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page 654 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
95= KRUIC phylozone
covers the "Kru" or Klao+ Aizi set, part of the "Volta-Congo"
affinity within the "Transafrican" continental affinity;
comprising 1 set of languages (= 28 outer languages) spoken
by communities in coastal West Africa, between the Loffa and
Bandama rivers:
95-A KLAO+ AIZI
The less closely related language of the Seme set (part of a
proposed "wider Kru" grouping) is covered by 91=Voltaic.
Côte d'Ivoire; Guinea; Liberia 6
95-A KLAO+ AIZI set �Latin script
95-AA KUWAA chain
95-AAA KUWAA net
95-AAA-a Kuwaa �Belle-Yella, Beliyela… Liberia (Loffa) 4
95-AAA-aa kuwaa kwaa, kowaao, belle, bele, bélé Liberia (Loffa) 4
95-AAA-aaa lubaisu lubaisu, lobaizu community (Loffa)
95-AAA-aab gbade gbade community (Loffa)
95-AB KLAO+ BETE chain
95-ABA KLAO+ BETE net
95-ABA-a De ��Loffa… St.Paul lower valleys Liberia (Montserrado) 3
95-ABA-aa dewen-wulu dewe, dé, dey, dei, de-woin, de-woi, do, dewen-man Liberia (Montserrado) 3
95-ABA-aaa dungbo dugbo (Montserrado)
95-ABA-aab bulugbaan bulugbãã, bulugba �Bulugba chiefdom (Montserrado)
95-ABA-aac gbanvoo gbãvoo, gbanvor, gbaavon �Gbaavon chiefdom (Montserrado)
95-ABA-aad loozo lohzoh (Montserrado)
95-ABA-aae zoo zor (Montserrado)
95-ABA-b Basoo+ Koo "Wider"-Bassa, baasa, basa, gbasor, in [00=] Kpele: fela Liberia (Grand Bassa;
Montserrado)
95-ABA-ba maa-bã mabahn �Monrovia>E. Liberia (Montserrado)
95-ABA-bb basoo bassa-C. Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-bc gbezon gbezõ, gbehzor Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-bd nasan nas� Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-be hwen-gbakon hw�-gbakõ, gwe-gbakon Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-bf kokoja kokodja, kokodya Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-bg gboo gbor Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-bh koo kor, part of "river cess" bassa �Cestos lower valley Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-bi nibune-xwinin nibu�, nibue-winin, ni-boe-kwidin, part of "river cess" bassa �Cestos
lower valley
Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-bj gme-wiin gme, gmeh Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-bk ni-xwinin ni-winin Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-c Lowolu+ Beleto "peripheral" bassa Liberia (Grand Bassa) 3*
95-ABA-ca lowolu lowulu, lorwulu Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-cb beleto Liberia (Grand Bassa)
95-ABA-d Gbii+ Loboo gbi+ dowlu, 'bassa'-E. �Cestos upper right-bank Liberia (Nimba) 3
95-ABA-da gbii gibi, gibii, gi-gban, guivi, givi, 'gisii' Liberia (Nimba)
95-ABA-db kpoloo kporlor, kplor Liberia (Nimba)
95-ABA-dc loboo lorbor, losoo, dorbor, dbo-wein, dowlu Liberia (Nimba)
95-ABA-e Klao+ Tajuoson "Wider"-Kru, kla, kra, kla-o, kla-u, kla-oh, kra-wi, kroo, in [51=]
Français: krou �Sanguin… Grand Cess coast & hinterland; plus
seafaring diaspora in West Africa: Freetown, Accra, Lagos
95-ABA-ea kabo part of "coastal" klao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-eb klao-S. part of "coastal" klao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-eba nyoa Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebb weao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebc niwlo �Niwapo* Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebd kao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebe wese-po Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebf dio �Dio Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebg so-bo �Sobo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebh botba Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebi talo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebj jle-po Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebk jlao Liberia (Sinoe)
Liberia (Sinoe; also Grand Cess);
plus migration> Sierra Leone;
Ghana; Nigeria (Lagos)
5
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9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 655
95-ABA-ebl gbeta Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebm sekleo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebn nifa �Nifo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ebo bolo �Bolo Town Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ec troo part of "inland" klao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ed tajuoson tajuosohn, tajuosõ, part of "inland" klao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-eda boo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-edb seoo suoo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-edc kulu Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-edd kaon kãõ Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ede pleon pleõ Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ee tatue+ kweatuo part of "inland" klao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-eea tatue tatueh Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-eeb kweatuo kwuatuo, kwiatuo �Kwiatuo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ef klao-NW. part of "inland" klao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-efa blio Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-efb tolo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-efc duo �Duo Town Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-efd jao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-efe gbuu Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-eg klao-C. part of "inland" klao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ega jalo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egb nyanu Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egc weo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egd doo-W. duo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-ege nyao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egf woli Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egg jede Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egh dreo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egi seo �Sewo Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egj sitoon sitõõ, sitoe, sitorn Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egk toao �Toao Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egl pete Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egm nymala nyamla Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-egn wete wehteh Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-f Wedebo+ Kplebo Grebo-SW., grebo-"barclayville" Liberia (Maryland) 4
95-ABA-fa kple-bo klebo Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-fb gbweta Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-fc wede-bo weda Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-fd sikli Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-g Fopo+ Bua Grebo-W. �around meeting-point of 3 counties Liberia (Grand Gedeh; Sinoe;
Maryland)
95-ABA-ga fo-po Liberia
95-ABA-gb bua boa Liberia
95-ABA-gc gboa-o Liberia
95-ABA-h Chedepo+ Jedepo Grebo-NW., e-je Liberia (Grand Gedeh; Sinoe) 4
95-ABA-ha jede-po je, e-je "proper" �Jedebo Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-hb kle-po kedi-po, keli Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-hc chede-po cede-po, tchede-po, chile Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-hd tiem-po tien-po Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-he gbe-po gbea-po Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-hf pali-po padé, padé-bo Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-i Nitiabo+ Kitiapo Grebo-CN. �Cavally middle right-bank Liberia (Grand Gedeh) 4
95-ABA-ia kitia-po keti, ketie-bo Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-ib sa-bo �Sabo Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-ic nitia-bo nyiti Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-id we-bo we-S. Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
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page 656 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
95-ABA-j Gboloo Grebo-C., gblou Liberia (Maryland; Grand Gedeh) 4
95-ABA-ja gedere-bo Liberia (Maryland and/or Grand
Gedeh)
95-ABA-jb nyanoun �Nyanbo* Liberia (Maryland*)
95-ABA-jc tuo-bo-N. tuo-N. Liberia (Maryland and/or Grand
Gedeh)
95-ABA-jd bia-bo �Biabo Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-je dedie-po Liberia (Maryland and/or Grand
Gedeh)
95-ABA-k Globo+ Gedebo Grebo-CS. Liberia (Maryland); also Côte
d'Ivoire frontier
95-ABA-ka boro-bo baro �Borobo Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-kb nyene-bo nyine Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-kc doro-bo Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-kd gede-bo �Jedebo* Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-ke glo-bo gwlo-bo, gbwolo, gbolo Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-kf trem-bo-W. Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-kg tuo-bo-S. tuo-S. Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-l Glebo+ Jabo Grebo-S. �Harper… Liberia (Maryland); Côte d'Ivoire
(Sassandra) frontier
95-ABA-la ja-bo gwea-bo, dya-bo, "seaside" grebo Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-lb nya-bo nya-S. Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-lc wrel-po Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-ld gle-bo gre-bo "proper", kre-bo, kre-po, kre-S. Liberia (Maryland) 4
95-ABA-m Tepo+ Glawlo Grebo-SE., 'krumen'-SW., 'kroumen'-SW. Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra); Liberia
(Maryland)
95-ABA-ma glawlo Liberia (Maryland)
95-ABA-mb ba-po ba-po-wi, ba �Boubré & hinterland Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-mc pla-po pla-wi �Tabou… Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-md hom-po honpo Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-me wlo-po ropo Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-mf da-po Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-mg te-po te-pe-wi, te-wi, twa-po �Grabo>S. Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-mh yre-po kapo Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-n Dugbo+ Pie Grebo-E., 'krumen'-NE., 'kroumen'-NE. Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra) 4
95-ABA-na abri-wi abribi, abrinya Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-nb ule Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-nc tre-po tre-wi, dre-bo, tremble, trem, trem-bo-E. Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-nd dugbo dougbo �Dogbo Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-ne pie pya, pye �San Pedro… Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-nea pie-A. Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-neb pli Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-nec mahon Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-ned kuse Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-nee gla-po Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-nef hene-kwe Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-nf hwane Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-o Glaro+ Twabo �Duobe valley Liberia (Grand Gedeh); also Côte
d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-oa glaro glaso �Glaro Liberia (Grand Gedeh); also Côte
d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-ob twa-bo tewi, te, tepo Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-p Glio+ Ubi �Galéo… Taï transfrontier Liberia (Grand Gedeh); Côte
d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-pa glio �Galeo… Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-pb ubi oubi �Taï… Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-q Daho+ Doo "peripheral" guéré-S. ��Taï>N. Côte d'Ivoire (Grand Gedeh) 4*
95-ABA-qa daho Côte d'Ivoire (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-qb doo-E. Côte d'Ivoire (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-r Wobe+ Sapo Wee, we, we-hu, we-nyon, gwe-nyon #the cover-name wee overlaps
with cover-names guéré, gere (especially in Côte d'Ivoire), and krahn,
kran, kpaan, pahn (especially in Liberia)
Liberia (Grand Gedeh); Côte
d'Ivoire (Guiglo; Man)
95-ABA-ra go-bo gor-bo, part of krahn-E., part of guéré Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-rb kana kanneh, part of krahn-E., part of guéré �Kana Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-rc kono-bo part of krahn-E., part of guéré Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-rd cien cié, tchien, tyien, chiehn, part of krahn-E. Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
4*
4*
4
3
3
5

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 657
95-ABA-re sa-po sa, sapa, sabaou, pulu-pany, sapan, krahn-S. Liberia (Grand Gedeh; Sinoe) 4
95-ABA-rea nomo-po nemabo Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-reb waya weya Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-rec juason juazohn, juasohn �Juazohn Liberia (Sinoe)
95-ABA-red sikon sikohn, siko, sinkon Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-ree kabade Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-ref putu pudu Liberia (Grand Gedeh and/or
Sinoe)
95-ABA-rf gbazon gbarzon, gbazohn, gbaeson, gbaison, part of krahn-W. Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-rg plo part of krahn-W. Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-rh gbo-bo gbo, gbor-bo, gbwo-bo, part of krahn-W. Liberia (Grand Gedeh); Côte
d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-ri gba-bo gbar-bo, part of krahn-W. Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-rj kpeaply part of krahn-W. Liberia (Grand Gedeh)
95-ABA-rk biai biyai, part of krahn-W. �Biai… Liberia (Grand Gedeh); Côte
d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rl pewa pehua, part of krahn-W. Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rm nidru nidrou, part of krahn-W. �Nidrou Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rn nia-bo nea-bo, niaho, part of guéré Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-ro welea* part of guéré Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rp beu+ zarabaon part of guéré Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rpa beu beo Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rpb zarabaon zerebaon, zaa Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rq fleo fléo, part of guéré Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rr zaa part of guéré Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rs nyeo nyéo, part of guéré Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rt zagna+ zagne part of guéré Côte d'Ivoire (Guiglo; Man)
95-ABA-rta zagna (Guiglo)
95-ABA-rtb zagne (Man)
95-ABA-ru zibiao part of guéré Côte d'Ivoire (Man)
95-ABA-rv wobe wéhi, wobé, ouobi Côte d'Ivoire (Man; also
Biankouma; Séguéla; Daloa)
95-ABA-rva baon baon-ulu, sémien �Sémien… Côte d'Ivoire (Man; Biankouma;
Séguéla; Daloa)
95-ABA-rvb zoho zoho-ulu, zo-ulu, soo, péomé �Fakobly, Fakobli… Côte d'Ivoire (Man)
95-ABA-rvc gbeon gbeon-ulu, gbea-ulu, gbéan, tao �Kouibly, Kouibli… Côte d'Ivoire (Man)
95-ABA-s Nyabwa+ Nyedebwa "peripheral" guéré-E. transition < [95=] Bete-W. Côte d'Ivoire (Daloa) 4*
95-ABA-sa nya-bwa niabwa, niaboua, nyabo-ulu, including kuzye, kouzié community
�Pelézi>S.
Côte d'Ivoire (Daloa)
95-ABA-sb nyede-bwa niedeboua, nyedebo-ulu �Issia… Zoukougbeu… Guéssabo Côte d'Ivoire (Daloa)
95-ABA-t Kuya "peripheral" bete-NW. Côte d'Ivoire (Daloa) 3*
95-ABA-ta kuya kouya Côte d'Ivoire (Daloa)
95-ABA-u Yoko+ Gibwa Bete-W., bété-W., part of 'kru'-E., including bété-SW., in [51=] Français:
bété de Guibéroua-Soubré� bété-N., in [51=] Français: bété de Daloa-
Issia �Soubré� Guibéroua… Saïoua, Saouia� Daloa…
Côte d'Ivoire (Daloa; Gagnoa;
Sassandra)
95-ABA-ua dakwia dakuya �Koséoa>S. Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra; Gagnoa)
95-ABA-ub deba-yo Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-uc yoko-lo yoko, yokogbo Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-ud joko-lo Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-ue gaponoroguhe gbenbono, guibono �Gaponoroguhé Côte d'Ivoire (Daloa)
95-ABA-uf subre soubré �Soubré
95-ABA-ug tagura tagoura Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-uh bog-wi bogvi Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-ui gbalwa-no Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-uj lob-we lobwé, loboué Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-uk broku-ya Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-ul gib-wa guibwa, gobwa Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-um loz-wa logbozoa Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-un zelmogbo Côte d'Ivoire
95-ABA-uo jivo Côte d'Ivoire
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page 658 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
95-ABA-v Shyen+ Nekedi* Bete-E., bete-E., bete-gagnoa, part of 'kru'-E., in [51=] Français: bété
de Gagnoa-Ouragahio �Gagnoa�
Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa) 5
95-ABA-va shyen shye Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa)
95-ABA-vb gbadi gbadie, badie Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa)
95-ABA-vc zehireku zibirikuo* �Zikobué Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa)
95-ABA-vd nekedi nekeide Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa)
95-ABA-ve zadie Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa)
95-ABA-vf niabre Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa)
95-ABA-vg kpakolo Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa)
95-ABA-vh zebie Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa)
95-ABA-vi mahi-huo Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa)
95-ABA-vj baru-hio Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa)
95-ABA-w Ziko+ Gida Bete-SE., bété-SE., "peripheral" bete-SE., part of 'kru'-E. Côte d'Ivoire (Divo) 4*
95-ABA-wa ziko-bwe ziko-bwu, zikobue Côte d'Ivoire (Divo)
95-ABA-wb gida-bwe gida-bwu, gidabue Côte d'Ivoire (Divo)
95-ABA-wc ge-bye gubye, gebie, gibue, guébié, gabi transition < [95=] Shyen+ Nekedi &
Vata+ Yokobue
Côte d'Ivoire (Divo)
95-ABA-x Vata+ Yokobue Dida, part of 'kru'-E. Côte d'Ivoire (Divo) 5
95-ABA-xa vata dida-N. �Zarako… Côte d'Ivoire (Divo)
95-ABA-xaa vata-hwe vata "proper", wata, watahoue, wattahwé, memli (Divo)
95-ABA-xab gbehi-hwe (Divo)
95-ABA-xac gohu-hwe (Divo)
95-ABA-xad goka-hwe (Divo)
95-ABA-xb dieko+ ziki dida-C., dida-lakota ��Lakota Côte d'Ivoire (Divo) 4
95-ABA-xba dieko diéko (Divo)
95-ABA-xbb gabo �Gabo (Divo)
95-ABA-xbc satro-wale (Divo)
95-ABA-xbd gebie guébie (Divo)
95-ABA-xbe brabori �Brabori (Divo)
95-ABA-xbf ziki-wale �Zikisso (Divo)
95-ABA-xbg gdahwe-wale gdahwé-wolé (Divo)
95-ABA-xc yokobue+ kagwe dida-S., dida-yoko-bue, "wider" yocoboué �Yokoboué… Guitry Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan; Divo) 4
95-ABA-xca yoko-bue yoko-bue-wale, yoko-boue-wale, yoko-bwé-wolé, yocoboué "proper"
�Yokoboué
(Abidjan)
95-ABA-xcb gakpa gakpa-wale (Divo…)
95-ABA-xcc gudu gudu-wale, goudouwalé (Divo…)
95-ABA-xcd kagwe kague-wale, kagouéwalé transition < [95=] Kagbo+ Kwadre (Godye) (Divo…)
95-ABA-y Kagbo+ Kwadre Godye, godié, kodié, part of 'kru'-E. Côte d'Ivoire (Divo; Sassandra) 4
95-ABA-ya koyi-wale koyo, koyi-wali transition < [95=] Dida+ Vata �Fresco Côte d'Ivoire (Divo)
95-ABA-yb kagbo-wale kagbu, kagbu-wali Côte d'Ivoire (Divo)
95-ABA-yc dagli-wale dagli-wali, dagri-wale Côte d'Ivoire (Divo)
95-ABA-yd tiglu-wale tiglu-wali, tigro-wale Côte d'Ivoire (Divo; Sassandra)
95-ABA-ye nugbo-wale nugbo-wali Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-yf jluko-wale jluko-wali, djiriko-wale Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-yg dlogo-wale dlogo-wali, drogo-wale �Sassandra>E. Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-yh nyago-wale nyago-wali, gnago-wale Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-yi glibe-wale gkibe-wa, glibe-wali Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-yj kwadre+ kotrohu part of godye-W. Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-yja kwadre-wole kwadia-wole, kwadya, kwadie, nigbiyo, kwa, kodia (Sassandra)
95-ABA-yjb kotrohu kotrohou, legregnoua, legrenyua, kotroku (Sassandra)
95-ABA-yk ne-wole neyo, no, newo, nihiri, part of godye-W. Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-z Daprele+ Ngwane Bakwe, bakwé, part of 'kru'-E. �Sassandra lower valley: Soubré…
Sassandra transition < [95=] Dugbo+ Pie (Grebo-E.)
Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra) 4
95-ABA-za da-prele deple Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-zb da-fale defa, dafa Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-zc da-ghaye Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-zd da-katele Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-ze magba nigagba* Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-zf nyinagbi Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)
95-ABA-zg ngwane wane, hwane Côte d'Ivoire (Sassandra)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 659
95-AC AÏZI+ ABRAKO chain
95-ACA AÏZI ABRAKO net
95-ACA-a Aïzi+ Abrako Edeyi �Ebrié lagoon Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
95-ACA-aa a-ïzi tiagba, a-izi "proper", a-hizi �Tiagba… Nigui Saff… Nigui Assoko…
Tiémié
95-ACA-ab a-prwe �Téfrédji… Attoutou-N..… Attoutou-S.… Koko… Alaba… Tabot
�classification to be reviewed; although the community is ethnically
"Edeyi", this inner-language may need to be classified within a separate
outer-language or net, and perhaps even separate chain or set.
Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
95-ACA-ac a-brako froukou �Abrako… Ablanian Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)

page 660 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
96= AFRAMIC
phylozone
covers the "West Kwa" reference area (the former western
section of "old Kwa") within the "Volta-Congo" affinity, within
the wider "Transafrican" continental affinity; comprising 13
sets of languages (= 66 outer languages) spoken by
communities in West Africa, centered on the lower Volta
(Afram) basin:
96-A AVIKAM+ ALADIAN 96-B VE+ JUKRU
96-C BODIN+ KETIN 96-D TYAMA+ OGWIA
96-E EGA 96-F TWI+ NGBANDZI
96-G GISEDA+ EKPANA 96-H LELEMI+ SEKPELE
96-I KEGBERIKE+ ANIMERE 96-J IKPOSO+ AGO
96-K TRUGBU+ SIYA 96-L GA+ DANGME
96-M EWE+ FON
Benin; Côte d'Ivoire; Ghana;
Nigeria; Togo
96-A AVIKAM+ ALADIAN
set
�Latin script
96-AA AVIKAM chain
96-AAA AVIKAM net
96-AAA-a Avikam �Grand Lahou costal plain Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
96-AAA-aa a-vikam a-vekom, brignan, brinya, gbanda, kwakwa, lahu Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-AB ALADIAN chain
96-ABA ALADIAN net
96-ABA-a Aladian �Jacqueville coast… Ebrié lagoon Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
96-ABA-aa a-ladian a-ladyan, a-lagia, a-lagian, alladyan, alladian, a-ladyã; a-ladyan-mbo, nlaja-bo
community
Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
96-B VE+ JUKRU set abe+ adyukru, agneby �Latin script
96-BA JUKRU chain
96-BAA JUKRU net
96-BAA-a Jukru �Ebrié lagoon: Dabou>W. Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
96-BAA-aa mo-jukru jukru, a-dyukru, a-djukru, a-dioukrou, a-dyukuru, a-dyoukrou, a-jukru Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
96-BB ARI+ OGBRU chain ABIJI
96-BBA ARI+ OGBRU net
96-BBA-a Ari+ Ogbru �Sikenssi… Dabou sous-préfectures Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
96-BBA-aa a-ri abiji "proper", abidji "proper"; ebbe community Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-BBA-ab ogbru ogburu, abidji-ogburu Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-BBA-ac enyembe egnenbe, abidji-egnenbe Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-BC VE+ TIOFO chain ABE
96-BCA VE+ TIOFO net
96-BCA-a Ve+ Tiofo a-be, abbey, abbe, abi �Abidjan hinterland: Agnéby valley Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan; Agboville) 5
96-BCA-aa morie abe-morie Côte d'Ivoire
96-BCA-ab ve abe-ve, abbey-ve Côte d'Ivoire
96-BCA-ac khos abe-khos, abbey-khos, kos Côte d'Ivoire
96-BCA-ad tiofo abe-tiofo, abbey-tiofo, tioffo Côte d'Ivoire
96-C BODIN+ KETIN set ATYE �Latin script
96-CA BODIN+ KETIN chain
96-CAA BODIN+ KETIN net
96-CAA-a Bodin+ Ketin a-tye, a-ce, attie, a-kye, a-kie, a-tche, a-tshe �between Abidjan…
Akoupé
96-CAA-aa ketin ketĩ Côte d'Ivoire
96-CAA-ab bodin bod�, boden, atye-C. Côte d'Ivoire
96-CAA-ac nedin n�dĩ, naindin Côte d'Ivoire
96-D TYAMA+ OGWIA set ebrié+ mbato, part of potou-tano �Latin script
Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan; Adzopé) 5
96-DA TYAMA chain EBRIÉ
96-DAA TYAMA net
96-DAA-a Tyama �Abidjan>W.: Ebrié Ilagoon… Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
96-DAA-aa tyama-ncan cama, camã-ncã, caman, kyama, n-tyan, n-kya, tsama, ebrié Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
96-DB OGWIA chain MBATO
96-DBA OGWIA net
96-DBA-a Ogwia o-gwia, ngogha, ngoga, goaa, gwa, gwa-byo, m'bato, mbatto, mgbato,
potu, n-batto
Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
96-DBA-aa domolon �Domolon Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-DBA-ab dabre �Dabré Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
7

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 661
96-DC ESUMA* chain X
96-DCA ESUMA net X
96-DCA-a Esuma �Essouma: Assinie… Mafia Côte d'Ivoire (Aboisso) 0
96-DCA-aa e-suma essouma extinct submerged < [96=] Anyi & [96=] Nzema Côte d'Ivoire (Aboisso) 0
96-E EGA set part of potou-tano �Latin script
96-EA EGA chain
96-EAA EGA net
96-EAA-a Ega nearly extinct (67 speakers in 1975) �Diés Côte d'Ivoire (Divo) 1
96-EAA-aa e-ga iga, egwa, diés Côte d'Ivoire (Divo) 1
96-F TWI+ NGBANDZI set akan+ gonja, volta+ bandama, volta+ comoé, tano �Latin script
96-FA ABULE+ BETIBE
chain
omo, tano-W.
96-FAA ABULE net
96-FAA-a Abule a-bule, abure, abouré, akaplass, abonwa �Bonoua Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 4
96-FAA-aa e-yive Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-FAA-ab e-hie Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-FAA-ac o-suan ossouan Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-FAB BETIBE net
96-FAB-a Betibe be-tibe, me-tyibo, me-kibo, me-cibo, éotilé, byetri, vitré �Vitré villages Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan) 3
96-FAB-aa betibe-bassam �Grand-Bassam Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-FAB-ab betibe-adiake �Adiaké Côte d'Ivoire (Aboisso)
96-FB KROBU chain
96-FBA KROBU net
96-FBA-a Krobu �Agboville>W. Côte d'Ivoire (Agboville) 3
96-FBA-aa krobu krobou Côte d'Ivoire (Agboville) 3
96-FC TWI+ BAULE chain 'bia'
96-FCA BAULE+ ANYI net
96-FCA-a Baule+ Kode bawule, baoulé �Tiassalé… Yamoussoukro… Bouaké… Comoé
middle left-bank
Côte d'Ivoire (Bouaké; Abidjan;
Divo; Dimbokro… )
96-FCA-aa baule dialects to be re-assessed Côte d'Ivoire (Bouaké; Abidjan;
Divo; Dimbokro… )
96-FCA-aaa baule-G. "generalised" baule Côte d'Ivoire (Bouaké; Abidjan;
Divo; Dimbokro… )
96-FCA-aab baule-NE. ano, ngano, gara, anno, including abe �Nizi… Comoé middle valleys:
M'Bahiakro… Agianou
96-FCA-aac baule-S. tiasale, tyasale, gyassale, anyin-tiassalé �Bandama lower valley:
Tiassalé �transition < [96=] Anyi
Côte d'Ivoire (Bouaké)
Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-FCA-ab kode "peripheral" baule, baule-NW. �Kossou lake left-bank: Béoumi… Côte d'Ivoire (Bouaké)
96-FCA-b Anyi agni, a-nyin �Anoumaba… Abengourou… Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou;
Abengourou; Aboisso… ); Ghana
(Western… ); also migration> Togo
96-FCA-ba a-nyi-C. "generalised" anyi Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou;
Abengourou; Aboisso… )
96-FCA-bb bini binyé, binik, part of anyi-N. �Biniyé Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou)
96-FCA-bc bona bonna, part of anyi-N. �Koun… Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou)
96-FCA-bd joablin djoablin, diabe �Etroukro… Agnibilékrou Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou;
Abengourou)
96-FCA-be moronu-fwe moronu-fwé, moronou �Bandana lake… Comoé middle right-bank:
Moronou… Arra…
Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou)
96-FCA-bf ndenie indenie, ndénié �Abengourou… Côte d'Ivoire (Abengourou)
96-FCA-bg sanvi sanwi, samvign �Aboisso… Côte d'Ivoire (Aboisso); Ghana
(Western)
96-FCA-bga sanvi-C. �Bianouan… Aboisso Côte d'Ivoire (Western)
96-FCA-bgb a-fema �Baffia… Affiénou Côte d'Ivoire (Western)
96-FCA-bgc aowin anwonwĩ, aowim, including brisa, brissa, brosa �Enchi… Jema Ghana (Western)
96-FCA-bh anyi-abiji alangoua, agni-abidji, abiji-anyin �Binao>SW. �distinct from [96=]
Ari+ Ogbru (Abiji)
Côte d'Ivoire (Abidjan)
96-FCA-bi e-bolosa Côte d'Ivoire
96-FCA-c Sehwi transition < [96=] Gonja Ghana (Western); also Côte
d'Ivoire (Abengourou… )
96-FCA-ca sehwi sefwi, sefwei, sexwi, asahyue, asaye �Wiawso>W. Ghana (Western); also Côte
d'Ivoire (Abengourou… )
96-FCA-d Anufo �Wawjayga… Mango… Atacora mountains Ghana (Northern); Togo (Nord);
Benin (Atakora)
96-FCA-da anu-fo chokosi, chakosi, kyokosi, tchokossi, tiokossi Ghana (Northern); Togo (Nord);
Benin (Atakora)
6
6
5
5
5
4
4

page 662 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
96-FCB NZEMA+ AHANTA
net
96-FCB-a Nzema �Ampansié… Akusuansa… Nouamou lagoon Ghana (Western); Côte d'Ivoire
(Aboisso)
96-FCB-aa nzema nzima, zéma, appolo Ghana (Western); Côte d'Ivoire
(Aboisso)
96-FCB-b Jwira+ Pepesa pepesa+ jwira Ghana (Western) 5*
96-FCB-ba jwira ��Ankobra valley: Bamiankaw… Humjibere Ghana (Western)
96-FCB-bb pepesa ��Dompim Ghana (Western)
96-FCB-c Ahanta �Sekondi>W. Ghana (Western) 5*
96-FCB-ca a-hanta Ghana (Western)
96-FCC TWI+ BRONG net
96-FCC-a Brong a-bron, doma, bono, kãmanã Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou); Ghana
(Brong-Ahafo)
96-FCC-aa gyaman a-brong-W., ahinifié, doma �Bondoukou… Tanda… Badavini Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou) 4
96-FCC-ab a-brong-ahafo a-brong-C. Ghana (Brong-Ahafo) 5
96-FCC-aba a-damso �Adamso… Japekrom Ghana (Brong-Ahafo)
96-FCC-abb berekum �Berekum… Dormaa Ghana (Brong-Ahafo)
96-FCC-abc wenchi �Wenchi Ghana (Brong-Ahafo)
96-FCC-abd kintampo �Kintampo… Nkoranza Ghana (Brong-Ahafo)
96-FCC-abe brong-E. �Atebubu Ghana (Brong-Ahafo)
96-FCC-b Twi+ Fante Akan �Tano left-bank… Sene lower right bank… Volta right bank…
Atlantic coast
Ghana (Western; Ashanti; Eastern;
Accra; Central…)
96-FCC-ba akan-F. "standard" akan, "standard" twi+ fante �compromise written standard Ghana (Western; Ashanti; Eastern;
Accra; Central…)
96-FCC-bb fante fanti, mfantse, fante-kasa Ghana (Western; Central) 6
96-FCC-bba fante-F. "standard" fante Ghana (Western; Central)
96-FCC-bbb sekondi ��Sekondi… Ghana (Western)
96-FCC-bbc komenda ��Komenda… Ghana (Central)
96-FCC-bbd o-gua ��Cape Coast… Ghana (Central)
96-FCC-bbe e-kumfi �Asamang… Ghana (Central)
96-FCC-bc twi twi-kasa, a-twi, o-tshi, o-twi, twi-foro, twi-fo Ghana (Ashanti; Eastern; Accra;
Central; Western; also Volta…)
96-FCC-bca twi-F. "standard" twi, including "standard" asante Ghana (Ashanti; Eastern; Accra;
Central; Western; also Volta …)
96-FCC-bcb a-kuapem akwapem-twi, akuapim, akwapim, including "early standard" twi
�Akwapim hills: Nsawam… Koforidua…
96-FCC-bcc a-sante ashante-twi, asante-kasa, asanti, achanti, ashanti �Mampong…
Kumasi… Obuasi…
Ghana (Eastern)
Ghana (Ashanti)
96-FCC-bcd a-danse adansi �Adansi Prasu>N. Ghana (Ashanti)
96-FCC-bce dankyira dankira, denkera, dinkira �Jukwa-N.; Jukwa-S. Ghana (Western)
96-FCC-bcf a-gona �Swedru… Ghana (Central)
96-FCC-bcg a-sen aseng, asen+ twifo �Twifu-Praso… Foso… Ghana (Central)
96-FCC-bci akyem-bosome akim-busumi �Oda environs Ghana (Eastern)
96-FCC-bch a-kyem including akyem-abuakwa� akyem-kotoku �Kibi… Ghana (Eastern)
96-FCC-bcj a-kwahu kwahu, kwawu �Volta lake right-bank Ghana (Eastern)
96-FCC-bcl a-kwamu akwam �Senchi… Pore Ghana (Eastern; Volta)
96-FCC-c Wasa wasaw, wassa �Akropong… Tarkwa Ghana (Western) 5
96-FCC-ca a-menfi wasaw-amenfi �Akropong… Anakum Ghana (Western)
96-FCC-cb fianse fiase, wasaw-fiase �Tarkwa… Ghana (Western)
96-FCC-d Basa �Ouessè environs (Ghana migration>) Benin (Zou) 3*
96-FCC-da basa Benin (Zou) 3*
96-FD NGBANDZI+
CHUMBURUNG
chain
96-FDA WUTU+ ANUM net
"WIDER"-GUANG
96-FDA-a Wutu "coastal" guang �Winneba, Simpa & eastwards: Afutu… Sanya…
Bereku… Apa
Ghana (Central) 4
96-FDA-aa a-wutu-A. a-futu, o-futu, a-utu, o-butu, Ghana (Central) 4
96-FDA-ab e-futu "coastal" a-wutu Ghana (Central) 4
96-FDA-b Anum+ Late Gua, guang "proper", "hill" guang Ghana (Eastern; Volta) 5
96-FDA-ba okere-mmiri okere, kyerepong, chiripong, chiripon, cherepon �Akwapim hills:
Cherepong
Ghana (Eastern) 4
96-FDA-bb late lete, larteh, lele �Akwapim hills: Larteh Ghana (Eastern) 4
96-FDA-bc a-num anu, asamankase-anum �Ho>W.: Anum hills Ghana (Volta) 4
96-FDA-bd boso �Ho>W.: Anum hills Ghana (Volta)
5
5
5
6
6
6

