<br />
samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba, imperatiulad krZalavs, rom miwis nakveTis arsebiTi Semadgeneli<br />
nawilebi specialuri uflebis sagani iyos, mxolod valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT,<br />
SeiZleba mxareTa Soris sxvagvar SeTanxmebas hqondes adgili. am wesidan gamonaklisia, 1951 wels,<br />
germaniaSi miRebuli binis sakuTrebis kanoni. 23 samarTlis am erT-erTi uzogadesi principis<br />
(rom miwis mesakuTris sakuTrebis ufleba vrceldeba miwis arsebiT Semadgenel nawilzec) dar-<br />
Rveva rigi qveynebis kanonmdeblobaSi komunisturi da koloniuri reJimebis gavlenaa, 24 romlebic<br />
daqvemdebarebul qveynebSi miwis erTpirovnul mesakuTreebad gvevlinebodnen da mis gasxvisebas<br />
kerZo pirebze krZalavdnen.<br />
erTxans sadavo iyo mSenebare obieqtis uZrav qonebad miCneva-armiCnevis sakiTxi. dRes CvenTan<br />
arsebuli praqtikisa da kanonmdeblobis mixedviT (rogorc es `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ kanonis<br />
zemoT motanili adgilidan Cans), mSenebare obieqti calsaxad uZravi qonebaa, Tu igi aseTadaa<br />
registrirebuli sajaro reestrSi. Tumca, uSualod mSenebare obieqtis samarTlebriv ganmartebas<br />
Cveni kanonmdebloba ar icnobs. kerZod, arsad ar aris gansazRvruli is momenti, ra droidan<br />
iTvleba Senoba-nageboba mSenebared, Senobis fundamentis gaWridan, kedlebis ayvanidan, Tu<br />
sanebarTvo dokumentebis gamocemidan. aRniSnuli sakiTxis gasarkvevad unda mivmarToT damkvidrebul<br />
praqtikas, kerZod, moqmedi praqtikis mixedviT, Senoba-nagebobis sajaro reestrSi mSenebared<br />
aRricxva SesaZlebelia mxolod sanebarTvo dokumentaciis safuZvelzec, ise, rom uSualod<br />
Senobis mSenebloba SeiZleba arc iyos dawyebuli. anu Senoba-nageboba mSenebarea im momentidan,<br />
roca ukve momzadebulia samSeneblo dokumentacia (Senoba-nagebobis proeqti, mSeneblobis<br />
nebarTva, e.w. ganSla da a.S.) da ganxorcielebulia Sesabamisi Canaweri sajaro reestrSi.<br />
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria es sakiTxi mravalbiniani korpusebis mSeneblobisas, rodesac<br />
samSeneblo kompania sacxovrebel binebs mSeneblobis dawyebamde yidis. amgvari daSvebiT, sajaro<br />
reestris Canawerebis utyuarobis prezumfciidan gamomdinare, cxadia, myidvelis interesebia<br />
daculi, miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad bina ar arsebobs da igi, ase vTqvaT, ‘haers~ yidulobs.<br />
Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi arc isaa pirdapir gansazRvruli, Tu ra momentamde iTvleba Senobanageboba<br />
mSenebared. Senoba-nageboba mSenebarea, vidre specialuri aqtiT ar moxdeba misi<br />
eqspluataciaSi miReba, anu Senoba-nageboba sainJinro TvalsazrisiT, aSenebuli da dasrulebuli<br />
romc iyos, igi mainc mSenebarea samarTlebrivad misi eqspluataciaSi miRebamde da sajaro<br />
reestrSi statusis _ `mSenebare~, moxsnamde.<br />
amdenad, mimovixileT ra, uZravi nivTis cnebis calkeuli komponentebi, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsSi gansazRvruli uZravi nivTis cneba daxvewas da srulyofas<br />
saWiroebs. miwasTan kavSiris simyariT, Tavisi daniSnulebiT da mniSvnelobiT, uZravi nivTis<br />
111
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
cnebaSi, wiaRiseulis msgavsad, mizanSewonilia Setanil iqnas wylis obieqtebi da tyis masivebi,<br />
aseve, kargi iqneba, Tu samoqalaqo kodeqsSi `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~ kanonis msagvsad, dakonkretdeba,<br />
rom Senoba-nageboba uZravi nivTia misi mdgomareobis miuxedavad, iqneba is aSenebuli,<br />
dangreuli Tu mSenebare.<br />
garda amisa, sakanonmdeblo doneze (samoqalaqo kodeqsSi an Tundac, `sajaro reestris<br />
Sesaxeb~ kanonSi) Camosayalibebelia statusis _ `mSenebare~, _ warmoSobisa da dasrulebis momentebi.<br />
marTalia, es ukanaskneli sakiTxi, praqtikam da uZravi qonebis bazarma met-naklebad daaregulira,<br />
magram cxadia, rom sakanonmdeblo regulacia aucilebeli da gardauvalic iqneba, radgan<br />
dauSvebelia realurad, praqtikaSi arsebuli sakiTxebi, romelic samarTlisaTvis mniSvnelovani<br />
Temebia, sakanonmdeblo regulaciis gareSe darCes. uZravi nivTis cnebis amgvari daxvewa<br />
da srulyofa Tavidan agvaridebs im SesaZlo gaugebrobebsa da garTulebebs, rac SeiZleba moyves<br />
calkeuli kanonebis mier uZravi nivTis viwro da specialur ganmartebebs.<br />
rogorc winamdebare statiaSia naCvenebi, sasurvelia, Cveni samoqalaqo kodeqsi icnobdes<br />
nivTebis klasifikacias kerZo da sajaro nivTebad, radgan faqtia, rom zogierTi nivTi,<br />
saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, sajaro nivTia, mxolod saxelmwifo SeiZleba iyos misi<br />
mesakuTre da kerZo mesakuTreoba am nivTebze ar daiSveba. cxadia, sajaro nivTi SeiZleba momavalSi<br />
aRar iyos sajaro da saxelmwifom Sesabamisi kanoniT dauSvas masze kerZo sakuTrebis<br />
ufleba, magram es mxolod calkeuli SemTxvevebi iqneba. dRevandeli liberalur-demokratiul<br />
sistemebSic ki, yovelTvis iarsebebs iseTi nivTi, romelzec saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli<br />
interesi eqneba _ iyos es nivTi mxolod mis sakuTrebaSi, mis gansakuTrebul gamgeblobaSi.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. lado Wanturia, uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, gamomcemloba `samarTali~,<br />
Tbilisi, 2001;<br />
2. besarion zoiZe, qarTuli sanivTo samarTali (meore gadamuSavebuli da<br />
srulyofili gamoSveba), gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2003;<br />
3. Tamar CitoSvili, uZrav qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis<br />
ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2006;<br />
4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni I I , Tbilisi, 1999;<br />
5. zurab WeWelaSvili, sanivTo samarTali (SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvleva),<br />
meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, 2008 wlis 7 aprilis mdgomareobiT,<br />
Tbilisi, 2008;<br />
6. Ó. Ìàòòåè, Å.À. Ñóõàíîâ, Îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ ïðàâà ñîáñòâåííîñòè, Ìîñêâà, Þðèñò,<br />
1999;<br />
7. Stephan R. Munzer, A Theory of Property, Cambridge university press, 1990.<br />
112
gamoyenebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi:<br />
1. saqarTvelos konstitucia;<br />
2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi;<br />
3. saqarTvelos kanoni `wiaRis Sesaxeb~;<br />
4. saqarTvelos kanoni `wylis Sesaxeb~<br />
5. saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi;<br />
6. saqarTvelos kanoni `sajaro reestris Sesaxeb~;<br />
7. saqarTvelos kanoni `saxelmwifo qonebis Sesaxeb~;<br />
8. saqarTvelos kanoni `uZrav nivTebze uflebaTa registraciis Sesaxeb~<br />
(dReis mdgomareobiT gauqmebulia);<br />
9. saqarTvelos kanoni `saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli arasasoflo<br />
sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis marTvisa da gankargvis Sesaxeb~ (dReis<br />
mdgomareobiT gauqmebulia).<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
lado Wanturia, uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, gamomcemloba `samarTali~,<br />
Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 57.<br />
2 Ó. Ìàòòåè, Å.À. Ñóõàíîâ, Îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ ïðàâà ñîáñòâåííîñòè, Ìîñêâà, Þðèñò,<br />
1999, ñò. 43.<br />
3<br />
lado Wanturia, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 59.<br />
4<br />
besarion zoiZe, qarTuli sanivTo samarTali (meore gadamuSavebuli da<br />
srulyofili gamoSveba), gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 82.<br />
5<br />
Stephan R. Munzer, A Theory of Property, Cambridge university press, 1990, p. 16.<br />
6 Ó. Ìàòòåè, Å.À. Ñóõàíîâ, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 28.<br />
7<br />
Tamar CitoSvili, uZrav qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSobis<br />
ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 123.<br />
8 Ó. Ìàòòåè, Å.À. Ñóõàíîâ, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 125.<br />
9<br />
Ó. Ìàòòåè, Å.À. Ñóõàíîâ, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 130.<br />
10<br />
Ó. Ìàòòåè, Å.À. Ñóõàíîâ, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 130.<br />
11<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni I I , Tbilisi, 1999 w. gv. 21.<br />
12<br />
Tamar CitoSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 125.<br />
13<br />
lado Wanturia, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 240.<br />
14<br />
lado Wanturia, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 240.<br />
15<br />
besarion zoiZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 29.<br />
16<br />
zurab WeWelaSvili, sanivTo samarTali (SedarebiTi-samarTlebrivi<br />
kvleva), meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, 2008 wlis 7 aprilis<br />
mdgomareobiT, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 25-27.<br />
17<br />
lado Wanturia, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 238.<br />
18<br />
lado Wanturia, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 243.<br />
19<br />
besarion zoiZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 81.<br />
20<br />
aRniSnuli kanoni gauqmda 2008 wlis 19 dekembris `sajaro reestris<br />
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis safuZvelze.<br />
21<br />
arasasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis privatizebis sakiTxebi<br />
pirvelad daregulirda 1998 wlis 28 oqtombers miRebuli kanoniT<br />
`saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli arasasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis<br />
miwis marTvisa da gankargvis Sesaxeb~.<br />
22<br />
zurab WeWelaSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 35-<strong>36</strong>.<br />
23<br />
lado Wanturia, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 165.<br />
24<br />
Ó. Ìàòòåè, Å.À. Ñóõàíîâ, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 127.<br />
113
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
PROBLEMS CONNECTED<br />
WITH THE CONCEPT OF<br />
IMMOVABLE THING AND RIGHT<br />
TO IMMOVABLE THING IN<br />
THE GEORGIAN LEGISLATION<br />
REVAZ MIKABERIDZE<br />
Lawyer<br />
Immovable thing and the ownership right to the latter hold a significant place<br />
not only in daily life, but also in legal literature and state policy. Therefore, due<br />
attention should be paid to it also on the legislative level. The concept of immovable<br />
thing given in our civil code is of a general character and it requires further<br />
specification.<br />
Legal status of certain components of the existing concept of immovable thing<br />
(subsoil minerals, buildings and constructions) is discussed in this article and by<br />
analogy it is proposed to add water resources and forest (which under special<br />
laws are granted a special status as subsoil minerals) to the immovable thing<br />
concept. If subsoil minerals are directly covered by the immovable thing concept,<br />
the same should apply to water resources and forests. The latter represent<br />
immovable things by nature.<br />
Regarding buildings and constructions, there are opinions that it should be<br />
defined by legislation within what stages buildings and constructions can be<br />
considered to be under construction process and it should not be regulated only<br />
by existing practice. In short, the article presents the idea to have more detailed<br />
definition of the immovable thing concept in the civil code, as it is done in<br />
legislations of many countries.<br />
Along with the indicated topics the article also discusses the issue that apart<br />
from classification of things into movable and immovable items, the civil code<br />
should also divide things into public and private ones, i.e. depending on who<br />
could be their owners. As it is also indicated in the article, there are a number of<br />
immovable things the owner of which can only be state.<br />
114
saqarTvelos<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
316-e muxlis I nawili _<br />
kanonismieri ganmarteba<br />
Tu moTxovnis<br />
samarTlebrivi<br />
safuZveli?<br />
giorgi amiranaSvili<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis magistranti<br />
Sesavali<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi 1997 wlis 25 noemberidan<br />
amoqmedda da dRemde araerTi cvlileba ganicada, Tumca, miuxedavad<br />
amisa, masSi mainc gvxvdeba iseTi debulebebi, romlebic<br />
sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis saSualebas iZlevian da azrTa<br />
sxvadasxvaobas iwveven. Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSi dgeba maTi<br />
Rrma da safuZvliani analizi, raTa moxdes arsebuli xarvezebis<br />
aRmofxvra. es ki, sabolood, xels Seuwyobs samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
normaTa sicocxlisunarianobas.<br />
valdebulebiTi samarTli samoqalaqo samarTlis yvelaze didi<br />
nawilia. igi zogadi da kerZo nawilebisagan Sedgeba. zogadi<br />
nawili moicavs normebs, romlebic Tanabrad gamoiyeneba yvela<br />
valdebulebis mimarT. esenia normebi, romlebic Seicaven zogad<br />
debulebebs valdebulebaTa da xelSekrulebaTa, valdebulebebis<br />
Sesrulebis, misi Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da sxva. 1 statiis ganxilvis<br />
sagania 316-e muxlis I nawili, romelic Semdegnairadaa formulirebuli:<br />
`valdebulebis ZaliT kreditori uflebamosilia<br />
mosTxovos movales raime moqmedebis Sesruleba. Sesruleba SeiZleba<br />
gamoixatos moqmedebisagan Tavis SekavebaSic.~ aRniSnul<br />
normaze yuradRebis SeCereba gamowveulia im garemoebiT, rom<br />
iuridiul literaturaSi gaCnda azri, romlis mixedviTac, es<br />
115
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
debuleba moTxovnis safuZvels ki ar warmoadgens, aramed moicavs valdebulebiTi urTierTobis<br />
kanonismier ganmartebas. 2 vfiqrobT, es Sexeduleba winaaRmdegobaSi modis doqtrinaSi gabatonebul<br />
mosazrebasTan, rom es norma aris valdebulebis cneba da misi originaluroba swored<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom valdebuleba moTxovnis uflebis WrilSia danaxuli. 3<br />
naSromSi gaanalizebulia, Tu ram ganapiroba gansxvavebuli mosazrebis gaCena da aris mcdeloba,<br />
pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas, Tu realurad ra mizans emsaxureba 316-e muxlis I nawili.<br />
