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Standard italiani per la cura del diabete mellito - AMD

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PREVENZIONE E GESTIONE DELLE COMPLICANZE DEL DIABETE 55<br />

Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH, DASH-Sodium Col<strong>la</strong>borative<br />

Research Group: Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium<br />

and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hy<strong>per</strong>tension (DASH) diet.<br />

N Engl J Med 2001;344:3-10.<br />

14. ALLHAT Col<strong>la</strong>borative Research Group: Major cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r<br />

events in hy<strong>per</strong>tensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs<br />

chlorthalidone: the Antihy<strong>per</strong>tensive and Lipid-Lowering<br />

Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2000;<br />

283:1967-1975.<br />

15. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators: Effects<br />

of ramipril on cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r and microvascu<strong>la</strong>r outcomes in people<br />

with <strong>diabete</strong>s mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-<br />

HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000;355:253-259.<br />

16. PROGRESS Col<strong>la</strong>borative Group: Randomised trial of a<br />

<strong>per</strong>indopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105<br />

individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack.<br />

Lancet 2001;358:1033-1041.<br />

17. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Col<strong>la</strong> borative<br />

Research Group: Major outcomes in high-risk hy<strong>per</strong>tensive<br />

patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor<br />

or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihy<strong>per</strong>tensive and<br />

Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT).<br />

JAMA 2002;288:2981-2997.<br />

18. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Beevers G, de<br />

Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-<br />

Pedersen O, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, We<strong>del</strong> H, Aurup<br />

P, E<strong>del</strong>man J, Snapinn S: Cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r morbidity and mortality<br />

in patients with <strong>diabete</strong>s in the Losartan Intervention For<br />

Endpoint reduction in hy<strong>per</strong>tension study (LIFE): a randomised<br />

trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:1004-1010.<br />

19. Tatti P, Pahor M, Byington RP, Di Mauro P, Guarisco R, Strollo<br />

G, Strollo F: Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine<br />

Cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients<br />

with hy<strong>per</strong>tension and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1998;21:<br />

597-603.<br />

20. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, Biggerstaff SL, Gifford N,<br />

Schrier RW: The effect of nisoldipine as compared with ena<strong>la</strong>pril<br />

on cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent<br />

<strong>diabete</strong>s and hy<strong>per</strong>tension. N Engl J Med 1998;338:645-652.<br />

21. Berl T, Hunsicker LG, Lewis JB, Pfeffer MA, Porush JG,<br />

Rouleau JL, Drury PL, Esmatjes E, Hricik D, Parikh CR, Raz<br />

I, Vanhille P, Wiegmann TB, Wolfe BM, Locatelli F, Goldhaber<br />

SZ, Lewis EJ: Cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic<br />

Nephropathy Trial of patients with type 2 <strong>diabete</strong>s and overt<br />

nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:542-549.<br />

22. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Coo<strong>per</strong>-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey<br />

P, Messerli FH, Mancia G, Cangiano JL, Garcia-Barreto D, Keltai<br />

M, Erdine S, Bristol HA, Kolb HR, Bakris GL, Cohen JD, Parmley<br />

WW: A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist<br />

hy<strong>per</strong>tension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery<br />

disease: the International Verapamil-Trando<strong>la</strong>pril study (INVEST):<br />

a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2805-2816.<br />

23. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, We<strong>del</strong> H, Beevers DG,<br />

Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes<br />

GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O’Brien E, Ostergren J; ASCOT<br />

Investigators: Prevention of cardiovascu<strong>la</strong>r events with an<br />

antihy<strong>per</strong>tensive regimen of amlodipine adding <strong>per</strong>indopril as<br />

required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required,<br />

in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood<br />

Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre<br />

randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:895-906.<br />

24. Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O: Should beta blockers<br />

remain first choice in the treatment of primary hy<strong>per</strong>tension A<br />

meta-analysis. Lancet 2005;366:1545-53.<br />

25. PRODIGY Guidance. Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 - hy<strong>per</strong>tension<br />

http://www.prodigy.nhs.uk/<strong>diabete</strong>s_type_1_and_2_hy<strong>per</strong>tension<br />

(vistato il 09/03/2007).<br />

2. Dislipidemia e suo trattamento<br />

RACCOMANDAZIONI<br />

Il controllo <strong>del</strong> profilo lipidico completo (coleste rolo<br />

totale, HDL e trigliceridi) deve essere effet tuato almeno<br />

annualmente e a intervalli di tempo più ravvicinati<br />

in caso di mancato raggiungimento <strong>del</strong> l’obiet -<br />

tivo terapeutico. (Livello di prova VI, Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong><br />

raccomandazione B)<br />

Il colesterolo LDL deve essere considerato l’obiettivo<br />

primario <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> terapia. (Livello di prova I, Forza<br />

<strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione A)<br />

Il colesterolo non-HDL può essere utilizzato come<br />

obiettivo secondario nei diabetici con trigliceridemia<br />

su<strong>per</strong>iore a 200 mg/dl. (Livello di prova III,<br />

Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione B)<br />

Il rapporto apoB/apoA1 può costituire un utile indice<br />

di rischio cardiovasco<strong>la</strong>re nel diabetico. (Livello<br />

di prova III, Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione B)<br />

Nei diabetici con dislipidemia sono fondamentali le<br />

modificazioni <strong>del</strong>lo stile di vita (dieta povera di grassi<br />

saturi e colesterolo, ricca di fibre, incremento<br />

<strong>del</strong>l’attività fisica) e <strong>la</strong> correzione di tutti i fattori di<br />

rischio cardiovasco<strong>la</strong>re (ottimizzazione <strong>del</strong> compenso<br />

glicemico e dei valori pressori, sospensione<br />

<strong>del</strong> fumo). (Livello di prova I, Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione<br />

A)<br />

La terapia ipolipemizzante si è dimostrata efficace nel<br />

ridurre il rischio cardiovasco<strong>la</strong>re (IMA fatale e non fatale<br />

e rivasco<strong>la</strong>rizzazione coronarica) nei diabetici<br />

tipo 2 in prevenzione primaria e secondaria. (Livello<br />

di prova I, Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione A)<br />

Le statine sono i farmaci di prima scelta <strong>per</strong> <strong>la</strong> prevenzione<br />

<strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> ma<strong>la</strong>ttia cardiovasco<strong>la</strong>re. (Livello di<br />

prova I, Forza <strong>del</strong><strong>la</strong> raccomandazione A)<br />

In diabetici di età 130 mg/dl. L’obiettivo<br />

terapeutico è il raggiungimento di valori di colesterolo<br />

LDL

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