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
96-FDB NGBANDZI+ DUMPO
net
96-FDB-a Ngbandzi+ Ngbanye Gonja, n-gbandzi, n-gbanye, n-gbanya, n-gbanyu, n-gbanyi, n-gbanyito,
a-gbanyi �Bole… Volta right-bank; some communities displaced by
flooding of Volta Lake
Linguasphere Observatory page 663
Ghana (Northern; Brong-Ahafo);
also Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou)
96-FDB-aa n-gbandzi-to gbandzi �Bole & environs Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-aaa tantama* �Black Volta right-bank (meeting-point of Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana &
Burkina Faso): Tantama
Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou)
96-FDB-aab bole �Bole Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-aac bole-wora Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-ab n-gbanye gbanye, gbanya, gbanyu Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-aba tagbadi tagadi �Tagadi Côte d'Ivoire (Bondoukou)
96-FDB-abb malue maluwe���Maluwe Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-abc busunu �Busunu Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-abd daboja ka-gbanya �Daboja Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-abe bwipe buipe �Bwipe Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-abf salaga n-gbanye-to �Salaga Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-abg kpembi-wora n-gbanyu �Kpembi-wora Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-ac n-gbanyi-to gbanyi Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-aca m-pre �Bute Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-acb n-tere-to Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-acc m-pur Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-acd n-tera-to �Deba Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-b Choruba �Bole environs Ghana (Northern) 4*
96-FDB-ba choruba choroba Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-c Ndmpo n-dmpo �Black Volta left-bank: Kalonso… Ghana (Northern) 4*
96-FDB-ca n-dmpo dmpo, dompo, dumpo Ghana (Northern)
96-FDB-d Fodo* �Semere (originating traditionally from Salaga) (Ghana migration>) Benin
(Atakora); Togo frontier
96-FDB-da fodo foodo, podo, bazantche, bazantse (Atakora); Togo-E. frontier 4
96-FDC CHUMBURUNG+
TSUMUNU net
96-FDC-a Kplang ��Volta right-bank Ghana (Brong-Ahafo) 3
96-FDC-aa kplang (Brong-Ahafo) 3
96-FDC-b Yeji ��Volta lake right-bank: Yeji Ghana (Brong-Ahafo) 3
96-FDC-ba yeji (Brong-Ahafo) 3
96-FDC-c Chumburung n-chumburu, n-chumuru, n-chummuru, n-chimburu, n-chimburũ, nchumburung,
n-chumunu, tchimboro, kyongborong ��Volta both banks
Ghana (Northern; Volta; Brong-
Ahafo)
96-FDC-ca chumburung-N. banda Ghana (Northern…)
96-FDC-cb chumburung-S. Ghana (Volta…)
96-FDC-cba lonto Ghana
96-FDC-cbb gurubi Ghana
96-FDC-cbc chinderi �Chindiri Ghana (Volta)
96-FDC-cbd bejamse Ghana
96-FDC-cbe borae �Borae Ghana (Volta)
96-FDC-d Chumbulu �Volta right-bank Ghana (Brong-Ahafo) 3
96-FDC-da n-chumbulu chumbulu Ghana (Brong-Ahafo) 3
96-FDC-e Tsumunu n-tsumunu, n-chumunu, n-tsomuno �Volta right-bank Ghana (Brong-Ahafo) 4
96-FDC-ea dwang dwan �Dwang Ghana (Brong-Ahafo)
96-FDC-eb kwame-danso Ghana (Brong-Ahafo)
96-FDC-ec bassa Ghana (Brong-Ahafo)
96-FDC-ed ewoase Ghana (Brong-Ahafo)
96-FDC-f Krachi kraci, krache, krakye, kaakyi, ka-ce sensa �Kete-Krachi environs Ghana (Volta) 4
96-FDC-fa nkatekwan �Nkatekwan Ghana (Volta)
96-FDC-fb chantai �Chantai Ghana (Volta)
96-FDC-g Tsumbuli* historical migration from west (Ghana migration>) Togo; Benin 3*
96-FDC-ga tsumbuli tschumbuli, tchumbuli Togo; Benin 3
96-FDD NAWURI net
96-FDD-a Nawuri ��Volta left-bank: Oti river-branch Ghana (Volta) 4
96-FDD-aa na-wura n-katshina, na-wuri Ghana (Volta)
96-FDD-ab ka-wuri na-wuri-SW. Ghana (Volta)
96-FDE NKONYA net
96-FDE-a Nkonya ��Volta left-bank: Kpandu>N. Ghana (Volta) 4
96-FDE-aa n-konya n-kunya, n-kogna Ghana (Volta) 4
5
4
4

page 664 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
96-FDF KYODE+ NYANGA
net
96-FDF-a Kyode ��Djebobo highlands Ghana (Volta); Togo 4*
96-FDF-aa gi-kyode kyode, chode, gi-chode; a-kyode, a-chode, a-code, a-tyoti, a-tyode
community
Ghana (Volta); Togo 4*
96-FDF-b Nyanga �Anié valley: Blitta environs Togo 3
96-FDF-ba a-nyanga nyanga, a-nyana, a-gnagan Togo 3
96-G GISEDA+ EKPANA
set
96-GA GISEDA+ GIDERE
chain
96-GAA GIDERE net ADELE
basila+ logba, part of togo "remnant", in [52=] Deutsch togo-
'restsprachen'�Latin script
96-GAA-a Gidere a-dele, dere, gi-dre, gi-dere, se-dere, ga-dre, a-deli; be-dere, bi-dire,
lolo community
Ghana (Volta); Togo 4*
96-GAA-aa gi-dire-W. �Korantai… Dutukpene… Ghana (Volta) 4*
96-GAA-ab gi-dire-E. ��Koué… Mpoti… Yégoué… Togo-W. frontier 3
96-GAB GISEDA+ GISEME
net
AKPE
96-GAB-a Giseme+ Ananjubi Togo; adjacent Benin 3
96-GAB-aa gi-seme seme, gi-sem, gi-sème ��Afem… Boussou Togo
96-GAB-ab a-nanjubi anandjoobi ��Balanka Togo+ Benin frontier
96-GAB-b Giseda+ Gilempla Basila, ani, anii, bassila, windji-windji, ouindji-ouindji ��Bassila environs Benin (Atakora); adjacent Togo 3
96-GAB-ba gi-lempla lempla Benin (Atakora); Togo
96-GAB-bb gi-kolodjya kolodjya, gi-kolodhdjya Benin (Atakora); Togo
96-GAB-bc gi-seda sida, gi-sida, ba-sidi, ba-sida, ba-sila "proper", including donga Benin (Atakora) 3
96-GB EKPANA* chain LOGBA
96-GBA EKPANA net
96-GBA-a Ekpana �Kpandu>SE. Ghana (Volta) 3
96-GBA-aa e-kpana se-kpana, logba, si-nugbe, nugba; a-kpana community Ghana (Volta) 3
96-H LELEMI+ SEKPELE part of togo "remnant", in [52=] Deutsch togo-restsprachen �Latin
set
script
96-HA LELEMI+ AKPAFU
chain
96-HAA LELEMI net
96-HAA-a Lelemi �Avegadje highlands: Jasikan Ghana (Volta) 4
96-HAA-aa le-lemi l-emi, uem, le-fana, ca, borada; b-uem community Ghana (Volta) 4
96-HAB WU+ LOLOBI net
96-HAB-a Wu+ Lolobi �Hohoé>N. Ghana (Volta) 4
96-HAB-aa si-wu wu, si-wu-si, akpafu Ghana (Volta)
96-HAB-ab lo-lobi Ghana (Volta)
96-HB SEKPELE+ SELE
chain
lele-santrokofi
96-HBA SELE net
96-HBA-a Sele �Benua… Bume… Agbodome Ghana (Volta) 3
96-HBA-aa se-le santrokofi; ba-le community Ghana (Volta) 3
96-HBB SEKPELE+ SEKWA
net
LIKPE���Hohoé>N.
96-HBB-a Sekpele+ Sekwa li-kpe, mu Ghana (Volta) 4
96-HBB-aa se-kpele kpele, di-kpele Ghana (Volta)
96-HBB-ab se-kwa kwa Ghana (Volta)
96-I KEBERIKE+
part of togo "remnant", in [52=] Deutsch: togo-'restsprachen'�Latin
ANIMERE set
script
96-IA KEBERIKE+
ANIMERE chain
96-IAA ANIMERE net
96-IAA-a Animere bilingual < [96=] Gidere (Adele) �in danger of extinction Ghana (Volta) 2
96-IAA-aa a-nimere a-nyimere, a-nimure Ghana (Volta)
96-IAA-aaa kecheibi animere-N. �Kecheibi (Volta)
96-IAA-aab kunda animere-S. �Kunda (Volta)
96-IAB KEGBERIKE net KEBU
96-IAB-a Kegberike �Kougnohou… Veh-Nkougna… Kamina Togo (Wawa); also Ghana (Volta) 4
96-IAB-aa ke-gberi-ke gberi, ku-gberi-ku, kö-gböri-kö, kebu, a-kebu, kébou, kabu, e-gbete-be,
a-gbe-be, e-kpe-be, e-kbe-be
Togo (Wawa); Ghana (Volta
frontier)
4

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
96-J IKPOSO+ AGO set part of togo "remnant", in [52=] Deutsch: togo-restsprachen �Latin
script
96-JA IKPOSO+ LIWULI
chain
kposo+ bowili
96-JAA LIWULI net
Linguasphere Observatory page 665
96-JAA-a Liwuli ��Volta lake left-bank… Amanfro Ghana (Volta) 4*
96-JAA-aa li-wuli si-wuri, tu-wili; ba-wuli, bo-wili, ba-wuri, bewli community Ghana (Volta) 4*
96-JAB IKPOSO net
96-JAB-a Ikposo i-kposo, kposo, kposso, a-kposo, a-kposso community; including akposo-atadi,
otadi, akposo-N.… akposo-sodo, akposo-S. �idioms to be
reviewed within two or three possible inner or outer-languages (north…
south… perhaps also northwest) ��Amlamé… Amou-Oblo… Atakpamé
96-JAB-aa litime akposo-NW. ��Litimé… Badou Togo
96-JAB-ab uma Togo
96-JAB-ac logbo Togo
96-JAB-ad i-kponu Togo
96-JAB-ae i-wi uwi Togo
96-JAB-af amu-oblo amou-oblou, part of akposo-S. ��Amou-Oblou Togo
Togo; Ghana (Volta) 5*
96-JAB-ag apesokubi* ��Apesokubi Ghana (Volta) 3
96-JB AGO chain AHLO
96-JBA AGO net
96-JBA-a Ago ��Bogo-Ahlon canton: Bogo-Ahlon… Illogo… Dénou… Tinipé…
Ounadjassi bilingual < [96=] Ewe
96-JBA-aa a-go o-goo; i-go, bo-go, ahlon-bogo, bogo-ahlan community; in [96=] Ewe:
achlo, axolo, ahlon, arlon, ahlo, ahlõ
Togo (Kloto) 3
Togo (Kloto) 3
96-K TRUGBU+ SIYA set avatime+ nyangbo, part of togo "remnant", in [52=] Deutsch: togo-
'restsprachen' �Latin script
96-KA TRUGBU+ SIYA
chain
96-KAA TRUGBU+ SIYA net
96-KAA-a Trugbu+ Tegbo tafi+ nyangbo �Volta lake left-bank: Togo hills (Ho>N.) Ghana (Volta) 3
96-KAA-aa te-gbo tafi; ba-gbo community Ghana (Volta) 3
96-KAA-ab tu-trugbu nyangbo, nyãgbo; ba-trugbu community Ghana (Volta) 3
96-KAA-b Siya �Volta lake left-bank: Amedzofe, Amajofe Ghana (Volta) 4
96-KAA-ba si-ya-se si-deme, sia, in [96=] Ewe: avatime, afatime; ke-dane-ma, kane-ma, kedemo-nye,
ke-deane community; o-done person
Ghana (Volta) 4
96-L GA+ DANGME set ga+ adangme �Latin script
96-LA GA+ DANGME chain
96-LAA GA+ DANGME net
96-LAA-a Gã ga, gan, gain, accra, acra Ghana (Central; Accra) 5
96-LAA-aa accra "urban" gã �Accra Ghana (Accra; Central)
96-LAA-ab teshi �Teshi-Nungwa Ghana (Accra)
96-LAA-ac osu �Osu Ghana (Accra)
96-LAA-b Krobo �Bisa… Trom Ghana (Accra) 4*
96-LAA-ba krobo ; transition between Gã and Adangme Ghana (Accra)
96-LAA-c Dangme a-dangme, a-dangbe, dangmeli community Ghana (Accra; Eastern) 5
96-LAA-ca kpone Ghana (Accra)
96-LAA-cb ningo Ghana (Accra)
96-LAA-cc prampram �Prampram Ghana (Accra)
96-LAA-cd shai �Shai hills Ghana (Accra; Eastern)
96-LAA-ce osudoku osuduku �Osudoku Ghana (Eastern)
96-LAA-cf ada �Ada Ghana (Eastern)
96-M EWE+ FON set GBE #the suffix -gbe, -be (=«language») can in principle be added to
the name of any language or dialect, or relevant place-name; it has
been recently been used as a linguistic cover-name for Ewe+ Fon
96-MA EWE+ FON chain
96-MAA EWE+ FON net
96-MAA-a Ewe ewe-gbe, éwé, eve, evhe, vhe, eibe, ebwe, efe, eue, krepi, krepe, popo,
including further dialects, to be located & classified: akata� anyro�
aveno� ave-dakpa� baguida� fyokpo� gafe� gbin… keve�
kotafõ… lavye… peci� towun… vli, vhlin… wance, wonce… wome�
etc. �Latin script
Togo (Maritime; Plateaux); Ghana
(Volta)
96-MAA-aa ewe-F. "standard" ewe �Ewe-C. (Anhlo) model Togo (Maritime; Plateaux); Ghana
(Volta)
6

page 666 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
96-MAA-ab ewe-C. anhlo, anlo, anglo, awlongan, awlan, agnlo, ahulan, ahoulan, including
awuna �Volta lower left-bank.… Lomé frontier
96-MAA-aba agblodome part of awuna �Agbledomi Ghana (Volta)
96-MAA-abb keta part of awuna �Keta coast� Ghana (Volta)
96-MAA-abc tove tovegã, part of awuna �Tove Ghana (Volta)
96-MAA-abd agome agome-yo, part of awuna �Agome Ghana (Volta)
Ghana (Volta); Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-abe be ve, lome-be �Lomé Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-abf kodjoviakope Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-abg kpime �Kpémé coast Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-abh agoe-nyive* �Agouévé Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-abi tsevye tsevie �Tsévié… Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-ac ewe-NW. krepe Ghana (Volta)
96-MAA-aca ho �Ho Ghana (Volta)
96-MAA-acb kpandu �Volta lake left-bank: Kpandu (now flooded) Ghana (Volta)
96-MAA-acc fodome �Fodome Xelu Ghana (Volta)
96-MAA-ad ewe-NE. Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-ada zukpe �Zikpé Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-adb fyokpo �Fokpou Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-adc kpele kpelen �Kpelé Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-add notse nõtse, nyotse �Nuatja Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-ade adame adangbe �Adamé hills Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-adf gudeve goudeve �Goudévé Veho Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-adg tsiko �Tsiko Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-adh agotime �Kpalimé… Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-adi batume Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-adj nyitoe Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-adk yokele Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-adl tseko-dedekpoe �Tsekpo-Dedekpoe Togo (Plateaux*)
96-MAA-adm agu fiagbome �Fiabomé Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-adn dayin danyi �Dagni northern enclave, to be confirmed Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-b Kpesi �Kpétsi… Langanbou Togo (Plateaux) 3
96-MAA-ba kpesi kpessi, kpetsi, gbesi Togo (Plateaux) 3
96-MAA-c Watyi+ Wudu Togo (Maritime; also Plateaux);
also Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-ca watyi watyi-gbe, waci-gbe, watchi, ouatchi ��Vogan… Tabligbo Togo (Maritime; also Plateaux);
also Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-caa voga vo �Vogan Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-cab anyro-kope �Aziakpo-Kopé Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-cac dagbati �Dékpo Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-cad akumape �Akoumapé Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-cae tsekpo-dedekpoe ��Tchekpo-Dédékpoé Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-caf axefe* �Ahépé Assiko… Ahépé Agbléta Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-cag kuve �Kouvé Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-cah tabligbo �Tabligbo� Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-cai dedekpoe �Mono left-bank (near Athiémé): Dedekpoé… Ahoho Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-caj kome �Hévé>N.: Comé… Oumako Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-cb wudu wudu-gbe, hudu �Gbékon… Glitho Togo (Plateaux)
96-MAA-d Gen �Mono lower valley & mouth Togo (Maritime); Benin 5
96-MAA-da gen-gbe g�, g�-gbe, guin, gain, popo, exonym: mina, mina-gen Togo (Maritime); Benin
96-MAA-daa gliji Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-dab anexo �Anécho, Aného Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-dac agoe agoi Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-dad popo �Mono left-bank: Alonkoni… Athiémé… Guinkomé Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-e Aja �Mono valley Togo (Maritime); Benin (Mono;
Atlantique)
96-MAA-ea aja-gbe adja, adya Togo (Maritime); Benin (Mono;
Atlantique)
96-MAA-eaa dogbo dogbo-gbe �Dogbo-Hahomé Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-eab tado tago, tago-be Togo (Maritime)
96-MAA-eac hwe hwe-gbe, éhoué, hweda Togo (Maritime); Benin (Mono) 3
96-MAA-ead sikpi Togo or Benin
5
5
5

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 667
96-MAA-f Ayizo+ Xwla phla+ phera Benin (Mono; Atlantique; Ouémé) 5
96-MAA-fa movolo Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-fb se �Sé Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-fc saxwe saphe, saxwe-gbe Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-fd ko ko-gbe Benin (Mono) 4
96-MAA-fe ci ci-gbe Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-ff xwla Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-ffa xwla-A. pla, phla, fla, hwla, hula Benin (Mono) 4
96-MAA-ffb xwela fera, phela, phera, xwela-gbe Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-ffc xweda xweda-gbe Benin (Mono) 4
96-MAA-fg kada kada-gbe Benin (Mono)
96-MAA-fh ayizo aizã, aizo, ayzo, ayizo-gbe Benin (Mono; Atlantique) 5
96-MAA-fi toli tori-nu �Toli Benin (Ouémé; Atlantique)
96-MAA-fj tofin tofi-nu, tofin-gbe Benin (Ouémé; Atlantique)
96-MAA-g Fon+ Gun fõ+ gũ Benin (Zou, Ouémé; Atlantique);
Nigeria (Ogun; Lagos); also Togo
96-MAA-ga fon-gbe Benin (Zou, Ouémé; Atlantique);
Nigeria (Ogun); also Togo
96-MAA-gaa fon-F. "standard" fon, fon-gbe, fõ-gbe, fõ, fonnu, in [51=] Français: dahoméen Togo; Benin; also Togo 6*
96-MAA-gab maxi mahi, maxe, maxi-gbe Benin (Zou); also Togo 4
96-MAA-gac arohun Benin
96-MAA-gad kpase Benin
96-MAA-gae agbome �Abomey Benin (Zou)
96-MAA-gaf glexwe Benin
96-MAA-gag weme-nu weme, weme-gbe Benin (Ouémé; Atlantique) 4
96-MAA-gah seto seto-gbe Benin (Ouémé); Nigeria (Ogun)
96-MAA-gb alada-gbe part of gun+ alada �Alada, Allada Benin (Atlantique)
96-MAA-gc gun-gbe gũ, e-gun, gu-gbe, gu, goun, part of gun+ alada �Alada… Badagri
coast
Benin (Atlantique; Ouémé); Nigeria
(Lagos)
6

page 668 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
97= DELTIC
phylozone
97-A IZON+ KALABARI
set
97-AA IZON+ KALABARI
chain
97-AAA IZON net ijo "proper", ijo-W., ijaw-W.
covers the "Niger-Delta" or "Deltoid" grouping, part of the
"Transafrican" continental affinity; comprising 2 sets of
languages (= 8 outer languages) spoken by communities in
coastal West Africa, in and around the Niger Delta:
97-A IZON+ KALABARI 97-B DEFAKA
These sets do not form part of the surrounding Volta-Congo
affinity covered by phylozone 98=Benuic.
"WIDER"-IJO, "wider" ijaw, part of 'ijoid', part of niger-delta �Latin
script
97-AAA-a Izon i-zon, i-zo, u-zo, i-dzo, i-joh, i-dso, u-dso �component idioms to be
subdivided under izon-NW.… part of izon-CN.… part of izon-CS.… part
of izon-SW.
97-AAA-aa mein part of izon-NW. Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-ab kabo patani �Patani Nigeria (Bendel)
Nigeria 6
Nigeria (Rivers; Bendel) 5
97-AAA-ac tarakiri Nigeria (Bendel; Rivers)
97-AAA-aca tarakiri-W. Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-acb tarakiri-E. Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-ad tuomo part of izon-NW. �Tuomo community is shifting its speech to Mein
variety of Izon
Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-ae o-peremo o-peremor �Ekeremor Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-af seimbri seimbi, part of izon-NW. community is shifting its speech to Mein
variety of Izon
Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-ag kumbo Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-ah i-duwini e-duwini Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-ai o-gulagha o-gula Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-aj o-poroza gbaranmatu Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-ak o-gbe ogbe-ijo Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-al a-rogbo part of izon-SW. �Arogbo Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-am e-gbema �Egbema Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-an o-lodiama Nigeria (Bendel; Rivers)
97-AAA-ana o-lodiama-W. Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-anb o-lodiama-E. Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-ao furupagha �Foropa* Nigeria (Bendel)
97-AAA-ap ijo-W. izon-W. �Saforogbo environs western settlements in 3 enclaves Nigeria (Ondo)
97-AAA-aq kolokuma "standard" izon, part of izon-CN. Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-ar gbanrain gbanran �Gbaran Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-as e-kpetiama Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-at i-kbiri i-kibiri �Ikbiri Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-au boma Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-av bumo part of izon-CS. Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-aw a-poi �Apoi Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-ax o-poroma �Oporoma Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-ay o-iakiri Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAA-az o-gboin �Ogboinbiri Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAB BISENI+ OKODIA net part of "wider" ijo
97-AAB-a Biseni+ Amegi �Yenagoa district Nigeria (Rivers) 3
97-AAB-aa biseni buseni Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAB-ab amegi Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAB-b Okodia Nigeria (Rivers) 3
97-AAB-ba o-kodia o-kordia Nigeria (Rivers) 3
97-AAC ORUMA* net part of "wider" ijo
97-AAC-a Oruma Nigeria (Rivers) 3*
97-AAC-aa o-ruma Nigeria (Rivers)
97-AAD KALABARI+
NKOROO net
part of "wider" ijo
97-AAD-a Kalabari+ Ibani ijo-E. Nigeria (Rivers) 5
97-AAD-aa kalabari calabari Nigeria (Rivers) 5
97-AAD-ab i-bani u-bani, bonny �Bonny Nigeria (Rivers) 4
97-AAD-ac o-krika kirike �Okrika Nigeria (Rivers) 5

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 669
97-AAD-b Nkoroo Nigeria (Rivers) 3
97-AAD-ba nkoroo nkoro, kirike 2 Nigeria (Rivers) 3
97-AAE NEMBE+ AKASSA
net
part of "wider" ijo
97-AAE-a Nembe+ Akassa 'brass ijo' Nigeria (Rivers) 4
97-AAE-aa nembe nimbe, brass �Nimbi… Brass Nigeria (Rivers) 4
97-AAE-ab akassa ahasa �between Nun… Brass river-mouths Nigeria (Rivers) 3
97-B DEFAKA set* part of 'ijoid' �Latin script
97-BA DEFAKA chain
97-BAA DEFAKA net
97-BAA-a Defaka Nigeria (Rivers) 3
97-BAA-aa defaka afakani Nigeria (Rivers) 3

page 670 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
98= BENUIC
phylozone
covers the "Benue+East Kwa" reference area (the northwestern
section of "old Benue-Congo", plus the eastern
section of "old Kwa") within the "Volta-Congo" affinity, within
the wider "Transafrican" continental affinity; comprising 11
sets of languages (= 209 outer languages) spoken by
communities in eastern West Africa, centered on the lower
Niger+ Benue basin, between the Togo Highlands and
Cameroon Highlands:
98-A YORUBA+ IGALA 98-B NUPE+ EBIRA
98-C IDOMA+ ETULO 98-D UKAAN+ AKUNNU*
98-E OGORI+ OSAYEN 98-F EDO+ OKPAMHERI
98-G IGBO+ EKPEYE 98-H AGWARA+ EZELLE
98-I HYAM+ TAROK 98-J IBIBIO+ BEKWARRA
98-K JUNAARE+ DAKA
A continuum of relationships among languages covered by
phylozones 98=Benuic and 99=Bantuic passes through the
transitional languages of the [98=] Junaare+ Tagbo
(Mambila+ Samba-Daka) chain.
98-A YORUBA+ IGALA set EDE #the prefix ede- (=«language») can in principle be added to the
name of any language or dialect, or relevant place-name; it has recently
been used as a linguistic cover-name for Yoruba+ Igala �Latin script
98-AA YORUBA+ IGALA
chain
98-AAA YORUBA+ IGALA net
Cameroon; Nigeria; Togo 7
98-AAA-a Yoruba+ Shekiri ede-yoruba+ i-shekiri �internal classification to be reviewed Nigeria (Lagos; Oyo; Ogun; Ondo;
Ilorin; Kwara; Borgu; Bendel);
Benin (Zou, Ouémé); also Togo
(Plateaux; Maritime)
98-AAA-aa yoruba-F. "standard" yoruba, "literary" yoruba �partially based on [98=] Yoruba-
C. (ede-oyo) model
Nigeria; Benin
98-AAA-ab yoruba-G. "generalised" yoruba, "vehicular" yoruba �with regional variations Nigeria; Benin 7
98-AAA-ac yoruba-W. Togo; Benin; Nigeria 6
98-AAA-aca ede-ica-togo ica-SW., itcha-SW., itsa-SW. �Dadja Togo (Plateaux)
98-AAA-acb ede-ica-zou ica-NE., itcha-NE., itsa-NE. �Baate district Benin (Zou) 4
98-AAA-acc ede-ife-togo ife-togo, ana-W., ife-ana-W., including tschetti… djama… dadja
�Atakpamé environs… Kamina… Dadja; Ese-Ana
Togo (Plateaux; Maritime) 4
98-AAA-acd ede-ife-zou ife-zou, ana-E., ife-ana-E., baate �Baate… Savalu districts Benin (Zou) 4
98-AAA-ace ede-idaca idaca, idasa, idaaca, idasha, idaisa, idaitsa, datcha, dasa �Dasa-
Zume… Glazuwe… Save districts influence < [96=] Fon
98-AAA-acf ede-mokole mokole, mokollé, mokwale, monkole, manigri, féri �Kandi district:
Manigri
98-AAA-acg ede-cabe cabe, cave, chabe, tchabé, tsabe, shabe, sabe �Save… Wese…
Cawuru districts
98-AAA-ach ede-nago-N. nago-N., anago-N. �Bassila… Alejo… Dzugu districts Benin (Atakora)
98-AAA-aci ede-nago-S. nago-S., anago-S., including ajashe �Ikpobe… Itakete… Ifanyin…
Ikpinle… Ketu districts
Benin (Zou) 4
Benin (Borgou) 4
Benin (Zou; Borgou); also Nigeria
(Kwara) frontier
Benin (Ouémé) 5
98-AAA-acj ede-ije ije, holi, holli, ohori, je �Ikpobe… Zogbodome… Wenxi… Ilaro districts Benin (Ouémé; Zou); Nigeria
(Ogun)
98-AAA-ack ede-ketu ketu, kétou �Kétou… Meko… Ikosi district Benin (Ouémé); Nigeria (Lagos)
98-AAA-acl ede-aguna aguna, awuna, agunaco Benin (Zou) 4
98-AAA-acm ede-awori awori, including e-gun, gun �Etiosa… Badagri districts Nigeria (Lagos); Benin (Ouémé)
frontier
98-AAA-acn ede-egba egba 2, including egbado �Abeokuta… Iboro… Ilaro… �distinct from
[98=] Kakanda+ Gbanmi (Egba)
Nigeria (Ogun)
98-AAA-ad yoruba-C. central yoruba Nigeria (Oyo; Kwara; Ogun; Lagos)
98-AAA-ada ede-onko-W. onko-W., shaki �Shaki… Nigeria (Oyo; also Kwara)
98-AAA-adb ede-onko-E. onko-E., "old" oyo �Old Oyo… Nigeria (Oyo; also Kwara)
98-AAA-adc ede-oyo oyo, ede-yoruba "proper", yoruba "proper", yooba, yariba, including
ibadan, etc. �Ibadan… Oyo� Ilorin
Nigeria (Oyo; Kwara)
98-AAA-add ede-oshun osun �Oshogbo… Ogbomosho… Ede� Nigeria (Oyo)
98-AAA-ade ede-ijesha ijesha, Ilesa ��Ilesha Nigeria (Oyo)
98-AAA-adf ede-ife ife ��Ile-Ife Nigeria (Oyo)
98-AAA-adg ede-ijebu �Ijebu country �Ijebu-Ode… Ijebu-Remo… Nigeria (Ogun)
98-AAA-adh ede-eko �Ekpe… Lagos: lagoons & hinterland Nigeria (Lagos)
98-AAA-ae yoruba-CE. yoruba-CE. Nigeria (Ondo) 5
98-AAA-aea ede-ondo ondo ��Ondo… Oke-Igbo… Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-aeb ede-idanre idanre �Idanre… Nigeria (Ondo)
7
4
4