1. 316-e muxlis I nawili samoqalaqo kodeqsis sistemaSi<br />
Tanamedrove civilisturi doqtrina da kanonmdebloba valdebulebas gansazRvravs, rogorc<br />
pirTa Soris urTierTobis samarTlebriv formas, romelic adgens movalisaTvis specialur qcevis<br />
wess kreditoris interesis mixedviT, kerZod, Seasrulos moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos misgan. 4<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis I nawilidan gamomdinare, valdebuleba aris<br />
samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi urTierToba, romlis ZaliTac, erTi piri (movale) valdebulia,<br />
Seasrulos meore piris (kreditoris) sasargeblod gansazRvruli moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos<br />
gansazRvruli moqmedebisagan, xolo kreditors ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos movalisagan valdebulebis<br />
Sesruleba. 5 rogorc saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavis erT-erT ganCinebaSi<br />
aRniSna, miTiTebuli normis arsidan gamomdinare, movalis valdebuleba SesrulebaSia. `Sesrulebis~<br />
valdebuleba, upirvelesad, xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis dadgomas gulisxmobs.<br />
6<br />
valdebulebis elementebs warmoadgenen _ subieqti, Sinaarsi (ufleba da valdebuleba) da<br />
obieqti.<br />
valdebulebis subieqtebi masSi monawile pirebia, romlebic iwodebian kreditorad da movaled.<br />
kreditori valdebulebis is mxarea, romelsac gansazRvruli moqmedebis Sesrulebis moTxovnis<br />
ufleba aqvs, xolo movale is mxarea, romelmac unda Seasrulos kreditoris moTxovna.<br />
valdebulebis Sinaarss Seadgens misi mxareebis uflebebi da valdebulebebi, kerZod, kreditoris<br />
ufleba, moiTxovos movalisagan raime moqmedebis Sesruleba (qonebis gadacema, samuSaos<br />
Sesruleba, momsaxurebis gaweva da a.S.) an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba da movalis valdebuleba,<br />
Seasrulos gansazRvruli moqmedeba (gadasces qoneba, Seasrulos samuSao da a.S.) an Tavi Seikavos<br />
raime moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan.<br />
valdebulebis obieqts warmoadgens is, razedac mimarTulia kreditoris ufleba (moTxovnis<br />
ufleba) da misi Sesabamisi movalis valdebuleba. ramdenadac kreditoris ufleba da movalis<br />
valdebuleba mimarTulia moqmedebis Sesrulebaze (an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebaze), moqmedeba<br />
(an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba) valdebulebis obieqts warmoadgens.<br />
rogorc sk-is 316-e muxlis I nawilidan Cans, valdebuleba SeiZleba aramxolod moqmedebas,<br />
aramed umoqmedobasac gulisxmobdes. aseT valdebulebas pasiuri valdebuleba ewodeba. pasiuri<br />
valdebuleba Sedegze orientirebuli valdebulebaa, radgan igi ara raime moqmedebis ganxorcielebaze,<br />
aramed konkretuli moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebazea mimarTuli. 7<br />
316-e muxlis I nawili kreditors aniWebs uflebamosilebas, valdebulebis ZaliT mosTxovos<br />
movales raime moqmedebis Sesruleba an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba. 317-e muxlis I nawilidan<br />
gamomdinare ki, valdebulebis warmoSobis erT-erT safuZvels xelSekruleba warmoadgens. rogorc<br />
marTebulad SeniSnavs prof. lado Wanturia, kerZo pirebis SeTanxmebisaTvis kanonis Zalis<br />
miniWeba, xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebisa da saxelSekrulebo disciplinis uzrunvelyofiT,<br />
samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens. 8<br />
116
Cvengan gansxvavebiT, ruseTis, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi valdebulebis<br />
cnebas raime seriozuli transformacia ar ganucdia da iseve darCa, rogorc adre moqmed<br />
samarTalSi iyo. 9 samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis I nawili germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldebis<br />
241-e paragrafis I nawilis identuria. 10 aRsaniSnavia, rom valdebulebis arsis amgvari gansazRvreba<br />
msgavsad aris Camoyalibebuli mTeli rigi qveynebis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi. 11<br />
zogierTi qveynis samarTali valdebulebis cnebas xelSekrulebis ganmartebiT iZleva.<br />
magaliTad, safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1101-e muxlis mixedviT, ‘xelSekruleba aris SeTanxmeba,<br />
romlis ZaliTac erTi an ramdenime piri kisrulobs valdebulebas sxva, erTi an ramdenime<br />
piris winaSe, gadasces, Seasrulos an ar Seasrulos raime.~ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
SemmuSavebelma komisiam uari Tqva valdebulebis arsis amsaxvel amgvar Sinaarsze. rogorc samarTlianad<br />
aris miCneuli, qarTuli kodeqsis midgoma gacilebiT momgebiania, radganac misi<br />
morgeba SesaZlebelia nebismier valdebulebaze. 12<br />
2. gansxvavebuli mosazrebis analizi<br />
rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, literaturaSi gamoiTqva gansxvavebuli mosazreba sk-is 316-e<br />
muxlis I nawilTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, germaneli avtorebis poziciiT, es debuleba ar aris<br />
sworad moTavsebuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis dasawyisSi, radgan moTxovnis safuZvlebs Seicavs<br />
ara mxolod valdebulebiTi, aramed sanivTo, saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis normebic.<br />
13<br />
zemoaRniSnul mosazrebas ver daveTanxmebiT, radgan moTxovnis safuZveli mocemulia samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis sxvadasxva normaSi da Tanabarwilad moicavs rogorc valdebulebiTsamar-<br />
Tlebriv, ise sanivTosamarTlebriv, saojaxo da sxva moTxovnebs. Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom 316-e muxliT Camoyalibebuli moTxovnis ganmarteba moicavs mxolod valdebulebiTsamar-<br />
Tlebriv Tu zogadad, kerZosamarTlebrivi moTxovnis gansazRvrebas, moTxovna da misi materialursamarTlebrivi<br />
safuZveli centraluri mniSvnelobisaa. 14<br />
garda amisa, rogorc cnobilia, moTxovna warmoiSoba saxelSekrulebo an kanonismieri valdebulebiTi<br />
urTierTobebis safuZvelze (316-e muxlisa da 317-e muxlis I nawili). valdebulebiTi<br />
urTierTobebis warmoSobis safuZvlebi moTavsebulia ara mxolod samoqalaqo kodeqsis mesame<br />
wignSi, aramed aseve, sanivTo, saojaxo da memkvidreobiT samarTalSi, Sesabamisad, mravalferovani<br />
SeiZleba iyos moTxovnis mizani. 15<br />
sainteresoa, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos erT-erTi ganCineba, romelSic naTqvamia, rom<br />
valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZvels warmoadgens sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebac. samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis 317-e muxlis I nawilis mixedviT, valdebulebas warmoSobs xelSekruleba, deliqti, usafuZvlo<br />
gamdidreba an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva safuZveli. sasamarTlos ganmartebiT,<br />
`swored kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba warmoadgens valdebulebis warmo-<br />
Sobis `kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul sxva safuZvels~, vinaidan sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT pirs<br />
konkretuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebis (Tanxis gadaxdis, nivTis gadacemis da a.S.) valdebuleba<br />
ekisreba da igi samarTlebrivi urTierTobis movale xdeba, kreditors ki, mis mimarT moTxovnis<br />
ufleba warmoeSoba. sk-is 316-e muxlis pirveli nawilis mixedviT, valdebuleba iseTi samarTlebrivi<br />
urTierTobaa, romlis ZaliTac kreditori uflebamosilia, mosTxovos movales raime<br />
moqmedebis Sesruleba. valdebulebis arseboba ki, misi Sesrulebis aucileblobasac gulisxmobs~. 16<br />
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis I nawili, germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldebis<br />
241-e paragrafis msgavsad, gansazRvravs valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi moTxovnis safuZvlis<br />
117
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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kanoni<br />
ganmartebas. moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZveli aris samarTlis norma, romlis samarTlebrivi<br />
SedegiT gaTvaliswinebulia piris mier raime moqmedebis ganxorcielebisa Tu moqmedebisagan<br />
Tavis Sekavebis valdebuleba. 17 moTxovnis safuZveli Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: faqtobrivi<br />
nawili, anu dispozicia da samarTlebrivi Sedegi. Tu kanonSi miTiTebulia, rom kreditors mxolod<br />
X pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia movalisagan moiTxovos Y _ mxolod X pirobebis<br />
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, daakmayofilebs sasamarTlo mosarCelis moTxovnas misTvis X-is mikuTvnebaze.<br />
es X pirobebi da Y Sedegebi mocemulia normatiul konstruqciaSi, romelsac moTxovnis<br />
safuZveli ewodeba. 18<br />
germaneli mecnierebis mosazrebiT, marTalia, 316-e muxlis I nawili moicavs normis aRwerilobiT<br />
nawilsa da samarTlebriv Sedegs da zemoT mocemuli ganmartebebis mixedviT, igi SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos moTxovnis safuZvlad, magram es muxli moTxovnis safuZvels ar warmoadgens, aramed<br />
moicavs valdebulebiTi urTierTobis kanonismier ganmartebas. maTi azriT, gansxvaveba kanonismier<br />
ganmartebasa da moTxovnis safuZvels Soris mdgomareobs SemdegSi _ 316-e muxlis I nawili<br />
kreditors ar aniWebs individualur moTxovnas raime konkretuli moqmedebis Sesrulebaze. 19<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, zemoaRniSnuli mosazreba ar aris gasaziarebeli.<br />
rogorc samarTlis Teoriidan aris cnobili, samarTali Sedgeba mxolod da mxolod<br />
normebisagan. norma aris enobrivi formiT mocemuli azrobrivi struqtura. norma preskrifciuli<br />
winadadebaa. norma gansxvavdeba deskrifciuli winadadebisagan, romelic mxolod faqtebs<br />
aRwers. 20 samarTali aRwers ara faqtebs, aramed gansazRvravs moqmedebebs, maSasadame, samarTali<br />
Sedgeba preskrifciuli (normatiuli) debulebebisagan. normatiuli debulebebi aweseben gansazRvruli<br />
moqmedebis ganxorcielebas an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebas. 21<br />
Sesabamisad, Tu davuSvebT, rom es norma mxolod valdebulebis cnebis gadmocemiT Semoifargleba,<br />
maSin gamodis, rom mTel samoqalaqo kodeqsSi arsebul im debulebebs, romlebic<br />
cnebiT ganmartebebs Seicaven, ar gaaCniaT normatiuli daniSnuleba, rac sinamdviles ar Seesabameba.<br />
Sors rom ar wavideT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 477-e muxli, romelic garda<br />
imisa, rom nasyidobis xelSekrulebis cnebas gvTavazobs, aseve, pirveladi moTxovnis safuZvels<br />
warmoadgens da ZiriTadi valdebulebis Sesrulebis movaleobas awesebs (477-e muxlis I nawili<br />
_ sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema nayid qonebaze da I I nawili _ SeTanxmebuli fasis gadaxdis<br />
movaleoba).<br />
samarTlis normebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom daaweson moqmedebis an umoqmedobis (moqmedebisagan<br />
Tavis Sekavebis) valdebuleba. 22 sk-is 316-e muxlis I nawilis Sesabamisad, valdebulebis<br />
Sesrulebis umTavresi kanonismieri saSualebaa kreditoris ufleba, mosTxovos movales<br />
Sesruleba, romelic pirvelad moTxovnas warmoadgens. 23<br />
Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 316-e muxlis I nawili (valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovna),<br />
romelic pirveladi moTxovnis safuZvlebSi erTiandeba, gamoiyeneba mxolod specialuri moTxovnis<br />
safuZvlis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. 24<br />
samoqalaqo kodesis 316-e muxlis I nawili warmoadgens moTxovnis safuZvels, romelic kreditors<br />
SesaZleblobas aZlevs, valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovniT sarCeli Seitanos sasamar-<br />
TloSi movalis winaaRmdeg da rodesac movales sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT Sesrulebis valdebuleba<br />
daekisreba, ganaxorcielos Tavisi ufleba iZulebiTi aRsrulebis meSveobiT. 25 swored<br />
aseT valdebulebaze saubrobs sk-is 316-e muxlis I winadadeba. amgvari da ara sxvagvari<br />
valdebuleba aZlevs uflebamosil pirs (kreditors) uflebas, valdebuli pirisagan (movalisagan)<br />
moiTxovos raime moqmedebis Sesruleba an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba. 26<br />
piris moTxovna mxolod maSin dakmayofildeba, Tu amisTvis arsebobs samarTlebrivi safuZveli,<br />
romelic an kanonidan gamomdinareobs an xelSekrulebidan. Sesabamisad, konkretuli davis<br />
118
gadawyvetisas jer unda gairkves moTxovnis safuZveli. 27 mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba<br />
aiZulos sasamarTlom valdebuli piri, uflebamosili piris sasargeblod Seasrulos raime<br />
moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos misgan. maSasadame, moTxovnis samarTlebrivi safuZveli migviTiTebs,<br />
Tu ra pirobebis arsebobisas warmoiSoba mxareTa konkretuli uflebebi da movaleobebi, rasac<br />
Semadgenlobis niSnebi an SemTxvevis aRwera ewodeba. 28<br />
316-e muxlis I nawilSi Semadgenlobis, SemTxvevis aRwera (`valdebulebis ZaliT~) da is samar-<br />
Tlebrivi Sedegi, romelic am Semadgenlobas mosdevs (`raime moqmedebis Sesruleba an moqmedebisagan<br />
Tavis Sekaveba~) abstraqtulad aris formulirebuli da am zogadi formulis gamoyeneba<br />
unda moxdes sxvadasxva cxovrebiseuli situaciis aRwerisas. magaliTad, valdebuleba SeiZleba<br />
gamomdinareobdes xelSekrulebidan an sxva safuZvlidan; aseve, mravalgvaria moqmedebis<br />
Sesrulebis an moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebis konkretuli SemTxvevebic. amdenad, formula<br />
ucvlelia, xolo am formulis Sesatyvisi cxovrebiseuli situacia _ cvalebadi. 29<br />
daskvna<br />
zemoT motanili msjeloba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis I nawilis Taobaze<br />
garkveuli daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gansaxilveli norma, iseve rogorc sazRvargareTis qveynebis samoqalaqo<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli analogiuri Sinaarsis muxlebi, sworad aris moTavsebuli valdebulebiTi<br />
samarTlis zogadi nawilis dasawyisSi, vinaidan igi gvTavazobs valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi<br />
moTxovnis gansazRvrebas; is garemoeba ki, rom valdebulebiTi urTierTobis warmoSobis<br />
safuZvlebi moTavsebulia sxva normebSic, amis mizezi isaa, rom moTxovna warmoiSoba saxelSekrulebo<br />
an kanonismieri valdebulebiTi urTierTobebis safuZvelze, Sesabamisad, mravalferovani<br />
SeiZleba iyos moTxovnis mizani.<br />
