Standard italiani per la cura del diabete mellito - AMD
Standard italiani per la cura del diabete mellito - AMD
Standard italiani per la cura del diabete mellito - AMD
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PREVENZIONE E GESTIONE DELLE COMPLICANZE DEL DIABETE 55<br />
Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH, DASH-Sodium Col<strong>la</strong>borative<br />
Research Group: Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium<br />
and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hy<strong>per</strong>tension (DASH) diet.<br />
N Engl J Med 2001;344:3-10.<br />
14. ALLHAT Col<strong>la</strong>borative Research Group: Major cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
events in hy<strong>per</strong>tensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs<br />
chlorthalidone: the Antihy<strong>per</strong>tensive and Lipid-Lowering<br />
Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2000;<br />
283:1967-1975.<br />
15. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators: Effects<br />
of ramipril on cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r and microvascu<strong>la</strong>r outcomes in people<br />
with <strong>diabete</strong>s mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-<br />
HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000;355:253-259.<br />
16. PROGRESS Col<strong>la</strong>borative Group: Randomised trial of a<br />
<strong>per</strong>indopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105<br />
individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack.<br />
Lancet 2001;358:1033-1041.<br />
17. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Col<strong>la</strong> borative<br />
Research Group: Major outcomes in high-risk hy<strong>per</strong>tensive<br />
patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor<br />
or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihy<strong>per</strong>tensive and<br />
Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT).<br />
JAMA 2002;288:2981-2997.<br />
18. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Beevers G, de<br />
Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-<br />
Pedersen O, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, We<strong>del</strong> H, Aurup<br />
P, E<strong>del</strong>man J, Snapinn S: Cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r morbidity and mortality<br />
in patients with <strong>diabete</strong>s in the Losartan Intervention For<br />
Endpoint reduction in hy<strong>per</strong>tension study (LIFE): a randomised<br />
trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:1004-1010.<br />
19. Tatti P, Pahor M, Byington RP, Di Mauro P, Guarisco R, Strollo<br />
G, Strollo F: Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine<br />
Cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients<br />
with hy<strong>per</strong>tension and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1998;21:<br />
597-603.<br />
20. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, Biggerstaff SL, Gifford N,<br />
Schrier RW: The effect of nisoldipine as compared with ena<strong>la</strong>pril<br />
on cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent<br />
<strong>diabete</strong>s and hy<strong>per</strong>tension. N Engl J Med 1998;338:645-652.<br />
21. Berl T, Hunsicker LG, Lewis JB, Pfeffer MA, Porush JG,<br />
Rouleau JL, Drury PL, Esmatjes E, Hricik D, Parikh CR, Raz<br />
I, Vanhille P, Wiegmann TB, Wolfe BM, Locatelli F, Goldhaber<br />
SZ, Lewis EJ: Cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic<br />
Nephropathy Trial of patients with type 2 <strong>diabete</strong>s and overt<br />
nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:542-549.<br />
22. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Coo<strong>per</strong>-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey<br />
P, Messerli FH, Mancia G, Cangiano JL, Garcia-Barreto D, Keltai<br />
M, Erdine S, Bristol HA, Kolb HR, Bakris GL, Cohen JD, Parmley<br />
WW: A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist<br />
hy<strong>per</strong>tension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery<br />
disease: the International Verapamil-Trando<strong>la</strong>pril study (INVEST):<br />
a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2805-2816.<br />
23. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, We<strong>del</strong> H, Beevers DG,<br />
Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes<br />
GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O’Brien E, Ostergren J; ASCOT<br />
Investigators: Prevention of cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r events with an<br />
antihy<strong>per</strong>tensive regimen of amlodipine adding <strong>per</strong>indopril as<br />
required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required,<br />
in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood<br />
Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre<br />
randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:895-906.<br />
24. Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O: Should beta blockers<br />
remain first choice in the treatment of primary hy<strong>per</strong>tension A<br />
meta-analysis. Lancet 2005;366:1545-53.<br />
25. PRODIGY Guidance. Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 - hy<strong>per</strong>tension<br />
http://www.prodigy.nhs.uk/<strong>diabete</strong>s_type_1_and_2_hy<strong>per</strong>tension<br />
(vistato il 09/03/2007).<br />
2. Dislipidemia e suo trattamento<br />
RACCOMANDAZIONI<br />
Il controllo <strong>del</strong> profilo lipidico completo (coleste rolo<br />
totale, HDL e trigliceridi) deve essere effet tuato almeno<br />
annualmente e a intervalli di tempo più ravvicinati<br />
in caso di mancato raggiungimento <strong>del</strong> l’obiet -<br />
tivo terapeutico. (Livello di prova VI, Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong><br />
raccomandazione B)<br />
Il colesterolo LDL deve essere considerato l’obiettivo<br />
primario <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> terapia. (Livello di prova I, Forza<br />
<strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione A)<br />
Il colesterolo non-HDL può essere utilizzato come<br />
obiettivo secondario nei diabetici con trigliceridemia<br />
su<strong>per</strong>iore a 200 mg/dl. (Livello di prova III,<br />
Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione B)<br />
Il rapporto apoB/apoA1 può costituire un utile indice<br />
di rischio cardiovasco<strong>la</strong>re nel diabetico. (Livello<br />
di prova III, Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione B)<br />
Nei diabetici con dislipidemia sono fondamentali le<br />
modificazioni <strong>del</strong>lo stile di vita (dieta povera di grassi<br />
saturi e colesterolo, ricca di fibre, incremento<br />
<strong>del</strong>l’attività fisica) e <strong>la</strong> correzione di tutti i fattori di<br />
rischio cardiovasco<strong>la</strong>re (ottimizzazione <strong>del</strong> compenso<br />
glicemico e dei valori pressori, sospensione<br />
<strong>del</strong> fumo). (Livello di prova I, Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione<br />
A)<br />
La terapia ipolipemizzante si è dimostrata efficace nel<br />
ridurre il rischio cardiovasco<strong>la</strong>re (IMA fatale e non fatale<br />
e rivasco<strong>la</strong>rizzazione coronarica) nei diabetici<br />
tipo 2 in prevenzione primaria e secondaria. (Livello<br />
di prova I, Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione A)<br />
Le statine sono i farmaci di prima scelta <strong>per</strong> <strong>la</strong> prevenzione<br />
<strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> ma<strong>la</strong>ttia cardiovasco<strong>la</strong>re. (Livello di<br />
prova I, Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione A)<br />
In diabetici di età 130 mg/dl. L’obiettivo<br />
terapeutico è il raggiungimento di valori di colesterolo<br />
LDL