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 671
98-AAA-af yoruba-NE. yoruba-NE. Nigeria (Oyo; Kwara; Ondo) 6
98-AAA-afa ede-ibolo ibolo, igbolo �Ofa… Oda-Otin district Nigeria (Oyo; Kwara)
98-AAA-afb ede-igbomina igbomina, igbona, including ila �Ila… Irekpodun district… Ifelodun
district
Nigeria (Oyo; Kwara)
98-AAA-afc ede-yagba yagba �Oyi district: Yagba district Nigeria (Kwara)
98-AAA-afd ede-oworo oworo, kakanda, akanda �Lokoja (Niger confluence right-bank)…
Sunawa
Nigeria (Kwara)
98-AAA-afe ede-bunu bunu �Kogi district Nigeria (Kwara)
98-AAA-aff ede-ikiri ikiri Nigeria (Kwara)
98-AAA-afg ede-gbede gbede �Oyi district Nigeria (Kwara)
98-AAA-afh ede-egbe egbe �Oyi district: Egbe Nigeria (Kwara)
98-AAA-afi ede-ijumu ijumu, dsumu, idsumu �Oyi district Nigeria (Kwara)
98-AAA-afj ede-owe owe �Oyi district: Kabba Nigeria (Kwara)
98-AAA-afk ede-ifaki ifaki �Ero district Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-afl ede-ekiti including moba… irun… �Ekiti district… Nigeria (Ondo; also Kwara)
98-AAA-afm ede-akure akure ��Akure Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-afn ede-ukare ukare, ikare �Akoko district: Ukare Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-afo ede-owo owo �Owo… Ifo… Ipela… Usho Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-afp ede-oba oba �Oba Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-ag yoruba-SE. yoruba-SE. Nigeria (Ondo) 5
98-AAA-aga ede-ikale ikale �Okititi-Kpukpa, Okitipupa… Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-agb ede-ilaje ilaje �Okitipupa district Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-agc ede-ijo-apoi ijo-apoi Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-ah i-shekiri i-tsekiri, i-sekiri, shekiri, chekiri, chekri, sekiri, jekri, i-were, warri, irhobo,
i-selema-otu, selema-otu, selemo transition < [98=] Yoruba-SE.
��Warri… West Benin divisions
Nigeria (Bendel) 5
98-AAA-b Arigidi+ Ayere akoko-N. �Akoko North district… also Kogi district Nigeria (Ondo) 4*
98-AAA-ba amgbe-oyin �Oyin Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-bb amgbe-arigidi �Arigidi Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-bc amgbe-uro �Uro Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-bd amgbe-ahan ahaan �Ajowa… Igashi… Omou Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-be amgbe-ayere �Kogi district Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-bf amgbe-erushu erusu �Erushu Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-bg amgbe-oke-agbe �Oke-Agbe… Nigeria (Ondo)
98-AAA-bga owon-eshe owon-ese, aje (Ondo)
98-AAA-bgb owon-udo udo, ido �Udo (Ondo)
98-AAA-bgc owon-oge oge (Ondo)
98-AAA-bgd owon-afa afa, agfa, affa, amgbe-afa (Ondo)
98-AAA-c Igala �Benue… Niger valleys (confluence>SE.) Nigeria (Benue; Bendel; Anambra) 5
98-AAA-ca i-gala gala, i-gara, gara Nigeria (Benue; Bendel; Anambra) 5
98-AAA-caa ankpa �Ankpa Nigeria (Benue)
98-AAA-cab i-dah �Niger left-bank: Idah Nigeria (Benue)
98-AAA-cac e-bu �Niger right-bank: Ebu Nigeria (Bendel)
98-AAA-cad i-baji Nigeria
98-AAA-cae u-lukwumi* Nigeria
98-B NUPE+ EBIRAset "niger-central", 'nupoid' �Latin script
98-BA NUPE+ GBARI chain
98-BAA ASU net
98-BAA-a Asu �Kontagora>S. Nigeria (Niger) 3*
98-BAA-aa asu ebe, abewa Nigeria (Niger)
98-BAB NUPE+ DIBO net
98-BAB-a Nupe �Niger middle valley & hinterland Nigeria (Niger; Kwara; Benue;
Fed.Capital Terr.; also Anambra)
98-BAB-aa ezi-nupe-C. nife, a-nupe-cwayi, a-nupe-ri, nupen-ci, ampeyi, tapa, tappah, takpa;
nepe-ci-zhi, nupen-ci-zhi community
98-BAB-aaa ezi-nupe-F. "standard" nupe (Niger; Kwara…)
98-BAB-aab kyedye-tifin gbede, gbedye, "upstream" kede; part of i-kyedye, "riverine" nupe
community �Niger middle valley: Jebba island upstream
98-BAB-aac kyedye-tako kyadya, kiadia, "downstream" kede, eyapa-ci-zhi, eyapa-ci-zi (=«canoepeople»),
part of i-kyedye, "riverine" nupe community �Niger middle
valley: Jebba island downstream… Muregi (+ Kaduna valley)… Lokoja;
migration (as canoe-builders)> Onitsha
98-BAB-aad kusopa �Labozhi district (Niger)
98-BAB-aae nupe-zam �Kutigi>N. (Niger)
98-BAB-aaf benu �Kutigi environs descendants of 18 th cent. migrants from [02=] Kanurispeaking
area (Bornu country)
Nigeria (Niger; Kwara; also Benue;
Plateau; Anambra)
(Niger; Kwara)
(Niger; Kwara; also Benue;
Anambra)
(Niger)
98-BAB-aag beni �Kaduna valley & hinterland: Bida… Kutigi… Bataci (Niger)
6
5

page 672 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
98-BAB-aah bata-ci bata-chi, bata-ci-zhi, part of "riverine" nupe community �Niger middle
left-bank: Gbako… Kaduna confluences upstream
Nigeria (Niger)
98-BAB-aai ebagi �Niger middle right-bank: Pategi>W. Nigeria (Kwara)
98-BAB-aaj nupe-lafia �Lafia migration as riverine traders in 19 th cent. migration> (Plateau)
98-BAB-aak nupe-ibi �Benue valley: Ibi environs migration as riverine traders in 19 th cent. migration> (Gongola; Plateau)
98-BAB-ab gbedegi* �Mokwa environs extinct Nigeria (Niger) 0
98-BAB-ac nupe-tako "downstream" nupe, ibara, 'bassa-nge' �Niger+ Benue confluence:
Bassange… Mozom districts
Nigeria (Kwara) 4
98-BAB-b Dibo+ Gupa �between Gbako… Gurara valleys, Agaie… Sofon Lapai… Gupa Nigeria (Niger; also Fed.Capital
Terr.)
98-BAB-ba dibo shitako, zi-tako, i-zhi-tako (=«people down below»), ganagana,
ganagawa community �Lapai>S. many so-called Ganagana now
speak [98=] Gbari
Nigeria (Niger; also Fed.Capital
Terr.)
98-BAB-bb kami �Lapai>S.: Kami Nigeria (Niger) 2
99-BAB-bc gupa �Gupa… Atsu… Kirikpo �distinct from neighbouring [98=] Kupa Nigeria (Niger)
99-BAB-bd agbi �Gupa environs: Abugi Jankara Nigeria (Niger)
99-BAB-be edzu �Pelemi environs: Edzu Nigeria (Niger)
98-BAB-c Eggan+ Cekpang �Niger middle valley & right-bank hinterland: Pategi downstream Nigeria (Kwara) 3
98-BAB-ca eggan+ cekpang Nigeria (Kwara)
98-BAB-caa cekpang �Pategi>SE. Nigeria (Kwara)
98-BAB-cab eggan egã �Niger middle valley: Eggan & opposite bank Nigeria (Niger; Kwara) 3
98-BAB-cac kupa �Eggan>S. �distinct from neighbouring [98=] Gupa Nigeria (Kwara)
98-BAB-d Kakanda+ Gbanmi �Niger middle valley (both banks): Eggan… Budon… Gurara
confluence
Nigeria (Niger; Kwara) 4
98-BAB-da ka-kakanda kakanda, a-kanda transition < [98=] Gbari Nigeria (Niger; Kwara) 4
98-BAB-daa hyabe hyaba, e-habe #or perhaps an alternative name for ka-kakanda Nigeria (Niger and/or Kwara)
98-BAB-dab adyaktye #or perhaps an alternative name for ka-kakanda Nigeria (Niger and/or Kwara)
98-BAB-dac budon �Niger middle right-bank: Budon Nigeria (Kwara)
98-BAB-db egba �Gupa environs: Egba �distinct from [98=] Yoruba (ede-Egba) Nigeria (Niger)
98-BAB-dc gbanmi+ sokun �Gbanmi… Sokon Nigeria (Niger and/or Kwara)
98-BAC GBARI+ GBAGYI*
net
GWARI, in [19=]Hausa: gwari, gwali �internal classification to be
confirmed
98-BAC-a Gbari nkwa, gwari-W., gwari-yamma, gbari-yamma, gbari-yemma, gbari-botai,
botai #in [19=] Hausa: yamma=«west» �Kaduna valley (Kwange)…
Minna… Gurara valley (Kwali) ; some intermingling with closely related
[98=] Gbagyi-speaking community; formerly spoken further north
(submerged < [19=] Hausa)
Nigeria (Niger; Plateau;
Fed.Capital Terr.)
98-BAC-aa kwange gbari-kwange, gbari-konge, kangye, kong, a-gbawi, wake, wi �Kwange Nigeria (Niger)
98-BAC-ab paiko �Paiko… Shaku Nigeria (Niger)
98-BAC-ac jezhu �Jazu Nigeria (Niger)
98-BAC-ad gayegi gbari-yamma-gayegi Nigeria (Niger)
98-BAC-ae wahe gbari-wahe, gbari-wi Nigeria (Niger)
98-BAC-af izem �Izom Nigeria (Fed.Capital Terr.)
98-BAC-ag kwali �Kwali Nigeria (Fed.Capital Terr.)
98-BAC-b Gbagyi gbagye, gwari-E., in [19=]Hausa: gwari-matai, gwarin-ngenge, genge,
gyeng-gyeng, gyange, gyengen �Kaduna valley.… Minna>E.… Diko ;
some intermingling with closely related [98=] Gbari-speaking
community; formerly spoken further north (submerged < [19=] Hausa)
Nigeria (Niger; Kaduna; Plateau;
Fed.Capital Terr.; also Kwara)
98-BAC-ba karu �Karu Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-BAC-bb kaduna �Kaduna environs Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-BAC-bc kuta �Kuta Nigeria (Niger)
98-BAC-bd vwezhi �Wushishi* Nigeria (Niger*)
98-BAC-be diko �Diko Nigeria (Kaduna; Plateau; Fed.Cap.))
98-BAC-bf louome* Nigeria
98-BAC-bg tawari �Koton Karifi district: Tawari, Taware… Nigeria (Kwara; Niger)
98-BB GADE chain
98-BBA GADE net �
98-BBA-a Gade ��Nassarawa>W.: Kuje environs Nigeria (Plateau; Fed.Capital Terr.) 5
98-BBA-aa gade gede, gode Nigeria (Plateau; Fed.Capital Terr.) 5
98-BC EBIRA+ ETUNO
chain
98-BCA EBIRA+ ETUNO net
98-BCA-a Ebira+ Etuno in [98=]Yoruba: kotokori; ane-bira community �Niger+ Benue
confluence>NE. & SW.
Nigeria (Kwara; Plateau; Bendel) 5
98-BCA-aa e-bira-okene �Okene environs Nigeria (Kwara; also Bendel)
98-BCA-aaa i-hima (Kwara)
98-BCA-aab o-kengwe (Kwara)
98-BCA-aac o-dabi a-dabi �Okene>W.: Adabi (Kwara)
4
4
6
5

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
98-BCA-aad ei-ka i-ka 2 �Okene>NE.: Eika (Kwara)
98-BCA-aae e-kehi �Ekehen (Kwara)
98-BCA-aaf e-gain* (Kwara)
Linguasphere Observatory page 673
98-BCA-ab e-tuno �two widely separated enclaves (Bendel; Plateau)
98-BCA-aba igara �Igara (Bendel)
98-BCA-abb nasarawa �Nasarawa environs (Plateau)
98-BCA-ac e-bira-koto bira, i-gbira, i-gbirra, e-gbira, e-gbura, biri, egbira-inavi �Koto
Karifi>NE.… Tawari… Toto… Umaisha
98-BCA-aca panda kwotto, koto, kwato �Toto>S. (Plateau)
98-BCA-acb i-gu e-gu; including i-ka; e-bira "proper" �Koton-Karifi… Tawari environs (Kwara)
98-BCA-acc e-bira-nya �near Lokoja fishing community (Kwara)
98-C IDOMA+ ETULO set 'idomoid'
98-CA IDOMA+ ETULO
chain
98-CAA ELOYI net
98-CAA-a Eloyi afo, aho, afu, afao, keffi, in [19=] Hausa: afa, in [98=] Idoma: epe
�Nasarawa… Loko… Afo… Doma… Agatu districts
98-CAA-aa eloyi-mbeci eloyi-mbekyi #-mbeki, mbekyi =«of the rocks, hills» Nigeria (Plateau)
98-CAA-aa eloyi-mbeji #-mbeji =«of the land, lowland» Nigeria (Plateau)
Nigeria (Plateau; Kwara) 5
Nigeria (Plateau; also Benue) 4
98-CAA-ab mbamu* Nigeria (Plateau or Benue)
98-CAB IDOMA+ IYALA net
98-CAB-a Idoma i-doma Nigeria (Benue; Plateau) 5
98-CAB-aa i-doma-N. agatu ��Agatu… Ochekwu… Adoka… Awe district… Nasarawa district Nigeria (Benue; Plateau) 5
98-CAB-aaa agatu-A. ��Agatu Nigeria (Benue…)
98-CAB-aab ochekwu ��Ochekwu Nigeria (Benue…)
98-CAB-ab i-doma-C. ��Oturkpo… Okpokwu Nigeria (Benue) 5
98-CAB-aba akpoto (Benue)
98-CAB-abb oturkpo otukpa (Benue)
98-CAB-abc yangedde (Benue)
98-CAB-ac i-doma-W. ��Oturkpo Nigeria (Benue)
98-CAB-aca oturkpo-W. otukpa-W. ��Oturkpo>W. (Benue)
98-CAB-acb orukpa �Orukpa (Benue)
98-CAB-ad i-doma-SW. okwoga (Benue)
98-CAB-ae i-doma-S. Nigeria (Benue)
98-CAB-aea igumale ��Igumale (Benue)
98-CAB-aeb igwaale agala �Agala (Benue)
98-CAB-aec ijigbam (Benue)
98-CAB-b Alago arago, idoma-nokwu, aragu �Awa… Lafia districts bilingual < [19=]
Hausa
98-CAB-ba agwatashi Nigeria (Plateau)
98-CAB-bb assaikio �Assaikio Nigeria (Plateau)
98-CAB-bc doma �Doma… Nigeria (Plateau)
Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-CAB-bd keana �Keana… Nigeria (Plateau)
98-CAB-c Igede i-gedde, e-gede, e-gedde �Okpokivu upper valley & eastwards: Oju…
Otukpo… Okpokwu districts
Nigeria (Benue; Cross River) 5
98-CAB-ca o-ju igede-C. (Benue) Nigeria (Benue)
98-CAB-cb i-to Nigeria (Benue and/or Cross River)
98-CAB-cc worku Nigeria (Benue and/or Cross River)
98-CAB-cd gabu Nigeria (Benue and/or Cross River)
98-CAB-d Iyala Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-CAB-da i-yala yala Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-CAB-daa i-yala-ogoja ��Ogoja (Cross River)
98-CAB-dab i-yala-ikom nkum �Nkum (Cross River)
98-CAB-dac i-yala-obubra nkum-akpambe (Cross River)
98-CAC ETULO net
98-CAC-a Etulo �Shitire… Nyam-Atsor districts Nigeria (Benue) 3
98-CAC-aa e-tulo tulo, u-tur, e-tulu, e-ture, e-turo, turumawa Nigeria (Benue) 3
98-CAD AKPA+ IYACE net
98-CAD-a Akpa+ Iyace �Oturkpo… Ogoja districts Nigeria (Benue; Cross-River) 4
98-CAD-aa akpa akweya �Akpa… Nigeria (Benue) 3
98-CAD-aaa akpa-N. (Benue)
98-CAD-aab akpa-S. (Benue)
98-CAD-ab i-yace yace, yache, yatche Nigeria (Benue) 3
98-CAD-ac ekpari* yace-S. �Ogoja district Nigeria (Cross River) 4

page 674 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
98-D UKAAN+ AKUNNU*
set
98-DA AKUNNU+ EFIFA
chain
98-DAA AKUNNU+ EFIFA net
akoko-S., ayka �Latin script
AKPES
98-DAA-a Akunnu+ Efifa ibaram+ efifa bilingual < [98=] Yoruba Nigeria (Ondo) 4*
98-DAA-aa akunnu akpes "proper" ��Akunnu, Akpes Nigeria (Ondo)
98-DAA-ab daja �Daja Nigeria (Ondo)
98-DAA-ac efifa �Efifa Nigeria (Ondo)
98-DAA-ad gedegede �Gedegede Nigeria (Ondo)
98-DAA-ae i-baram Nigeria (Ondo)
98-DAA-af i-keram ikaram Nigeria (Ondo)
98-DAA-ag i-yani Nigeria (Ondo)
98-DB UKAAN+ ISHE chain "wider" ukaan, 'aika' #'aika' is an artificial cover-name, based on an
acronym of the component language-names
98-DBA UKAAN+ ISHE net
98-DBA-a Ukaan+ Ishe ikan bilingual < [98=] Yoruba Nigeria (Ondo) 4
98-DBA-aa i-she ��Ishe Nigeria (Ondo)
98-DBA-ab auga ��Auga Nigeria (Ondo)
98-DBA-ac ukaan ukaan "proper" Nigeria (Ondo)
98-DBA-aca i-kã kakumo-aworo, kakumo-keji ��Kakumo-Aworo (Ondo)
98-DBA-acb u-kãã kakumo-akoko���Kakumo-Akoko (Ondo)
98-DBA-ad anyaran ��Anyaran Nigeria (Ondo)
98-E OGORI+ OSAYEN set OKO �Latin script
98-EA OGORI+ OSAYEN
chain
98-EAA OGORI+ OSAYEN
net
98-EAA-a Ogori+ Osayen oko ��Okene-SW. Nigeria (Kwara) 4
98-EAA-aa ogori oko "proper", uku ��Ogori Nigeria (Kwara) 3
98-EAA-ab osayen magongo, osanyin ��Magongo Nigeria (Kwara) 3
98-EAA-ac eni Nigeria (Kwara) 3
98-F EDO+ OKPAMHERI
set
98-FA EDO+ OKPAMHERI
chain
98-FAA OKPAMHERI+
OKULOSHO net
98-FAA-a Okpamheri+
Okulosho
�Latin script
'edoid'-N.
�Akoko-Edo division Nigeria (Bendel) 4
98-FAA-aa okulosho okurosho Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAA-aaa ojirami eekunu �Ojirami (Bendel)
98-FAA-aab dagbala dangbala �Dagbala (Bendel)
98-FAA-aac makeke �Makake (Bendel)
98-FAA-aad oma* uuma, uma �Uuma (Bendel)
98-FAA-aae oja oza �Oja (Bendel)
98-FAA-ab okpamheri-W. opameri-W. Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAA-aba ekpe (Bendel)
98-FAA-abb bekuma (Bendel)
98-FAA-abc lankpese lampese, lankpeshi �Lankpeshi (Bendel)
98-FAA-abd ibilo ibillo �Ibillo (Bendel)
98-FAA-abe imoga imorga �Imorga (Bendel)
98-FAA-abf eko ekon, ekor (Bendel)
98-FAA-abg ikaran-oke ikaram-oke (Bendel)
98-FAA-abh ebunn-oke (Bendel)
98-FAA-abi ikaran-ele ikaran-ile (Bendel)
98-FAA-abj ebunn-ugbo (Bendel)
98-FAA-abk ikpesa (Bendel)
98-FAA-abl igbo-ola-sale ugboshi-sale �Ugbosi-Sale (Bendel)
98-FAA-abm aiyegunle oshi �Aiyegunle (Bendel)
98-FAA-abn igbo-ola-oke ugboshi-oke �Ugboshi-Oke (Bendel)
98-FAA-abo onumo onumu, unumo �Onumu (Bendel)
98-FAA-abp ogugu �Ogugu (Bendel)
98-FAA-abq ogbe-sale (Bendel)
98-FAA-abr ogbe-oke �Oke-Ogbe (Bendel)
98-FAA-ac emhalhe emarle, somorika, semolika �Semolika (Bendel)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 675
98-FAA-b Okpe+ Akuku �Akoko-Edo division Nigeria (Bendel) 3*
98-FAA-ba okpe-N. �distinct from [98=] Okpe-S. Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAA-bb idesa Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAA-bc oloma �Oloma Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAA-bd akuku Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAB UKUE+ IYAYU net 'edoid'-NW., osse Nigeria (Ondo; Kwara)
98-FAB-a Aduge �Oyi district Nigeria (Kwara) 3
98-FAB-aa aduge Nigeria (Kwara)
98-FAB-b Ukue+ Ehueun �Osse upper right-bank Nigeria (Ondo) 3*
98-FAB-ba ukue ukpe, ikpe �Ukpe, Ikpe Nigeria (Ondo)
98-FAB-bb ehueun ehuen, ekpenmen, ekpenmi, epenmi, epinmi �Ekpennen, Ekpinmi Nigeria (Ondo)
98-FAB-c Iyayu+ Uhami �Osse upper right-bank Nigeria (Ondo) 3*
98-FAB-ca uhami �Ishua Nigeria (Ondo)
98-FAB-cb iyayu �Idoani Nigeria (Ondo)
98-FAC EDO+ ESAN net "WIDER"-EDO, 'edoid'-CN.
98-FAC-a Ososo* �Ososo Nigeria (Bendel) 3*
98-FAC-aa ososo Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-b Uneme Nigeria (Bendel) 4*
98-FAC-ba uneme ileme, ineme, uleme �Etsako… Agbazko… Akoko-Edo districts Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-baa uneme-W. (Bendel)
98-FAC-bab uneme-E. ��Niger right-bank (Bendel)
98-FAC-c Yekhee i-yekhee; etsako; etsakor; iyekhee; afenmai; 'kukuruku' Nigeria (Bendel) 5
98-FAC-ca auchi ��Auchi Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-cb uzairue Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-cc ibie-S. ivbie-S. Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-cd uwepa-uwano weppa-wano Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-ce avianwu fugar Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-cf aviele Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-cg ivhiadaobi Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-d Ghotuo ��Owan� Akoko-Edo divisions Nigeria (Bendel) 4
98-FAC-da ghotuo otwa, otuo, including arokho… ikao Nigeria (Bendel) 4
98-FAC-e Sasaru+ Enwan* ��Akoko-Edo division Nigeria (Bendel) 3
98-FAC-ea enwan �Enwan Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-eb sasaru Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-ec igwe �Igwe Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-f Arhe+ Okpela* Atte ��Etsako� Akoko-Edo divisions Nigeria (Bendel) 4*
98-FAC-fa ivbie-N. ibie-N. Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-fb okpela �Akpela Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-fc arhe ate, atte "proper" Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-g Ikpeshi ��Etsako districts Nigeria (Bendel) 4*
98-FAC-ga ikpeshi ikpeshe, ekpeshe Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-h Ora+ Iuleha kunibum �Owan… Akoko-Edo… Ishan… West Benin… East Benin
districts
Nigeria (Bendel) 4
98-FAC-ha ivhimion ivbiosakon community Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-hb emai Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-hc iuleha Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-hd ora Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-i Esan+ Ekpon ��Agbazko� Okpebho� Orhionmwon� Oshimili� Aniocha districts
�other idioms to be added
Nigeria (Bendel) 4
98-FAC-ia esan ishan, esã, anwain Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-ib ekpon �Ekpon Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-ic igueben Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAC-j Edo Bini, edo "proper" ��Ovia� Oredo� Orhionmwon districts Nigeria (Bendel) 6
98-FAC-ja edo oviedo, ovioba, bini, benin Nigeria (Bendel) 6
98-FAD URHOBO+ ERUWA
net
'edo'-SW.
98-FAD-a Okpe-S. ��Okpe �distinct from [98=] Okpe-N. Nigeria (Bendel) 4*
98-FAD-aa okpe-S. Nigeria (Bendel)
98-FAD-b Urhobo+ Isoko 'sobo', 'biotu' Nigeria (Bendel) 5
98-FAD-ba urhobo ��Ethiope� Ughelli areas Nigeria (Bendel) 5
98-FAD-baa urhobo-A. (Bendel)
98-FAD-bab agbarho (Bendel)
98-FAD-bb isoko igabu, igabo, "central" isoko, "standard" urhobo+ isoko ��Isoko�
Ndokwa areas
Nigeria (Bendel) 5