rac Seexeba sakiTxs, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 316-e muxlis I nawili moTxovnis<br />
safuZvels warmoadgens Tu mxolod kanonismieri ganmartebiT Semoifargleba. rogorc Cans, imis<br />
mtkiceba, rom es norma mxolod valdebulebiTi urTierTobis kanonismier ganmartebas gvTavazobs,<br />
meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, safuZvelsaa moklebuli. kerZod, iqidan gamomdinare, rom<br />
samarTali Sedgeba mxolod normebisagan da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom norma aRwers ara faqtebs,<br />
aramed gansazRvravs moqmedebebs, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 316-e muxlis I nawili aris moTxovnis<br />
safuZveli, romelic gamoiyeneba mxolod specialuri moTxovnis safuZvlis ararsebobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi da igi SesaZleblobas aZlevs kreditors, konkretuli qmedebis ganxorcielebis<br />
moTxovniT sarCeli Seitanos sasamarTloSi movalis winaaRmdeg.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
axvlediani z., valdebulebiTi samarTali, gamomc. `samarTali~, Tb., 1999,<br />
gv. 5.<br />
2<br />
ix.: boelingi h., lutringhausi p., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis<br />
calkeuli moTxovnis safuZvlebis sistemuri analizi, gamomc. `siesta~, Tb.,<br />
2009, gv. 20.<br />
3<br />
dawvr. ix.: zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi,<br />
sagamomcemlo saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 276.<br />
4<br />
qoCaSvili q., brali, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
piroba (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi kvleva), samarTlis Jurnali, <strong>#1</strong>, 2009, gv. 79.<br />
5<br />
ZlieriSvili z., valdebulebis Sesruleba, gamomc. `meridiani~, Tb., 2006, gv. 3-4.<br />
119
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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6<br />
ix.: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2010<br />
wlis 25 maisis #as-1220-1480-09 ganCineba.<br />
7<br />
vaSakiZe g., samoqalaqo kodeqsis garTulebul valdebulebaTa sistema,<br />
gamomc. `siesta~, Tb., 2010, gv. 40.<br />
8 ×àíòóðèÿ Ë., Ñâîáîäà è îòâåòñòâåííîñòü: ïðàâî è ïðàâîñóäèå ïîñòñîâåòñêîé ýïîõè, “Ñàíè“,<br />
Òáèëèñè, 2004, ñò. 165.<br />
9<br />
ix.: zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi,<br />
sagamomcemlo saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 276. ruseTis federaciis<br />
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 307-e muxlis formulirebis naklovanebaze miuTiTeben<br />
rusi avtorebic. ix.: Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, ×àñòü I, ÒÅÈÑ, Ì., 1996, 417; Êîììåíòàðèé ê<br />
ãðàæäàíñêîìó êîäåêñó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, ÷àñòè ïåðâîé, ÞÐÈÍÔÎÐÖÅÍÒÐ, Ì., ñò. 329.<br />
10<br />
ix.: zoiZe b., qarTuli valdebulebiTi samarTlis sistema da principebi,<br />
Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, mesame-meoTxe kvartali, 2000, gv.<br />
115. 241-e paragrafis I nawilTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Zimmermann R., The Law of<br />
Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, Juta & Co, Ltd PO, 1990, 776;<br />
Markesinis B.S., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract: A Comparative<br />
Treatise, Second edition, Hart Publishing, 2006, p. 127.<br />
11<br />
Sead. kvebekis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1373-e, filipinebis samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsis 1156-e da luizianas samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1756-e muxlebi.<br />
12<br />
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, gv. 277; aseve,<br />
ix.: Todua m., vilemsi h., valdebulebiTi samarTali, saqarTvelos<br />
axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tb., 2006, gv. 14.<br />
13<br />
ix.: boelingi h., lutringhausi p., dasax. naSromi, gv. 15; am pozicias<br />
iziareben sxva avtorebic. ix.: Todua m., vilemsi h., dasax. naSromi, gv. 14.<br />
14<br />
ix.: CaCava s., moTxovnebisa da moTxovnis safuZvlebis konkurencia, evropuli<br />
da SedarebiTi samarTlis institutis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2011, gv. 18.<br />
15<br />
ix. hencSeli s., samoqalaqo kazusebis damuSavebis meTodika, gamomc.<br />
`siesta~, Tb., 2009, gv. 77.<br />
16<br />
ix.: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis<br />
saqmeTa palatis 2006 wlis 22 noembris #as-1333-1562-05 ganCineba. Sead.<br />
Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame,<br />
valdebulebiTi samarTali, zogadi nawili, muxli 316, gamomc. `samarTali~,<br />
Tb., 2001, gv. 47-48.<br />
17<br />
CaCava s., dasax. naSromi, gv. 17.<br />
18<br />
vaSakiZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 27.<br />
19<br />
ix.: boelingi h., lutringhausi p., dasax. naSromi, gv. 20.<br />
20<br />
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.: xubua g., samarTlis Teoria, gamomc.<br />
`meridiani~, Tb., 2004, gv. 50.<br />
21<br />
dawvr. ix.: cipeliusi r., iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, gamomc. `siesta~,<br />
Tb., 2009, gv. 2 3.<br />
22<br />
iqve, gv. 4.<br />
23<br />
hencSeli s., dasax. naSromi, gv. 38.<br />
24<br />
vaSakiZe g., dasax. naSromi, gv. 29. sxva sityvebiT, 316-e muxlis I nawili aris<br />
sabaziso norma, romelsac xelSekrulebis mxareTa uflebebis dacvis<br />
zogadi funqcia akisria, rac niSnavs, rom Tu xelSekrulebiT an kanoniT<br />
piris uflebebis dacva sakmarisad ver xerxdeba, unda mivmarToT dacvis<br />
zogad meqanizms, 316-e muxlis I nawilis saxiT. ix.: mariamiZe g., valdebulebiTi<br />
samarTali, zogadi nawili, I nawili, I gamocema, Tb., 2011, gv. 8.<br />
25<br />
ix.: WeWelaSvili z., saxelSekrulebo samarTali (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi<br />
kvleva ZiriTadad, qarTuli samarTlis safuZvelze), gamomc. `bona kauza~,<br />
Tb., 2010, gv. 23.<br />
26<br />
ix.: Wanturia l., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, muxli 316,<br />
gv. 24-25.<br />
27<br />
ix.: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da<br />
gakotrebis saqmeTa palatis 2003 wlis 15 maisis #3-1422-02 ganCineba.<br />
28<br />
Wanturia l., samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, gamomc. `samarTali~,<br />
Tb., 2011, gv. 131.<br />
29<br />
iqve, gv. 133.<br />
120
ARTICLE 316/1 OF THE CIVIL<br />
CODE OF GEORGIA –<br />
STATUTORY INTERPRETATION<br />
OR LEGAL GROUNDS FOR<br />
CLAIM?<br />
GIORGI AMIRANASHVILI<br />
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Law, Master Student<br />
Law of obligations is the biggest and the most important part of the civil law.<br />
General part of the law of obligations has a significant role in private law. General<br />
provisions about obligations start with Article 316 and point 1, Id presents the<br />
concept of obligation.<br />
In the opinion of German lawyers, this norm is not grounds for a claim, but it<br />
gives statutory interpretation of an obligational relation. Therefore, it appears<br />
that its purpose is only limited with introduction of the concept, which is disputable.<br />
The thing is that this norm does not describe facts, but it defines actions. Therefore,<br />
law is made of normative regulations. The latter establish implementation of certain<br />
actions or abstaining from the action. Even if we assume that this norm only<br />
provides the concept of obligation, it appears that those regulations that exist in<br />
the civil code that contain concept interpretations, do not have normative purpose,<br />
which does not correspond to the truth.<br />
Therefore, the goal of the article is to conduct critical analysis of different<br />
opinions existing in the literature and to try to establish what purpose the Article<br />
316/1 serves in reality.<br />
121
marTlmsajuleba<br />
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da<br />
kanoni<br />
kiberdanaSauli da<br />
kiberusafrTxoebis<br />
problematika<br />
elene kavTuaSvili<br />
samarTlis magistri<br />
`momavali jer ar arsebobs da swored es garemoeba<br />
gvakisrebs Cven uzarmazar pasuxismgeblobas, vinaidan Cven<br />
SegviZlia zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT momavalze, SegviZlia<br />
yvelaferi viRonoT, raTa igi iyos ukeTesi~.<br />
karl poperi<br />
Sesavali<br />
kacobriobis CamoyalibebisTanave, adamians hqonda winsvlisa<br />
da ukeTesi teqnologiuri ganviTarebis survili. progresisaken<br />
gadadgmul yvela nabijs Soris, albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania<br />
internetis ganviTareba, romelmac Camoayaliba saerTo ena da<br />
Seqmna kompiuterebis globaluri qseli. 1<br />
dRevandeli socialuri sinamdvile warmoudgenelia sainformacio<br />
teqnologiebis gareSe. mravali revoluciuri teqnologiis<br />
msgavsad, kompiuteruli teqnologiebic Tavis TavSi<br />
uzarmazar potencials atarebs, rogorc progresis, ise borotad<br />
gamoyenebis mxriv. 2 eleqtronuli saSualebebis ganviTarebam<br />
danaSaulis Cadenis axali SesaZleblobebi gaaCina, danaSaulis<br />
kvalma Cveulebriv, realur sivrcesTan erTad, virtualur sivrceSic<br />
SeaRwia da gazarda sakuTari masStabebi _ qseluri informaciis<br />
xelyofa, kompiuteruli TaRliToba, mekobreoba, sabotaJi,<br />
eleqtronuli jaSuSoba, pornografiis gavrceleba da<br />
misT. Cveni socialuri sinamdvilis yoveldRiur problemad iqca.<br />
122
kiberdanaSauli Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi gamowvevaa. mas xSirad XXI saukunis kriminalur<br />
formasac uwodeben. 3 maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba ufro da ufro iyenebs Tanamedrove<br />
sainformacio teqnologiebs, saxelmwifo sul ufro da ufro met momsaxurebas awvdis moqalaqeebs<br />
eleqtronulad _ kiberdanaSaulis safrTxe qveyanaSi dRiTidRe izrdeba. 4<br />
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi, kompiuteruli danaSaulebi Tanamedrove msoflios erTerT<br />
pirvelxarisxovan problemad iqca. danaSaulis am saxeobidan miRebulma Tanxebma ki, narkotikebis<br />
_ marixuanis, kokainis, heroinis da iaraRiT vaWrobis globaluri Savi bazrebis Semosavlebs<br />
gadaaWarba.<br />
kompiuteruli danaSauli yvelaze met saSiSroebas safinanso sferos uqmnis. gaeros generaluri<br />
mdivnis gancxadebiT, danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebi axali teqnologiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT<br />
ukanonod iTviseben milionobiT Tanxas, „acocxleben~ danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebul<br />
uzarmazar fulad saxsrebs, Tavs arideben gadasaxads, kompleqsur RonisZiebebs atareben<br />
sxvadasxva danaSaulis mosamzadeblad, Casadenad da SesaniRbad. 5<br />
kompania “Symantec Corp”-is mier Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom yovelwliurad globaluri<br />
kiberdanaSauliT miRebuli zarali 114 miliard dolars aRwevs. 6 “Norton Cybercrime Report 2011”-<br />
is Tanaxmad ki, gasul wels „hakerebis~ msxverpli 431 milioni ufrosi asakis momxmarebeli gaxda.<br />
yovelwliurad, msoflioSi kiberdanaSaulTa ricxvi saSualod 30-40 procentiT matulobs.<br />
1. kiberdanaSaulis warmoSoba _ ganviTareba<br />
kompiuteri (ingl. “Computer”) inglisuri sityvaa da gamomTvlels niSnavs. es aris eleqtronuli<br />
gamomTvleli manqana, romlis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba informaciis swrafad damuSavebaa;<br />
kompiuteri, iseve rogorc nebismieri manqana, adamianis brZanebas emorCileba. kerZod, igi mu-<br />
Saobs adamianis mier winaswar Sedgenili programis mixedviT. informaciis (laT. “informatio”<br />
niSnavs ganmartebas, gadmocemas) pirveladi mniSvneloba aris raime cnoba, Setyobineba, romelic<br />
adamianis mier gadaicema sityvieri, werilobiTi an sxva saSualebiT (pirobiTi signalebi, teqnikuri<br />
saSualebebi da sxva). 7<br />
kompiuteruli danaSaulis moqmedebis sivrces popularul enaze ewodeba kibersivrce, kompiuterul<br />
danaSauls ki _ kiberdanaSauli. sityvis nawili „kiber~ nasesxebia sityvidan „kibernetika~<br />
(berZ. Kibernetike (techne) _ marTvis xelovneba). kiberdanaSauli gulisxmobs yvela im qmedebas,<br />
romelic xorcieldeba kibersivrceSi danaSaulebrivi ganzraxviT.<br />
dro icvlebada da is, rac warsulSi warmoudgeneli iyo, dRes ukve realobaa. es, ara marto<br />
adamianis SegrZnebebsa da mis msoflmxedvelobas exeba, aramed kanonsac. dRes kiberdanaSauli<br />
iseTive samarTaldarRvevaa, rogorc is, rac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi samarTaldarRvevad<br />
miiCneoda.<br />
1969 wels, amerikis Tavdacvis departamentma gasca davaleba Seqmniliyo superqseli saxelad<br />
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). misi Camoyalibeba igegmeboda 40 kompiuterisagan<br />
Semdgar samxedro qselad, romlebic dakavSirebuli iqnebodnen SeerTebebiTa da xazebiT. aRniSnuli<br />
qseli nel-nela gaizarda da Sedegad daibada interneti. 1981 wlisTvis, 200-ze meti kompiuteri<br />
iyo dakavSirebuli mTeli msoflios masStabiT, dRes ki, es cifri ramdenime miliardia.<br />
kompiuteruli danaSaulebi yuradRebis centrSi pirvelad, XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi moeqca<br />
da Sesabamisad kriminologebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis daintereseba gamoiwvia. nacionalur<br />
da saerTaSoriso doneze daiwyo am fenomenis gamokvleva. samamulo kanonmdeblobebSi<br />
miRebul iqna specialuri normebi kiberdanaSaulis aRmosafxvrelad. 1977 wels, amerikis Seer-<br />
123
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Tebul StatebSi SeimuSaves `federaluri kompiuteruli sistemebis dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanonproeqti,<br />
romelic iTvaliswinebda sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas iseTi qmedebebisaTvis,<br />
rogoricaa: kompiuterul sistemaSi cru monacemebis Seyvana, kompiuteruli mowyobilobebis<br />
ukanono gamoyeneba, fuladi saxsrebis mitaceba kompiuteruli teqnologiebisa da kompiuteruli<br />
informaciis meSveobiT da sxva. 8<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi pirveli kiberSeteva 1979 wels, vilniusSi moxda. es kompiuteruli Tavdasxma<br />
qveyanas 78 584 rubli daujda. incidenti kompiuteruli danaSaulis saerTaSoriso siaSi Sevida<br />
da Semdgom, qveyanaSi kiberdanaSaulTa aTvlis wertilad iqca.<br />
Camoyalibda kiberdanaSaulis sxvadasxva saxe: bavSvTa pornografia _ kompiuteruli qselis<br />
gamoyeneba iseTi masalebis Seqmnisa da gavrcelebisaTvis, romelic seqsualur gavlenas axdens<br />