page 676 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
98-FAD-c Uvbie �West Urhobo division Nigeria (Bendel) 3
98-FAD-ca uvbie uvwie, evrie, uvhria, effurun, 'evhro' Nigeria (Bendel) 3
98-FAD-d Eruwa translingual < [98=] Isoko, which is submerging Eruwa �Isoko division Nigeria (Bendel) 3*
98-FAD-da eruwa erohwa, erakwa, arokwa Nigeria (Bendel) 3*
98-FAE DEGEMA+ EPIE net 'delta edoid'
98-FAE-a Ngene+ Ogua "wider" ngene �Ahoada… Yenagoa divisions Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-FAE-aa ngene engenni, egene Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-FAE-ab ediro Nigeria (Rivers)
98-FAE-ac inedua Nigeria (Rivers)
98-FAE-ad ogua Nigeria (Rivers)
98-FAE-b Epie+ Atissa �Yenagoa district Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-FAE-ba epie Nigeria (Rivers) 3
98-FAE-bb atissa Nigeria (Rivers) 3
98-FAE-c Degema �Kalabari division Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-FAE-ca u-dekama dekama, degema "proper" �Degema Nigeria (Rivers)
98-FAE-cb atala Nigeria (Rivers)
98-FAE-cc u-sokun kala-degema Nigeria (Rivers)
98-G IGBO+ EKPEYE set �Latin script
98-GA IGBO+ EKPEYE
chain
98-GAA IGBO+ IKWERE net 'igboid'
98-GAA-a Igbo-C. ibo-C. Nigeria (Anambra; Imo; Rivers… ) 7
98-GAA-aa igbo-F. "standard" igbo-C. �Owerri+ Umuahia model Nigeria
98-GAA-ab 'union'-igbo "old standard" igbo �former compromise written standard, now
abandoned
Nigeria
98-GAA-ac igbo-G. "generalised" central igbo, "vehicular" central igbo Nigeria
98-GAA-ad igbo-CN. "upper" igbo Nigeria (Anambra…) 6
98-GAA-ada nsukka ��Nsukka Nigeria
98-GAA-adb enugu ��Enugu Nigeria
98-GAA-adc awaka ��Awaka Nigeria
98-GAA-add onitsha ��Onitsha Nigeria
98-GAA-ade afikpo ��Afikpo Nigeria
98-GAA-adf orlu ��Orlu Nigeria
98-GAA-ae igbo-CS. "lower" igbo Nigeria (Imo, Rivers… ) 6
98-GAA-aea isu-ama ��Owerri Nigeria
98-GAA-aeb ohuhu ��Umuahia Nigeria
98-GAA-aec ngwa-S. Nigeria
98-GAA-aed isu-item Nigeria
98-GAA-aee egbema ebema �Egbema Nigeria
98-GAA-aef eche ece, etche, echie Nigeria
98-GAA-aeg igbo-delta delta igbo ��Bonny River delta (Delta…)
98-GAA-b Ika+ Enuani igbo-NW. Nigeria (Bendel) 5*
98-GAA-ba ika ika "proper", including agbor; "standard" ika �Ika Nigeria (Bendel)
98-GAA-bb enuani "river" ika Nigeria (Bendel)
98-GAA-c Ukwuani+ Aboh igbo-W. Nigeria (Bendel) 5*
98-GAA-ca aboh Nigeria (Bendel)
98-GAA-cb ukwuani ukuani, ukwani, ukwali, kwale �Kwale Nigeria (Bendel)
98-GAA-d Ogba+ Egi igbo-SW. Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-GAA-da egi Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-db ogba ogbah Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-dba ogba-W. (Rivers)
98-GAA-dbb ogba-SE. ogba-S., ogba-E. (Rivers)
98-GAA-e Ikwere ikwerre, ikwerri, igbo-S., part of "peripheral" igbo Nigeria (Rivers) 5
98-GAA-ea obio Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-eb akpo �Akpo… Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-eba obiopo akpo "proper" (Rivers)
98-GAA-ebb mgbu (Rivers)
98-GAA-ebc tolu (Rivers)
98-GAA-ec ogbakiri �Ogbakiri Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-ed emowhua Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-ee ndele �Ndelle Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-ef elele �Elele Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-eg omerelu Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-eh egbeda �Egbeda Nigeria (Rivers)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 677
98-GAA-ei aluu Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-ej igwuruta Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-ek ibaa Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-el isiokpo �Isiokpo Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-em omagwa Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAA-f Igbo-E.* "cross-river" igbo, ungwana, part of "peripheral" igbo Nigeria (Imo) 5*
98-GAA-fa ada edda �Ada Nigeria (Imo)
98-GAA-fb abam including ohaffia, ohafya Nigeria (Imo)
98-GAA-fc aro �Ado Nigeria (Imo)
98-GAA-g Igbo-NE. Nigeria (Anambra; also Imo) 5
98-GAA-ga ishielu* Nigeria (Anambra)
98-GAA-gb ezaa eza Nigeria (Anambra) 5
98-GAA-gc ikwo Nigeria (Anambra) 5
98-GAA-gd mgbo mbo, ngbo Nigeria (Anambra) 4
98-GAA-ge izi izzi Nigeria (Anambra) 5
98-GAB EKPEYE net
98-GAB-a Ekpeye �Ahoada… Ogba-Egbema districts Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-GAB-aa ako �Ako Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAB-ab upata Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAB-ac ubye Nigeria (Rivers)
98-GAB-ad igbuduyaa Nigeria (Rivers)
98-H AGWARA+ EZELLE
set
98-HA AGWARA+ RUBASA
chain
kamberi+ jera, kainji, cara, "niger-plateau" �Latin script
kainji-W.
98-HAA KIRIKJIR+ LARU net kainji-"lake"
98-HAA-a Kirikjir+ Laru ��Kainji-W. lake Nigeria (Kwara) 3*
98-HAA-aa kirikjir lopa, lupa, djiri, in [19=] Hausa: lopawa community ��Niger river-islands Nigeria (Kwara) 3*
98-HAA-ab laru in [19=] Hausa: laranchi; larawa community Nigeria (Kwara) 3*
98-HAB TSURESHE net
98-HAB-a Tsureshe reshe, tsu-reja; ba-reshe community ��Niger (Yelwa)… Kainji left-bank Nigeria (Sokoto; Kwara) 4
98-HAB-aa yauri Nigeria (Sokoto)
98-HAB-ab gunga in [19=] Hausa: gunganci, gunganwa community Nigeria (Sokoto; Kwara)
98-HAC AGWARA+ TSIGADI
net
KAMBERI, kambari, kamberri, in [19=] Hausa: kamberci
98-HAC-a Agwara+ Agaushi kambari-W., mawuchi, agaushi+ ngwanci ��Kainji-S. lake Nigeria (Niger; Sokoto) 5*
98-HAC-aa agwara+ ngwa Nigeria (Niger; Sokoto)
98-HAC-aaa agwara in [19=] Hausa: agara'iwa community �Agwarra (Niger; Sokoto)
98-HAC-aab ngwa-N. in [19=] Hausa: ngwaci, ngweci, ngwanci (Niger)
98-HAC-ab agaushi+ tsikimba auna �Auna Nigeria (Niger)
98-HAC-aba agaushi (Niger)
98-HAC-abb tsi-kimba kimba; a-kimba community (Niger)
98-HAC-b Tsigadi+ Cibaangi kamberi-E. �Kontagora division Nigeria (Niger…) 5*
98-HAC-ba ci-shingini* shingini, chi-shingini, chi-shingyini, salka; a-shinginai, a-shingini, ashaganna
community
98-HAC-bb tsi-vadi vadi, e-vadi, i-beto, i-betu; a-vadi, a-badi community Nigeria
98-HAC-bc tsi-gadi gadi, kakihum; a-gadi community �Gadi Nigeria
Nigeria 0*
98-HAC-bd ci-baangi baangi Nigeria (Niger) 4
98-HAD ETHUN+ ETKAG net
98-HAD-a Etkag+ Etfer �Dabai… Fakai divisions… Nigeria (Sokoto) 4
98-HAD-aa et-kag+ koor puku, faka, fakai, fakara, in [19=] Hausa: fakanci; fakawa community Nigeria (Sokoto) 4
98-HAD-aaa et-kag kag, puku-nu, puku "proper" (Sokoto)
98-HAD-aab et-maror maror, -ror, in [19=] Hausa: tudanci (Sokoto)
98-HAD-aac koor kulu �Koor (Sokoto)
98-HAD-ab et-jiir+ kur geeri �Ugeeri… Nigeria (Sokoto)
98-HAD-aba et-jiir geeri-ni, geeri "proper", gela, serim, in [19=] Hausa: gelanci; gelewa
community
(Sokoto)
98-HAD-abb kur keri-ni, kuri, kela, adoma, kellini; in [19=] Hausa: kelawa community (Sokoto)
98-HAD-ac et-fer wipsi, wipsi-ni �Kukum… Nigeria (Sokoto)
98-HAD-aca et-fer fer (Sokoto)
98-HAD-acb zuksun zussun, zusu (Sokoto)
98-HAD-ad et-us* us Nigeria (Sokoto)

page 678 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
98-HAD-b Lyase lyase-ne, banga; a-baangi community; in [19=] Hausa: banganci;
bangawa community �Zuru-Donka district…
98-HAD-ba gwamhi gwamfi, in [19=] Hausa: gwamfanci; gwamfawa community Nigeria
Nigeria (Sokoto; also Niger) 3
98-HAD-bb wuri in [19=] Hausa: wuranci, wurawa community Nigeria
98-HAD-c Chilela+ Adoma Dakarkari, dakakari, dakkarkari �Zuru… Kontagora divisions Nigeria (Sokoto; Niger) 4
98-HAD-ca chi-lela lela "proper", lila, c-lela, ko-lela, chi-lala, cala-cala, Nigeria
98-HAD-cb dabai �Dabai Nigeria
98-HAD-cc a-doma doma �Doma Nigeria
98-HAD-cca roma-na Nigeria
98-HAD-ccb yelmo Nigeria
98-HAD-d Ethun+ Essaare Duka, in [19=] Hausa: dukanci; dukawa community �Zuru division:
Rijau district… Yauri division… Sokoto division: Kuyambana district…
Kontagora division
98-HAD-da et-hun hun, hune, duka-W. Nigeria
98-HAD-db es-saare saare, duka-E. Nigeria
98-HAE TEGINA+ TARYA net "WIDER"-KAMUKU bilingual < [19=] Hausa
98-HAE-a Tacep+ Taboroma 'a-chipa', 'a-cipa' community; in [19=] Hausa: acipanci; acipawa
community
98-HAE-aa ta-cep cep, to-chipo, 'achipa'-W. �Sakaba district: Kumbashi… Kakihum…
Karisen…
Nigeria (Sokoto; Niger) 4*
Nigeria (Sokoto; Niger; Kaduna) 3
Nigeria (Niger; Kaduna) 3
98-HAE-ab ta-boroma boroma, 'achipa'-E. �Birnin Gwari district Nigeria (Niger; Kaduna) 3
98-HAE-aba randeggi �Randeggi… (Niger; Kaduna)
98-HAE-abb bobi �Bobi… (Niger)
98-HAE-b Tegina+ Regi* kamuku "proper" Nigeria (Niger; Kaduna) 4
98-HAE-ba te-gina gina, jinda, ma-jinda, ma-kangara; u-cinda community �Tegina
district…
Nigeria (Niger; Kaduna)
98-HAE-bb regi u-regi community �Uragi district… Nigeria (Niger)
98-HAE-bc kuki Nigeria
98-HAE-c Hungworo �Rafi district Nigeria (Niger) 3
98-HAE-ca hungwor-o ngwoi, ngwe, nkwoi, ingwo, ingwe, ungwe Nigeria (Niger) 3
98-HAE-d Fungwa �Rafi district Nigeria (Niger) 3*
98-HAE-da fungwa ura, ula Nigeria (Niger) 3*
98-HAE-e Tarya Pongu �Rafi… Gumna… Tegina districts: small settlements between
Kusheriki… Zungeru and around Sabon Gari Pangu
Nigeria (Niger) 4
98-HAE-ea t-arya pongo, pangu, arringeu, tara; arya community �dialects to be
distinguished
Nigeria (Niger) 4
98-HAE-f Shama+ Sambuga �Rafi… Mariga… Birnin Gwari districts Nigeria (Niger) 3
98-HAE-fa shama Nigeria (Niger) 3*
98-HAE-fa sambuga Nigeria (Niger) 3*
98-HAF BAUSHI+ GURMANA
net
98-HAF-a Baushi �Kuta… Tegina districts Nigeria (Niger) 3
98-HAF-aa baushi bauci, kushi, bushi, bauchi Nigeria (Niger) 3
98-HAF-b Gurmana �Shiroro district Nigeria (Niger) 3*
98-HAF-ba gurmana Nigeria (Niger)
98-HAG RUBASA+ GUMNA*
net
BASA, bassa covering a series of scattered communities bilingual <
[19=] Hausa
98-HAG-a Basa-Kaduna gwadara-bassa, bassa-kuta, bassa-kaduna presumed extinct (no
fluent speakers in late 1980's)
98-HAG-aa basa-kaduna-W. �Chanchaga district Nigeria (Niger)
Nigeria (Niger; Plateau) 0*
98-HAG-ab basa-kaduna-E. �Nassarawa district Nigeria (Plateau)
98-HAG-b Gumna+ Kontagora near extinction (10 speakers in late 1980's) Nigeria (Niger) 1
98-HAG-ba basa-kontagora bassa-kontagora �Mariga district near extinction (10 speakers in late
1980's)
Nigeria (Niger) 1*
98-HAG-bb basa-gumna �between Tegina… Zungeru Nigeria (Niger) 1
98-HAG-c Koromba �Minna environs: Kafin Gurmana Nigeria (Niger) 1*
98-HAG-ca koromba basa-gurara (Niger)
98-HAG-d Rubasa ru-basa, basa-benue, bassa-benue, a-batsa, a-bacha, basa-'kwomu',
bassa-'kwomu', bassa-'komo'
98-HAG-da ru-basa-S. �Benue left-bank (Benue)
98-HAG-db ru-basa-N. including basa-gurara �in 2 or more enclaves, including Gurara valley (Plateau)
Nigeria (Benue; Plateau; also Fed.
Capital Terr.)
98-HAG-dc ru-basa-NE. �Lafia>W. (Plateau)
98-HAG-e Basa-Makurdi (Plateau) 1*
98-HAG-ea basa-makurdi �Makurdi>W. (Plateau)
5

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
98-HB EZELLE+ TIMAP
chain
kainji-E.
Linguasphere Observatory page 679
98-HBA EZELLE+ KUDU net part of jos-N.
98-HBA-a Kudu+ Camo kuda+ chamo �Ningi district Nigeria (Bauchi) 2*
98-HBA-aa kudu kuda, in [19=] Hausa: kudawa community Nigeria (Bauchi)
98-HBA-ab camo chamo Nigeria (Bauchi)
98-HBA-b Gamo+ Ningi buta+ ningi �Ningi district bilingual < [19=] Hausa near extinction Nigeria (Bauchi) 1*
98-HBA-ba gamo buta, m-buta, m-botu, ba-buche, ba-m-butu, in [19=] Hausa: butawa
community
(Bauchi)
98-HBA-bb ningi in [19=] Hausa: ningawa community (Bauchi)
98-HBA-c Gyem �Lame district Nigeria (Bauchi) 2*
98-HBA-ca gyem gyema, gema, in [19=] Hausa: gyemawa, gemawa community Nigeria (Bauchi) 2*
98-HBA-d Taura+ Takaya* �Toro district Nigeria (Bauchi) 1
98-HBA-da ta-ura near extinction Nigeria (Bauchi) 1
98-HBA-db ta-kaya extinct Nigeria (Bauchi) 0
98-HBA-e Sheni �Lere district Nigeria (Kaduna) 2*
98-HBA-ea sheni shani, shaini, asennize Nigeria (Kaduna) 2*
98-HBA-f Izora i-zora �Jere district Nigeria (Plateau) 2*
98-HBA-fa i-zora zora, a-zora, chokobo, cokobo, chikobo, cikobu; nda-zora community;
in [19=] Hausa: cokobanci; ba-cokobi person
Nigeria (Plateau) 2*
98-HBA-g Ezelle+ Emoro* Jera �Jere… Jama'a districts Nigeria (Plateau; Bauchi) 3
98-HBA-ga e-moro moro, including ano-wuru; le-moro, li-moro, li-morro person, ane-moro
community
98-HBA-gb i-sanga sanga, sannga, gusu, gussum, a-sanga; ani-bau, ano-sangobari
community; in [19=] Hausa: guzawa, gesawa community
98-HBA-gc e-zelle zelle, jere, jeere, jera "proper", jenge, jengre; ana-zelle, a-zelle
community; in [19=] Hausa: ba-jere person, jeriyawa community
Nigeria (Plateau; Bauchi) 3
Nigeria (Bauchi) 3
Nigeria (Bauchi) 3
98-HBA-gd e-boze boze, buji; una-beze person, ana-beze community Nigeria (Bauchi) 3
98-HBA-ge i-bunu bunu, na-rabuna, na-rabunu, ribina, rebina; ano-rubuna community Nigeria (Bauchi) 3
98-HBA-gf gurum gurrum; ane-gorom community �Gurum Nigeria (Bauchi) 2
98-HBA-h Duguza �Toro district Nigeria (Bauchi) 3
98-HBA-ha duguza dugusa �Duguza Nigeria (Bauchi) 3
98-HBA-i Iguta �Gwong district Nigeria (Plateau) 3
98-HBA-ia i-guta guta, na-ra-guta; una-guta person, ana-guta community; in [19=]
Hausa: naragutawa community
Nigeria (Plateau) 3
98-HBA-j Tijanji �Rukuba district Nigeria (Plateau) 2
98-HBA-ja ti-janji janji, jenji; u-janji person; ana-fe-janji, a-janji community Nigeria (Plateau) 2
98-HBB TIKURAMI+
SURUBU net
KAURU, part of jos-N.
98-HBB-a Tikurami ti-kurami �Saminaka division: Kauru district Nigeria (Bauchi) 4
98-HBB-aa ti-kurami kurami, tu-kurami, kurama, kurumi, ti-kurumi, part of bagwama; bukurumi
person, a-kurumi, a-kurmi, a-zumu community
Nigeria (Bauchi) 4
98-HBB-b Tiruma tu-ruma �Saminaka division: Kauru district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBB-ba tu-ruma ruma, ru-ruma, ru-rama, part of bagwama Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBB-c Mala �Saminaka division: Kauru district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBB-ca mala a-mala, ru-maya, ru-maiya Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBB-d Kitimi �Saminaka division: Kauru district Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-HBB-da ki-timi tumi Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-HBB-e Igbiri+ Niragu gure+ kahugu �Saminaka division: Lere district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBB-ea i-gbiri gbiri, gure, gura, a-gari, a-gbiri Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-HBB-eb niragu kahugu, kafugu, kagu, kapugu, ani-rago Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-HBB-f Kaivi �Saminaka division: Kauru district Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-HBB-fa kaivi kaibi Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-HBB-g Dungi �Saminaka division: Kauru district Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-HBB-ga dungi dingi, dwingi; in [19=] Hausa: dunjawa community Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-HBB-h Kiballo �Saminaka division: Kauru district Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-HBB-ha kiballo kiwollo, vono Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-HBB-i Kono �Saminaka division: Kauru district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBB-ia kono konu, kwono Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBB-j Kinuku �Saminaka division: Kauru district Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-HBB-ja kinuku kinugu, kinuka Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-HBB-k Bina �Saminaka division: Lere district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBB-ka bina bogana; in [19=] Hausa: binawa community Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBB-l Surubu Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBB-la surubu fiti, srubu, skrubu, zurubu Nigeria (Kaduna) 3

page 680 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
98-HBB-m Rishuwa+
Kuzamani*
kauru �Saminaka division: Kauru district Nigeria (Bauchi) 3*
98-HBB-ma ku-zamani Nigeria (Bauchi)
98-HBB-mb ri-shuwa shuwa Nigeria (Bauchi)
98-HBC TIMAP net
98-HBC-a Timap amo �Jos division: Amo district… Saminaka division: Lere district Nigeria (Plateau; Kaduna) 5*
98-HBC-aa ti-map ba, amo, among; ku-map person, a-map community Nigeria (Plateau; Kaduna)
98-HBD PITI+ ATSAM net piti+ chawai �Saminaka division: Lere district
98-HBD-a Piti+ Riban Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-HBD-aa piti pitti, abisi, bisi Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-HBD-ab ri-ban ribam Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-HBD-b Atsam �Kachia district Nigeria (Kaduna) 4
98-HBD-ba atsam chawe, chawi, chawai, cawe, cawai, cawi Nigeria (Kaduna) 4
98-I HYAM+ TAROK set 'platoid' �Latin script
98-IA HYAM+ IZERE chain
98-IAA KADARA+ IKU net "plateau"-N.
98-IAA-a Kadara k-adara �Kajuru… Kachia… Chanchaga district Nigeria (Kaduna; Niger) 4
98-IAA-aa k-ajuru j-ajuru, ajure, part of k-adara-N. ��Kajuru district Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAA-ab iri part of k-adara-N. Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAA-ac kachia k-adara-C. ��Kachia district Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAA-ad minna k-adara-S. �Chanchaga district Nigeria (Niger)
98-IAA-b Doka ��Kachia district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3*
98-IAA-ba doka Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAA-c Idon ��Kachia district: Idon Nigeria (Kaduna) 3*
98-IAA-ca i-don idong, idun Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAA-d Kuturmi ��Kachia district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3*
98-IAA-da kuturmi ada Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAA-e Iku+ Ankwa ��Kachia district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3*
98-IAA-ea i-ku (Kaduna)
98-IAA-eb gora (Kaduna)
98-IAA-ec ankwa �Ankuwa (Kaduna)
98-IAA-f Kulu ��Kachia district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3*
98-IAA-fa i-kulu i-kolu, an-kulu (Kaduna)
98-IAB HYAM+ YESKWA net "plateau"-NW.
98-IAB-a Begbere+ Ejar* koro, koro-ija, koro-afiki �classification to be confirmed �Kagarko…
Kwoi districts… Minna division
98-IAB-aa ashe (Kaduna…)
98-IAB-ab ala (Kaduna…)
98-IAB-ac begbere (Kaduna…)
98-IAB-ad ejar (Kaduna…)
Nigeria (Kaduna; Fed.Capital Terr.;
Niger)
98-IAB-ae mia-mia miya-miya (Kaduna…)
98-IAB-b Idun �Jema'a district Nigeria (Kaduna) 5
98-IAB-ba i-dun a-dong, l-ungu, ungu (Kaduna) 5
98-IAB-c Yeskwa �Jema'a… Keffi districts Nigeria (Kaduna; Plateau) 4
98-IAB-ca yeskwa yasgua (Kaduna; Plateau) 4
98-IAB-d Hyam+ Shamang �Jema'a… Kwoi… Kachia… Zangon-Katab districts Nigeria (Kaduna) 4
98-IAB-da hyam hum, jaba, jabba, jeba Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAB-db chori cori Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAB-dc shamang samban Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAB-dd zhire kenyi Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAB-e Kamanton �Zangon-Katab district Nigeria (Kaduna) 4*
98-IAB-ea ka-manton ka-mantam, angan Nigeria (Kaduna) 4*
98-IAB-f Kagoma �Jema'a district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-IAB-fa ka-goma gwong, gyong, kwong, agoma Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-IAC NINZAM+ KUCHE net part of "southwest plateau"
98-IAC-a Mada �Mada… Kokona… Jema'a districts Nigeria (Plateau; Kaduna) 4
98-IAC-aa mada yidda, madda Nigeria (Plateau; Kaduna) 4
98-IAC-b Ninzam �Jema'a… Wamba districts Nigeria (Kaduna; Plateau) 4
98-IAC-ba ninzam ninzo, nunzo, gbhu Nigeria (Kaduna; Plateau) 4
98-IAC-c Numana+ Gwantu sanga �Jema'a district… Nigeria (Kaduna; also Plateau) 4
98-IAC-ca nunku Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAC-cb numana nimana Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAC-cc gwantu gwanto �Jema'a district Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAC-cd numbu Nigeria (Kaduna)
5

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 681
98-IAC-d Kanufi+ Nidem �Jema'a district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3*
98-IAC-da kanufi karshi Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAC-db i-nidem nidem, nindem Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAC-dc kaningkon kaningkom, kaninkwom Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAC-e Kuche Rukuba �Rukuba district Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IAC-ea ku-che ce, ku-ce, sale, inchazi, inchasi; a-che person, ba-che community Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IAC-f Kwanka+ Legeri Nigeria (Plateau; Bauchi) 5
98-IAC-fa kwanka kadun �Kadun district Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAC-fb boi tiya �Lere district Nigeria (Bauchi)
98-IAC-fc bijim �Lere district Nigeria (Bauchi)
98-IAC-fd legeri �Pankshin district Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAC-g Shall+ Zwall �Lere district Nigeria (Bauchi) 3*
98-IAC-ga shall shal Nigeria (Bauchi)
98-IAC-gb zwall Nigeria (Bauchi)
98-IAC-h Pai �Pai district Nigeria (Plateau) 3
98-IAC-ha pai dalong Nigeria (Plateau) 3
98-IAD NUNGU+ EGGON net part of "southwest plateau"
98-IAD-a Yashi ��Akwanga district Nigeria (Plateau) 2
98-IAD-aa yashi Nigeria (Plateau) 2
98-IAD-b Ibut �Wamba district Nigeria (Plateau) 2*
98-IAD-ba i-but jida-abu, jidda-abu, nakare Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAD-c Nungu+ Rindre ��Wamba district Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IAD-ca nungu wamba Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAD-cb rindre rendre, rindiri, lindiri Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAD-cc gudi Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAD-d Eggon+ Ngala mada ��Eggon… Assaiko districts Nigeria (Plateau) 5
98-IAD-da mada-eggon "hill" mada, egon; m-egong community Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAD-db mata-tarwa Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAD-dc mate-ngala Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAD-e Ake �Lafia district Nigeria (Plateau) 2
98-IAD-ea ake akye, aike, hake Nigeria (Plateau) 2
98-IAE AYU net
98-IAE-a Ayu �Jema'a district Nigeria (Plateau) 3
98-IAE-aa ayu aya Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAF GYELL+ TEN net "plateau"-CN.
98-IAF-a Ten �Barakin Ladi… Jema'a districts Nigeria (Plateau; Kaduna) 3
98-IAF-aa ten ni-ten, e-tien, ganawuri, jal; a-ten person; ni-ten community (Plateau; Kaduna) 3
98-IAF-b Gyell+ Du Berom, chen-be-rom, bi-rom, bii-room, be-rom, be-rum, bu-rum, gbang, Nigeria (Plateau; Kaduna)
kibo, kibbo, kibbun, kibyen, aboro, boro-aboro, afango, 'shosho'; worom
person, be-rom community �Kabong… Jos… Gyel… Du…
Vwang… Kuru… Forom… Bachit… Riyom… Heipang… Ropp… Fan…
Jema'a districts
5
98-IAF-ba gyell+ vwang Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAF-baa gyell ngell �Gyel district (Plateau)
98-IAF-bab kuru �Kuru district (Plateau)
98-IAF-bac vwang �Vwang district (Plateau)
98-IAF-bb fan+ heikpang Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAF-bba fan �Fan district (Plateau)
98-IAF-bbb foron �Forom district (Plateau)
98-IAF-bbc heikpang �Heipang district (Plateau)
98-IAF-bc bachit+ gashish Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAF-bca bachit �Bachit district (Plateau)
98-IAF-bcb gashish (Plateau…)
98-IAF-bd du+ rim Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAF-bda du �Du district (Plateau)
98-IAF-bdb ropp �Ropp district (Plateau)
98-IAF-bdc rim (Plateau…)
98-IAF-be hoss* Nigeria (Plateau or Kaduna)
98-IAF-c Chara �Buji district Nigeria (Plateau) 2
98-IAF-ca n-fa-chara chara, fa-chara, fakara, cara, pakai, tera, terea, teria, terri, tariya Nigeria (Plateau) 2
98-IAG IZERE+ KATAB net "plateau"-CS.
98-IAG-a Jju Kaje �Zangon-Katab district Nigeria (Kaduna) 5*
98-IAG-aa j-ju ka-je, ka-j-ji, ka-che; ba-ju community Nigeria (Kaduna) 5*

page 682 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
98-IAG-b Katab+ Kagoro "wider" katab Nigeria (Kaduna) 4
98-IAG-ba ka-chichere chichere, a-ticherak, daroro, ka-cicere �Zangon-Katab… Jema'a
districts
Nigeria (Kaduna) 2
98-IAG-bb ka-fanchan fanchan, fantuan, kpanshan, kpashan �Kagoro district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3*
98-IAG-bc ka-goro goro, a-gwolok, a-golok, a-gwot, a-guro �Kagoro… Jema'a districts Nigeria (Kaduna) 4*
98-IAG-bd a-takat takat, a-taka, a-takar, attaka, attakar �Moroa district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-IAG-be ka-tab tab, a-tyap �Katab… Kagoro… Moroa districts Nigeria (Kaduna) 4
98-IAG-bf a-sholio sholio, a-solio, o-sholio, marwa, morwa, moroa, maroa �Moroa district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-IAG-c Izere+ Firan including i-zere, i-zer, i-zare-k, jari, zara-zon; fi-zere, fe-zere, a-fu-sare,
fe-sere-k, a-fi-zare, a-fi-zare-k, a-fu-dele-k community; in [19=] Hausa:
ba-jari person; jarawan-dutse = «hill jarawa» community �Fedare,
Fursum & Faishang (below) were formerly classified under [98=] Miya;
present classification to be verified
Nigeria (Plateau; Bauchi; Kaduna) 4
98-IAG-ca i-zere-NW. �Jos… Toro… Jema'a districts Nigeria (Plateau; Bauchi; Kaduna)
98-IAG-caa shere Nigeria
98-IAG-cab fo-bur fo-bor prestige dialect Nigeria
98-IAG-cb i-zere-NE. �Jos… Toro districts Nigeria (Plateau; Bauchi)
98-IAG-cba zendi zandi Nigeria
98-IAG-cbb fe-dare �Federe �formerly classified also under [19=] Miya Nigeria (Federe)
98-IAG-cbc fu-rsum fu-rsom �Fursum �formerly classified also under [19=] Miya Nigeria (Bauchi)
98-IAG-cc zarazon i-zere-W., jos-zarazon ��Jos Nigeria (Plateau; Bauchi)
98-IAG-cd i-zere-S. �Birikin-Ladi district Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAG-cda i-chen (Plateau)
98-IAG-cdb fo-rom (Plateau)
98-IAG-ce ganang+ faishang Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAG-cea fai-shang �formerly classified also under [19=] Miya (Plateau; Bauchi)
98-IAG-ceb ganang (Plateau)
98-IAG-cf fi-ran �Barkin-Ladi district (Plateau)
98-IAG-d Nkarigwe rigwe, nka-rigwe �Saminaka district Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IAG-da nka-rigwe rigwe, i-rigwe, a-regwe, including kwoll, kwal, kwan, miango, nyango,
idafan; nne-rigwe community
Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IAH NANDU+ TARI net "plateau"-CW.
98-IAH-a Nandu+ Tari �Jema'a district Nigeria (Kaduna) 3
98-IAH-aa nandu Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAH-ab tari Nigeria (Kaduna)
98-IAI LIJILI net "plateau"-S.
98-IAI-a Lijili li-jili �Awe… Lafia districts Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IAI-aa li-jili jili, li-gili, lafia-koro; mi-jili, mi-gili, me-gili community Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IAJ FYAM+ HOROM net "plateau"-SE.
98-IAJ-a Fyam �Jos… Barkin-Ladi… Mangu districts Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IAJ-aa fyam pyem, pyam, paiem, fem, pem, gyem Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IAJ-b Mabo+ Barkul 'kaleri'-N. �Mangu district Nigeria (Plateau) 3*
98-IAJ-ba mabo Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAJ-bb barkul Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IAJ-c Horom 'kaleri'-S. �Mangu district Nigeria (Plateau) 2
98-IAJ-ca horom Nigeria (Plateau) 2
98-IB TAROK+ TIGON
chain
98-IBA TAROK+ TURKWAM
net
'tarokoid'
98-IBA-a Turkwam+ Arum �Akwanga district Nigeria (Plateau) 3
98-IBA-aa turkwam turkpa Nigeria (Plateau) 3
98-IBA-ab arum+ cesu arum+ chessu Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IBA-aba arum (Plateau)
98-IBA-abb cesu chessu (Plateau)
98-IBA-b Tarok taroh, yergam, yergum, appa �Kanam… Wase… Langtang districts Nigeria (Plateau) 5
98-IBA-ba tarok-W. "hill" tarok Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IBA-bb tarok-E. "plains" tarok Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IBA-c Bashar �Langtang… Wasa districts Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IBA-ca bashar bashiri, borrom, burrum, bogh; in [19=] Hausa: basharawa community Nigeria (Plateau) 4
98-IBB KUMBO+ ICEN net part of 'jukunoid' �perhaps to be combined with [98=] Wapan+ Njikum
98-IBB-a Kumbo+ Kente* Kpan, i-kpan, kpanten, akpanzhi, kpanzon, abakan ��Kato-Bagha…
Wukari… Suntai… Gayan… Gindin-Dutse… Likam
Nigeria (Gongola) 4*
98-IBB-aa bissaula kentu, kyentu, etkye extinct Nigeria (Gongola) 0
98-IBB-ab kumbo kpan proper", kpanzon "proper" Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-ac tissa Nigeria (Gongola)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 683
98-IBB-ad gayi Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-ae hwaye* Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-af hwaso* Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-ag nyatso* Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-ah nyonyo* Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-ai abakan* Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-aj yorda* Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-ak i-bukwa* Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-al kente part of kpan-E. ��Kato-Bagha district Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-am apa part of kpan-E. Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBB-b Icen �Gayam… Gindin-Dutse… Likam… Suntai… Ichen districts Nigeria (Gongola) 4
98-IBB-ba i-cen i-chen, i-tchen, kentu, kyato, etkywa, nyidu Nigeria (Gongola) 4
98-IBC JIRU+ SHOO net WURBO, part of 'jukunoid'
98-IBC-a Shoo+ Minda jinleri, bandawa+ minda �Wurkum… Lau districts Nigeria (Gongola) 4
98-IBC-aa shoo banda; in [19=] Hausa: bandawa community Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBC-ab minda Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBC-ac nyem kunini Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBC-b Como+ Karim �Jalingo… Gassol… Lau… Wurkum. Muri districts Nigeria (Gongola) 3
98-IBC-ba como chomo, shomoh, shomong, nuadhu Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBC-bb karim kirim, kiyu Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBC-c Jiru+ Kir �Jalingo district Nigeria (Gongola) 3*
98-IBC-ca jiru zhiru Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBC-cb wiyap* Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBC-cc kir Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBC-cd atak* Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBD WAPAN+ NJIKUM*
net
JUKUN, part of 'jukunoid' �perhaps to be combined with [98=] Kumbo+
Icen
98-IBD-a Wapan+ Njikum* jukun, njuku, juku, jukum, jukon, juku-junkun, jinkum, including jibu, jibi,
jiba
98-IBD-aa njikum+ jibu "vehicular" njikum+ "vehicular" jibu, "vehicular" jukun influence < [92=]
Samba-Leko
Nigeria (Plateau; Gongola);
Cameroon (Nord-Ouest)
Cameroon (Nord-Ouest); Nigeria
(Gongola)
98-IBD-ab wase jukun-wase �Plain-Yergam… Gerkawa… Resettlement districts Nigeria (Plateau)
98-IBD-aba wase-N. (Plateau)
98-IBD-abb wase-S. (Plateau)
98-IBD-ac takum+ donga �Suntai… Chenchenji… Gayam… Gindin-Dutse districts Cameroon (Nord-Ouest)
98-IBD-aca takum jukun-takum, diyi* (Nord-Ouest) 3
98-IBD-acb donga jukun-donga (Nord-Ouest)
98-IBD-ad gayam jibu-gayam Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBD-ae garbabi jibu-garbabi Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBD-af kona jukun-kona, jibu-kona, part of kororofa �Jalingo… Kinda-Kuyvo…
Langtang… Ako districts
Nigeria (Gongola; Plateau) 3
98-IBD-ag wukan jukun-wukari, wukari, wakari, part of kororofa Nigeria (Plateau; Gongola)
98-IBD-ah wapan jukun-wapan, wapã, part of kororofa �(Plateau) Shendam… Lafia…
Langtang divisions… (Gongola) Kinda-Kuyvo… Suntai… Ugondo-
Shitire… Chenchenji… Kato-Bagha… Kucio… Wukari… Kindabyi
districts
98-IBD-ai abinsi jukun-abinsi, "river" jukun, part of kororofa �Kato-Bagha… Iharev
districts: Sufa… Kwantan Sufa… Abinsi
98-IBD-aia jukun-E. "upstream" jukun (Gongola)
98-IBD-aib jukun-W. "downstream" jukun (Benue)
Nigeria (Plateau; Gongola) 5
Nigeria (Gongola; Benue)
98-IBD-aj wurkum* jukun-wurkum, kukulim, kona-jukun �Wurkum district… Nigeria (Gongola; Plateau)
98-IBE NZARE+ ASHUKU
net
TIGON, part of 'jukunoid'
98-IBE-a Nzare+ Ashuku mbembe-E., tigong, tigun, tugun, tukum, tigum �Ako subdivision:
Nkambe>N.… (Sardauna) Kumi district
Cameroon (Nord-Ouest); Nigeria
(Gongola)
98-IBE-aa nzare ndzale, nsare, izale, njari, noale, akonto Cameroon (Nord-Ouest)
98-IBE-ab kporo Cameroon (Nord-Ouest)
98-IBE-ac eneeme Cameroon (Nord-Ouest)
98-IBE-ad nama dama, namu, kporo, eneeme Cameroon (Nord-Ouest); Nigeria
(Gongola)
98-IBE-ae ashuku kitsipki, ashaku Cameroon (Nord-Ouest); Nigeria
(Gongola)
5
4
4