arasrulwlovan bavSvebze; kibergaTeTreba _ ukanonod mopovebuli fulis internet gadaricxva,<br />
wyarosa da mimRebis vinaobis dafarvis mizniT; kiberqurdoba _ qurdoba kompiuterisa da internet<br />
sivrcis meSveobiT; kibervandalizmi _ sainformacio bazebis ganadgureba da dazianeba, maTi<br />
moparvisa da gamoyenebis nacvlad; kiberterorizmi _ winaswarganzraxuli, Cveulebriv, politikurad,<br />
ideologiurad motivirebuli Zaladoba moqalaqeTa winaaRmdeg, kompiuteruli teqnologiebis<br />
gamoyenebiT an daxmarebiT.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom interneti Seiqmna imisaTvis, raTa erTmaneTTan kavSiri hqonodaT saxelmwifo<br />
organizaciebsa da universitetebs _ gaewia daxmareba mecnieruli gamokvlevebisaTvis. am<br />
qselis Semqmnelebi ar elodebodnen mis aseT gavrcelebas, Sedegad, internetis protokolis<br />
adreul specifikaSi usafrTxoebis moTxovna gaTvaliswinebuli ar yofila. 9<br />
1.2. `hakeri~ _ eleqtronuli dampyrobeli<br />
`hakeri~ (ingl. hacker, terminis fuZea to hack _ Wriloba, nakuw-nakuwad qceva) kompiuteruli<br />
programistebis gansakuTrebul jgufs ewodeba. 10 pirvelad, termini `hakeri~ 1960-ian wlebSi<br />
gaCnda da Semdeg, am sityvas mravali mniSvneloba gauCnda. adre igi gamoiyeneboda maRalkvalificiuri<br />
programistebis mosaxsenieblad. axla ki, am sityviT moixsenieben maT, vinc daukiTxavad<br />
iWreba sxvis kompiuterul sistemaSi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom hakeri `yvelafrismcodnes~ niSnavs.<br />
maT ise SeuZliaT Tqvens kompiuterSi SemoRweva, rogorc qurdebs _ saxlebsa da binebSi.<br />
amas isini kompiuterul sistemaSi specialuri xarvezebis gamoyenebiT _ programuli daucvelobiT<br />
aRweven.<br />
realur samyaroSi arsebobs uamravi susti wertili da uamravi gza, rom ganxorcieldes Tavdasxma.<br />
magaliTad, Tu terorists unda TviTmfrinavis afeTqeba, mas SeuZlia aitanos bortze<br />
bombi an esrolos raketa. hakers ki, romelic cdilobs SeaRwios korporaciul qselSi, SeuZlia<br />
Seutios brandmauers, veb servers, gamoiyenos modemuri kavSiri da sxva, hakerebisagan Tavdacva<br />
mxolod gansakuTrebuli aplikaciiT SeiZleba.<br />
2. kiberdanaSauli sazRvargareT<br />
kiberdanaSauli msoflio sazogadoebis samarTlian SeSfoTebas iwvevs, rac aqtualurs xdis<br />
sakiTxs sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis Tanmxlebi uaryofiTi<br />
movlenebis regulirebisaTvis. regulirebaSi, sxvasTan erTad, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba<br />
samarTlebrivi regulireba, anu Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso da erovnuli sakanonmdeblo bazebis<br />
Seqmna, 11 raTa kompiuterul danaSaulTan brZola erTi mxriv, gaadvildes, xolo meore mxriv,<br />
124
drouli biZgi mieceT saxelmwifoebSi samomavlo samarTlebrivi bazis ganviTarebas amgvar<br />
danaSaulTa aRsakveTad da prevenciisaTvis. 12<br />
yvelaze uxeSi daTvlebiT, kompiuteruli danaSaulisagan miyenebuli yovelwliuri zarali<br />
evropaSi da amerikaSi Seadgens ramdenime aTeul miliard dolars. yvela saxelmwifoSi kompiuteruli<br />
danaSaulebis monacemebi yovelTvis aWarbebs oficialurad dafiqsirebul monacemebs.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom samarTaldarRvevaTa es faqtebi xSirad, saerTod ar vlindeba. aSS-is gamoZiebis<br />
federaluri biuros (FBI) monacemebiT kompiuteruli danaSaulebis daaxloebiT 85<br />
procenti saerTod ar mJRavndeba, xolo sasamarTlomde faqtebis mxolod erTi procenti midis.<br />
virtualuri mtkicebulebis ganadgureba advilad da swrafadaa SesaZlebeli, rac danaSaulis<br />
gaxsnas zogjer SeuZlebels xdis.<br />
amerikis nacionaluri centris kompiuteruli danaSaulis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebiT, 1988<br />
wlidan, kompiuterulma danaSaulma amerikul kompaniebs miayena 500 milioni aSS dolaris<br />
materialuri ziani. italiaSi, 1983 wels, kompiuteris meSveobiT bankidan moparuli iqna 20 miliardi<br />
lira, safrangeTSi, danakargi 1 miliard franks aRwevda weliwadSi, xolo germaniaSi, kompiuteruli<br />
mafia weliwadSi 4 miliard markamde Tanxas itacebda. 13 Tumca, kompiuteruli<br />
danaSaulebis umetesoba arc dafiqsirebulia da arc gamovlenili. aSS-is mTavrobis erT-erTi<br />
saagentos mier gakeTebuli statistika amyarebs am daskvnas. am saagentos kompiuterebis usafr-<br />
Txoebis Sesamowmeblad ganzrax ganxorcielda Tavdasxma. 38 000 samizne kompiuteridan SeRweva<br />
warmatebiT ganxorcielda 65%-Si. `warmatebiT~ dazianebuli saitebis sistematurma administratorebma<br />
daafiqsires am SeRwevebis mxolod 40%, am 40%-idan mxolod 27%-ma ganaxorciela<br />
gadacema. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, 38 000 dazaralebuli kompiuteridan 24 700-Si ganxorcielda<br />
SeRweva, rac aRiqva 988 maTganma, xolo aqedan, Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb informaciis gadacema<br />
mxolod 267-ma moaxerxa. 14<br />
ukve 1973 wels, SvedeTma miiRo kanoni `kompiuteruli danaSaulis Sesaxeb~, SedarebiT gvian<br />
ki, normebi kompiuteruli danaSaulis Sesaxeb miiRo didma britaneTma, avstriam, daniam, safrangeTma,<br />
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma, kanadam, avstraliam da sxva qveynebma. germaniaSi,<br />
kompiuteruli informaciis sferoSi Cadenil danaSaulebze sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sakiTxi dadga 1986 wlidan, xolo 1993 wels, holandiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsma<br />
ganicada cvlilebebi da danaSaulad gamocxadda kompiuterSi arasanqcirebuli SeRweva, kompiuteruli<br />
sabotaJi, virusebis gavrceleba da sxva.<br />
kompiuteruli piratobis minimaluri _ 20 procentiT aSS liderobs, mas mosdevs iaponia da<br />
luqsemburgi. piratobis saerTo done ki, msoflioSi 41 procents Seadgens da maT mier miyenebuli<br />
zarali 53 miliardi dolaria.<br />
bolo dros, rogorc rusul mediaSi weren, kompiuteruli danaSaulebis ricxvi qveyanaSi<br />
kompiuterizaciis tempis paralelurad izrdeba. oficialurad daregistrirebuli monacemebiT<br />
ki, 2007 wels, ruseTSi 12 aTasi amgvari faqti dafiqsirda da maTgan 10 aTasi faqtis gaxsna<br />
moxerxda. 15<br />
kiberdanaSauli kibersamarTalSi mzardi sferoa, saWiroa mravali nabijis gadadgma, raTa<br />
dalagdes sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi meqanizmi am tipis danaSaulis kontrolisa da aRkveTis<br />
mizniT. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sasamarTloebma ukve daiwyes kibersivrceSi arsebuli TaRliTuri<br />
qmedebebisa da kiberdanaSaulebis SemCneva da am mxriv, araerTi seriozuli saqmec iqna<br />
ganxiluli. 16 aRsaniSnavia, rom „did rvians~ (Group of Eight – G8) Seqmnili aqvs sakontrolo<br />
punqtebis mudmivmoqmedi qseli, romelsac kiberdanaSaulTan dakavSirebiT dauyovnebeli zomebis<br />
ganxorcielebis mizniT, SeiZleba mimarTos saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis procesis monawile<br />
yvela wevrma. 17<br />
125
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
2.1. evropissabWoskonvencia kiberdanaSaulis Sesaxeb<br />
2001 wlis 8 noembers, evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetma, 109-e sesiaze miiRo `kiberdanaSaulis<br />
Sesaxeb~ konvencia, romelic xelmosawerad 2001 wlis 23 noembers, qalaq budapeStSi gaixsna,<br />
xolo 2004 wlis pirvel ivliss, ZalaSi Sevida. es internetisa da sxva kompiuteruli qselebis<br />
saSualebiT Cadenili danaSaulebebis Sesaxeb pirveli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaa, romelic<br />
saavtoro uflebebis darRvevaze, kompiuterTan dakavSirebul TaRliTobaze, bavSvTa pornografiasa<br />
da qselis usafrTxoebis darRvevebze gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs. konvenciis<br />
mizania, saTanado kanonmdeblobis SemuSaveba da saerTo politikis gatareba kiberdanaSaulis<br />
winaaRmdeg 18 da am TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaZliereba. konvenciis me-9<br />
muxli eZRvneba internetis saSualebiT gavrcelebul pedofiliasTan da bavSvTa pornografiasTan<br />
brZolas. 19 kiberdamnaSaveobis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi ki, eZRvneba<br />
kompiuteruli sistemebis meSveobiT Cadenili rasistuli da qsenofobiuri xasiaTis qmedebaTa<br />
kriminalizacias. 20<br />
amerikeli da evropeli eqspertebis nawili `kiberdanaSaulis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis ZiriTad<br />
naklad im Teoriul safrTxes miiCneven, romelsac es dokumenti uqmnis piradi informaciis<br />
anonimurobas. kerZod, konvenciis mixedviT, Tu aris eWvi, rom konkretuli internet-momxmarebeli<br />
dakavSirebulia kriminalur saqmianobasTan, gamoZiebas ufleba eZleva mosamarTlis<br />
nebarTviT, moipovos misi personaluri informacia da Tvali adevnos mis pirad komunikacias.<br />
evropis sabWos `kiberdanaSaulis Sesaxeb~ konvenciiT, msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier SemuSavebulia<br />
erTiani pozicia, Tu romeli qmedebebi unda iyos kriminalizebuli da ra formiT unda<br />
ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba kibernetikul danaSaulTan sabrZolvelad. konvencias<br />
ukve moawera xeli 34 saxelmwifom, maT Sorisaa, kanada, samxreT afrika, iaponia da amerikis<br />
SeerTebuli Statebi. konvenciis xelmoweraze uari ganacxada evrosabWos wevrma ramdenime<br />
qveyanam _ san-marinom da monakom, ratifikaciaze uari ganacxada ruseTmac.<br />
3. kiberdanaSauli saqarTveloSi<br />
dRes, saqarTvelo gardamaval etapzea da es etapi inovaciebiT savse epoqas _ informaciul<br />
saukunes daemTxva. saqarTvelo iTvisebs axal teqnologiebs da cdilobs nabiji auwyos danarCen<br />
msoflios.<br />
kiberdanaSaulis Tanamedrove formis efeqtiani sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis mizniT aucilebeli<br />
gaxda saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi, daxvewili sakanonmdeblo bazis arseboba,<br />
moqnili kanonmdeblobis Seqmna, rac saSualebas miscemda samarTaldamcavebs efeqtianad<br />
ebrZolaT kiberkriminalis winaaRmdeg.<br />
2004 wels, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi kompiuterul danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sami muxli iqna Setanili. 2008 wlidan ki, Cveni qveyana aqtiurad monawileobs kiberdana-<br />
Saulis winaaRmdeg mimarTul kampaniaSi. bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, mimdinareobda sxvadasxva<br />
saxis treiningebi am mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelo ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT axorcielebs<br />
kibersivrcis dacvas: sakanonmdeblo bazis daxvewisa da erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mier<br />
wamowyebuli erovnuli kiberusafrTxoebis koncefciis Seqmnis kuTxiT. 21<br />
2010 wlis 24 seqtembers, parlamentma kiberdanaSaulis cvlilebaTa paketi miiRo. kiberdana-<br />
Saulze gamkacrebuli sakanonmdeblo normebi amoqmedda, kerZod: SemoRebul iqna iuridiuli<br />
piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba kiberdanaSaulis CadenisaTvis, rac saqmianobis<br />
126
uflebis CamorTmevas, jarimas an qonebis CamorTmevas gulisxmobs. daixvewa inteleqtualuri<br />
sakuTrebis Sesaxeb muxli (saavtoro, momijnave uflebis mflobelisa da monacemTa bazis damamzadeblis<br />
uflebis xelyofa); daixvewa bavSvTa pornografiis muxli;<br />
mTlianad ganaxlda saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis V Tavi _ `kompiuteruli danaSauli.~<br />
aRniSnuli Tavi, Tavis mxriv, aris mecxre karis _ `danaSauli sazogadoebrivi uSiSroebisa<br />
da wesrigis winaaRmdeg~, Semadgeneli nawili. am TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli Semadgenlobebi miekuTvneba<br />
naklebad mZime danaSaulTa kategorias da igi clilebebis Sedegad, moicavs Semdeg danaSaulebs:<br />
kompiuterul sistemaSi unebarTvo SeRweva (muxli 284) _ daemata da Caanacvla Zveli muxli;<br />
kompiuteruli monacemis an/da kompiuteruli sistemis ukanonod gamoyeneba (muxli 285) _<br />
krZalavs iseTi kompiuteruli programis/mowyobilobis damzadebas, gayidvas Tu gavrcelebas,<br />
romlis mizania kiberdanaSaulis Cadena (viwro mniSvnelobiT); kompiuteruli monacemis an/da<br />
kompiuteruli sistemis xelyofa (muxli 286) _ igi Sedgeba ori nawilisagan. pirveli nawili<br />
krZalavs kompiuteruli monacemebis dazianebas, Secvlas da nebismier sxva moqmedebas, romelic<br />
xelyofs monacemTa mTlianobas, amasTan, kompiuteruli monacemi aris kompiuterul sistemaSi<br />
damuSavebisaTvis xelsayreli nebismieri formiT gamosaxuli informacia. 22 muxlis meore nawili<br />
krZalvas kompiuteruli sistemis xelyofas. aseve, cvlilebebi Seexo saproceso kanonmdeblobasac,<br />
daemata specifikuri sagamoZiebo moqmedebebi, terminTa ganmarteba da sxva. 23<br />
kompiuterul danaSaulSi kompiuteri erTdroulad SeiZleba warmoadgendes rogorc dana-<br />
Saulis sagans, ise misi Cadenis saSualebasac. danaSaulis subieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc fizikuri,<br />
ise iuridiuli piri. kompiuterul danaSaulTa subieqturi Semadgenloba ki, mxolod ganzraxvas<br />
gulisxmobs. 24<br />
ukrainis, azerbaijanis, yazaxeTis respublikebis da ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kodeqsebis msgavsad, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi kompiuteruli danaSaulis Sesaxeb<br />
normebis sanqciebs SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aqvs alternatiuli saxe. alternatiuli saxis sanqciebis<br />
arseboba ki, iZleva saSualebas marTlmsajuleba ganxorcieldes gacilebiT efeqtianad da<br />
nayofierad, vidre es erTi saxis sanqciiTaa SesaZlebeli. 25<br />
3.1. kiberterorizmi<br />
internetis masStabebis zrdam aCvena, rom kibersivrce gamoiyeneba individebisa da jgufebis<br />
mier saerTaSoriso mTavrobebis SeSinebisa da aseve, qveynis moqalaqeebis daSinebis mizniT.<br />
kiberterorizmi kiberdanaSaulis iseT saxea, romelic mimarTulia saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.<br />
termini „kiberterorizmi~ pirvelad, 1980 wels, kaliforniis usafrTxoebisa da dazvervis<br />
institutis ufrosma mecnier-TanamSromelma barikolinma gamoiyena kibersivrcisa da terorizmis<br />
aRsaniSnavad. xolo pirveli samuSao gansazRvreba ekuTvnis FBI-is specialur agents mark<br />
polits: kiberterorizmi es aris subnacionaluri an faruli agentebis mier winaswarganzraxuli,<br />
politikurad motivirebuli Zaladoba mSvidobiani (aramebrZoli) samiznis winaaRmdeg, rac gamoxatulia<br />
informaciaze, kompiuterul sistemebze, programebsa da monacemTa bazebze Setevasa<br />
da maT ganadgurebaSi.<br />
kiberterorizmis daxasiaTebaSi specialistTa nawili xazs usvams damdgari Sedegis masStabebs.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, kompiuteruli Setevebi, romelTac SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves ngreva<br />