page 684 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
98-IBF YUKUBEN+ FIKYU
net
part of 'jukunoid'
98-IBF-a Fikyu+ Kentin Kutep, kutev, kuteb, mbarike, zumper, 'jompre'; ati community
�Likam… Ayikiben districts
98-IBF-aa jenuwa Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBF-ab lissam Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBF-ac fikyu �with dialects Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBF-ad kunabe Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBF-ae kentin Nigeria (Gongola)
Nigeria (Gongola); also Cameroon 4
98-IBF-b Yukuben ��Katsina-Ala… Gamana valleys Nigeria (Gongola); Cameroon
(Nord-Ouest)
98-IBF-ba yukuben-A. yukubeng, nyikuben, nyikobe, ayikiben, boritsu, balaabe, balaaben Nigeria (Gongola)
98-IBF-bb uuhum-gigi* uuhum, ehum, oohum Cameroon (Nord-Ouest)
98-IBG BISHUO* net FURU X
98-IBG-a Bishuo ��Ntjieka… Furu-Turuwa… Furu-Sambari virtually extinct by 1980's (2
speakers) submerged < [98=] Njikum-Jibu
3*
Cameroon (Nord-Ouest) 0*
98-IBG-aa bishuo biyam, furu Cameroon (Nord-Ouest) 0*
98-IBH TAPSHIN* net
98-IBH-a Tapshin nearly extinct ("few" speakers) �Dass… Pankshin districts Nigeria (Bauchi; Plateau) 1
98-IBH-aa tapshin suru, myet; in [19=] Hausa: tapshinawa community Nigeria (Bauchi; Plateau) 1
98-J IBIBIO+ BEKWARRA CROSS-RIVER �Latin script
set
98-JA OGBIA+ ODUAL
chain
"delta"-C.
98-JAA OGBIA+ KUGBO net
98-JAA-a Ogbogolo ��Ahoada district Nigeria (Rivers) 3*
98-JAA-aa o-gbogolo o-bogolo Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAA-b Ogbia+ Oloibiri "wider" o-gbia ��Brass district Nigeria (Rivers) 5
98-JAA-ba o-gbia o-gbia "proper", o-gbinya Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAA-bb kolo Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAA-bc anyama Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAA-bd o-loibiri Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAA-c Mini ��Brass district Nigeria (Rivers) 3*
98-JAA-ca mini Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAA-d Kugbo ��Brass district Nigeria (Rivers) 3
98-JAA-da kugbo kugbo Nigeria (Rivers) 3
98-JAA-e Obulom+
Ogbronuagum
��Otelga district Nigeria (Rivers) 4*
98-JAA-ea o-gbronuagum bukuma ��Bukuma Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAA-eb o-bulom abuloma ��Abuloma Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAB ODUAL+ ABUA net
98-JAB-a Odual ��Ahoada district Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-JAB-aa o-dual saka Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-JAB-b Abua+ Otabha ��Degema… Ahoada districts Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-JAB-ba abua abuan Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAB-bb emughan Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAB-bc o-tabha otapha Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JAB-bd o-kpeden Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JB KHANA+ ELEME
chain
OGONI
98-JBA ELEME net ogoni-W.
98-JBA-a Eleme �Tai-Eleme division Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-JBA-aa eleme Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-JBB KHANA+ GOKANA
net
ogoni-E.
98-JBB-a Gokana �Bori division Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-JBB-aa gokana Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-JBB-b Khana+ Tai kana, ogoni "proper" �Khana… Bori… Tai-Eleme divisions Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-JBB-ba khana-N. Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JBB-bb khana-S. Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JBB-bc tai Nigeria (Rivers)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
98-JC IBIBIO+ OBOLO
chain
LOWER-CROSS
Linguasphere Observatory page 685
98-JCA OBOLO+ ORON net obolo+ oron, "lower-cross"-W.
98-JCA-a Obolo andoni, andone, andonni �Opobo… Eket divisions Nigeria (Rivers) 5
98-JCA-aa ngo "standard" obolo Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JCA-ab ataba Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JCA-ac unyeada Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JCA-ad o-koroete Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JCA-ae ibot-obolo Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JCA-af iko Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JCA-b Ibino �Uquo-Ibeno district Nigeria (Rivers) 4
98-JCA-ba ibino ibeno, ibuno Nigeria (Rivers)
98-JCA-c Oron �Oron district Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom) 4
98-JCA-ca o-ron o-ro Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom) 4
98-JCA-d Okobo �Okobo district Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom) 4
98-JCA-da o-kobo Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom) 4
98-JCB IBIBIO+ EKIT net "lower-cross"-E.
98-JCB-a Ibibio+ Efik Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom; Cross River) 6
98-JCB-aa anaang anang, annang �Ikot-Ekpene… Essien Udim… Abak… Ukanafun…
Oruk-Anam… districts
98-JCB-ab ibibio �Itu… Uyo… Ikot Abasi… Ikono… Ekpe-Atai… Uruan… Onna… Nsit-
Ubium… Mkpat Erin districts
Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom) 5
Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom; Cross River) 6
98-JCB-aba ibibio-V. "vehicular" ibibio Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom; Cross River) 6
98-JCB-abb enyong Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom)
98-JCB-abc nkari Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom)
98-JCB-ac efik "standard" ibibio+ efik, calabar, including isangele �Calabar town…
Odukpani… Akamkpa districts
Nigeria (Cross River) 6
98-JCB-b Ekit �Uquo-Ebeno… Eket districts Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom) 4
98-JCB-ba ekit eket Nigeria (Akwa-Ibom) 4
98-JD UKELE+ LEGBO
chain
98-JDA KIONG+ KOROP net
UPPER-CROSS
98-JDA-a Korop �Odukpani… Akampka districts…along frontier to Mundemba>NW. Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroon
(Sud-Ouest)
98-JDA-aa ko-rop odo-dop, du-rop, dyu-rop, ero-rup Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroo
(Sud-Ouest)
4
98-JDA-b Kiong �Odukpani… Akampka districts spoken only by the elderly Nigeria (Cross River) 2*
98-JDA-ba ki-yong kiong, akoiyang, akayon, akayong, okoyong, okonyong, iyoniyong Nigeria (Cross River) 2*
98-JDA-baa ki-yong-NW. Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDA-bab ki-yong-SE. Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDA-c Odut �Odukpani district Nigeria (Cross River) 2*
98-JDA-ca o-dut* Nigeria (Cross River) 2*
98-JDB AGOI+
IYONGIYONG* net
98-JDB-a Iyongiyong �Akampka district Nigeria (Cross River) 3*
98-JDB-aa i-yongiyong ba-kpinka, uwet Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDB-b Iko+ Agoi doko+ uyanga �Obubra district Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDB-ba u-yanga Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDB-bb do-sanga* ba-sanga Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDB-bc i-ko do-ko Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDB-bd a-goi Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDB-be i-bami* ro-ba-mbami, wa-ba-mbami Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC BIAKPAN+ UMON
net
98-JDC-a Biakpan+ Utuma Ubaghara �Akampka district Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDC-aa u-tuma u-tama, u-tamu Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC-ab u-gbem Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC-ac biakpan Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDC-ad i-kun Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC-ae e-tono-S. e-tuno-S. �distinct from neighbouring [98=] Etono-N. Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC-b Umon �Akampka district Nigeria (Cross River) 4*
98-JDC-ba u-mon a-mon, lu-mong Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC-c Kohumono �Olubra district Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDC-ca ko-humono-A. ho-humono, ba-humono, e-kumuru Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDC-cb e-diba* Nigeria (Cross River)
4

page 686 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
98-JDC-d Agwagwune+
Abayongo
�Akamkpa district Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDC-da a-gwa-gwune gwune, a-ku-nakuna, a-gwa-guna, a-ku-rakura Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC-db a-bini o-bini, a-biri Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC-dc e-tono-N. e-tuno-N. �distinct from neighbouring [98=] Etono-S. Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC-dd e-rei e-nna, e-zei Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC-de a-dim dim, o-dim, o-rum Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDC-df a-ba-yongo a-ba-yong, ba-yono, ba-yino Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDD UKELE+ ORING net
98-JDD-a Ukele ku-kele, ba-kele �Ogoja district Nigeria (Cross River; also
Anambra; Benue)
98-JDD-aa u-kele-S. �plus further dialects (to a total of 6) Nigeria (Cross River) 4*
98-JDD-aaa u-gbala (Cross River)
98-JDD-aab o-kpoto-mtezi* ��Okpoto-Mtezi (Cross River)
98-JDD-aac i-teeji mtezi ��Mtezi-Iteeji (Cross River)
98-JDD-ab u-kele-N. �including 4 dialects Nigeria (Cross River) 3*
98-JDD-b Uzekwe �Ogoja district Nigeria (Cross River) 3
98-JDD-ba u-zekwe ezekwe Nigeria (Cross River) 3
98-JDD-c Oring+ Ufiom �Oron district Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDD-ca o-ring oring, koring, orri, orrin, orringorrin Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDD-cb o-kpoto Nigeria (Cross River) 3
98-JDD-cc u-fiom effium Nigeria (Cross River) 3
98-JDD-cd u-fia utonkon Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDE UKPET+ EHOM net
98-JDE-a Ukpet+ Ehom �Akamkpa district Nigeria (Cross River) 5*
98-JDE-aa u-kpet a-kpet Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDE-ab e-hom Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDE-ac u-beteng* e-beteng Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDF LOKÖ+ LUBILA net
98-JDF-a Lokukoli �meeting-point of 3 districts: Ikom… Obubra… Akamkpa districts Nigeria (Cross River) 3
98-JDF-aa lo-ku-koli n-ku-kolle, n-ku-koli, lo-koli, e-kuri Nigeria (Cross River) 3
98-JDF-b Lokö+ Ugep �Obubra district Nigeria (Cross River) 5
98-JDF-ba lo-kö lo-ku, lu-ko, lo-kur, lo-ke, ya-ko, ya-kurr, ya-kuri Nigeria (Cross River) 5
98-JDF-bb u-gep Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDF-bc n-kpani Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDF-c Lubila+ Ojo �Akamkpa district: Ojo-Nkomba… Ojo-Akangba Nigeria (Cross River) 4*
98-JDF-ca lu-bila lu-bilo, ka-bila, ka-bire Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDF-cb o-jo-W. o-jor-W. Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDF-cc o-jo-E. o-jor-E. Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDG LEGBO+ LEYIGHA
net
98-JDG-a Legbo+ Lenyima �Obubra… Afikpo districts Nigeria (Cross River; Imo) 4
98-JDG-aa le-gbo gbo, igbo-imaban, itigidi; a-gbo community Nigeria (Cross River; Imo) 4
98-JDG-ab le-tatama a-dadama community Nigeria (Cross River and/or Imo)
98-JDG-ac le-nyima a-nyima community Nigeria (Cross River and/or Imo)
98-JDG-b Leyigha �Obubra district Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDG-ba le-yigha yigha; a-yigha, a-yiga, a-siga, assiga community Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDH OKOM+ OSOPONG MBEMBE-WEST
98-JDH-a Okom+ Osopong mbembe-W., wakande Nigeria (Cross River) 5
98-JDH-aa a-dun a-run Nigeria (Cross River) 5
98-JDH-ab o-sopong e-zopong, o-shopong, o-sophong, e-shupun Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDH-ac o-fom-bonga o-fun-bong, o-wum-bonga, e-wum-bonga Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDH-ad o-kom Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDH-ada o-kum-A. e-ghom, e-ko-koma (Cross River)
98-JDH-adb a-piapum (Cross River)
98-JDH-adc o-hana (Cross River)
98-JDH-add o-nyen (Cross River)
98-JDH-ae o-fon-okpan o-fun-obwan, i-fun-ubwa Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDH-af o-kam e-kama, e-kamu Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDH-ag o-ferikpe Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDH-ah o-deriga* Nigeria (Cross River)
5*

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 687
98-JDI OLULUMO+ IKOM
net
98-JDI-a Olulumo+ Ikom �Ikom district Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDI-aa o-lu-lumo lulumo Nigeria (Cross River) 3
98-JDI-ab i-kom Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JDI-ac o-kuni Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JDJ AKUM* net
98-JDJ-a Akum �Furu-Awa sub-division: Akum… cross-frontier to Manga… Ekban…
Konkom
Cameroon (Nord-Ouest); Nigeria
(Benue)
98-JDJ-aa a-kum kum, anyar Cameroon (Nord-Ouest); Nigeria
(Benue)
98-JDK TITA* net
98-JDK-a Tita ��Jalingo district Nigeria (Gongola) 3*
98-JDK-aa tita hoai-petel Nigeria (Gongola)
98-JDL BETE-NORTH* net
98-JDL-a Bete-N. ��Bete near extinction in 1973 �distinct from [98=] Bete-Bende (Bete-
S.)
Nigeria (Gongola) 1*
98-JDL-aa bete-N. Nigeria (Gongola) 1*
98-JE BEKWARRA+ UKI
chain
BENDI
98-JEA BEKWARRA+ UKI
net
98-JEA-a Bekwarra Nigeria (Cross River) 5
98-JEA-aa be-kwarra-A. bekwarra "proper", e-be-kwarra, bekworra, bekwara, ya-koro Nigeria (Cross River) 5
98-JEA-ab be-ten Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-b Otugwang+ Afrike o-be, m-be, mbe-afal, mbube-E. �Obudu… Ogoja district Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JEA-ba o-tugwang u-tugwang, pu-tukwam �Obudu district Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-bb o-korogung �Obudu district Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-bc o-korotung �Obudu district Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-bd a-frike a-ferikpe �Ogoja district Nigeria (Cross River) 3
98-JEA-be o-boso �Obudu district Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-c Obanliku+ Alege �Obudu district and transfrontier Nigeria (Cross River); also
Cameroon (Sud-Ouest)
98-JEA-ca a-lege a-legi Nigeria (Cross River) 3
98-JEA-cb u-kpe u-gbe, u-ge Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-cc ba-yobiri Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-cd o-banliku a-banliku (Cross River) 4
98-JEA-cda ba-sang (Cross River)
98-JEA-cdb be-bi (Cross River)
98-JEA-cdc bi-shiri (Cross River)
98-JEA-cdd bi-su gayi (Cross River); Cameroon (Sud-
Ouest)*
98-JEA-cde bu-si (Cross River)
98-JEA-d Bete-Bende dama �Obudu district Nigeria (Cross River) 4
98-JEA-da bete-bende bette, m-bete, bende, bendi �distinct from [98=] Bete-N. Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-e Bumaji �Obudu district: Bumaji Nigeria (Cross River) 2
98-JEA-ea bu-maji umaji Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-f Ubang �Obudu district Nigeria (Cross River) 3*
98-JEA-fa u-bang Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-g Uki+ Osokom* Bokyi, including ndir… ukwese… utang… yon communities �Ikom…
Obudu… Ogoja districts
Nigeria (Cross River), Cameroon
(Sud-Ouest)
98-JEA-ga u-ki bo-kyi, bo-ki, vaaneroki, n-ki, o-kii, n-fua Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-gb u-ki-E. bo-kyi-E. Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroon
(Sud-Ouest)
98-JEA-gc ba-sua Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroon
(Sud-Ouest)
98-JEA-gd i-ruan irruan, erwan, eerwee Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroon
(Sud-Ouest)
98-JEA-ge a-bu a-bo Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-gf bo-je bo-jie Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-gg kwakwagom Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-gh nsadop Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-gi o-sokom o-sikom, o-sukam, o-sokum Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-gj o-yokom Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-gk wula Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-gl o-ku Nigeria (Cross River)
98-JEA-gm bo-orim Nigeria (Cross River)
2
2
4
5

page 688 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
98-K JUNAARE+ DAKA
set
98-KA NDOOLA chain part of mambiloid
98-KAA NDOOLA net
mambila+ samba-daka, bantoid-N. transition < [99=] Bantu �Latin
script
98-KAA-a Ndoola �Bali… Gashaka… Sardauna districts Nigeria (Gongola); Cameroon
(Adamawa; Nord-Ouest)
98-KAA-aa ndoola ndoro, nu-ndoro, njoyame Nigeria (Gongola); also Cameroon
(Adamawa; Nord-Ouest)
98-KB JUNAARE+
NYASUNDA chain
98-KBA NYASUNDA+
NYANDUNG net
98-KBA-a Nyasunda+
Nyandung
mambila+ kwanja, part of 'mambiloid'
KWANJA
kwanja, konja, kondja ��Tikar-NE plain (Mayo-Darle>S.): between
Banyo… Bankim
Cameroon (Adamawa) 4
98-KBA-aa nya-sunda sunda Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBA-ab nya-ndung nduung Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBA-ac nya-njang njang, njanga almost extinct (a few elderly speakers in early 1990's) Cameroon (Adamawa) 1
98-KBB MVANON+ KAMKAM
net
98-KBB-a Mvanon+ Kamkam magu+ kamkam Nigeria (Gongola); also Cameroon
(Adamawa)
98-KBB-aa mvanon magu, mvanip, mvanlip �Sardauna district Nigeria (Gongola)
98-KBB-ab kamkam kakaba, kabba, bungnu, bunu ��Kamkam Nigeria (Gongola); also Cameroon
(Adamawa)
98-KBB-ac somyewe kila blacksmiths' language Nigeria (Gongola)
98-KBC JUNAARE+ TAGBO*
net
MAMBILA
98-KBC-a Junaare+ Tagbo mambila, mabila, mambilla, mambere, mambila-djang �list of
component dialects to be confirmed and completed, especially for
Nigeria �Mambila plateau & southeastwards
Cameroon (Adamawa); Nigeria
(Gongola)
98-KBC-aa ju-naare mambila-gembu ��Gembu Nigeria (Gongola); Cameroon
(Adamawa)
98-KBC-ab ju-ba bea, bang, atta, mambila-atta ��Atta Cameroon (Adamawa); Nigeria
(Gongola)
98-KBC-ac ju-li Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-ad sunu-torbi torbi blacksmiths' language Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-ae ble Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-af koti ��Koti Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-ag kuma Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-ah kumchun* ��Koumtchoun Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-ai kurun* ��Kouroun Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-aj lagubi Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-ak lingan* ��Lingan Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-al nasarao* ��Mandara mountains: Nassarao Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-am sarka-mbaka* ��Sarka-Mbaka, Sarkie-Mbaka Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-an tep Cameroon (Adamawa); Nigeria
(Gongola)
98-KBC-ao vam-ngo* wam-ngo���Mandara mountains: Duda Wam-ngo… Wam-ngo
Kwakwaah… Kubaje Wam-ngo�
Nigeria (Gongola)
98-KBC-ap yokasala* ��Yokassala Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-aq somie* ��Somie Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-ar son-kalong* ��Son-Kalong, Song-Kolong Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBC-as tagbo tongo, nor-tagbo, tongbo, lagubi, mambila-S. Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KBD NJERUP net
98-KBD-a Njerup �nearly extinct in Nigeria in late 1980's (2 speakers) and in Cameroon
in early 1990's (5 speakers)
Nigeria (Gongola); Cameroon
(Adamawa)
98-KBD-aa njerup �Mambila highlands Nigeria (Gongola); Cameroon
(Adamawa)
98-KC SUGA+ BUTE chain part of 'mambiloid'
98-KCA SUGA net
98-KCA-a Suga ssuga, 'niamniam', 'nyisi-nyemnyem', 'nyumnyum', 'nyamnyam',
'njemnjem', 'jemjem'
4*
4*
3
3
4
1*
1*
Cameroon (Adamawa) 4*
98-KCA-aa suga-N. galim ��Galim Cameroon (Adamawa)
98-KCA-ab suga-S. ��Banyo-N.: Sambolabbo Cameroon (Adamawa)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
98-KCB BUTE+ WAWA* net VUTE
98-KCB-a Bute+ Wawa m-bute, m-butere, bute, buti, pute, vute, vutee, vouté, vutere, voutéré,
wuti, wuté, wouté, fute, fouté, bu-bure, lu-vure, bule, n-bule, 'a-botee,
'a-bwetee; ba-bute, ba-buti, ba-bude, ba-bouté, ba-m-bouté community
Linguasphere Observatory page 689
Cameroon (Centre; Adamawa;
Est); also Nigeria (Gongola)
98-KCB-aa bute-A. bute "proper", vute "proper", bute-N. (Centre, Adamawa, Est), also
(Gongola)
98-KCB-aaa bute-bemnyo vute-banyo ��Banyo Cameroon
98-KCB-aab kumbere bute-sangbe, vute-sangbe ��Sengbe, Sangbe Cameroon
98-KCB-aac bute-mbanjo vute-mbanjo, vute-mbandjok ��Mbandjock-Njore Cameroon
98-KCB-aad n-duvum bute-tibati, vute-tibati ��Tibati Cameroon
98-KCB-aae ngoro bute-ngoro, vute-ngorro ��Ngorro Cameroon
98-KCB-aaf nu-doo bute-yangba, vute-yangba ��Yangba Cameroon
98-KCB-aag nu-gane bute-dume, vute-dume ��Dume, Doumé Cameroon
98-KCB-aah nu-jum bute-linte, vute-linte ��Linte Cameroon
98-KCB-aai makuni* ��Makuni Cameroon
98-KCB-aaj gashaka Gashaka district Nigeria (Gongola)
98-KCB-ab wawa* bute-S., vute-S. ��Banyo-W. Cameroon (Adamawa) 3
98-KCB-aba gandua ��Gandoua (Adamawa)
98-KCB-abb gasini ��Gassini (Adamawa)
98-KCB-abc gaula ��Gaula (Adamawa)
98-KCB-abd kasala-wawa ��Kasala-Wawa (Adamawa)
98-KCB-abe kasala-mba ��Kassalmba (Adamawa)
98-KCB-abf mbengedje ��Mbengedje (Adamawa)
98-KCB-abg ndi ��Ndi (Adamawa)
98-KCB-abh nyara ��Nyara (Adamawa)
98-KCB-abi umyari ��Oumyari (Adamawa)
98-KCB-abj tawa ��Tawa (Adamawa)
98-KCB-abk yabam ��Yabam (Adamawa)
98-KD DAKA+ TARAM
chain
'dakoid'
98-KDA DAKA+ TARAM net
98-KDA-a Daka 4
98-KDA-aa samba-daka chamba-daka, sama-S., chamba-S., camba-S., tchamba-S., djamba-S.,
tsamba-S., jama-S., nakanyare, tikk; deng community �(Nigeria)
Dakka… Jalingo… Mutum-Biyu… Bakundi… Gassol… Toungo…
Yelwa… Sugu… Mbulo… Jada… Leko… Binyeri… Wafanga… Verre
districts… and transfrontier �distinct from [92=] Samba-Leko
Nigeria (Gongola); Cameroon
(Nord)
98-KDA-ab samba-gurum* �or to be classified with [92=] Samba-Leko Nigeria (Gongola)
98-KDA-ac dirim dirin, dirrim, daka "proper", dakka, dekka �Bakundi… Gashaka…
Toungo districts
Nigeria (Gongola) 4
98-KDA-b Lamja+ Dansa �Mayo-Belwa district: Lamja mountain (Ganglamja environs) Nigeria (Gongola) 3*
98-KDA-ba lamja Nigeria (Gongola)
98-KDA-bb dansa Nigeria (Gongola)
98-KDA-c Taram �location to be established Cameroon (Nord) and/or Nigeria
(Gongola)�
98-KDA-ca taram Cameroon (Nord) and/or Nigeria
(Gongola)
98-KE FAM chain
98-KEA FAM net
98-KEA-a Fam ��Mambila-N. plateau Nigeria (Gongola) 3*
98-KEA-aa fam Nigeria (Gongola)
98-KF TIBA chain
98-KFA TIBA net
98-KFA-a Tiba ��Shebshi-N. mountains: Garba-Shege… Jada Nigeria (Gongola) 3*
98-KFA-aa tiba Nigeria (Gongola)
4
4
4
3
3

page 690 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99= BANTUIC
phylozone
covers the "broad Bantu", "narrow Bantu+ Bantoid" or Isizulu+
Tiv set (the central-southern section of "old Benue-Congo")
within the "Volta-Congo" affinity, within the wider
"Transafrican" continental affinity; comprising 1 set of
languages (= 259 outer-languages), spoken by communities
throughout a major part of Africa south of the Sahara, from
the Jos Plateau and Cameroon Highlands eastwards and
southwards to the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic coasts:
99-A ISIZULU+ TIV
including 1 arterial language: Kiswahili (Swahili)
A continuum of relationships among languages covered by
phylozones 98=Benuic and 99=Bantuic passes through the
transitional languages of the [98=] Junaare+ Tagbo
(Mambila+ Samba-Daka) chain.
The “Wider Bantu" or Isizulu+Tiv set contains the largest
group of closely related languages in the world, in terms of the
number of idioms within a single set. Any sequential listing
represents an over-simplification of the internal geographic
links which bind adjacent languages more or less closely
together in all directions, but the sequence imposed below is
designed to lead the user through the increasingly close-knit
relationships within this set, as one moves from West Africa
towards Southern Africa.
The languages of this phylozone and set, especially in
Cameroon and parts of adjacent countries, illustrate how the
linguasphere continues to operate as a fluid continuum,
linguistic differences accumulating over long distances as one
moves from community to community, but without the
continuum of inter-intelligibility among neighbouring
communities being interrupted severely along any consistent
divide. In this situation, the classification of adjacent
languages and dialects is often guided by local perceptions of
ethno-linguistic identity.
Wherever relevant, references to the Guthrian codes for
"narrow" Bantu, e.g. bantu-A11, are included in column 3
below. The convention of an initial "widowed" hyphen has
been employed in column 3, for this zone only, to facilitate the
recording of linguistic and ethnic names without their
traditional prefix. In the conventional citation of the names of
Bantu languages in other sources, prefixes are sometimes
distinguished by deferring the upper-case initial letter to the
beginning of the stem, e.g. isiZulu. In the Linguasphere
Register, this typographical device is employed for the citation
of the reference names of outer-languages, in bold-type in
columns 2 and 3, but only from chain [99=-AP] onwards (since
separation of prefix from stem is less straight-forward in the
languages of West Africa listed to that point).
Botswana; Cameroon; Central
African Republic; Comoro Islands;
Congo; Congo-Zaire; Gabon;
Kenya; Lesotho; Malawi; Mayotte;
Mozambique; Namibia; Nigeria;
Rwanda; Somalia; South Africa;
Sudan; Swaziland; Tanzania;
Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe
99-A ISIZULU+ TIV set "WIDER"-BANTU, "broad" bantu, "narrow" bantu+ bantoid �Latin
script
99-AA KANTANA+
BANKAL chain
JARAWAN-BANTU, jarawan
99-AAA KANTANA+
KWARRA net
99-AAA-a Kantana+ Kwarra Mama �Akwanga district: Wamba highlands Nigeria (Plateau) 4
99-AAA-aa kantana Nigeria (Plateau) 4
99-AAA-ab kwarra Nigeria (Plateau)
99-AAB BAMBARO+ GWA
net
99-AAB-a Bambaro+ Gura Lame �Toro district Nigeria (Bauchi) 3
99-AAB-aa bambaro bambara, bomberawa, bamburo, bombaro, bunborawa, bunberawa Nigeria (Bauchi)
99-AAB-ab gura agari, agbiri Nigeria (Bauchi)
99-AAB-b Gwa �Toro district Nigeria (Bauchi) 2
99-AAB-ba gwa Nigeria (Bauchi) 2
99-AAC GUBI+ GURU net SHIKI
99-AAC-a Gubi+ Guru �Bauchi>N. Nigeria (Bauchi) 2
99-AAC-aa gubi shiki, guba, gubawa Nigeria (Bauchi)
99-AAC-ab guru Nigeria (Bauchi)
8