an sikvdilianoba, an eleqtroenergiis masiuri gaTiSva, TviTmfrinavebis katastrofa, wylis<br />
masiuri dabinZureba, an ekonomikis seqtorSi ndobis sruli dakargva, aseve, SeiZleba iyos kvalificirebuli,<br />
rogorc kiberterorizmi. 26<br />
imis dasadgenad, Tu ra gansxvaveba da msgavsebaa teroristuli ritorikis internetversiasa<br />
da Cveulebriv masmedias Soris, internetSi arsebuli TiToeuli teroristuli gverdi Rrmad<br />
127
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
unda iqnas gaanalizebuli. internetis efeqtianad gamoyenebis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes<br />
`hizballahis~ moqmedeba, romelmac ganaxorciela fsiqologiuri Seteva ebraeli xalxis winaaRmdeg;<br />
kerZod, es organizacia internetis saSualebiT 2006 wlis zafxulSi, israelis mier<br />
libanSi ganxorcielebuli antiteroristuli kampaniis dros, daRupuli ebraeli jariskacebis<br />
fotoebs avrcelebda, Sedegad, israelis mosaxleobam Tavis mTavrobas mosTxova antiteroristuli<br />
operaciis SeCereba. 27<br />
msoflio ebrZvis kiberterorizms. 2002 wels, praRis samitze, natos wevr saxelmwifoTa liderebma<br />
kiberterorizmi mniSvnelovan safrTxed aRiares da saWirod miiCnies, Seqmniliyo `natos<br />
kiberTavdacvis programa~. 2008 wlis 14 maiss, estoneTSi, natos mier Seiqmna kiberTavdacvis<br />
centri, raTa gaizardos natos kiberTavdacviTi SesaZleblobebi.<br />
2002 wlis 28 dekembers, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Setanil iqna muxli 324 1 _<br />
kiberterorizmis saxelwodebiT, igi moqceulia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis XXXVI I I TavSi, romelic<br />
terorizms exeba da miekuTvneba XI kars _ „danaSaulebi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg~. saqar-<br />
Tvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT kiberterorizmi mkacrad dasjadia, kerZod, kanoniT daculi<br />
kompiuteruli informaciis marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba, misi gamoyeneba an gamoyenebis<br />
muqara, rac qmnis mZime Sedegis saSiSroebas, Cadenili mosaxleobis daSinebis an/da xelisuflebis<br />
organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis vadiT, aTidan TxuTmet wlamde,<br />
xolo igive qmedeba, ramac adamianis sicocxlis mospoba an sxva mZime Sedegi gamoiwvia, dasjadia<br />
Tavisuflebis aRkveTis vadiT, Tormetidan oc wlamde an uvadod. am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
danaSaulisaTvis iuridiuli piri likvidaciiT an saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeviT da jarimiT<br />
isjeba. 28<br />
3.2. saqarTvelo _ evropis sabWos `kiberdanaSaulis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis wevri<br />
2012 wlis 6 ivniss, saqarTvelo gaxda evropis sabWos `kiberdanaSaulis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis<br />
wevri (ETS 185). 2012 wlis pirveli oqtombridan, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, konvencia ZalaSi<br />
Sevida. Sedegad, igi konvenciis 34-e wevri saxelmwifoa evropis sabWos sxva bevr saxelwifoebTan<br />
da amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan erTad. saqarTvelo did mniSvnelobas aniWebs aRniSnul konvencias,<br />
radgan aRniSnuli konvenciis mTavari mizani, rogorc es mis preambulaSia gamoxatuli,<br />
aris erTiani antikriminaluri politikis gatareba, romelic miznad isaxavs sazogadoebis dacvas<br />
kiberdanaSaulisagan, kerZod ki, Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis miRebisa da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis<br />
xelSewyobis gziT. 29 konvencia kiberdanaSaulisagan sazogadoebis dasacavad erTiani<br />
antikriminaluri politikis gatarebis saSualebaa. es kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabijia saqarTvelos<br />
kanonmdeblobis evropis kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciisaken, gansakuTrebiT, kiberdamnaSaveobis<br />
sferoSi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom iusticiis saministro da Sinagan saqmeTa saministro evropis sabWos erTwliani<br />
proeqtis partniorebi arian da am proeqtis miznidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelosaTvis<br />
mniSvnelovani nabijebia mcdeloba kanonmdeblobis srulyofisa, specialuri sagamoZiebo ganyofilebis<br />
Seqmnis xelSewyoba, profesionalTa treningis Catareba da internetmomsaxurebis mimwodeblebTan<br />
partniorobis Camoyalibeba. 30<br />
saqarTveloSi aseve, Catarda treningebi: mWirdo urTierToba damyarda amerikis iusticiis<br />
departamentTan, romelic gamomZieblebisa da prokurorebisaTvis sxvadasxva tipis treningebs<br />
atarebs. amave dros, mimdinareobs eqspertTa treningic, romlebic Caatareben eqspertizas<br />
kompiuterul monacemebze da Sesabamisad, SesaZlebeli iqneba amgvari danaSaulis ufro efeqtiani<br />
gamovlena da am danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola. gaimarTa kiberdanaSulis Sesaxeb regio-<br />
128
nuli konferencia, sadac monawileoben sajaro da kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi saqarTvelodan,<br />
somxeTidan, azerbaijanidan, ukrainidan, moldovadan, poloneTidan, estoneTidan, holandiidan,<br />
norvegiidan, rumineTidan, espaneTidan da TurqeTidan, ucxoeli da qarTveli<br />
eqspertebi, aseve, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi _ sul 60 monawile.<br />
konferenciis mizani iyo kiberdanaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis sferoSi saukeTeso praqtikis<br />
gaziareba da analizi, agreTve saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSromlobis gaZliereba. kiberdanaSaulis<br />
Sesaxeb ucxoeli eqspertebis CarTulobiT momzadebuli proeqtis mizania saqarTvelos<br />
SesaZleblobebis gazrda kiberdanaSaulTan brZolis sferoSi, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia<br />
`kiberdanaSaulis Sesaxeb~ evrosabWos konvenciasTan, aseve, samarTaldamcavi organoebis<br />
TanamSromelTa da mosamarTleTa specialuri treningebi. xeli moewera `kiberdanaSaulis<br />
gamoZiebis procesSi TanamSromlobis principebis Sesaxeb~ memorandums _ Sinagan saqmeTa<br />
saministros, internetmomsaxurebis mimwodeblebsa da eleqtronuli komunikaciebis komisias<br />
Soris.<br />
4. statistika da mciredi rekomendaciebi<br />
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mier, sajaro informaciis saxiT gacemuli statistikuri<br />
monacemebis Tanaxmad, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa kolegiaSi,<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 284-e, 285-e, 286-e da 324 1 muxlebiT, 2006 wels Sevida<br />
2 (ori) sisxlis samarTlis saqme, 2007 wels _ 1 (erTi), 2008 wels _ 1 (erTi), 2009 wels _ 2 (ori),<br />
2010 wels _ 5 (xuTi), 2011 wels _ 26 (ocdaeqvsi), xolo 2012 wels _ 31 (ocdaTerTmeti) sisxlis<br />
samarTlis saqme. 31 monacemTa gacvlis saagentos 2011 wlis monacemebiT ki, kompiuteruli<br />
danaSaulis sxvadasxva muxlebiT sul gamoZieba 41 sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze daiwyo. aqedan, 28<br />
pirze gamocxadda sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna, sasamarTlos mier gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni ki,<br />
14 saqmeze iqna gamotanili. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi exeboda iseT SemTxvevebs, rogoricaa<br />
piradi cxovrebis xelyofa, kompiuterul sistemebSi ukanono SeRweva, monacemTa borotad<br />
gamoyeneba, monacemTa an sistemis xelyofa.<br />
aRniSnuli statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelzec, naTlad Cans saqarTveloSi kiberdanaSaulis<br />
zrdis tendencia ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
eqspertebis informaciiT, siaSi, sadac 110 qveyanaa warmodgenili, saqarTvelo msoflioSi<br />
nomer pirveli kompiuteruli piratia, anu saqarTveloSi aralicenzirebuli kompiuteruli<br />
programebi sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT yvelaze Warbadaa. am maCvenebliT mas bangladeSic ki,<br />
CamorCeba. saprogramo uzrunvelyofis programebis sferoSi piratobis donis mixedviT pirvel<br />
adgilze _ 95 procentiT saqarTveloa. “Business Software Alliance (BSA)”-is moxsenebis Tanaxmad,<br />
romelic “International Data Corporation (IDC)”-is mier Seswavlil 2008 wlis monacemebs eyrdnoba,<br />
piratuli produqciis wiliT Cveni qveyana iseT saxelmwifosac ki, CamorCeba, rogoric bangladeSia.<br />
32 multinacionaluri kompiuteruli teqnologiebis giganti “Microsoft”-i saqarTveloSi<br />
yovelwliurad 150 milion dolars kargavs. saqarTvelos biujetSi ki, 50-60 milioni laris odenobis<br />
gadasaxadebi ar Sedis. aseTia “Microsoft”-is Tbilisis warmomadgenlobis kvlevis Sedegi,<br />
romelic saqarTveloSi moparuli kompiuteruli programebis gavrcelebis masStabebis dadgenas<br />
isaxavda miznad. sainteresoa, rom moparuli kompiuteruli programebiT Cvens qveyanaSi, TiTqmis<br />
Tanabrad sargebloben, rogorc kerZo seqtorSi, ise saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi. 33<br />
saqarTveloSi kompiuteris mqone moqalaqeTa 95 procenti moparul kompiuterul programebs<br />
iyenebs, am maCvenebliT meorea zimbabve, Semdeg modian bangladeSi, moldova, somxeTi da azer-<br />
129
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
baijani. 34 qarTuli bazari TiTqmis mTlianad, naqurdali kompiuteruli programebiT aris gajerebuli,<br />
naqurdali programebis fasi licenzirebuls ramdenjerme Camouvardeba, rac licenzirebuli<br />
produqciis gavrcelebas azrs ukargavs.<br />
saqarTveloSi naqurdali kompiuteruli programebis gamoyeneba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia.<br />
sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi, es danaSauli iTvaliswinebs fulad jarimas, oridan aTi aTas<br />
laramde an Tavisuflebis aRkveTas sam wlamde vadiT. miuxedavad moparuli kompiuteruli programebis<br />
gavrcelebis kolosaluri arealisa, saqarTvelos generaluri prokuraturis cnobiT,<br />
am saxis danaSaulisaTvis, dRemde erTi adamianic ki, ar dasjila, upirveles yovlisa, momCivanis<br />
ararsebobis gamo.<br />
saqarTvelosaTvis kiberdanaSaulisa da kiberusafrTxoebis problematika gansakuTrebiT<br />
mwvaved dadga 2008 wlis movlenebis Semdeg, rodesac masobrivi kiberSetevebi ganxorcielda<br />
samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo internet-resursebze. ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg, virtualur<br />
samyaroSi axali termini gaCnda _ kiberomi. aseTi omis dros, internetsivrce brZolis<br />
damatebiTi iaraRia. ruseTis moqalaqeebma, koordinirebuli Tavdasxmis Sedegad, mwyobridan<br />
gamoiyvanes aTamde mniSvnelovani qarTuli saiti, maT Soris, qveynis prezidentis, Tavdacvis<br />
ministris, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankisa da mTavari sainformacio veb gverdebi.<br />
2008 wlis 12 agvistos gazeTi “The New York Times” werda, rom istoriaSi pirvelad or qveyanas<br />
Soris SeiaraRebul konfliqts win intensiuri kibermomzadeba uZRvoda. saqarTveloze kiberSetevebi<br />
ar dawyebula 8 agvistos. is konfliqtis dawyebamde bevrad adre momzadda da SedarebiT<br />
mcire masStabebiT jer kidev, ivlisis bolodan xorcieldeboda. 35<br />
aragonieri iqneboda imedi dagvemyarebina mxolod dacviT meqanizmebze. upirvelesad, imitom,<br />
rom erT Setevas SeiZleba mosdevdes meore. gansakuTrebiTi dacviTi meqanizmebis gamoyeneba<br />
uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas mxolod maSin, rodesac teqnologiebi, romelic mis safuZvelSi<br />
devs _ aris srulfasovani. 37<br />
„hakerebi~ cdiloben miiRon informacia Tavdasxmis sxvadasxva gzebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic<br />
erTi mxriv, xdebian ufro da ufro daxvewilebi da meore mxriv _ gamosayeneblad martivi.<br />
xSirad xdeba, rodesac momxmareblebi iyeneben erTi da igive parols sxvadasxva sistemebTan<br />
wvdomisas. paroluri Setevis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia Tu ar gamoviyenebT teqsturi<br />
formis parolebs. isini unda Seicavdnen simboloebis maRal da dabal registrebs, cifrebs an<br />
specniSnebs.<br />
samuSao sadgurebi saboloo momxmareblebiT, noyieri adgilia virusebisa da e.w. „troas<br />
cxenebis~ gavrcelebisaTvis. maTTan sabrZolvelad efeqturia antivirusuli programebi. isini<br />
aRmoaCenen virusebs da aferxeben maT gavrcelebas. virusebze axali informaciis miReba efeqtians<br />
xdis maT muSaobas, amitom saWiroa maTi mudmivi ganaxleba.<br />
efeqtiani Tavdacva Sedgeba sami nawilisagan: dacva, aRmoCena da reagireba. mniSnvelovania<br />
momxmarebeli winaswar gaecnos sxvadasxva saxis incidentis dros gasatarebeli RonisZiebis<br />
wesebs (rekomendaciebs), rogoricaa: momxmareblis autentifikaciis monacemebis (saxeli, paroli)<br />
Secvla, dablokva, sabanko sabaraTe angariSebis droebiT dablokva, dazianebuli kompiuteruli<br />
resursebis ucvlelad Senaxva (Semdgomi analizis Casatareblad).<br />
kiberTavdasxmis Tavidan asarideblad, kompiuterul sistemebze aucilebelia, iyos dayenebuli<br />
mxolod licenzirebuli programebi da sistematurad unda xdebodes maTi ganaxleba, rac<br />
mniSvnelovnad amcirebs sistemis arakeTilsindisierad gamoyenebis risks. aseve, martivi gonierebaa<br />
_ ar gavceT pasuxi ucnob eleqtronul gzavnilebs, ar movaxdinoT ucnobi saitebidan<br />
programebis CamotvirTva da Cveni piradi informaciis miwodeba internetiT. 38<br />
130
pornografiuli masalebis gavrcelebis kontroli mxolod ramdenime qveyanSi arsebobs. kargi<br />
iqneba, Tu saqarTveloSic kibersivrces dauwesdeba akrZalvebi pornografiis gavrcelebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT es exeba bavSvTa pornografias, romlis drosac pasuxismgeblobas<br />
daeqvemdebarebian ara marto informaciis mimwodeblebi, aramed Tavad internet „provaiderebic~.<br />
sasurvelia, qveyanam e.w. „hakerebis~ ganusazRvreli SesaZleblobebi am sferoSi, gamoiyenos<br />
kibersivrcis usafrTxoebis gasaZliereblad da TavdacviTi meqanizmebis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
daskvna<br />
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, saSualebas gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom kompiuteruli danaSaulis<br />
transnacionalurma xasiaTma am sakiTxSi saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso gaerTianebis aucilebloba<br />
warmoSva. 39 informaciuli teqnologiebis mzard gamoyenebasTan erTad, saqarTveloSic TandaTanobiT<br />
izrdeba kiberdanaSaulis safrTxe, sul ufro prioritetuli xdeba am danaSaulis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZola, misi prevencia da gamoZieba. amdenad, saWiroa saerTo sisxlissamarTlebrivi<br />