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 691
99-AAD BANKAL+ LABIR net JARAWA
99-AAD-a Bankal+ Duguri Jar, jara, jarawa, jaranchi Nigeria (Bauchi; Gongola; Plateau) 5
99-AAD-aa bankal bankala, baranci �Dass… Zungur… Bula… Jama'a districts Nigeria (Bauchi) 4
99-AAD-aaa bankal-SE. (Bauchi)
99-AAD-aab bankal-NW. (Bauchi)
99-AAD-ab bobar Nigeria
99-AAD-ac gingwak gwak, jarawan-bununu, jaracin-kasa �Dass… Bula districts Nigeria (Bauchi) 4
99-AAD-ad duguri duguranci Nigeria (Bauchi; Plateau) 4
99-AAD-ada gar �Gar (Bauchi)
99-AAD-adb badara �Badara (Bauchi)
99-AAD-adc duguri-NE. (Bauchi)
99-AAD-add duguri-SW. (Bauchi; Plateau)
99-AAD-ae m-bada badanci, bat, m-bat, jarawan-kogi, garaka, kanna �Kanam… Kabwir…
Bula districts
99-AAD-af kanam �Kanam Nigeria (Plateau)
Nigeria (Plateau; Bauchi) 4
99-AAD-ag ligri dungerawa Nigeria (Gongola)
99-AAD-b Dulbu �Bauchi>SE. Nigeria (Bauchi) 1
99-AAD-ba dulbu Nigeria (Bauchi) 1
99-AAD-c Labir Jaku �Bauchi>SE. Nigeria (Bauchi) 2
99-AAD-ca labir jaku, jakun, jakanci Nigeria (Bauchi) 2
99-AAE KULUNG net
99-AAE-a Kulung Nigeria (Gongola) 4
99-AAE-aa ku-kulung -kulung, wurkun, wurkum, wo, bambur, kuluno, ba-kulung, ba-kuli, bakulu,
kulu
99-AAE-aaa karim-lamido �Karim Lamido district (Gongola)
99-AAE-aab wukari �Wukari district (Gongola)
Nigeria (Gongola) 4
99-AAF MBULA+ BILE net
99-AAF-a Mbula+ Bwazza Numan �Benue right-bank Nigeria (Gongola) 4
99-AAF-aa mbula mbulla Nigeria (Gongola) 3
99-AAF-ab bwazza bare, bere, i-bere, tambo Nigeria (Gongola) 3
99-AAF-b Bile �Benue left-bank Nigeria (Gongola) 3
99-AAF-ba bile bille, bili, billanchi, kunbille Nigeria (Gongola) 3
99-AAG NGONG+ NAGUMI
net
99-AAG-a Ngong+ Nagumi Cameroon (Nord) 1
99-AAG-aa ngong gong, puuri �Garoua>S.: Ngong Cameroon (Nord) 1
99-AAG-ab nagumi bama, m-bama �Benue+ Faro valleys… Poli mountains Cameroon (Nord) 0
99-AAH MBONGA net
99-AAH-a Mbonga Cameroon (Est); Nigeria 3*
99-AAH-aa m-bonga bonga, mbona, mboa �Bétaré-Oya Cameroon (Est); also in Nigeria 3*
99-AB TIV+ BATU* chain 'tivoid' �a transnational chain of considerable linguistic complexity;
nomenclature and inter-relationships to be reviewed
99-ABA TIV+ IYIVE net
99-ABA-a Tiv tiwi, 'munshi', 'munchi', 'mitshi' �Makurdi, Gwer, Gboko Kwande,
Vandeikya, Katsina Ala, Lafia, Bali, Takum, Wukari districts… and
transfrontier
Nigeria (Benue; Plateau; Gongola);
adjacent Cameroon
99-ABA-aa dzwa-tiv tiv-C., "standard" tiv Nigeria 6
99-ABA-aaa kparev Nigeria
99-ABA-aab kunav Nigeria
99-ABA-ab i-harev harev, tiv-W. Nigeria
99-ABA-ac shitire tiv-NE. Nigeria
99-ABA-ad u-tisha tisha, tiv-SE. Nigeria
99-ABA-b Iyive+ Injobo i-yive, "cameroon" tiv �Akwaya>NE. Cameroon (South-West); also
Nigeria
99-ABA-ba i-yive �Yive 3*
99-ABA-bb i-njobo -njobo, njawbaw, i-yive, yive, yi-ive, u-ive �Njawbaw Cameroon (South-West); also
Nigeria
99-ABB BATU+ ABONG net
99-ABB-a Batu+ Njwande Nigeria (Gongola); Cameroon
(Nord)�
99-ABB-aa njwande bitare, bi-tare, yukutare, yuku-tare, tigom Nigeria (Gongola); Cameroon
(Nord)
99-ABB-aaa njwande-W. �Sardauna district Nigeria (Gongola)
99-ABB-aab njwande-E. �Banyo Cameroon (Nord)
99-ABB-ab batu �Sardauna district: Batu Nigeria (Gongola) 4
6
3*
4
4

page 692 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-ABB-b Abong �Sardauna district: Abong Nigeria (Gongola) 3
99-ABB-ba abong abõn, abo Nigeria (Gongola) 3
99-ABC EVAND+ BALEGETE
net
ASUMBO-WEST
99-ABC-a Evand+ Balegete �Atolo… Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroon
(Sud Ouest)
99-ABC-aa e-vand -vand, evant, avand, avande, ovando, ovand, ovande Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroon
(Sud Ouest)
99-ABC-ab ba-legete -legete, be-legete Nigeria and/or Cameroon
99-ABD ICEVE+ MACI* net ASUMBO-NORTH
99-ABD-a Iceve+ Maci �(Nigeria) Obudu district… (Cameroon) Manyu division: Akwaya
environs
Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroon
(South-West)
99-ABD-aa o-lithi -lithi, o-liti, oliti-akwaya, kwaya, motom, motom-o, ihekwot Nigeria and/or Cameroon
99-ABD-ab maci* matchi Nigeria and/or Cameroon
99-ABD-ac i-ceve -ceve, i-cheve, be-cheve, ba-cheve, be-chere, o-cebe Nigeria and/or Cameroon
99-ABD-ad u-tse -tse, u-tser, u-tseu Nigeria and/or Cameroon
99-ABD-ae i-hekwot Nigeria and/or Cameroon
99-ABE IPULO net ASUMBO-CENTRAL
99-ABE-a Ipulo -pulo, ashumbo, assumbo, badzumbo, oku, okus, asumbo "proper"
�Manyu division: Akwaya>SE.
Cameroon (South-West) 3
99-ABE-aa o-lulu Cameroon (South-West)
99-ABE-ab tinta Cameroon (South-West)
99-ABF EMAN+ AMAYO* net ASUMBO-EAST
99-ABF-a Eman+ Amayo �Amayo… Amanavil… Akalabo… Akalam Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroon
(South-West)
99-ABF-aa e-man -man, ama, aman, amani, amanavil, elaka �Amanavil… Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroon
(South-West)
99-ABF-ab a-mayo �Amayo… Cameroon (South-West) 2
99-ABG ESIMBI* net �perhaps to be reclassified as a separate chain
99-ABG-a Esimbi �Benakuma Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-ABG-aa e-simbi -simbi, essimbi, i-simbi, bo-gen, a-ge Cameroon (North-West)
99-ABH BATOMO+ UGARE
net
MESAKA
99-ABH-a Ugare �Akwaya>NE. Cameroon (South-West); adjacent
Nigeria
99-ABH-aa u-gare -gare, u-garu, messaga, mesaka, in [99=] Tiv: iyon; bena-gere
community
Cameroon (South-West); adjacent
Nigeria
99-ABH-b Batomo �Akwaya>NE. Cameroon (South-West); adjacent
Nigeria
99-ABH-ba ba-tomo -tomo, ba-basi, mo-tomo, akwaya-motom Cameroon (South-West); adjacent
Nigeria
99-ABI MANTA+ IHATUM net
99-ABI-a Manta+ Ihatum �Mamfe>NE. Cameroon (South-West) 4
99-ABI-aa m-anta -anta, b-anta, b-antakpa �Manta Cameroon (South-West)
99-ABI-ab a-masi -masi, amassi Cameroon (South-West)
99-ABI-ac i-hatum -hatum, ossatu, o-satu Cameroon (South-West)
99-ABI-ad caka assaka Cameroon (South-West)
99-ABJ OTANK net
99-ABJ-a Otank �Kwande district Nigeria (Cross River; Benue) 3
99-ABJ-aa o-tank -tank, o-tang, o-tanga, u-tank, u-tanga, u-tange, ba-tanga Nigeria (Cross River; Benue)
99-ABJ-aaa obudu �Obudu district (Cross River)
99-ABJ-aab kwande �Kwande district (Benue)
99-AC NKEM+ EJAGHAM
chain
MIDDLE-CROSS, 'ekoid'
99-ACA NKEM+ NDE net EKAJUK
99-ACA-a Nkem+ Nkum �Ogoja district Nigeria (Cross-River) 4
99-ACA-aa n-kem+ i-shibori -kem Nigeria (Cross-River) 4
99-ACA-aaa n-kim n-kem (Cross-River)
99-ACA-aab ogoja ogboja �Ogoja town (Cross-River)
99-ACA-aac i-shibori -shibori, isibiri (Cross-River)
99-ACA-ab n-kum -kum, n-kumm, igodo �Ogoja district Nigeria (Cross-River) 3
99-ACA-b Nnam+ Abanyom �Ikom… Ogoja districts Nigeria (Cross-River) 4
99-ACA-ba n-nam -nam, n-dem, a-lok, a-log �Ikom… Ogoja districts Nigeria (Cross-River) 3
99-ACA-bb e-kajuk -kajuk, a-kajuk, a-kaju, a-kajo �Ogoja district Nigeria (Cross-River) 4
99-ACA-bc a-banyom -banyom, bakor, befun, a-bankang �Ikom district Nigeria (Cross-River) 3
4*
3*
2
2
3*
3*
3

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 693
99-ACA-c Nde+ Nta �Ikom district Nigeria (Cross-River) 4
99-ACA-ca n-de -de Nigeria (Cross-River) 3
99-ACA-caa a-tam (Cross-River)
99-ACA-cab e-kamtulufu (Cross-River)
99-ACA-cac m-benkpin m-benkpen, m-benkpe (Cross-River)
99-ACA-cad u-dom (Cross-River)
99-ACA-cae m-bofon befon (Cross-River)
99-ACA-cb n-sele -sele, n-selle Nigeria (Cross-River) 3
99-ACA-cc n-ta -ta, mo-n-ta, a-tam, a-funata Nigeria (Cross-River) 3
99-ACA-d Efutob Nigeria (Cross-River) 4
99-ACA-da e-futob -futob, e-futop, o-futop, agbaragba �Ikom district Nigeria (Cross-River)
99-ACB NDOE net anep, anyep
99-ACB-a Balep Nigeria (Cross-River) 3
99-ACB-aa ba-lep -lep �Baleb-Opu �Ikom district Nigeria (Cross-River) 3
99-ACB-b Kparagbong Nigeria (Cross-River) 3
99-ACB-ba e-kparagbong -kparagbong, e-kparagong, a-kparabong Nigeria (Cross-River)
99-ACB-bb be-ndeghe-affi �Ikom district Nigeria (Cross-River)
99-ACC EJAGHAM+ ETUNG
net
"wider" ejagham, in [98=] Efik: ekoi
99-ACC-a Etung+ Bendeghe ejagham-W., etung �Akampka district Nigeria (Cross River) 4
99-ACC-aa be-ndeghe+ dindiga -ndeghe, bi-ndexe, bi-ndiga, bi-ndege, di-ndiga, m-buma, me-sea Nigeria (Cross River)
99-ACC-aaa be-ndeghe bi-ndege (Cross River)
99-ACC-aab dindiga (Cross River)
99-ACC-aac mbuma (Cross River)
99-ACC-ab e-tung-N. i-cuatai, abon-nta Nigeria (Cross River)
99-ACC-ac e-tung-S. Nigeria (Cross River)
99-ACC-ad e-kwe Nigeria (Cross River)
99-ACC-ae akamkpa akamkpa-ejagham Nigeria (Cross River)
99-ACC-b Ejagham+ Obang ejagham-E., e-jagham "proper", e-jagam, e-djagam Nigeria (Cross River); Cameroon
(South-West)
99-ACC-ba ke-aka -aka, ke-aga, ke-aqa, ke-jaka Cameroon (South-West)
99-ACC-bb e-jagham -jagham, e-jakam, e-jam, e-zam, e-koi, e-kwe �Akampka district Nigeria (Cross River)
99-ACC-bc babong-mbakem �Akampka district: Babong-Mbakem Nigeria (Cross River)
99-ACC-bd o-bang -bang 1, e-afeng Cameroon (South-West)
99-ACC-c Ekin ejagham-S. Nigeria (Cross River) 3
99-ACC-ca e-kin -kin, kwa, qua, a-qua, aba-kpa �Akampka district Nigeria (Cross River) 3
99-AD MBE chain ogoja "hills"
99-ADA MBE net
99-ADA-a Mbe Nigeria (Cross River) 4
99-ADA-aa m-be -be, e-kumtak, ketuen, mbube-W. �Ogoja district Nigeria (Cross River)
99-AE DENYA+ KENYANG
chain
99-AEA DENYA net
mamfe, mamfe "hills"
99-AEA-a Denya -nya, de-nya, nyang, a-nyang, a-gnang, a-nyan, e-yan, a-nyah, obonya
Cameroon (South-West) 4
99-AEA-aa ba-sho -sho Cameroon (South-West)
99-AEA-ab ba-jwa -jwa, ba-djwa, ba-jwo, m-bulu, m-bolo Cameroon (South-West)
99-AEA-ac takamanda Cameroon (South-West)
99-AEA-ad bi-tieku -tieku Cameroon (South-West)
99-AEB KENDEM+ BOKWA
net
99-AEB-a Kendem+ Bokwa Cameroon (South-West) 3
99-AEB-aa kendem+ bokwa �Mamfe>E. Cameroon (South-West) 3
99-AEB-aaa kendem �Kendem (South-West)
99-AEB-aab bokwa �Bokwa (South-West)
99-AEC KENYANG+ KITWII
net
99-AEC-a Kenyang+ Kitwii �Manyu… Mémé (Nguti-SE.) divisions Cameroon (South-West) 4
99-AEC-aa ke-nyang -nyang, "lower" kenyang, in [51=] Français: bas-kenyang �distinct
from neighbouring [99=] Denya (Nyang) within same chain
99-AEC-ab ki-ngwa -ngwa, "upper" kenyang, in [51=] Français: haut-kenyang �Mangen-
Konkwa
Cameroon (South-West)
Cameroon (South-West)
99-AEC-ac ki-twii -twii, bakoni, ki-cwe, kittwe, manyemen, "upper" balong, balong-N. Cameroon (South-West)
4

page 694 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AF BUNAKI+ NCANE
chain
MISAJE, 'beboid'
99-AFA BUNAKI+ KOSIN net 'beboid'-W.
99-AFA-a Bunaki+ Kosin Cameroon (North-West) 4*
99-AFA-aa bu-naki -naki, mekaf, munkaf, munkap-bunaki, nkap �Wum>NE.: Mekaf-S. Cameroon (North-West) 3
99-AFA-aaa bukpang �Bukpang 2 (North-West)
99-AFA-aab lebo �Lebo (North-West)
99-AFA-aac nsaa bu-nsaa �Nse chiefdom (North-West)
99-AFA-ab bu+ ngwen �Wum>NE. (North-West)
99-AFA-aba bu boe �Bu (North-West) 3
99-AFA-abb za �Za (North-West)
99-AFA-abc ngwen �Ngwen (North-West)
99-AFA-ac misong+ munken dzaiven-boka Cameroon (North-West) 3*
99-AFA-aca misong missong, mijong �Missong (North-West)
99-AFA-acb munken �Munken (North-West)
99-AFA-acc aba �Aba (North-West)
99-AFA-acd mundabi �Mundabi (North-West)
99-AFA-ace mufu �Mufu (North-West)
99-AFA-ad kosin koshin, koskin, kaw �Wum+ Menchum districts Cameroon (North-West) 3
99-AFA-ada kosin-A. �Koshin (North-West)
99-AFA-adb kosin-fang fang-N. �Fang (North-West)
99-AFB NCANE+
KEMEZUNG net
'beboid'-E.
99-AFB-a Ncane+ Kemezung Cameroon (North-West) 4*
99-AFB-aa bebe yi-be-wu �Ako-W. district: Nkambe-W. Cameroon (North-West)
99-AFB-aaa bebe-jatto �Bebe-Jatto (North-West)
99-AFB-aab bebe-kitte �Bebe-Kitte (North-West)
99-AFB-aac bebe-jamma �Bebe-Jamma (North-West)
99-AFB-ab ke-mezung ku-muzun, ku-maju, ku-maji, ki-manjong, dumbo, dzumbo �Ako-W.
district: Nkambe-NW.
Cameroon (North-West)
99-AFB-ac n-cane n-chanti, n-tshanti, misaje "proper" �Misaje… Misaje-S. Cameroon (North-West)
99-AFB-ad n-sari akweto, pesaa, sali �between Misaje… Nkambe Cameroon (North-West)
99-AFB-ae noni noonu, noori, including n-kor Cameroon (North-West)
99-AG MOMO+ BAMUM
chain
"WIDER"-GRASSFIELDS
99-AGA BANGWE+ IDA net MENCHUM, "wider" befang #nomenclature to be clarified
99-AGA-a Ida+ Ku Modele, menchum-N., "wider" modele, including ambab-iko* �Befang
environs
Cameroon (North-West) 3*
99-AGA-aa ushe-ida ida, ushe-idu, mo-dele "proper", mo-delle, modeli, i-dele Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGA-ab ushe-ku ku, usha-ku, mo-kuru, bee-kuru, i-ku, a-ku Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGA-b Bangwe+
Okomanjang
Befang, menchum-S. �Befang environs Cameroon (North-West) 4*
99-AGA-ba ge gu, be-fang "proper", beba-befang, a-be-fang �Beba-Befang Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGA-bb ba-ngwe ngwe, ba-ngui, ba-ngwi Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGA-bc o-komanjang komanjang, o-koromandjang, n-koromanjang Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGA-bd o-bang-2 -bang Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGB ATONG+ BUSAM net TADKON, momo-W.
99-AGB-a Atong+ Busam Cameroon (North-West) 4*
99-AGB-aa a-tong+ e-kaw �Batibo-NW. subdivision Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGB-aaa a-tong (North-West)
99-AGB-aab a-kanunku (North-West)
99-AGB-aac e-kaw (North-West)
99-AGB-aad a-njing (North-West)
99-AGB-ab n-gemba+ am-bele "pseudo"-meta �distinct from adjacent [99=] Meta+ Ngwo �Mbengwi-
SE.… Batibo-E. subdivisions
Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGB-aba m-bu ba-fuchu, ba-focu, ba-forchu �Bafuchu (North-West)
99-AGB-abb n-ja ban-ja, n-ga �Nja (North-West)
99-AGB-abc n-gemba n-gamambo n-gamambo, n-gembo (North-West)
99-AGB-abd me-nka (North-West)
99-AGB-abe am-bele �Batibo-E. subdivision (North-West)
99-AGB-ac bu-sam �Batibo subdivision Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGB-aca bi-fang �Bifang (North-West)
99-AGB-acb am-bambo �Ambambo (North-West)
99-AGB-acc dinku �Dinku (North-West)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 695
99-AGC META+ MOGHAMO
net
momo-S.; part of "narrow" grassfield, "narrow" grafil
99-AGC-a Meta+ Moghamo Cameroon (North-West) 5
99-AGC-aa me-ta+ n-gwo �Njikwa subdivision: Bafuchu… Nja environs Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGC-aaa n-gwo n-gunu, ngwaw (North-West)
99-AGC-aab konda (North-West)
99-AGC-aac ba-sa bassa (North-West)
99-AGC-aad ikweri ekperi (North-West)
99-AGC-aae ba-nya (North-West)
99-AGC-aaf ba-ko (North-West)
99-AGC-aag o-korobi (North-West)
99-AGC-aah n-gishe o-shie (North-West)
99-AGC-aai n-gie bamin-ge, n-gi, min-gi, a-gie, u-gie (North-West)
99-AGC-aaj a-zem ngie-W. (North-West)
99-AGC-aak me-ta meta', metta, me-nemo, ba-me-ta, u-ta, mu-ta, chubo (North-West)
99-AGC-ab mo-ghamo mu-xamo, mo-gamaw, me-gamaw, including muywi �Njikwa
subdivision: Bafuchu… Nja environs
99-AGC-aba iyi-rikum wi-dekum, wi-dikum, mbu-dikem, burrikem, tiwi-rkum (North-West)
99-AGC-abb ba-tibo moghamo-C. (North-West)
99-AGC-abc be-si moghamo-E. (North-West)
99-AGC-abd kugwe moghamo-S. (North-West)
99-AGC-abe n-jen n-dzen, n-yen (North-West)
Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGC-ac mun-dani "lower" mundani �Mamfe… Fontem-N. subdivisions: Batibo>S. Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGC-aca ban-teng (North-West)
99-AGC-acb ba-mumbu ba-mumbo (North-West)
99-AGC-acc be-sali bessali (North-West)
99-AGC-acd be-cati be-tchati (North-West)
99-AGC-ace ba-nti -nti (North-West)
99-AGC-acf fo-lepi -lepi (North-West)
99-AGC-acg i-guambo -guambo, i-gumbo (North-West)
99-AGC-ach n-ko -ko, nkong (North-West)
99-AGC-aci fo-nange -nange (North-West)
99-AGD AGHEM+ LAMNSO
net
RING, part of "narrow" grassfield, "narrow" grafil
99-AGD-a Aghem+ Fungom "ring"-W. Cameroon (North-West) 5
99-AGD-aa fungom we 2, fungom-N. �Fungom environs Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGD-ab e-su -su, umu-su, o-so, osso, so, n-dum, wi-isu*, fungom-S. �Wum>E. Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGD-ac weh wi, we 3, ve �Weh Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-ad a-ghem ghem, wum, yum, fum, ba-fum �Wum environs Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGD-ae zoa Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-af kumfutu Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-ag kung Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-ah kuk Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-ai cha' Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-aj nyos Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-b Lamnso+ Nkom "ring"-C.+ "ring"-E. Cameroon (North-West) 5
99-AGD-ba bum bom, part of "ring"-C. �Menchum Division Cameroon (North-West) 4*
99-AGD-baa su-bum �Su-Bum (North-West)
99-AGD-bab laa-bum �Laa-bum (North-West)
99-AGD-bb m-mem mem, m-me, m-men, bafou-meng, baf-meng, bafu-men, baf-men, part
of "ring"-C. �Fundong>NW.: Mme-Bafumen
99-AGD-bc n-kom kom, bi-kom, bame-kon, itangi-kom, kong, part of "ring"-C.; including
mbizenaku �Etang-Ekom, Itanga-Kom
Cameroon (North-West)
Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-bd ba-banki banki, ki-dzom, ki-dzem, finge, ke-jeng, part of "ring"-C. �Babanki Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-be ba-banki-tungo part of "ring"-C. Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-bf kuo o-ku, u-ku, u-kfwo, part of "ring"-C. Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-bg lam-nso nso, nso', nsaw, nsho', lam-so, ba-nso, ba-nso', ban-saw, lam-nsok,
pan-so, "ring"-E. �Bamenda>NE.: Kumbo…
Cameroon (North-West) 5
99-AGD-c Bamunka+ Vengo "ring"-S. Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGD-ca ve-ngo vu-no, ba-bu-ngo, ve-ngoo, ve-ngi, pe-ngo, ngo, nguu, ngwa, nge
�Ndop>N.
Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGD-cb ke-nswei ke-nsense �Ndop>W.: Bamessing Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGD-cc ba-munka muka, ndop-bamunka, ba-munkun, niemeng, mbika �Bamunka Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGD-cd wushi ba-bessi, a-bessi Cameroon (North-West)

page 696 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AGE NGEMBA+
MUNGA'KA net
MBAM+ NKAM, part of "narrow" grassfield, "narrow" grafil
99-AGE-a Ngemba+ Bufe "wider" ngemba, mankon+ bafut Cameroon (North-West) 5
99-AGE-aa beba beba', bafut-N. �Beba… Bafut Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGE-aaa ba-baji ba-badji, ba-tadji, be-badji, mu-badji, bazhi, ba'azi, ba-ba'zhi (North-West)
99-AGE-aab biba (North-West)
99-AGE-aac shishong (North-West)
99-AGE-aad bombe (North-West)
99-AGE-ab bufe bufu, a-fughe, bafut-S. �Bafut Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGE-ac mbili+ mbui Cameroon (North-West) 4*
99-AGE-aca ba-mbili mbili, mbele, mbogoe �Bambili (North-West) 3
99-AGE-acb ba-mbui mbui �Bambui (North-West) 3
99-AGE-ad mundum ba-mundum, ngemba-N. Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGE-ada anyang-2 mundum-N. (North-West)
99-AGE-adb mberewi mundum-S. (North-West)
99-AGE-ae n-gemba gemba, me-gimba, mo-gimba, n-gomba, n-guemba, ngemba "proper"
�Tuba… Bamenda-W. subdivisions
99-AGE-aea mangkunge mankunge, mankunu, n-kune, mu-kohn, mankon (North-West)
99-AGE-aeb ba-nde ba-ndeng, ba-nde', bida (North-West)
99-AGE-aec shomba ba-mechom, ba-mechon, ala-matson, almatson (North-West)
99-AGE-aed so-ngwa ngwa, n-so-ngwa, ba-ngwa (North-West)
99-AGE-aee ba-mbutu mbutu, mbotu, ala-matu (North-West)
99-AGE-aef ba-gangu akum (North-West)
99-AGE-aeg ba-njong njong (North-West)
99-AGE-aeh ala-tening alatining (North-West)
Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGE-af ba-freng nkwen "proper" Cameroon (North-West)
99-AGE-ag menda-nkwe munda, ba-menda, mandankwe, nkwen 2 Cameroon (North-West) 3*
99-AGE-ah mbe'wi+ bamunkumbit
�Ndop>SW. Cameroon (North-West) 3
99-AGE-aha mbwe'wi mbwu'wi, awi, bambuluwe, awing "proper" �Bamukumbit (North-West)
99-AGE-ahb ba-munkumbit bamunkum, bamoukoumbit, bamenkoumbit, bamukumbit
�Bamukumbit
(North-West)
99-AGE-ai ba-pinyi �Bamenda>SW. Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGE-aia ba-pinyi-A. pinyin "proper" (North-West)
99-AGE-aib pelimpo (North-West)
99-AGE-b Limbum+ Mfumte "grassfield"-NE. Cameroon (North-West) 5
99-AGE-ba li-mbum mbum, mboum, wi-mbum, li-mbom, nsungi, ndzungli, ndzungle
�Nkambe… Ndu
99-AGE-baa tang (North-West)
99-AGE-bab war wa, wat, wot, mbwati (North-West)
99-AGE-bac wiya wiyeh, ndu �Ndu (North-West)
99-AGE-bad dzodinka adere, arderi (North-West)
Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGE-bb mfumte+ ntem Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGE-bba mfumte-A. nfumte �Nwa>N.… Nkambe>E. (North-West) 4
99-AGE-bbb lus (North-West)
99-AGE-bbc kofa �Koffa (North-West)
99-AGE-bbd ndaktup bi-twi �Nkambe>NE. (North-West)
99-AGE-bbe kwaja (North-West)
99-AGE-bbf ntem tshintshe (North-West)
99-AGE-bbg wanti wante, wongbo (North-West)
99-AGE-bc yamba+ mbaw mbubem, mbumbem, mbem, 'kaka', 'kaka'-yamba, bebaroe, boengako-muzok
�Nwa-C. subdivision
99-AGE-bca yamba-N. including ntong etc. (North-West)
99-AGE-bcb yamba-W. including kwak etc. (North-West)
99-AGE-bcc yamba-C. mfe, including nwa etc. (North-West)
99-AGE-bcd nkot (North-West)
Cameroon (North-West) 4
99-AGE-bce mbaw mbo, mbe (North-West)
99-AGE-c Dschang+ Ngwe part of bamileke Cameroon (Ouest; South-West) 5
99-AGE-ca ngwe nwe, ba-ngwa �Fontem subdivision Cameroon (South-West) 4
99-AGE-caa ba-mok (South-West)
99-AGE-cab fo-ntem (South-West)
99-AGE-cac fo-simobing �Fossimobing (South-West)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 697
99-AGE-cb dschang+ fomopea yemba, a-tsang, tchang �Dschang Cameroon (Ouest; South-West) 5
99-AGE-cba dschang-V. "vehicular" dschang, in [52=] Kamtok (Cameroon Pidgin): dschang-tok
=«dschang-talk»
99-AGE-cbb fo-ngo-ndeng (South-West)
99-AGE-cbc fo-to fo-tomena (South-West)
99-AGE-cbd fo-ngo-tengo fo-ngo-toro, fo-ntsa-tongo (South-West)
Cameroon (Ouest; South-West) 5
99-AGE-cbe a-sung-li-a-tsang -sung-li-a-tsang, dschang "proper" �Foreke-Dschang (Ouest) 4
99-AGE-cbf fo-kowe �Fokoue (Ouest)
99-AGE-cbg fo-tsetsa (Ouest)
99-AGE-cbh ba-mendu �Bamendou (Ouest)
99-AGE-cbi ba-leveng (Ouest)
99-AGE-cbj ba-fu �Bafou (Ouest)
99-AGE-cbk fo-ndonera �Fondjonera (Ouest)
99-AGE-cbl fo-song-watseng �Fossong-Watseng (Ouest)
99-AGE-cbm fo-mbap (Ouest)
99-AGE-cbn fo-tsatula �Fotsatoula (Ouest)
99-AGE-cbo fo-mopea yemba-S. (Ouest)
99-AGE-cbp ba-lum yemba-SE. �Baloum (Ouest)
99-AGE-d Megaka+
Ngiemboon
part of bamileke Cameroon (Ouest) 5
99-AGE-da ngombale �Mbouda-NW. subdivision Cameroon (Ouest) 4
99-AGE-daa penyu (Ouest)
99-AGE-dab ba-mesing ba-messing��Bamessingue-S., Bamessing-S. (Ouest)
99-AGE-dac ba-baju e-tsaso �Babadjou (Ouest)
99-AGE-db ngiemboon ngyemboong, ngyemboon, nguemba �Batcham… Mbouda-S.
subdivisions
99-AGE-dba ba-laci �Balatchi (Ouest)
99-AGE-dbb ba-mugong �Bamougong (Ouest)
99-AGE-dbc ba-cam batcham �Batcham (Ouest)
99-AGE-dbd ba-ngang (Ouest)
99-AGE-dbe ba-lesing balessing���Balessing (Ouest)
Cameroon (Ouest) 5
99-AGE-dc me-gaka mu-gaka, men-gaka Cameroon (Ouest) 5*
99-AGE-dca tso-ghap ba-ngam, ba-gam, tso-gap, gham �Bagam (Ouest)
99-AGE-dcb galim �Galim (Ouest)
99-AGE-dcc ba-menjing �Bamendjin (Ouest)
99-AGE-dd ngomba ndaa, nda'a �Mbouda-S. subdivision Cameroon (Ouest) 4
99-AGE-dda ba-meso �Bamesso (Ouest)
99-AGE-ddb ba-menjinda ba-menjina �Bamendjinda (Ouest)
99-AGE-ddc ba-menjo �Bamendjo (Ouest)
99-AGE-ddd ba-menkombo (Ouest)
99-AGE-dde ba-mete �Babete (Ouest)
99-AGE-e Fu'sap+ Meka Ghomala, ghomala', part of bamileke �Mifi… Menoua-E.…
Bamboutos-S. divisions
Cameroon (Ouest) 5
99-AGE-ea meka+ sa ngemba-S., ghomala-NW. Cameroon 5
99-AGE-eaa fu'da �Bafounda (Ouest)
99-AGE-eab sa ba-nsoa (Ouest)
99-AGE-eac negha-pa-mungup mugum, mungum �Bamougoum, Bamoungoum (Ouest)
99-AGE-ead meka �Bameka (Ouest)
99-AGE-eae negha-munju monjo, ba-menjou �Bamendjou (Ouest)
99-AGE-eb dengkwop+ te' ghomala-SW. Cameroon (Ouest) 4*
99-AGE-eba te' tie �Batie (Ouest)
99-AGE-ebb pa �Bapa (Ouest)
99-AGE-ebc dengkwop �Bandenkop (Ouest)
99-AGE-ec fu'sap+ lang ghomala-NE. Cameroon (Ouest) 4*
99-AGE-eca lang �Baleng (Ouest)
99-AGE-ecb fu'sap fusam, fulsap �Bafoussam (Ouest)
99-AGE-ed yogam+ we bandjoun, ghomala-SE. Cameroon (Ouest) 5*
99-AGE-eda we �Bahouan (Ouest)
99-AGE-edb ngo-man-jun ngo-man-jũ, jo, mandjũ, ban-djoun "proper" �Bandjoun (Ouest)
99-AGE-edc ngo-ma-hum hom �Baham (Ouest)
99-AGE-edd yogam �Bayangam (Ouest)