politikis da samarTlebrivi standartebis SemuSaveba, romelic daicavs Cvens qveyanas kompiuteruli<br />
danaSaulebisagan Sida sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebis gatarebisa da saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis<br />
gziT. 40<br />
udavod misasalmebelia, rom Cvens qveyanaSi am mxriv, qmediTi RonisZiebebi gatarda. kerZod:<br />
saqarTvelo gaxda evropis sabWos `kiberdanaSaulis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis wevri, amiT Cvenma saxelmwifom<br />
kidev erTi didi nabiji gadadga kompiuteruli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, msoflios<br />
ganviTarebul qveynebTan Tanaswori urTierTTanamSromlobisaken. aseve, aqtiurad mimdinareobs<br />
treningebi da konferenciebi kiberdanaSaulis Temaze, rac uSualodaa mimarTuli kiberkriminalis<br />
SemaSfoTeblad mzardi masStabebis aRsakveTad, swored am mizans emsaxureba saqarTveloSi<br />
kiberdanaSaulze gamkacrebuli sakanonmdeblo normebic. dRevandeli mdgomareobiT,<br />
sakanonmdeblo baza da yvela meqanizmi aris sakmaod efeqtiani imisaTvis, rom kiberSetevebis<br />
SemTxvevebi droulad iqnas gamoZiebuli.<br />
„damnaSave samyaro iseTia, rogoris saSualebasac mas aZlevs saxelmwifo~ _ es fraza jon<br />
kramniks ekuTvnis. marTlac, dResdReobiT, mravali saxelmwifo cdilobs, rom sakuTar qveyanaSi<br />
maqsimalurad uzrunvelyos globaluri qselis efeqtiani kontroli, maT Sorisaa, saqarTveloc.<br />
adamianis goneba sakmaod gamWriaxia imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas danaSaulis Cadenis axali xerxebi,<br />
Sesabamisad, swored adamianis gamWriaxoba unda gamoviyenoT samarTlebrivi da maregulirebeli<br />
meqanizmebis ganviTarebisaTvis, raTa efeqtianad gavakontroloT da movaxdinoT kiberdanaSaulebis<br />
prevencia.<br />
131
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
http://ilawge.blogspot.com/2012/05/blog-post_191.html<br />
2<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I I, `meridiani~, 2012, gv. 31.<br />
3<br />
www.crime-research.org<br />
4<br />
http://www. justice.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=666&lang_id=GEO<br />
5 Âîçäåéñòâèå îðãàíèçîâàííîé ïðåñòóïíîé äåÿòåëúíîñòè íà îáùåñòâî â öåëîì: Äîêëàä<br />
Ãåíåðàëúíîãî Ñåêðåòàðÿ Îðãàíèçàöèè Îáúåäèíåííûõ Íàöèé // Êîìèññèÿ ÎÎÍ<br />
ïðåäóïðåæäåíèþ ïðåñòóïíîñòè è óãîëîâíîìó ïðàâîñóäèþ, Âåðà, 13-23 àïð. Å/ CN<br />
6<br />
http://www.onlinenews.ge/index.php?id=13575&lang=geo<br />
7<br />
http://an.blogspot.com/2011/04/blog-post.html<br />
8<br />
u. zaqaSvili, `kompiuteruli danaSaulis samarTlebrivi regulirebis da<br />
gamoZiebis problemebi saqarTveloSi~ _ Jur. `marTlmsajuleba~, <strong>#1</strong>, 2010.<br />
9<br />
v. adamia, n. arabuli `monacemTa dacva kompiuterul qselebSi~, nawili I,<br />
Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 11.<br />
10<br />
http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki<br />
11<br />
Scott Charney, Kent Alexander, Types of computer crime, 25.11.2005 http://www. crimeresearch.org/articles/types-of-computer-crime/2<br />
12<br />
l. surgulaZe, „kompiuteruli danaSauli~, komentari, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 68-70.<br />
13 „Èíôîðìàöèÿ è èíôîðìàöèîííûå îòíîøåíèÿ êàê íîâûé êðèìèíàëèñòè÷åñêèé îáúåêò” _<br />
http://www.melik.narod.ru/glava_1.html<br />
14<br />
m. cercvaZe, `saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kiberdanaSaulis<br />
konvenciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxisaTvis~, Jur. `marTlmsajuleba~ <strong>#1</strong>,<br />
2003.<br />
15<br />
iliauni.edu.ge/modern—techology/home/3d-no-glasses-by-jonathan-post<br />
16<br />
n. koxreiZe, `kiberdanaSauli~, http://ilawge.blogspot.com/2012/05/blog-post_191.html<br />
17<br />
Pedro Verdelho, Cybercrime and Electronic Evidence, E –Newsletter “Electronic Newsletter<br />
on the Fight Against Cybercrime” (ENAC) N1, jule, 2009.<br />
18<br />
http://www.ghn.ge/news-68202.html<br />
19<br />
m. cercvaZe, `saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis kiberdanaSaulis<br />
konvenciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxisaTvis~, Jur. `marTlmsajuleba~, <strong>#1</strong>, 2003.<br />
20<br />
g. lanCava, `kompiuteruli danaSauli~, Jur. `marTlmsajuleba~, #2, 2008.<br />
21<br />
http://www.media.ge/node/39811<br />
22<br />
ix.: evrosabWos treningi qselur danaSaulSi www.coe.int/cibercrime<br />
23<br />
http://www.justice.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=667<br />
24<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni I I , `meridiani~, 2012, gv. 33.<br />
25<br />
g. lanCava, `ukrainis, saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, yazaxeTis respublikebisa<br />
da ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebSi kompiuteruli<br />
danaSaulis normebi~, _ Jur. `marTlmsajuleba~, #3, 2008.<br />
26<br />
m. cacanaSvili, t. sixaruliZe, „kiberterorizmis problema samarTalSi~,<br />
Jur. `kiberusafrTxoeba~, dekemberi, 2007.<br />
27<br />
ix.: Jenkins 1975; Weimann: 1986; Weimann & Winn:1999.<br />
28<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, komp. programa `kodeqsi 2007~ _<br />
kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema.<br />
29<br />
evropis sabWos konvencia `kiberdanaSaulis Sesaxeb~, 2003 wlis 23 noemberi,<br />
budapeSti.<br />
30<br />
m. SeyelaZe, „kiberusafrTxoeba da saqarTvelo~ _ http://blog.myadvokat.ge/wpcontent/uploads/<br />
31<br />
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos statistikis ganyofilebis pasuxi #22243,<br />
2012 wlis 14 dekembris mimarTvaze.<br />
32<br />
iliauni.edu.ge/modern—techology/home/3d-no-glasses-by-jonathan-post<br />
33<br />
z. wulaZe, http://www.amerikiskhma.com/content/microsoft-georgia-104094173/532601.htm<br />
34<br />
iqve.<br />
35<br />
Before the Gunfire, Cyberattacks, JOHN MARKOFF, 12. 08. 2008, http://www. nytimes.com/<br />
2008/08/13/technology/13cyber.html?_r=2&ref=world&oref=slogin&oref=slogin<br />
<strong>36</strong><br />
http://tribuna.ge/index.php?option=com_con...d=9520&Itemid=1<br />
37<br />
v. adamia, n. arabuli, `monacemTa dacva kompiuterul qselebSi~, nawili I,<br />
Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 69.<br />
38<br />
`rogor davicvaT Tavi kiberSetevebisgan~, http://bloger.ge/?p=1884, 29.02.2012<br />
39<br />
l. surgulaZe, `kompiuteruli danaSauli~, komentari, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 15.<br />
40<br />
g. lanCava, g. orToiZe, `kiberdamnaSaveobis Sesaxeb~ evropuli konvencia da<br />
masTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebi, Tbilisi, 2008.<br />
132
PROBLEMS OF CYBERCRIME<br />
AND CYBERSECURITY<br />
ELENE KAVTUASHVILI<br />
Master Student of Law<br />
Development of computer technologies has brought not only progress, but<br />
also many negative results. A lot of legal problems have arisen along with the<br />
rapid growth of popularity of the Internet. Cybercrime is the most important issue<br />
that is connected with the cyberspace. The founders of the Internet could not have<br />
imagined that it would be used for criminal activities. At present the cybercrime<br />
scales are being increased more and more and it already covers the whole planet.<br />
Cybercrime – crime that is committed in the Internet space, where a computer<br />
is either a victim or an instrument of a crime. Huge, unlimited Internet space that<br />
connects millions of persons, is used illegally, to steal money, to spread<br />
misinformation and to commit other criminal acts.<br />
The article “Problems of Cybercrime and Cyber Security”discusses the strong<br />
influence of the cybercrime – the challenge of the 21 st Century - on the world and<br />
on Georgia and the mechanisms that are being used for the fight against it. It also<br />
presents statistics that make it clear that there is a tendency of growth of this<br />
category of crime. It gives certain recommendations for the protection against the<br />
cybercrime so that unlimited mental abilities of individuals are used not to the<br />
detriment but in favor of the public.<br />
133
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
janmrTelobis dacvis<br />
ufleba da samedicino<br />
momsaxurebaze<br />
xelmisawvdomoba _<br />
pacientis<br />
individualuri da<br />
koleqtiuri uflebebi<br />
naTia TamazaSvili<br />
kavkasiis universitetis samarTlis skolis magistranti<br />
Sesavali<br />
adamianis sicocxle da janmrTeloba _ es is cnebebia, romlebzec<br />
yoveldRiurad viRebT informacias sxvadasxva saSualebebiT.<br />
yvelze xSirad ki, sazogadoeba pacientis darRveul uflebebze<br />
saubrobs. Tumca, misma mcire nawilma icis, Tu ra samarTlebrivi<br />
meqanizmi arsebobs maTi uflebebis dasacavad.<br />
sainteresoa, Tu vin aris pasuxismgebeli pacientis darRveul<br />
uflebebze da ra rols asrulebs am dros saxelmwifo, kerZod,<br />
rogor axdens mis samarTlebriv regulirebasa da kontrols.<br />
yoveli Cvengani cxovrebis garkveul etapze pacienti xdeba.<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, pacienti aris `nebismieri<br />
piri, romelic miuxedavad misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa,<br />
sargeblobs, saWiroebs an apirebs isargeblos janmrTelobis<br />
dacvis sistemis momsaxurebiT. (saqarTvelos kanoni `pacientTa<br />
uflebebis Sesaxeb~, me-4 muxli, `d~ qvepunqti.) rogorc<br />
wesi, adamiani, pacientis statusiT urTierTobas amyarebs eqim-<br />
Tan, romelic eweva saeqimo saqmianobas. saeqimo saqmianoba ki,<br />
aris „medicinaSi ganswavluli, saTanado unar-Cvevebisa da praqtikuli<br />
gamocdilebis mqone piris profesiuli saqmianoba, romlis<br />
mizania qveyanaSi aRiarebuli samedicino standartebisa da<br />
eTikuri normebis gamoyenebiT, agreTve tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
adamianis janmrTelobis dacva, SenarCuneba da aRdgena,<br />
134
misi tanjvis Semsubuqeba~ (saqarTvelos kanoni `saeqimo saqmianobis Sesaxeb~, me-5 muxli, `a~<br />
qvepunqti.)<br />
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli normebis miuxedavad, saeqimo saqmianobis gamwevi garkveul SemTxvevaSi,<br />
ar asrulebs misTvis metad sapasuxismgeblo valdebulebebs da Sedegad viRebT iseTi<br />
uflebebis darRvevas, romelic exeba adamianis sicocxles, janmrTelobasa da konstituciiT<br />
garantirebul sxva uflebebs.<br />
rodesac vsaubrobT pacientisa da eqimis urTierTobaze, aucilebelia, gavmijnoT is ZiriTadi<br />
ufleba-movaleobebi, romelic TiToeul maTgans akisria da risi Sesrulebac savaldebuloa<br />
kanoniT dadgenili ZaliT Tu ubralod, moraluri TvalsazrisiT.<br />
aRniSnuli sakiTxebis garkvevis saSualebas, mraval normatiul aqtTan erTad, gvaZlevs<br />
saqarTvelos kanonebi `pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ da `saeqimo saqmianobis Sesaxeb~, romlebSic<br />
ZiriTadad, asaxulia pacientisa da eqimis ufleba-movaleobebi.<br />
1. janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba da samedicino momsaxurebaze xelmisawvdomoba<br />
saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes da aseve, saqarTveloSi myof ucxoels da moqalaqeobis armqone<br />
pirs ufleba aqvs samedicino momsaxurebis yvela gamwevisagan miiRos qveyanaSi arsebuli da<br />
danergili profesiuli da samomsaxureo standartebis Sesabamisi samedicino momsaxureba.<br />
ufleba janmrTelobaze aRiarebulia da daculia saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da moqmedi<br />
kanonebiT. 1. „yvelas aqvs ufleba, isargeblos janmrTelobis dazRveviT, rogorc xelmisawvdomi<br />
samedicino daxmarebis saSualebiT. kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, gansazRvrul pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofilia<br />
ufaso samedicino daxmareba. 2. saxelmwifo akontrolebs janmrTelobis dacvis<br />
yvela dawesebulebas, samkurnalo saSualebaTa warmoebas da am saSualebebiT vaWrobas~ (saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis 37-e muxlis 1-li da me-2 nawili). aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom yovlad dauSvebelia<br />
pacientis diskriminacia rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, genetikuri memkvidreobis, rwmenisa da<br />
aRmsareblobis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebis, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis,<br />
warmoSobis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, seqsualuri<br />
orientaciis an piraduli uaryofiTi ganwyobis gamo (kanoni `pacientTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~,<br />
muxli. 6).<br />
diskriminaciis akrZalva sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, niSnavs, rom samedicino momsaxurebiT<br />
sargebloba SeuZliaT rogorc saqarTveloSi mcxovreb pirebs aseve, saqarTveloSi mudmivad<br />
an droebiT myof ucxoelebs, devnilebs, ltolvilebs. daavadebis mixedviT, diskriminaciis<br />
dauSvebloba gulisxmobs, rom janmrTel da daavadebul adamians Tanabrad SeuZlia isargeblos<br />
saxelmwifoSi arsebuli jandacvis sistemiT. magaliTad, „SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone<br />
pirebi sargebloben yvela samedicino momsaxurebis gamwev dawesebulebaTa momsaxurebiT; ar<br />
SeiZleba aiv/SidsiT daavadebulTa diskriminacia samedicino momsaxurebis dros. dauSvebelia,<br />
eTnikur an religiur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs uari eTqvaT samedicino momsaxurebaze.<br />
dauSvebelia diskriminacia maSinac, roca arsebobs samedicino momsaxurebisaTvis saWiro adamianTa,<br />
teqnikuri, finansuri an/da sxva resuresebis deficiti. am dros, potenciuri pacientis<br />
SerCeva xdeba mxolod samedicino kriteriumebiT, sxva faqtorebis gauTvaliswineblad, anu<br />
dauSvebelia pacientis diskriminacia.~ 1<br />
janmrTelobis uflebiT sargebloba moicavs samedicino momsaxurebis Tanabrad xelmisawvdomobas,<br />
romelic xorcieldeba saxelmwifo samedicino programebis saSualebiT. aqve mniSvnelovania,<br />
SevexoT pacientis uflebas samedicino momsaxurebaze, romlis ganxorcieleba unda<br />
moxdes gadaudeblad, raTa ar dainvaliddes, gardaicvalos an mniSvnelovnad ar Seeryes janmrTeloba<br />
pacients. Tu, am SemTxvevebSi, samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevs (klinikas, samSobiaros<br />
da stomatologiur ganyofilebas da sxva saxis samedicino dawesebulebas) ar gaaCnia SesaZleb-<br />
135
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
loba aRmouCinos pacients saWiro daxmareba, igi valdebulia pacients an mis naTesavs, an kanonier<br />
warmomadgenels miawodos sruli amomwuravi informacia, Tu sad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />
samedicino momsaxureba. „samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevs ufleba ara aqvs, ar aRmouCinos gadaudebeli<br />
samedicino daxmareba im pirs, romelic SesaZlebelia, samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenis<br />
gareSe mokvdes, dainvaliddes an misi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gauaresdes.<br />
es valdebuleba, samedicino personalis profesiuli movaleobebidan gamomdinareobs da agreTve,<br />
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 130-e muxlidan, romelic iTvaliswinebs sisxlis<br />
samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas, pacientis gansacdelSi mitovebisaTvis~. 2<br />
Cveni azriT, „gansacdelSi mitovebis~ mizezi ZiriTadad, daudevrobiT an araprofesionalizmiT<br />
aris gamowveuli, sadac moraluri mxarec iCens Tavs da ara pirdapiri ganzraxviT. mocemul<br />
SemTxvevebSi, amoqmedebas iwyebs aseve, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
normebi, romlis saSualebiTac dazaralebul pirs ufleba eZleva sasamarTlos wesiT moiTxovos<br />
miyenebuli moraluri da materialuri zianis anazRaureba. „samedicino momsaxureba xelmisawvdomi<br />
unda gaxdes yvelasaTvis. samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo<br />
samedicino programebis saSualebiT, rac gulisxmobs, rom pacienti Tavisi socialuri<br />
statusiT, an daavadebis diagnoziT, an asakobrivi programis, an momsaxurebis formis mixedviT,<br />
miiRebs saxelmwifos mier gansazRvrul momsaxurebas, Sesabamisi programebis farglebSi. TviT<br />
samedicino momsaxureba ganisazRvreba samomxmareblo standartiT.~ 3 samedicino momsaxurebis<br />
xelmisawvdomoba gulisxmobs sam sxvadasxva elements, esenia: informaciuli xelmisawvdomoba,<br />
geografiuli xelmisawvdomoba da finansuri xelmisawvdomoba.<br />
aRniSnuli elementebis arsebobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs samedicino saqmianobisaTvis, vinaidan<br />
erT-erTi elementis ararsebobac ki, safrTxes Seuqmnis jandacvis sistemis normalur da<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi, droul funqcionirebas.<br />
zemoT ganxiluli daTqmebidan gamomdinare, naTeli xdeba, Tu ra uflebebiT sargeblobs<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze myofi nebismieri pacienti da rogor uzrunvelyofs samedicino momsaxurebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobas saxelmwifo, magram ra Tqma unda, es sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis,<br />
rom daculi iyos pacientTa uflebebi da ar moxdes miniWebul uflebaTa darRveva, am konkretul<br />
SemTxvevaSi, eqimis mier. amis Tqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs mTeli rigi darRvevebi, romlebic xSirad<br />
iCens Tavs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da romlebic aisaxeba sasamarTlo davebis sixSireze saerTo<br />
sasamarTloebSi.<br />
2. pacientis individualuri da koleqtiuri uflebebi<br />
pacientis uflebebi Sedgeba individualuri da koleqtiuri uflebebisagan. koleqtiur<br />
uflebebSi igulisxmeba samedicino momsaxurebis miRebis procesSi TiToeuli moqalaqis pirovnuli<br />
interesebis, kerZod, misi avtonomiis, Rirsebis pativiscema, ojaxur Tu socialur mdgomareobasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. individualur uflebebSi moiazreba:<br />
informaciis miRebis ufleba; informirebuli Tanxmoba; piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba; meore<br />
azris moZiebis ufleba; samedicino personalisa da samedicino dawesebulebebis arCevis ufleba.<br />
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, romelic Seicavs pacientTa uflebaTa Sesaxeb debulebebs, efuZneba<br />
pacientis uflebaTa qartias, aseve, saerTaSoriso dokumentebs da deklaraciebs, romlebic<br />
miRebul iqna jandacvis msoflio organizaciisa da evrosabWos mier. evrosabWos dokumentebis<br />
debulebebisa da pacientis uflebaTa qartiis gaTvaliswinebiT, mniSvnelovnad daixvewa pacientis<br />
uflebebi da Tavis mxriv, dadebiTi gavlena iqonia jandacvis sxvadasxva sferoSi arsebul<br />
sakiTxebze (magaliTad, konvencia `biomedicinisa da adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ (1997 w.) da misi<br />
damatebiTi oqmebis `adamianis klonirebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb~ (1998 w.); `adamianis organoebisa da<br />
qsovilebis gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ ( 2001 w.); `biosamedicino kvlevebis Sesaxeb~ (2005 w.)). 4<br />
1<strong>36</strong>
pacientTa uflebebis qartia iTvaliswinebs 14 uflebas. am uflebebidan, rogorc ukve<br />
aRvniSneT, umetesoba gvxvdeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am uflebebis<br />
gauTvaliswinebloba, seriozul zians miayenebda samarTlebriv saxelmwifos da Sesabamisad,<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, vinaidan qartiaSi gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis umravlesoba, „sacicocxlo~<br />
mniSvnelobisaa. magaliTad, rogoricaa: ufleba prevenciul RonisZiebaze; ufleba<br />
xelmisawvdomobaze; ufleba informaciaze; ufleba Tanxmobis gacxadebaze; ufleba piradi cxovrebis<br />
xelSeuxeblobasa da konfidencialobaze; ufleba usafTxoebaze; ufleba novaciur procedurebze;<br />
ufleba mometebuli tanjvisa da tkivilis acilebaze; ufleba saCivris wardgenaze;<br />
ufleba kompensaciaze da sxva.<br />
aRniSnuli uflebebidan gamovyofdiT informaciis, xelmisawvdomobis, usafrTxoebis, saCivris<br />
wardgenisa da kompensaciis miRebis uflebebs, vinaidan yvelaze xSirad informaciis miuwodebloba,<br />
usafrTxoebis wesis darRveva da xelmisawvdomoba xdeba zianis dadgomis mizezi, rac<br />
saCivris wardgenasa da kompensaciis miRebis SesaZleblobaze miuTiTebs. ra Tqma unda, am uflebaTa<br />
gamoyofa ar niSnavs, rom sxva uflebebi nakleb mniSvnelovani da gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
ufro metic, am uflebebis ararseboba gamoiwvevda jandacvis sistemis darRvevas, riTac metad<br />
dairRveoda pacientis uflebebi.<br />
statiaze muSaobisas, CavatareT gamokiTxva pacientis uflebebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
raTa sazogadoebisagan migveRo informacia, romeli uflebis darRvevas aqvs adgili xSirad da<br />
ra faqtori ganapirobebs am uflebebis darRvevas. aRmoCnda, rom asi gamokiTxuli adamianidan<br />
96%-is azriT, aRniSnuli ZiriTadad, gamowveulia eqimebis mxridan informaciis miuwodeblobiTa<br />
da pacientebisagan samedicino manipulaciebze informirebuli Tanxmobis miuReblobiT. sazogadoeba<br />
aseve, saubrobs eqimis kvalifikaciis doneze, keTilsindisierebis principis dacvaze da<br />
saqarTveloSi jandacvis sistemis sisusteze, romelic asaxvas poulobs dRevandel arsebul<br />
viTarebaze pacientisa da eqimis urTierTobisas.<br />
statiaSi pacientis arsebul yvela uflebaze saubari, maTi simravlis gamo, SeuZlebelia.<br />
amitom, aqcents gavakeTebT aRniSnuli uflebebis mniSvnelobaze.<br />
2.1. informaciis miRebis ufleba<br />
saqarTveloSi myof nebismier pacients ufleba aqvs miiRos sruli, obieqturi, drouli da<br />
gasagebi informacia im faqtorebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xels uwyobs misi janmrTelobis SenarCunebas<br />
an uaryofiTad moqmedebs masze. sruli informaciis miwodebaSi igulisxmeba samedicino<br />
momsaxurebis gamwevis valdebuleba, amomwuravi informacia miawodos pacients im mdgomareobis<br />
Sesaxeb, romliTac daavadebulia pacienti an Tundac, mosalodneli garemoebebis Taobaze, ramac<br />
SesaZlebelia uaryofiTad imoqmedos masze. amasTan, informaciis obieqturi miwodeba pacientisaTvis<br />
aRqmadi da naTeli unda iyos da ar unda iwvevdes gaugebrobas. am principis darRvevam<br />
SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios moraluri da materiauri zianis dadgoma da aseve, sisxlis samarTlis<br />
pasuxismgebloba, romelic iTvaliswinebs sicocxlisaTvis da janmrTelobisaTvis safrTxis<br />
Semqmneli garemoebebis Sesaxeb informaciis damalvas an gayalbebas (saqarTvelos sisxlis<br />
samarTlis kodeqsis 267-e muxli).<br />
„saeqimo saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 39-e muxlis 1-li punqti gvaZlevs informaciis<br />
CamonaTvals, romelic unda miewodos pacients: a.a) ganzraxuli profilaqtikuri, diagnostikuri,<br />
samkurnalo, sareabilitacio, paliatiuri Carevebisa da maTi alternatiuli variantebis,<br />
Tanmxlebi riskisa da efeqtianobis Sesaxeb; a.b) samedicino gamokvlevebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb;<br />
a.g) ganzraxul samedicino Carevaze, gancxadebuli uaris mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb; a.d)<br />
diagnozisa da savaraudo prognozis, agreTve mkurnalobis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb; b) janmrTelobis<br />
SenarCunebis xelSemwyobi an uaryofiTi zegavlenis momxdeni faqtorebis Sesaxeb; g) pacientisTvis<br />
saWiro samedicino momsaxurebis arsebuli saxeebisa da maTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaTa<br />
137
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
Sesaxeb, agreTve gaweuli Tu ganzraxuli samedicino momsaxurebis safasurisa da misi anazRaurebis<br />
wesis Taobaze<br />
naTelia, Tu ra valdebuleba ekisreba eqims pacientis winaSe informaciis miwodebis saxiT.<br />
sxva SemTxvevaSi, saxezea Sedegi, romliTac dgeba ziani, romelic SesaZlebelia gamousworebeli<br />
aRmoCndes. amis magaliTia, pirobiTad, n. guliaSvilis sarCeli, romliTac irkveva, rom pacienti<br />
ar iyo informirebuli operaciiT gamowveul SesaZlo damdgar Sedegebsa Tu riskze, riTac<br />
mosarCeles miadga mniSvnelovani materialuri da moraluri ziani, romlis anazRaurebac daekisra<br />
Sesabamis klinikas. 5<br />
kanoni aseve, iTvaliswinebs im gamonaklisebs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli pacients eTqvas<br />
uari informaciis miwodebaze da amasTan, pacientis uflebas, uari Tqvas informaciis miRebaze<br />
Tavis janmrTelobis mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
pacients, informacia SeiZleba ar miewodos or SemTxvevaSi: 1. rodesac misi janmrTelobis<br />
Sesaxeb informacia ar miewodeba sruli moculobiT an miewodeba SezRudulad, radgan arsebobs<br />
varaudi, rom sruli informaciis miwodeba, pacientis janmrTelobas seriozul zians miayenebs.<br />
pacients sruli informacia miewodeba mxolod maSin, Tu is amas daJinebiT moiTxovs. aRniSnul<br />
problemas wyvets da informaciis miwodebis moculobas adasturebs samedicino dawesebulebis<br />
eTikis komisia, xolo komisiis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi _ sxva eqimi. informaciis miuwodebloba<br />
an misi SezRudulad miwodeba, aucileblad unda iqnas dafiqsirebuli pacientis samedicino dokumentaciaSi.<br />
qmeduunarobis an gacnobierebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis uunarobis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
janmrTelobis Sesaxeb informacia miewodeba mis naTesavs an kanonier warmomadgenels.<br />
aRniSnul normas, imperatiuli xasiaTi ara aqvs, vinaidan pacientis daJinebuli moTxovnis<br />
safuZvelze, eqimi valdebulia gasces informacia. vfiqrobT, rom ganxiluli norma saWiroebs<br />
daxvewas Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo:<br />
1. mocemuli viTareba ZiriTadad, ukavSirdeba sicocxlisaTvis saSiS daavadebas, romlis<br />
drosac, logikuria, pacienti imyofeba fsiqologiuri stresis qveS da es metad uSlis xels<br />
misi gamojanmrTelebis process, amitom ufro marTebuli iqneba, normam, aseT viTarebaSi, miiRos<br />
imperatiuli xasiaTi da pacients ar miewodos informacia arsebuli situaciis Taobaze an<br />
miewodos mcire doziT, isev misi interesebidan gamomdinare. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswineba unda moxdes<br />
yoveli konkretuli garemoebebis Sefasebis Sedegad, kerZod, Tu pacients ar hyavs axlobeli,<br />
romelsac miewodeba informacia uaryofiTi faqtorebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, am SemTxvevaSi eqimi<br />
iZulebuli iqneba gasces Sesabamisi informacia.<br />
2. pacients aqvs ara marto informaciis miRebis ufleba, aramed mas SeuZlia uari Tqvas<br />
sakuTar janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis miRebaze, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca<br />
informaciis miuwodeblobam, SeiZleba seriozuli ziani miayenos pacientis an/da mesame piris<br />
janmrTelobas. am SemTxvevaSi, saubaria iseT informaciaze, rodesac informaciis ar miwodeba<br />
gamoiwvevs ara marto pacientis, aramed mesame pirebis janmrTelobis moSlasac. magaliTad, Tu<br />
pacienti daavadebulia aiv\SidsiT, informaciis miwodeba savaldebulo xdeba, xolo Tavis mxriv,<br />
pacients ekisreba valdebuleba gaafrTxilos misi partniori aRniSnuli daavadebis Taobaze.<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi pasuxs agebs saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 131-e muxliT<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas sxvisTvis<br />
Sidsis ganzrax Seyris safrTxis Seqmnaze, sxvisTvis Sidsis ganzrax Seyraze, arasrulwlovanis<br />
an orsuli qalisTvis, ganzrax Sidsis Seyraze.<br />
Cveni azriT, ganxiluli uflebis dacvas rogorc eqimis, aseve pacientis mxridan, arsebiTi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan aRniSnuli uflebebis darRveva, xSir SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia savalalo<br />
SedegiTac dasruldes. amas mowmobs zemoT ganxiluli saqme, rodesac pacients ar ecnoba<br />
informacia, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobasTan da risi codnac<br />
aucilebeli iyo misTvis, raTa Tavad mieRo gadawyvetileba operaciis Catarebis Taobaze da<br />
138
Tavidan aecilebina is fizikuri da sulieri tkivili, rac xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ganicada<br />
pacientma.<br />
informaciis miuwodeblobam SeiZleba masStaburi saxe miiRos da dairRves mravali „potenciuri<br />
pacientis~ uflebebi. aRniSnuli SemTxveva saxeze iqneba, magaliTad, rodesac ar miewodeba<br />
informacia uflebamosili piris Tu pirebis mier mosalodnel pandemiasa Tu epidemiis gavrcelebis<br />
safrTxis Sesaxeb saxelmwifos da Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo ver ganaxorcielebs Tavis<br />
valdebulebas, sazogadoebisaTvis informaciis miwodebis farglebSi.<br />
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan, udavoa, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania informaciis miwodebis<br />
valdebuleba eqimisa da pacientis urTierTobisas. aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc eqimi, aseve<br />