page 698 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AGE-f Fe'fe'+ Ghefa' "wider" fefe, "wider" fe'fe', part of bamileke Cameroon (Ouest) 5
99-AGE-fa mkwet+ ngam fe'fe'-N. Cameroon (Ouest) 4
99-AGE-faa la'fi �Balafi (Ouest)
99-AGE-fab fotsa-tuala-2 �Fontsa-Touala 2 (Ouest)
99-AGE-fac tungi' tuni' �Fotouni (Ouest)
99-AGE-fad ngam nam �Bangam (Ouest)
99-AGE-fae mkwet �Fondjomekwet (Ouest)
99-AGE-faf ntii �Fondanti (Ouest)
99-AGE-fb fe'fe'+ ghe-fa' fe'fe'-C. Cameroon (Ouest) 5
99-AGE-fba fe'fe'-V. "vehicular" fe'fe' (Ouest) 5
99-AGE-fbb njee njuu �Bandja (Ouest)
99-AGE-fbc ghe-pa-pa-pwantu poantu �Babouantou (Ouest)
99-AGE-fbd ghe-fa' -fa', xee-fa', ghe-la-fa' �Bafang (Ouest)
99-AGE-fbe nee �Bana (Ouest)
99-AGE-fbf nka' �Banka (Ouest)
99-AGE-fbg ghe-kuu xuu-kuu, �Bakou (Ouest)
99-AGE-g Nyep+ Meha Ndanda, nda'nda', part of bamileke Cameroon (Ouest) 4
99-AGE-ga nyep+ shingu ndanda-NW. Cameroon (Ouest)
99-AGE-gaa nyep �Bangou (Ouest)
99-AGE-gab shingu �Batchingou (Ouest)
99-AGE-gb undi-meha ndanda-NE. Cameroon (Ouest)
99-AGE-gba twefap twufap �Batoufam (Ouest)
99-AGE-gbb dengfap �Bandrefam (Ouest)
99-AGE-gbc ba-ngang-fokam (Ouest)
99-AGE-gbd ngwe-2 nuu �Bangwa (Ouest)
99-AGE-gc unga-meha ndanda-S.+ W. Cameroon (Ouest)
99-AGE-gca mena muna �Bamena (Ouest)
99-AGE-gcb ca' �Batcha (Ouest)
99-AGE-gcc lekkwa' luk �Balengou (Ouest)
99-AGE-gcd zue zuu �Bazou (Ouest)
99-AGE-h Kwa'+ Mbiam kwa, kwa', part of bamileke Cameroon (Littoral; also Ouest) 4
99-AGE-ha mbiam+ tongave kwa-NE. (Littoral)
99-AGE-haa mbiam mbyam (Littoral)
99-AGE-hab takaka (Littoral)
99-AGE-hac tongave (Littoral)
99-AGE-had san (Littoral)
99-AGE-hae maha (Littoral)
99-AGE-hb kwa'+ milombe kwa-C. (Littoral)
99-AGE-hba kwa'-A. kwa "proper", be-kwa, ba-koa, ba-kwa', ba-koua �Bakoua (Littoral)
99-AGE-hbb mi-pa po-pa �Bapa 2 (Littoral)
99-AGE-hbc bosinga �Babosinga (Littoral)
99-AGE-hbd fande (Littoral)
99-AGE-hbe makakan (Littoral)
99-AGE-hbf mi-lombe (Littoral)
99-AGE-hbg moya (Littoral)
99-AGE-hbh songong (Littoral)
99-AGE-hbi tongo (Littoral)
99-AGE-i Munga'ka+ Pamem Cameroon (Ouest; North-West) 5
99-AGE-ia mu-nga'ka+ ti -nga'ka, ba-li, li, ngaaka, mungaka Cameroon (Ouest; North-West) 4
99-AGE-iaa mu-nga'ka-V. "vehicular" mungaka, "church" mungaka, including "literary" mungaka (Ouest; North-West) 5*
99-AGE-iab bali-nyonga �Bali (North-West)
99-AGE-iac ba-pakum �Bapa (Ouest)
99-AGE-iad ti �Bati (Ouest)
99-AGE-iae nde �Bandeng (Ouest)
99-AGE-ib shu-pamem bamum, pamem, ba-moum, ba-mun, pa-mum, ba-mum �Foumban…
plus vehicular extension: Noun… Mifi-N.… Bamboutos-SE. divisions
99-AGE-iba shu-pamem-V. nun, noun, "vehicular" bamum �Bamum script (Ouest)
99-AGE-ibb nkupa �Nkouppa (Ouest)
99-AGE-ibc ba-pi (Ouest)
99-AGE-ibd ba-mali (Ouest)
99-AGE-ibe ba-mbalang tshirambo (Ouest)
99-AGE-ibf ba-fangi ba-fanji (Ouest)
99-AGE-ibg ba-ngolan (Ouest)
Cameroon (Ouest) 5
99-AGE-ic ma-menyan munyan, pa-menyan, ba-menyan, ba-menyam �Bamenyan (Ouest; North-West)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
99-AH NDEMLI chain
99-AHA NDEMLI net
Linguasphere Observatory page 699
99-AHA-a Ndemli �Yabassi… Yingui… Nkondjok Cameroon (Littoral) 4*
99-AHA-aa ndem-li ndem-ba, ba-ndem, ba-yong Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AI TIGE+ BANDOBO
chain
99-AIA TIGE+ BANDOBO
net
TIKAR
99-AIA-a Tige+ Letumwu ti-kari, tikar transition < [99=] Tibea Cameroon (Centre-Sud; Nord;
Ouest)
99-AIA-aa le-twumwu tumu, ba-nkim, ma-nkim, in [51=] Français: tikar de Bankim �Bankim Cameroon
99-AIA-ab kong tikari-E. Cameroon
99-AIA-ac ti-ge gamba, ngembi, gambai, in [51=] Français: tikar de Ngambe �Ngambe Cameroon
99-AIA-ad nditam tige 2, tikari-S. Cameroon
99-AIA-b Bandobo Cameroon 3*
99-AIA-ba ba-ndobo ndobo, ndob, mburukem Cameroon
99-AJ BARONDO+ MBOO
chain
lundu+ mbo, n'kongsamba "hills", bantu-A11/15
99-AJA BARONDO+
LOKUNDU net
OROKO, lundu
99-AJA-a Barondo+ Bima oroko-W. �Mundemba Cameroon (South-West) 4
99-AJA-aa ba-rondo -rondo, ba-lundu, lundu, londo, bantu-A11a Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJA-ab ngoro ngolo, bantu-A11b Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJA-ac do-tanga batanga+ bakoko, bantu-A11d Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJA-aca ba-tanga-N. -tanga-N. (South-West)
99-AJA-acb ba-koko -koko (South-West)
99-AJA-ad b-ima -ima, ba-ima, ba-uma, bantu-A11d Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJA-b Lokundu+ Lolue oroko-E., bakundu+ balue �Kumba… Cameroon (South-West) 4
99-AJA-ba e-kombe -kombe, e-kumbe, be-kombo, kumbe, kombo Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJA-bb lo-lue -lue, ba-lue, ba-rue, ba-bue, kundu-W., bantu-A12 Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJA-bc mbonge bantu-A11c Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJA-bd lo-kundu -kundu, ba-kundu, la-kundu, be-kunde, n-kundu, ba-wo, bantu-A11c Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB MBOO+ BALONG net manenguba+ ngoe
99-AJB-a Lefo'+ Balong ngoe-W. �Mémé… Moungo divisions Cameroon (South-West; Littoral) 4*
99-AJB-aa le-fo' -fo', n-ho, ba-faw, ba-fowu, a-fo, bantu-A15a Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-ab ba-long -long, lung, "lower" balong, ba-lon, ba-lung, n-long, va-longi, bantu-A13 Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-aba ba-long-A. (South-West)
99-AJB-abb ba-yi (South-West)
99-AJB-b Mienge+ Nswase Mbo-NW. Cameroon (Littoral) 4
99-AJB-ba mi-enge ehwa-ngen, myenge, miyengen, "lower" mbo Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AJB-bb n-swase n-swasu, nsose, n-swose, ba-sosi, ba-sossi, ngen, bantu-A15c Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AJB-c Mboo+ Mbuu Mbo-NE. Cameroon (Ouest; adjacent South-
West)
99-AJB-ca nlaa-mboo Cameroon (Ouest) 4*
99-AJB-caa mbo-jang in [51=] Français: mbo de Dschang, bantu-A15g �Dschang… (Ouest)
99-AJB-cab sanchu in [51=] Français: mbo de Santchou �Santchou… (Ouest)
99-AJB-cb nlee-mbuu Cameroon (Ouest) 4*
99-AJB-cba ke-kem ba-kem, in [51=] Français: mbo de Kekem, bantu-A15g �Kekem… (Ouest)
99-AJB-cbb mboebo in [51=] Français: mbo de Mboebo �Mboebo… (Ouest)
99-AJB-cc eho-mbo' Cameroon (Ouest) 4*
99-AJB-cca eho-mbo'-A. in [51=] Français: mbo de Melong �Melong… (Ouest)
99-AJB-ccb mbo-sambo in [51=] Français: mbo de Sambo �Sambo… (Ouest)
99-AJB-d Mba'+ Mbog Mbo-C. Cameroon (Ouest) 4
99-AJB-da e-how-mba' ba-reko, bantu-A15g (Ouest)
99-AJB-db mwa-neka mua-neka, ba-neka, bantu-A15g (Ouest)
99-AJB-dc ma-nenguba mwa-nenguba (Ouest)
99-AJB-dd e-hobe-be-lon ehobu-belon, ba-londo 2, bantu-A15g (Ouest)
99-AJB-de e-ho-mkaa' ehob-mkaa, kaa, ba-kaka, bantu-A15f (Ouest)
99-AJB-df mwa-hed mwa-het, mwa-hes, mwa-hey (Ouest)
99-AJB-dg ma-nehas bantu-A15f (Ouest)
99-AJB-dh i-hobe-mbog ba-bong, bantu-A15f (Ouest)
99-AJB-di mbwase-nghuy nhuy, myamilo, ba-fun (Ouest)
4
4

page 700 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AJB-e Elung+ Mwambong Akoose, a-koose, a-kosi, kosi, koose, ba-kossi, be-koose, n-kosi, nkoosi,
bantu-A15d; including ba-kossi-N., ba-kossi-W., ba-kossi-S.
�Bangem… Tombel subdivisions…
Cameroon (South-West; adjacent
Littoral)
99-AJB-ea ba-nyue Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-eb e-lung+ nhia e-long, n-long, a-long Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-eba e-lung (South-West)
99-AJB-ebb nhia (South-West)
99-AJB-ec ba-bubog ba-bubock Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-ed e-bamut Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-ee ngemenge ngemengu, ngemengoe, ngemingu, mwa-ngem, bangem Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-ef mbw-ogmut Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-eg n-nenong n-nenon, ninong, nnenu Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-eh ma-nyue Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-ei mwa-mbong Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-ej mwa-menam moua-menam, mua-menam Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-ek mw-etan Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-eka mw-etan-N. (South-West)
99-AJB-ekb mw-etan-S. (South-West)
99-AJB-el mw-etug+ mwasundem
Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-ela mw-etug (South-West)
99-AJB-elb mwa-sundem (South-West)
99-AJB-f Lekongo -kongo Cameroon (South-West) 3*
99-AJB-fa le-kongo le-kono, n-kongo, nkongho, nkongwa, nkongoa, kongoa Cameroon (South-West)
99-AJB-g Bongkeng Cameroon (Littoral; adjacent
South-West)
99-AJB-ga bongkeng bonken, bonkeng, bonkenge, pendia, bantu-A14 Cameroon (Littoral; adjacent
South-West)
99-AK BUBE chain "insular" bube, "insular" bubi, bantu-A31
99-AKA BUBE net bantu-A31
99-AKA-a Bube bubi, bu-be, bo-be, boo-be, m-boo-be, ediya, adija, adeeyah,
"fernandian", bantu-A31 �Fernando Poo, Macias Nguema island
Equatorial Guinea (Fernando Poo,
Macias Nguema)
99-AKA-aa bu-be-N. bantu-A31a Equatorial Guinea (Fernando Poo,
Macias Nguema)
99-AKA-ab bu-be-SW. bantu-A31b Equatorial Guinea (Fernando Poo,
Macias Nguema)
99-AKA-ac bu-be-SE. bantu-A31c Equatorial Guinea (Fernando Poo,
Macias Nguema)
99-AL TULING+
NOMAANDE chain
bantu-A44/46
99-ALA TULING+ NYO'O net "WIDER"-TUNEN
99-ALA-a Nyo'o+ Fung nyokon, bantu-A45 �Makénéné district Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4*
99-ALA-aa ni-nyo'o nyõ'õ, nyo'on, nyokon "proper" Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ALA-ab fung Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ALA-b Tuling+ Itundu Tunen, tu-nen, ba-nen, ba-nend, pe-nin, pe-nyin, nenni-nyo'o, bantu-
A44 �Ndikinimeki… Makenene… Yingui-E. subdivisions
Cameroon (Centre-Sud; also
Littoral)
99-ALA-ba to-boan tunen-C. Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ALA-bb tu-ling e-ling, a-linga, tunen-SW. Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ALA-bc mese ninguessen. pa-ningesen, sese, yambeta 2, tunen-E. Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ALA-bd i-tundu Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ALA-be lo-gananga Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ALA-bf ndog-bang Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ALA-bg ndok-biakat Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ALA-bh ndok-tuna Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ALB NOMAANDE+
TUOTOMP net
99-ALB-a Nomaande+
Tuotomp
bantu-A46 Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 3
99-ALB-aa no-maande maande, o-mand, nu-mand, no-maante, noo-maante, le-mande,
mandi, mande, pimenc �Bafia>SW.
99-ALB-ab tuo-tomp tuo-tomb, bo-tomp, otang-atomb, atomb, bonek, ponek, poneck
translingual < [99=] Tuling+ Itundu (Tunen) �Bonek
99-AM LEFA'+ HIJUK chain bafia, bantu-A51/54
99-AMA HIJUK net
Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 3
Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 3
99-AMA-a Hijuk Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 3*
99-AMA-aa hijuk �Bokito-SW.: Niko Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
4
3*
4
4

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 701
99-AMB LEFA'+ TIBEA net BAFIA
99-AMB-a Lefa'+ Tibea Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-AMB-aa le-fa' -fa', le-fak, ba-lom, bantu-A51 Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-AMB-ab ti-ngong ba-ngong Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AMB-ac zakan Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AMB-ad di-mbong -mbong, lu-mbong, le-kaalong, kalong, kaolong, bantu-A52 Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AMB-ae ri-kpa' kpa, bafia, rw-kpa, be-kpakl, be-kpa', bantu-A53 Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-AMB-af maja gwife Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AMB-ag ri-pey -pey, re-pey, fanga, ba-pe, ro-pe Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AMB-ah ti-bea -bea, tibea, djanti, le-ngayaba, -ngayaba, nya-bea, njanti, bantu-A54
transition < [99=] Tikari
Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AN NIGII+ NEDEK chain sanaga, bantu-A61/65
99-ANA NIGII+ NEDEK net
99-ANA-a Nigii+ Nedek njambeta, yambeta 1, yambetta �Bafia-NW. Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 3
99-ANA-aa ni-gii nigi, begi-nibum Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ANA-ab ne-dek Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ANB NUGUNU+
NUYANGBEN net
bantu-A62
99-ANB-a Dumbule du-mbule �Mbam district: Mbolo Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 3
99-ANB-aa du-mbule -mbule, mbola, mbolo, yambasa-NW. Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 3
99-ANB-b Nugunu+ Nutongi Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-ANB-ba nu-tongi+ nu-cala -gunu, -gounou, beke, behie��Ombessa Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ANB-baa nu-tongi gunu-N., nu-tongi "proper" (Centre-Sud)
99-ANB-bab nu-cala -cala (Centre-Sud)
99-ANB-bb nu-gunu gunu-S., gunu "proper" �Ombessa>S. (Centre-Sud)
99-ANB-c Nuyangben+ Nulibie wekele, yambasa "proper" �Bokito>S. Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-ANB-ca nu-libie -libie, be-lip, e-lip, libye �Elip canton Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ANB-cb nu-yangben -yangben �Yangben canton Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 3
99-ANB-cba nu-kalonge -kalonge (Centre-Sud)
99-ANB-cbb nu-mendo -mendo (Centre-Sud)
99-ANB-cbc nu-tanga -tanga (Centre-Sud)
99-ANB-cc m-maala -maala, m-mala, benyi �Mmala canton (Centre-Sud) 3
99-ANB-d Nubaca yambasa-S.���Mbam district: Bongo Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-ANB-da nu-baca -baca. tu-baca, bongo, bango Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-ANC TI net bantu-A65
99-ANC-a Bati 'bush' bati, in [51=] Français: bati 'de brousse' �Sanaga right-bank:
near Monatele
Cameroon (Centre-Sud; Littoral) 3
99-ANC-aa ba-ti-ba-ngong ba-ti, ti, baca, tu-baca Cameroon (Centre-Sud; Littoral)
99-ANC-b Leti bantu-A65 �Sanaga left-bank: above Monatele Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-ANC-ba le-ti -ti, ba-ti, mengisa community �secret language, spoken alongside
[99=] Njowi (Mangisa 'open' language)
Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AND TUNGORO+ TONJO
net
TUKI, bantu-A61+ A64
99-AND-a Tungoro+ Tonjo Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-AND-aa tu-ngoro -ngoro, -ki, ti-ki, a-ki, u-ki, tu-ki "proper", bantu-A61 �Mbam district:
Ngoro
Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AND-ab tu-kombe -kombe, wa-kombe, ba-kombe �Mbam district Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AND-ac to-njo -njo, bu-njo, bou-djou �Mbam district Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AND-ad tu-tsingo -tsingo, ba-tsingo Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AND-ae to-cenga -cenga, cinga, tsinga, bantu-A64 �Mbam, Lékié districts Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AND-af tu-mbele -mbele, ba-mbele, mvele, ba-mvele Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AO SEKIYANI chain "corisco bay", seki, bantu-B21
99-AOA SEKIYANI net
99-AOA-a Sekiyani Gabon (Estuaire) 3
99-AOA-aa sekya-ni sekiani, seki, sheke, seke, be-seki, shekiyana, bulu, bantu-B21
�Corisco bay bilingual < [99=] Fang
99-AOA-aaa sekiya-ni-S. �Corisco-S. bay: Cap Esterias-E. coast (Estuaire)
99-AOA-aab sekiya-ni-E. �Corisco-E. bay: Cocobeach-S. coast (Estuaire)
Gabon (Estuaire) 3

page 702 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AP MPONGWE+
AJUMBA chain
myene, bantu-B11+ B22c+ B31/32 #In the citation of the names of
Bantu languages in other sources, prefixes are sometimes
distinguished by deferring the upper-case initial letter to the beginning
of the stem, e.g. isiZulu. In the Linguasphere Register, this device is
employed for the citation of the reference names of outer-languages, in
bold-type, but only from this chain [99=-AP] onwards (since the
separation of prefix from stem is often less straightforward in the
languages of West Africa listed up to this point).
99-APA MPONGWE+
OMYENE net
o-myene
99-APA-a mPongwe bantu-B11a Gabon (Estuaire) 4
99-APA-aa m-pongwe -pongwé, mpungwe, npongwe, n-pongué, m-pongoué �Gabon-estuary Gabon (Estuaire) 3
99-APA-aaa m-pongwe-N. �Gabon-N. estuary (Estuaire)
99-APA-aab m-pongwe-S. �Gabon-S. estuary (Estuaire)
99-APA-b oMyene+ nKomi bantu-B11b/c+ e Gabon 4
99-APA-ba o-myene galwa, xalwa, galoa, galua, galloa, bantu-B11c Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué)
99-APA-baa lambaréné �Lambaréné (Moyen-Ogooué)
99-APA-bab onangué �Onangué lake (Moyen-Ogooué)
99-APA-bb o-rungu rongo, bantu-B11b �Cap Lopez coast Gabon (Ogooué-Maritime) 4
99-APA-bc n-komi -komi, n'komi, bantu-B11e �Setté-Cama-N. coast Gabon (Ogooué-Maritime) 4
99-APA-bd e-nenga Gabon 3
99-APB AJUMBA+
GETSOGO net
jumba+ tsogo, bantu-B11d+ B22c+ B31/32
99-APB-a aJumba �Ogooué+ Ngounié confluence left-bank: opposite Lambaréné Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué) 3
99-APB-aa a-jumba -jumba, a-dyumba, a-djumba, himba, bantu-B11d (Moyen-Ogooué) 3
99-APB-b aPinji �N'gounié right-bank between Eleke… Fougamou Gabon (N'gounié) 3
99-APB-ba a-pinji -pinji, ga-pinji, a-pindji, gha-pindji, a-pindje, bantu-B31-part (N'gounié) 3
99-APB-c oKande �Ogooué valley: Booué downstream Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo) 4
99-APB-ca o-kande -kande, kanda, bantu-B32 (Ogooué-Ivindo) 4
99-APB-d geTsogo �N'gounié right-bank: Mouila-N.+ E. Gabon (N'gounié) 4
99-APB-da ge-tsogo -tsogo, ghe-cogho, xe-coxo, mi-tsogo, mi-tsogho, bantu-B31 (N'gounié) 4
99-APB-e iBubi �Koulamotou-W.: between M'bigou… N'djolé Gabon (Ogooué-Lolo) 3
99-APB-ea i-bubi -bubi, "continental" bubi, bhubhi, vuvi, i-vuvi, pove, eviia, bubi-S.,
bantu-B22c �distinct from [99=] Bube (Bubi)
(Ogooué-Lolo) 3
99-AQ INGONDI chain kadei, bantu-C11
99-AQA INGONDI net
99-AQA-a iNgondi �Kadei valley Central African Rep.; Congo 3
99-AQA-aa i-ngondi -ngondi, ngundi-W. Central African Rep.; Congo 3
99-AQA-aaa i-ngondi-N. �Kadei valley: between Nola… Bayanga Central African Rep. (Haute-
Sangha)
99-AQA-aab i-ngondi-S. �Kadei left-bank: Ouesso upstream Congo (Sangha)
99-AR PANDE+ BUGONGO
chain
99-ARA PANDE+ BUGONGO
net
mambéré, bantu-C12
99-ARA-a Pande+ Ikenga i-pande, fande, njeli, ndjeli, nyeli, nzeli, li-nyeli, li-nzeli, bantu-C12a Central African Rep. (Haute-
Sangha; Lobaye); Congo
(Likouala)
99-ARA-aa mambere-pande �Mambéré valley: Nola upstream Central African Rep. (Haute-
Sangha)
99-ARA-ab mbaere-pande �Mbaéré valley Central African Rep. (Haute-
Sangha; Lobaye)
99-ARA-ac bodengue-pande �Bodengue valley Central African Rep. (Lobaye)
99-ARA-ad kongwala ibenga-pande �Ibenga valley Congo (Likouala)
99-ARA-ae i-kenga -kenga, motoba-pande �Motoba valley Congo (Likouala)
99-ARA-b buGongo �Sangha forest: Sangha upper river>E. Central African Rep. (Haute-
Sangha)
99-ARA-ba bu-gongo -gongo, bo-gongo, bo-bongo, bo-ngili, bantu-C12b Central African Rep. (Haute-
Sangha)
99-AS LIBAATI+ KIBIRA
chain
99-ASA LIBAATI+ LIBWALI
net
"middle congo", bantu-C43/45+ bantu-D21+ D31/35, 'sub-bantu'
bantu-C43/44 #with use of indigenous classificatory terms to
distinguish outer languages, meaning «he/she says» (listed below, as
alternative reference-names)
99-ASA-a liBaati+ liGbe Napagisene #na-pagisene =«he/she says», bengi+ baati, baati+ gbe,
bantu-C43
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire; Equateur
margins)
99-ASA-aa li-benge -benge, ba-benge �Uélé right-bank (2 enclaves) Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-ab li-baati -baati, le-baati, ba-baati, bati Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-aba bo-lende (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-abb lowama part of ba-baati+ loomia (Haut-Zaire)
3
3*
4