pacienti, valdebulia, daicvas aRniSnuli principi da keTilsindisierad moekidos misze dakisrebul<br />
valdebulebas.<br />
2.2. informirebuli Tanxmoba<br />
informirebuli Tanxmoba es aris pacientis, xolo misi qmeduunarobis SemTxvevaSi, naTesavis<br />
an kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba pacientisaTvis saWiro samedicino Carevis Catarebaze,<br />
misi janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisaTvis am CarevasTan dakavSirebiT riskis ganmartebis Semdeg<br />
(saqarTvelos kanoni `janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb~, muxli. 3, punqti `k~; saqarTvelos kanoni<br />
`pacientTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb~, muxli. 4, punqti `b~).<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom informirebuli Tanxmoba win unda uswrebdes samedicino manipulaciebis<br />
ganxorcielebas, Sesabamisad, pacienti winaswar unda iyos informirebuli masTan dakavSirebul<br />
nebismier sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da ara mas Semdgom _ rodesac saxeze iqneba damdgari Sedegi.<br />
„Tanxmobis miRebis aucileblobis principi efuZneba pacientis avtonomiis princips, rac gulisxmobs<br />
sakuTari sxeulisa da janmrTelobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas. dRes sayovelTaod<br />
aris aRiarebuli, rom dauSvebelia adamianisaTvis raime Carevis ganxorcieleba misi<br />
Tanxmobis gareSe. adamians Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos rogorc Tanxmobis gacxadeba, ise uaris<br />
Tqma nebismier Carevaze~. 6<br />
sayuradReboa, rom konvenciis Tavi „Tanxmoba~ citirebuli iyo adamianis uflebaTa evropuli<br />
sasamarTlos mier 2004 wels, SemTxvevis glass v. The United Kingtom ganxilvisas. es iyo pirveli<br />
SemTxveva, roca adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi gamoyenebul iqna konvencia `adamianis<br />
uflebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~. 7 aRniSnuli SemTxveva Seexeboda samedicino momsaxurebis<br />
gawevas qmeduunaro pirisaTvis, romlis kanonieri warmomadgeneli amtkicebda, rom ar<br />
iyo saTanadod CarTuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.<br />
Tanxmobis miReba pacientisagan, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosili piris mier,<br />
SesaZlebelia micemul iqnas zepirad an werilobiT. kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi, werilobiTi<br />
formis dacva savaldebulo xdeba. Tanxmobis micemamde, pacients, misTvis gasageb enaze<br />
unda miewodos yovelgvari informacia, rac dakavSirebuli iqneba mis janmrTelobasTan da SesaZlo<br />
damdgar SedegebTan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saxeze gveqneba pacientis darRveuli ufleba<br />
da damdgari ziani.<br />
aRniSnuli uflebis darRveviT sasamarTlos mimarTa vinme m.n.-m, romelmac sxva moTxovnebTan<br />
erTad sarCelSi miuTiTa, rom misgan, samedicino manipulaciis Catarebaze, informirebuli Tanxmoba<br />
ar miuRiaT. 8 am SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, darRveulia pacientis ufleba da Sesabamisad,<br />
sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, igi uflebamosilia, moiTxovos miyenebuli<br />
zianis anazRaureba.<br />
rogor unda moiqces eqimi, rodesac pacienti ugono mdgomareobaSia da amasTan, ver xerxdeba<br />
im uflebamosili piris moZebna, vinc miscems informirebul Tanxmobas? aseT SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxi<br />
unda gadawydes pacientis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT da gatardes yvela saWiro RonisZieba,<br />
rac misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas Seuwyobs xels.<br />
139
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
analogiurad wydeba sakiTxi, rodesac pacienti saWiroebs gadaudebel samedicino daxmarebas,<br />
ris gareSec safrTxe eqmneba mis sicocxles, xolo Tanxmobis micemaze uars acxadebs pacienti<br />
an Tu igi unarmoklebulia _ misi axloblebi, rac SesaZlebelia gamomdinareobdes, magaliTad,<br />
maTi religiuri mrwamsidan gamomdinare. mocemul SemTxvevaSic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sakiTxi<br />
gadawydeba pacientis janmrTelobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT da Sesabamisad, darRveul<br />
uflebaze sarCelis aRZvrisas, sasamarTlo gaiTvaliswinebs arsebul viTarebas.<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, qalaq vaSingtonis medicinis skola ganmartavs, rom informirebuli<br />
Tanxmobis micema unda moxdes nebayoflobiT, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, pacientis<br />
fsiqikuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia dainiSnos fsiqologi, rom pacientma<br />
daZlios stresi Tu SiSi mis avadmyofobasTan dakavSirebiT. aseve miuTiTeben, rom pacientis uari<br />
Tanxmobaze, sulac ar niSnavs pacientis qmeduunarobas, amasTan, gatarebuli unda iqnas yvela<br />
SesaZlo RonisZieba, raTa pacientma miiRos swori gadawyvetileba da safrTxe ar Seuqmnas Tavis<br />
janmrTelobas. 9<br />
saqarTveloSic, informirebuli Tanxmobis micema nebayoflobiT xorcieldeba, zemoT ganxiluli<br />
gamonaklisebis garda, romlis drosac eqimi moqmedebs pacientis janmrTelobis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
informirebuli Tanxmoba, Tavisi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT, gulisxmobs, rom<br />
Tanxmoba micemulia mas Semdgom, rodesac pacienti informirebulia yvela SesaZlo Sedegze.<br />
swored aq iCens Tavs uflebis darRveva, vinaidan mxolod swori diagnozis dasma ar aris sakmarisi<br />
imisaTvis, rom pacientma gamoiyenos Tavisi ufleba da miiRos marTebuli gadawyvetileba<br />
surs Tu ara raime manipulaciis Catareba. magaliTad, pirobiTad n. guliaSvili informirebuli<br />
rom yofiliyo operaciis Semdgom arsebul viTarebaze, SesaZlebelia, mas aRar ganecxadebina<br />
Tanxmoba operaciis Catarebaze. ganxiluli principis darRvevam SesaZloa, gamoiwvios pacientis<br />
Zlieri fizikuri da sulieri tanjva, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi, pacientis sulier mdgomareobaze<br />
aRibeWdeba da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ukargavs SesaZleblobas, icxovros srulfasovani<br />
cxovrebiT, amitom materialuri zianisagan gansxvavebiT, moraluri zianis Sefaseba xSir SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SeuZlebeli xdeba.<br />
daskvna<br />
warmodgenili uflebebis ganxilvis safuZvelze SevexeT iseT problemebs, romelic exeba<br />
adamianis sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas.<br />
udavoa is faqti, rom adamianis sicocxle da janmrTeloba absolutur uflebaTa ricxvs<br />
miekuTvneba da swored am sikeTeebis dacvaa ToToeuli Cvenganis upirvelesi movaleoba.<br />
zemoaRniSnulis gansaxorcieleblad, saWiroa arsebobdes is aucilebeli winapirobebi, rac<br />
Tavis mxriv, dadebiT gavlenas iqoniebs am uflebebis dacvaze, pacientisa da eqimis urTierTobisas.<br />
ganxiluli sakiTxebis mniSvnelovani garemoebaa is faqti, rom eqimTan pacienti yovelTvis<br />
garkveuli problemiT midis, xolo am SemTxvevaSi, eqims ekisreba valdebuleba, ubralod, keTilsindiserad<br />
Seasrulos misTvis dakisrebuli movaleoba, raTa ar dadges umetes SemTxvevaSi gamousworebeli<br />
Sedegi.<br />
zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gTavazobT ramdenime rekomendacias, romelic<br />
mdgomareobs SemdegSi:<br />
1. SemuSavdes proeqti, romelSic eqimisa da pacientis urTierTobisas aqcenti gakeTdeba<br />
keTilsindiserebisa da moralur faqtorebze, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom umetesad, darRveuli<br />
ufleba swored am principebis darRveviTaa gamowveuli.<br />
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2. SemuSavdes proeqti, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs eqimisa da pacientis urTierTobis rogorc<br />
samarTlebriv aseve, fsiqologiur faqtorebs. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrobT, rom<br />
mocemuli sakiTxebi unda iswavlebodes medicinis fakultetebze, romelic savaldebulo saxiT<br />
iqneba warmodgenili.<br />
3. iqidan gamomdinare, rom eqimebic Cveulebrivi adamianebi arian, romlebmac SesaZlebelia<br />
dauSvan Secdoma, Semotanil unda iqnes „monaniebis instituti~, romlis Tanaxmadac, SesaZlebloba<br />
miecemaT eqimebs aRiaron TavianTi Secdoma, damsjelobiTi xasiaTis normebis gamouyenelobis<br />
pirobiT. aRniSnuli institutis SemoRebiT, Sesabamisi organos mier Seswavlili iqneba daSvebuli<br />
„Secdomebis~ safuZvlebi, rac momavalSi maTi kontrolisa da Sesabamisad, aRmofxvris<br />
saSualebas mogvcems.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom `monaniebis instituti~ moqmedebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, romelic<br />
didi popularobiT sargeblobs da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens eqimisa da pacientis moralur<br />
da samarTlebriv urTierTobaze.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, Tb., 1994;<br />
2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, Tb., 1997;<br />
3. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani,<br />
Tb., 1999;<br />
4. „saeqimo saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
uwyebani, Tb., 2001;<br />
5. „pacientTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
uwyebani, Tb., 2000;<br />
6. „janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
uwyebani, Tb., 1997;<br />
7. samarTlebrivi gzamkvlevi qalebisaTvis, „konstituciis 42-e muxli~, 2010;<br />
8. wigni pacientebisTvis da ara mxolod maTTvis, Tb., 2011;<br />
9. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, saqme # as-33-406-05;<br />
10. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba, saqme # 2b\3981-10;<br />
11. "Guide book", komentari evropis sabWos konvenciaze `adamianis uflebebisa da<br />
biomedicinis Sesaxeb;~<br />
12. http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/consent.<br />
SeniSvnebi:<br />
1<br />
samarTlebrivi gzamkvlevi qalebisaTvis, `konstituciis 41-e muxli~, 2010, gv. 128.<br />
2<br />
ix.: igive, gv. 130.<br />
3<br />
wigni pacientebisTvis da ara mxolod maTTvis, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 3.<br />
4<br />
wigni pacientebisTvis da ara mxolod maTTvis, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 8.<br />
5<br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, saqme #as-33-406-05.<br />
6<br />
"Guide book", komentari evropis sabWos konvenciaze `adamianis uflebebisa da<br />
biomedicinis Sesaxeb~, gv. 16.<br />
7<br />
ix.: igive, gv. 16.<br />
8<br />
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba, saqme #2b\3981-10.<br />
9<br />
http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/consent.<br />
141
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
RIGHT TO HEALTHCARE AND<br />
ACCESSIBILITY TO MEDICAL<br />
SERVICE – INDIVIDUAL AND<br />
COLLECTIVE RIGHTS OF<br />
A PATIENT<br />
NATIA TAMAZASHVILI<br />
Caucasus University, Law School Master Student<br />
Life and health of individuals – these are the concepts that we get information<br />
about every day. Most often the public speaks about the violated rights of a patient.<br />
However, only some of them know what legal mechanisms are there to<br />
protect their rights.<br />
It is interesting who is responsible for the violated right of a patient and what<br />
role does the state play in that case, particularly, how does it regulate these issues<br />
from a legal point of view and how it exercises control.<br />
Each of us at a certain stage of our lives becomes patient. According to the<br />
Georgian legislation, patient is “any person, who regardless of the health state,<br />
uses, needs or intends to use the healthcare system service”. As a rule, a person<br />
with a status of the patient establishes relations with a doctor, who carries out<br />
medical activity. Definition of the medical activity is as follows: “professional<br />
activity of a person educated in medicine with relevant skills and practical experience<br />
whose purpose is to promote, keep and restore health of individuals, to<br />
relieve them from pain in accordance with the recognized medical standards and<br />
ethics norms as well as traditions” (The Law of Georgia “On Medical Activity”,<br />
Article 5/a).<br />
In order to implement the above-mentioned there is a need of existence of<br />
those necessary preconditions that on their part will have a positive influence for<br />
the defence of these rights during the relations between a patient and a doctor.<br />
It is important to underline the circumstance that as a rule a patient goes to<br />
visit a doctor with a certain problem. In this case, the doctor shall have an obligation<br />
to fulfill his/her duties in good faith in order to prevent irremediable outcomes<br />
in most cases.<br />
We have elaborated several recommendations with the consideration of the<br />
topic discussed above which are as follows:<br />
142
1. To elaborate a project where the stress shall be made on the factors of good faith and moral, as we believe that in most<br />
cases the violated rights are the results of violation of these principles.<br />
2. To elaborate a project that will stipulate both legal and psychological factors of relations between a doctor and a<br />
patient. In my opinion, the indicated issues should be taught as mandatory subjects at a medical faculty.<br />
3. As doctors are ordinary people too, who may make mistakes, it would be good to introduce an “institution of repent”<br />
under which the doctors shall be given a possibility to recognize their mistakes on condition that no punishment<br />
norms shall be applied. By introduction of the indicated institution a relevant body will study grounds of the committed<br />
“mistakes” that will enable us to exercise control and therefore, to eradicate them.<br />
It should be noted that the repent institution is in function in the United States and is very popular. It has a significant<br />
influence on moral and legal relations between a doctor and a patient.<br />
143
marTlmsajuleba<br />
N1<br />
da<br />
kanoni<br />
saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia<br />
JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA<br />
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 292 34 90<br />
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo<br />
THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA<br />
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 299 70 01<br />
144
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