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 703
99-ASA-ac li-gbaase ibembo, part of ba-baati+ loomia- Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-ad bo-ganga bo-yanga Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-ada bo-ganga-A. Momi (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-adb bo-yanga (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-ae li-gbe -gbe, ba-gbe �Aketi Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-aea railway-ligbe in [51=] Français: ligbe du chemin-de-fer =«railway ligbe» (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-aeb bo-pandu (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-aec bo-bongono (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-aed labibi Ibembo (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-aee bo-ngongoli bo-ngbongulu (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-b eGulu+ eGezon Apagibeti #a-pagibeti =«he/she says», pagibeti, pagabete, a-pakibeti,
a-pagibete, a-pagibeti, a-pakebeti, a-pakabeti, gulu+ gezon �mainly
north of Dua valley
99-ASA-ba e-gulu -gulu, e-guru, boguru 2, ba-bogulu, part of ngaye, part of apagibeti-
NE., apagabeti-NE.
99-ASA-bb e-bugbuma -bugbuma, ba-bugbuma, part of ngaye, part of apagibeti-NE.,
apagabeti-NE.
Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4
Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-ASA-bc e-gezon -gezon, e-gezo, e-gejo, part of apagibeti-NE., apagabeti-NE. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-ASA-bca kashi (Equateur)
99-ASA-bcb lite (Equateur)
99-ASA-bd e-gbuta bagbuta Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-ASA-be a-pakebeti-yambuku Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-ASA-bf i-lombo transition < [99=] Binza �Duwa valley Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-ASA-bg e-gezon-2 -gezon 2, e-gezo 2, e-gejo 2, a-pakibeti-a-bumombazi Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-ASA-bh ndaayi a-pagibeti-lisala-N. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-ASA-bi mo-ngbapele -ngapele �Businga Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-ASA-bj mo-mveda -mveda transition < [99=] Bwa Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-ASA-c liBwali+ liGanzulu Napagitene #na-pagitene =«he/she says», na-pagibetini, bwa+
gazulu, bantu-C44 �between Bima… Uélé valleys
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ASA-ca li-bwa-li bwa, bua, bango Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ASA-caa bo-kete �Dingila… Bambili (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cab bo-kapu �Angodia (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cac bo-longwa �Angodia (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cad bo-kiba �Bombesa, Bambesa… Zobia (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cae bo-gongeya �Titule (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-caf bo-dongbale �Titule (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cag bo-kipa bobwa-bokipa �Kole (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cah libwa-kibuyi �Télé left-bank (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cai libwa-muma �Muma-S. (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-caj libwa-ibembo �Ibembo (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cb yewu �between Bima… Ombo valleys Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4*
99-ASA-cba bo-sanwa -sanwa �Aponsa (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cbb bo-bita -bita (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cbc bo-gbawa -gbawa �Zobia (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cc li-ngingita -ngingita, mo-ngingita (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cd le-lisi (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cda ba-lisi lisi "proper" (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cdb bolisi-ngayi (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cdc bo-gbaasa �Likati (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cdd bu-nduli (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-ce li-wiinza -winza, -weenza Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cea ba-wiinza (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-ceb wiinza-makere (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASA-cf li-ganzulu bo-ganzulu Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASB LIKANGO net
99-ASB-a li-Kango �Uélé… Likati… Bima… Api… Uéré… Bomokandi valleys Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4*
99-ASB-aa li-kango -kango, kango "creole" �spoken among fisherfolk speaking languages
in same chain
99-ASC LEANGBA+ LEBEO
net
bantu-C45
99-ASC-a leAngba+ leBeo Ngelima, angelima, bantu-C45 �Aruwimi valley: Banalia…… Basoli
zones
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4*
99-ASC-aa le-boro -boro, ba-boro, buru Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-ab le-angba -angba, ba-angba, ba-ngelima, ba-ngelema, ngelima "proper" Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-ac babendja-kalumete �Kalumete valley Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-ad bagenza-ibembo �Ibembo valley Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)

page 704 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-ASC-ae le-salia -salia, bo-salia Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-af le-lima -lima, ba-lima Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-ag le-bendia -bendia, bo-bendia Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-ah le-tungu -tungu, wa-tungu, e-duumbi Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-aha tungu-banalia (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-ahb tungu-panga in [51=] Français: angelima de l'eau =«water angelima» (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-ai le-beo Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-aia malili-beo (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-aib le-hanga -hanga, ba-hanga (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-aic le-bendja -bendja, ba-bendja (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASC-aid le-genza -genza, ba-genza (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASD LILIKA+ LILIKO net
99-ASD-a liLika+ liLiko lika+ liko �Wamba… Rungu zones Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ASD-aa li-lika+ li-liko ba-lika+ toriko �Bariko… Toriko Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ASD-aaa li-lika -lika, ba-lika, ma-biti (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASD-aab li-liko -liko, ma-liko, toriko �Toriko (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASD-aac i-iko -iko (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASE LIBAALI net bantu-D21
99-ASE-a li-Baali Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ASE-aa li-baali -baali, -bali, li-bali, dhi-bali, ki-baali, ki-bali, ki-bala, bango, 'bwa-SE.',
bantu-D21 �between Ituri… Tshopo
99-ASE-aaa ba-kundumu -kundumu, baali-NE. (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASE-aab ba-keni -keni, baali-W., including baali-kondolole (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASE-aac bo-mili -mili, be-mili (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASE-aad bafwa-ndaka (Haut-Zaire)
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ASF EBUDU+ LINYAALI
net
bantu-D33
99-ASF-a eBudu+ liNyaali budu+ nyaali Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 5
99-ASF-aa e-budu -budu, ki-budu, bodo �Nepoko opposite banks Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 5
99-ASF-aaa ma-koda -koda �Nepoko right-bank (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aab i-sombi wa-dimbisa �Nepoko right-bank (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aac i-neta timoniko �Nepoko right-bank (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aad ba-fwa-geda-W. ba-fwangada-W., "pseudo" lega-W., bafwagada-W., ba-fanio �Nepoko
right -bank
(Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aae ba-fwa-geda-E. ba-fwangada-E., "pseudo" lega-E., bafwagada-E. �Nepoko left- bank (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aaf ba-fwa-koyi -fwa-koyi, ba-fwakayi, including malamba �Nepoko left-bank (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aag malamba �Nepoko left-bank (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aah mahaa �Nepoko left-bank (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aai matta (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-ab i-ndaaka+ bombo -ndaaka, ndaka, ba-ndaaka �Epulu valley: Mambasa-W. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3
99-ASF-aba i-ndaaka -ndaaka, ndaka, ba-ndaaka �Bandaka district (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-abb bombo �Bombo district (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-ac i-beeke -beeke, beke �Ituri left-bank Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 2
99-ASF-aca beeke-NE. (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-acb beeke-SW. (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-ad i-mbo -mbo, ki-mbo, mbu, moondo �Bombo district Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-ae li-nyaali+ li-bombi �Kilo district Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ASF-aea li-nyaali -nyaali, li-nyali, nyari, nyali-kilo, nyaali-N., bantu-D33 (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aeb huku hoko (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aec li-bombi (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-aed mbuba (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASF-af li-vanuma b-vanuma, ba-mbutuku, nyali-tchabi Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire); adjacent
Uganda
99-ASG KIKUUMU+ EBHELE
net
99-ASG-a Kikuumu+ Ebhele kuumu+ bhele, bantu-D35 Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire; Kivu-N.) 5
99-ASG-aa ki-kuumu -kuumu, ki-kumu, ki-komo, ki-kumo, ba-kuumu, bantu-D35 (Haut-Zaire; Kivu-N.) 5
99-ASG-aaa ba-kuumu-NW. ba-doombi, tshopo-bakuumu �Tshopo valley (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-aab kuumu-loya ba-kuumu-W. (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-aac ubundu-bakuumu in [51=] Français: bakumu de Ponthierville (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-aad opienge-bakuumu ba-kuumu-N. (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-aae lubutu-bakuumu ba-kuumu-C. (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-aaf lowa-bakuumu ba-kuumu-S. �Lowa valley (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-aag kuumu-wanda (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-aah bakuumu-bazimba (Haut-Zaire)
3

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 705
99-ASG-ab e-bhele -bhele, ba-pere, pere, pili, piri, peri, i-bili, ki-pili, ki-pere, bantu-D31 Congo/Zaire (Kivu-N.) 4
99-ASG-aba e-leedji -leedji, leje, ba-leje �Manguredzipa (Kivu-N.)
99-ASG-abb e-tike -tike, ba-tike �Mayi mountain (Kivu-N.)
99-ASG-abc ba-bhaidhomba -bhaidhomba, baidumba �Avakubi (Kivu-N.)
99-ASG-abd ba-bhogala -bhogala, pokara (Kivu-N.)
99-ASG-abe ba-beka -beka �Fungula-Meso (Kivu-N.)
99-ASG-abf ba-hokohoko -hokohoko �Lubena (Kivu-N.)
99-ASG-abg e-bugombe -bugombe, ba-bhogombe, ba-pagombe, pakombe �Semliki valley:
Kitobi
(Kivu-N.)
99-ASG-b Bila+ Mbuti Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire; Kivu) 3
99-ASG-ba e-bila �Ituri district Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3
99-ASG-baa e-bila -bila, ponthierville-bira �Ubundi (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-bab bera-E. �Kisangani �distinct from [99=] m-Kako+ be-Sembo (Bera) (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-bac beda "railway-line" bira, in [51=] Français: bira du chemin-de-fer =«railway
bira»
99-ASG-bb ki-bila -bila, -bira 2, ku-bila, ku-bira, bira-shari, "forest" bira, bantu-D32 �Ituri
district
(Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-bba ki-bombi -bombi, li-bombi 2, ba-bombi, bila-W. �Epulu valley (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-bbb bila-S. �Oitshia (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-bbc ba-kwaanza -kwaanza, kwanza, mamba, ba-kwanza, part of bila-E. (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-bbd ba-yaku -yaku, part of bila-E. �Lalwa (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASG-bc mbuti -mbuti, ki-mbuti, ku-mbuti, i-buti, "pygmy" ba-mbuti, bantu-D34 �Ituri
district
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3*
99-ASG-bd i-kaiku �Ituri district Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 2*
99-ASH KIBIRA+ KUAMBA
net
99-ASH-a kiBira+ kuAmba Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire); Uganda
adjacent
99-ASH-aa ki-bira -bira, bila 2, bira-NE., "plains" bira �below Blue mountains: Bunia Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 5
99-ASH-ab ku-amba -amba, kwamba, rwamba, hamba, hambo, lu-bulebule, bulibuli,
ruwenzori bira
99-ASH-aba ku-amba-A. kwamba "proper" (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASH-abb ki-humu -humu, ki-gumu (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASH-abc lu-bulebule -bulebule, bulibuli (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASH-abd ki-hyanzi -hyanzi, hianzi (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASH-abe ku-suwa (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASI LIKARILI net
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire); adjacent
Uganda
99-ASI-a liKarili �Uélé right-bank (scattered) Central African Rep. (Haut-
Mbomou); Congo/Zaire (Haut-
Zaire)
99-ASI-aa li-kari-li -kari, kare Central African Rep. (Haut-
Mbomou); Congo/Zaire (Haut-
Zaire)
99-ASI-aaa kari-NW. (Haut-Mbomou)
99-ASI-aab kari-SE. (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASJ LINGBEE net
99-ASJ-a liNgbee Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ASJ-aa li-ngbee -ngbee, lingbe, ma-ngbele Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ASJ-aaa niangara �Niangara (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASJ-aab gombari �Gombari (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASK BODO+ BOGURU net SUDANIC-FRINGE
99-ASK-a Bodo Central African Rep. (Haut-
Mbomou); Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal);
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASK-aa bodo-S. (Haut-Mbomou) 2
99-ASK-ab bodo-N. extinct (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 0
99-ASK-b boGuru+ Homa guru+ homa Central African Rep. (Haut-
Mbomou); Congo/Zaire (Haut-
Zaire); Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal)
99-ASK-ba ba-banga -banga, ba-bango, homa-S. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASK-bb homa extinct in 1975 �Mopoi… Tambura Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal) 0
99-ASK-bc bo-guru -guru, ba-bagoro, bagoro Central African Rep. (Haut-
Mbomou); Congo/Zaire (Haut-
Zaire); Sudan (Bahr-el-Ghazal)
99-ASK-bca ko-guru ko-goro (Haut-Mbomou)
99-ASK-bcb bo-guru-A. ba-gbele (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASK-bcc ba-bukur -bukur, bukuru, bukum (Bahr-el-Ghazal)
5
3
3
3
2
3*
3*

page 706 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-ASL BUNGBINDA net
99-ASL-a buNgbinda ngbinda, ba-ngbinda Congo/Zaire; Sudan 1*
99-ASL-aa bu-ngbinda-S. ngbinda-S. Congo/Zaire 1*
99-ASL-ab bu-ngbinda-N. ngbinda-N. extinct by 1975 Sudan 0
99-ASM LINYANGALE+
GBATIRI net
99-ASM-a liNyangale+ Gbatiri nyanga+ gbati, bantu-J40 Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire); Central
African Rep.
99-ASM-aa li-nyanga-le -nyanga, nyanga-le, nyanga-li �Watsa>SW. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASM-ab gbati-ri gbote �Isiro… Watsa Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ASM-ac ma-yeka Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire); Central
African Rep.
99-AT OLOMBO+
KESONGOLA* chain
99-ATA AMBESA+
LOMBOOKI net
LOWER-LUALABA, bantu-C51/56+ D11/14+ D24+ D26 ; covering a
chain of confused inter-Bantu relationships, at least partly the result of
re-convergence among previously separated languages
99-ATA-a aMbesa bantu-C51/53 Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3*
99-ATA-aa a-mbesa -mbesa, um-mbesa, mo-besa, mo-mbesa, bo-mbesa, bantu-C51 Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATA-b ligeSogo basoko-N. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3
99-ATA-ba li-ge-sogo -so, ge-sogo, he-so, e-so, ba-soa, ba-soko, soko, bantu-C52 Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3
99-ATA-c loMbooki+ liKolo Poke, to-poke, to-poki, to-voke, foke, voke, puki, ge-sogo, soko 2, e-so
2, "pseudo" lokele, mbooki+ kolo, bantu-C53
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ATA-ca lo-mbooki -mbooki �Lomami valley Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATA-cb li-ombo ol-ombo, turumbu, to-poke "proper", lyombo Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATA-cc wenge Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATA-cd ba-uma Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATA-ce ya-ba-undu Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATA-cf lu-olambila ba-lu-ombila Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATA-cg li-kolo Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATA-ch li-u-twa poke twa, "pygmy" topoki Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATA-d liNga Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3*
99-ATA-da li-nga -nga Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB OLOMBO+ LOKELE
net
mbole, bantu-C54/56+ D11
99-ATB-a oLombo lombo, u-lumbu, tu-rumbu, i-lombo, bantu-C54 Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4
99-ATB-aa o-lombo-E. lombo-E. �Zaïre right-bank Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-ab o-lombo-W. lombo-W. �Zaïre left-bank Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-b loKele+ liLeko kele-E.+ leko, bantu-C55 �Lomami+ Zaïre confluence Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 5
99-ATB-ba lo-kele -kele-E., "vehicular" kele, e-kele, kili, li-kelo, li-kile, ya-kusu, bantu-C55 Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-bb ya-wembe -wembe Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-bc li-leko -leko Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-bd mo-ngabe -ngabe Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-be mo-lwa -lwa Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-bf m-booso -booso Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-bg ya-li-koka -koka Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3
99-ATB-bh yuani liande-lia-likolo Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-c liFoma foma, fuma, to-oli, -oli, bantu-C56 �Zaïre right-bank: Basoko upstream Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3*
99-ATB-ca ya-li-hila -hila Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-cb ya-li-kanza -kanza, ya-li-kandja, ya-o-kandja, yaokanja Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-d loOmbo+ loMbole-E. mongo-E., ombo+ mbole-E. �Kisangani-SW. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 5
99-ATB-da lo-mbole-E. mbole "proper", mbuli, bantu-D11 �distinct from [99=] lo-Mbole-W. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-db ya-ikole -ikole, ya-ikoli Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dc ya-amba amba-N., yamba Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dd ya-ngonda -ngonda Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-de bo-tunga -tunga Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-df bo-kuma -kuma Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dg ya-tanda -tanda Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dh ya-tulia -tulia, tooli Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-di ya-isa -isa, ya-isu Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dj inja Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dk nkembe nkimbe, keembo Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dl l-ombo ombo-N. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dm langa Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dn jonga jongo Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-do mpundu Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
4*

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 707
99-ATB-dp hambo Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dq kuti Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dr lu-amba amba-S., lwamba Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-ds kamba-N. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-dt lo-ombo ombo-S., hombo, bantu-C76 Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATB-du kori Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATC KINYAMITUKU+
CEENYA-NORTH net
99-ATC-a kinyaMituku+
cEenya-N.
mituku+ eenya-N. Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 3
99-ATC-aa c-eenya-kisangani -eenya-N., enya, tsheenya, ena, genya, genya-kisangani, bantu-D14
�Lualaba right-bank: Kisangani upstream �distinct from [99=] c-
Eenya-Kisangani
99-ATC-ab ki-nya-mituku -mituku, ke-nya-metoko, bantu-D13 �Lualaba lower left-bank (Haut-Zaire)
99-ATD KILENGOLA net
(Haut-Zaire) 3
99-ATD-a kiLengola �Lualaba lower opposite banks Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire;
Maniema)
99-ATD-aa ki-lengola lengola, i-lengola, lengora, "pseudo" ba-lega, "pseudo" lega, bantu-
D12
99-ATE KESONGOLA+
KEGENGELE net
"wider" binja
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire;
Maniema)
99-ATE-a keSongola �Lualaba right-bank: Kindu downstream Congo/Zaire (Maniema) 3*
99-ATE-aa ke-songola -songola, binja-N., songoora-W., bantu-D24 Congo/Zaire (Maniema)
99-ATE-b Zimba+ cEenya-S. zimba+ eenya-S. transition < [99=] Nyanga+ Lega �Lualaba rightbank:
opposite Kindu+ Kibombo
Congo/Zaire (Maniema) 4
99-ATE-ba zimba binja-S., bantu-D26 Congo/Zaire (Maniema)
99-ATE-bb c-eenya-kindu -eenya-S., genya-kindu �distinct from [99=] C-eenya-Kisangani Congo/Zaire (Maniema)
99-ATE-c keGengele Congo/Zaire (Maniema) 2
99-ATE-ca ke-gengele ngengele ; vehicular of mixed Bantu origins Congo/Zaire (Maniema)
99-AU ISIZULU+ DUALA
chain
"INNER"-BANTU
99-AUA DUALA+ YASA net CAMEROON-COAST, part of "bantu-inner-northwest"
99-AUA-a moKpwe+ boMboko kpwe+ mboko, bantu-A21/27+ A32/34 Cameroon (South-West) 4
99-AUA-aa mo-kpwe -kpwe, mo-kpe, ba-kpwe, baa-kpe, ba-kwiri, ba-kweri, ba-kwedi, bakwele,
va-kweli, kwedi, kwiri, kwili, kweli, kweri, ujuwa, vambeng,
bantu-A22 �Mount Cameroon coast & hinterland
Cameroon (South-West) 4
99-AUA-ab bo-bea -bea, bo-be, bubia, bobe, wo-vea, bota, e-wota Cameroon (South-West) 2
99-AUA-ac bo-mboko -mboko, bu-mboko, wu-mboko, wo-mboko, ba-mbuku, ba-mboko,
bantu-A21
Cameroon (South-West) 3
99-AUA-ad i-su isuwu, isubu, bimbia, bantu-A23 �Bimbia estuary Cameroon (South-West) 2
99-AUA-ae ba-kole -kole, ba-kolle, ba-musso �Bamusso Cameroon (South-West) 2
99-AUA-b Duala+ muLimba �duala+ limba �Cameroun bay (Douala)… Mongo valley… Wouri
valley
99-AUA-ba duala duala "proper", douala, dualla, diwala, dwela, bantu-A24 �Douala
estuary
4*
Cameroon (South-West; Littoral) 5*
(Littoral) 4
99-AUA-bb duala-V. duala "vehicular" (Littoral) 5*
99-AUA-bc bodiman (Littoral)
99-AUA-bd oli wouri, wuri, ewodi, wori, ewudi, ewori, uli, uri, ouri, bantu-A25 (Littoral)
99-AUA-be pongo ponge, bantu-A26 (Littoral)
99-AUA-bf mungo mongo, mungu, muungo, bantu-A26 (Littoral)
99-AUA-bg mu-limba ma-limba, lemba, mu-dimba, mu-dima, bantu-A27 �Sanaga mouth
�Edea-N. (2 enclaves)
(Littoral) 3
99-AUA-c baTanga+ baPuku �Kribi coast Cameroon (Sud) 3
99-AUA-ca ba-tanga -tanga-S., bantu-A32 Cameroon (Sud) 3
99-AUA-cb ba-no'o -no'o, ba-noho, nohu, noh, noho, noko, noku, ba-noo, bantu-A32a Cameroon (Sud)
99-AUA-cc ba-puku -puku, puu, poko, naka, bantu-A32b Cameroon (Sud)
99-AUA-d Yasa+ Kombe �Ntem estuary Cameroon (Sud); Equatorial
Guinea (Rio Muni-NW.)
99-AUA-da yasa yassa, lyassa, maasa, bo-ngwe, bantu-A33 Cameroon (Sud); Equatorial
Guinea (Rio Muni-NW.)
99-AUA-db kombe ngumbi Cameroon (Sud); Equatorial
Guinea (Rio Muni-NW.)
99-AUA-e Benga �Corsico island; Libreville>N. Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni);
Gabon (Estuaire)
99-AUA-ea benga bienga, bantu-A34 Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni);
Gabon (Estuaire)
3
3
3
3

page 708 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUB BASAA+ BISOO
chain
LOWER-SANAGA, bantu-A41/43, part of "bantu-inner-northwest"
99-AUB-a baRombi+ baNkon Cameroon (South-West; Littoral) 3
99-AUB-aa ba-rombi -rombi, lombi, lombe, bantu-A41 �Cameroun-N. mountain: Barombi
lakes
Cameroon (South-West) 3
99-AUB-ab ba-nkon -nkon, a-bo, bon, bantu-A42 �Wouri-W. valley Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-b Basaa+ Nyamtam including bassa, basa, bisaa, 'mbene', bantu-A43a � Cameroon (Littoral; Centre-Sud) 5
99-AUB-ba basaa-N. 'mbene-N.' Cameroon (Littoral) 5
99-AUB-baa ba-bimbi (Littoral)
99-AUB-bab bi-kok (Littoral)
99-AUB-bac nngo-nlong li-kol (Littoral)
99-AUB-bb basaa-ba-duala in [51=] Français: basaa de Douala �Douala Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-bc basaa-NW. Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-bca basaa-ba-yabasi yabasi, yabassi �Yabassi (Littoral)
99-AUB-bcb di-bubum di-boum �Diboum (Littoral)
99-AUB-bd ndokama �Wouri valley: Ndokama Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-be ndokbele �Wouri+ Nkam valley: Ndokbélé Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-bf ndokpenda �Ndokpenda Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-bg nyamtam �Nyamtam Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-bh basaa-C. "central" basaa, "generalised" basaa Cameroon (Littoral; Centre-Sud) 5
99-AUB-c biSoo+
Koko, ba-koko, ba-kogo, kogho, bantu-A43b translingual < [99=] Cameroon (Littoral; Sud) 4
diMbangbang Basaa �Douala-S.… Edea-SW. (scattered)
99-AUB-ca ba-koko-C. a-die, elog-mpoo, in [51=] Français: basoo d'Edea �Edea Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-cb bi-soo bisoo, basso, including basoo-ba-likol… a-dia-ngok �Logbikoy…
Ngoklitouba
Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-cc ya-kalag ya-kalak �Yakalak canton Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-cd ya-sug ya-suku, ya-soukou �Déhané… Yawanda Cameroon (Littoral; Sud)
99-AUB-ce ba-koko-W. 2 enclaves Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUB-cea ya-poma �Douala>S.: Japoma (Littoral)
99-AUB-ceb ya-byang+ ya-peke �Dibombari>S.: Yabea… Yapaki… (Littoral)
99-AUB-cf di-mbambang di-mbang, bakoko-NW. �Mbang canton Cameroon (Littoral)
99-AUC BEBELE+ EWONDO SANAGA-OGOOUÉ, beti-fang, bantu-A71/75, part of "bantu-inner-
net
northwest" ; with transition among outer-languages throughout this net
99-AUC-a beBele+ mVele beti-N. Cameroon (Centre-Sud; Est) 6
99-AUC-aa gbilgbil be-bil, bo-bili, bantu-A73b �Bertoua>NW.: Long right-bank Cameroon (Est) 3
99-AUC-ab a-song -song Cameroon (Est or Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ac be-bele -bele, ba-bulu, ba-mvele, mvele 2, bantu-A73a �Sanaga upper leftbank:
Nanga-Eboko>E.
Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-AUC-ad a-vek -vek, vuk, ba-fök, ba-fuk, ba-fek, ba-feuk, feuk, part of 'feuk' Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ae le-pek -pek, puk, part of 'feuk' Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-af mengang* Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ag ya-nga-fuk -fuk, ya-nga-vok, ya-nga-fek, yangafeuk, bantu-A72d, part of 'feuk' Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ah eki o-mvang, ba-djia, ba-kja, ba-kjo, bantu-A72c, including yekaba
�Nanga-Eboko>E.
Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ai ya-sem -sem, sum, a-sem Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-aj ye-kaba -kaba Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ak ye-samba -samba Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-al m-vele -vele, ba-vele, ye-zum, be-bele 2, bantu-A72b �spoken by a variety of
different communities or 'sub-communities', implying a variety of
dialects �Sanaga valley (Nanga-Eboko)… Nyong valley>S…
Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-am ye-zum-V. "vehicular" ye-zum, "vehicular" mvele, in [51=] Français: yesoum
populaire =«popular yesoum»
Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-b eTon+ beYidzolo ton+ yidzolo, bantu-A71 Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-AUC-ba e-ton Cameroon (Centre-Sud) 4
99-AUC-bb esele essele Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-bc mvog-namve Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-bd mvo-nangkok Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-be be-yidzolo -yidzolo Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-bf njowi mangisa community �'open' language, spoken alongside [99=] Leti
(Mangisa secret language)
Cameroon (Centre-Sud)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 709
99-AUC-c Ewondo+ Fang ewondo+ bulu+ fang Cameroon (Centre-Sud; Est);
Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni);
Gabon; Congo-NW.
99-AUC-ca ewondo beti-S., ewundu, kolo-beti, yaunde, yaoundé, jaunde, bantu-A72a Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cb ewondo-V. "vehicular" ewondo, in [51=] Français: ewondo populaire =«popular
ewondo»
Cameroon (Centre-Sud…) 5
99-AUC-cc bene bunu, bane, bantu-A74b �Mbalmayo environs Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cd enoa enoah Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ce evuzog evouzok, evuzok Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cf fong Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cg mbida-mbani mbida-bani Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ch mvete Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ci mvog-nyenge mvog-niengue Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cj ya-be-ka ka Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ck ya-be-kanga -kanga Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cl ya-be-kolo -kolo, ye-be-kolo Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cm bulu boulou, bantu-A74a, including "vehicular" bulu Cameroon (Centre-Sud; Est) 5
99-AUC-cn ye-bekolo ye-bukolo Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-co o-mvang ye-mvang Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cp ye-linda -linda Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cq ye-mbana -mbana Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cr ye-ngono -ngono Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-cs zaman �Djoum>E. Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUC-ct fang fang "proper", fãn, fanwe, pahouin, pamue, pangue, including o-kak
community, bantu-A75
Cameroon (Centre-Sud);
Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; Congo-
NW.
99-AUC-cu ntumu fang-N., ntum, ntoumou Cameroon (Centre-Sud);
Equatorial Guinea; Gabon
99-AUC-cv make fang-S., including ogowe, "ogooué-river" fang Gabon
99-AUC-cw mvany mvae, mvay, mvae fang Gabon*
99-AUD KAKO+ BEBENDE
net
UPPER-SANGHA, kako+ bebende, bantu-A81/87+ A91/93+ bantu-
B22b+ B23+ B25part, part of "bantu-inner-northwest"
99-AUD-a mKako+ beSembo kako+ sembo Cameroon (Est); Central African
Rep. (Haute Sangha); also Congo
(Likouala)
99-AUD-aa m-kako kako-E., kako "proper", kaka, di-kaka, nkoxo, kaga, yaka, bantu-A93 Central African Rep. (Haute
Sangha)
99-AUD-ab bera �distinct from [99=] e-Bila (Bera-E.) Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-ac be-sembo -sembo, mbe-sembo Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-ad mbo-butu -butu Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-ae mbo-do -do Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-af mbo-ngendi -ngendi Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-ag mbo-njoku -njoku, mbo-njo Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-ah mbo-rong -rong, mbo-ron Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-ai ngbako Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-aj ngonje Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-ak ngweje Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-b Pori+ Kwakum Cameroon (Est); also Central
African Rep. (Haute Sangha);
Congo (Likouala)
99-AUD-ba baki* m-baki Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-bb kinda including mambaya Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-bc asom azom Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-bca asom-N. (Est)
99-AUD-bcb asom-S. (Est)
99-AUD-bd beten bethen, pol-bethen, petem Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-be til til-beten, til-bethen Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-bf pori pol, pul, poli, bantu-A92 Cameroon (Est) 3
99-AUD-bg pomo pono, pol-pono, pol-pomo Cameroon (Est) 3
99-AUD-bh kwakum a-kpwakum, kpakum, bakum, pakum, a-bakoum, a-bakum, bantu-A91 Cameroon (Est) 3
99-AUD-c beBende+ beKol Makaa, ma-kaa, mu-kaa, ma-ka, ma-kya, bantu-A83 Cameroon (Est) 4
99-AUD-ca b-yep -yep, ma-kaa-N. Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-cb be-kol -kol, bu-kol, ma-kaa-S. Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-cc be-sep -sep, bu-sep Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-cd m-bwãs -bwãs, m-bwaanz Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-ce be-bende -bende, bu-bende, be-bent Cameroon (Est)
6
5
4
4

page 710 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUD-d So s-so, bantu-A82 Cameroon (Centre-Sud; also Est) 3
99-AUD-da emvane-so �Emvane district Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUD-db melan-so influence < [99=] Ewondo-Fang �Melan district Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUD-e Kwasio+ Mvumbo "wider" kwasio, bantu-A81 �isolated from other languages of this net
by expansion of [99=] Ewondo-Fang
Cameroon (Centre-Sud); also
Equatorial Guinea
99-AUD-ea mvumbo ngumba, ngoumba, mekuk Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUD-eb mabi mabea Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUD-ec kwa-sio -sio, bi-sio, bi-siwo Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUD-ed ba-gyeli -gyeli, ba-gyele, ba-jeli, bo-gyel, ba-gyeli "pygmy", part of cameroon-
SW. "pygmy"
Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUD-ee ba-kola -kola, ba-ko, ba-koe, ba-kola "pygmy", part of cameroon-SW. "pygmy" Cameroon (Centre-Sud)
99-AUD-f nGyeme+ baJue koo-zime, bantu-A84 Cameroon (Est); also Congo
(Sangha)
99-AUD-fa ba-jue badjoue, bajwe'e Cameroon (Est);
99-AUD-fb n-gyeme n-djem, n-djeme, dzem, n-jëm, n-yem, djem, koo-zime "proper",
kozime, zimu, n-zime, dzimou
Cameroon (Est);
99-AUD-g meDzime+ mPomam Mpo, m-po, mpong-mpong, dzime+ pomam Cameroon (Est); Central African
Rep. (Haute Sangha); also Congo
99-AUD-ga me-dzime me-zime 2, me-djime, me-nzime, bantu-A86a Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-gb m-pobyeng m-pobyong, m-bobyeng Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-gc popyeet Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-gd ba-gheto ba-ghuto, ba-geto, bagantou, banganto, bangantu-N. Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-ge m-pompo m-põmpõ, mpongmpong "proper", bombo, m-popo, m-bombo,
pongpong, boumboum, boumbom, m-bumbum, bantu-A86b, in [51=]
Français: kala de Sala
Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-gf m-pyemo m-bimu, m-piemo, bantu-A86c Cameroon (Est); Central African
Rep. (Haute Sangha)
99-AUD-gg bi-jugi bi-djuki, bi-juki, bi-djouki, bi-djori, bi-jori Cameroon (Est); Central African
Rep. (Haute Sangha)
99-AUD-gh bi-akumbo Cameroon and/or Central African
Rep.
99-AUD-gi bi-kum Cameroon and/or Central African
Rep.
99-AUD-gj kpabili Cameroon and/or Central African
Rep.
99-AUD-gk kunabeeb konabembé, konabem, kunabembe, n-kumabem, bantu-A85a Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-gl m-pomam boman, m-boman, m-poman, m-popan, in [51=] Français: konabem de
Boman �Boumba valley
Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-h beKwil+ eSel kwil+ sel �Ngoko valley Cameroon (Est); Congo (Sangha);
also Central African Rep. (Haute
Sangha); Gabon
99-AUD-ha be-kwil -kwil, ba-kwil, be-kwel, ba-kwele, o-kpele, bantu-A85b Cameroon (Est)
99-AUD-hb e-sel sel, essel Cameroon (Est); Congo (Sangha)
adjacent
99-AUD-i boMwali �Ngoko valley: Moloundou… Ouesso Cameroon (Est); Congo (Sangha) 3
99-AUD-ia bo-mwali bo-mali, bou-moali, bu-mali, i-lino, lino, sangasanga Cameroon (Est); Congo (Sangha) 3
99-AUD-j aNgom ngom, ngoma, u-ngom, ba-ngom, ba-ngomo, ongom, ngomo, bantu-
B22b
Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo; Ogooué-
Lolo; N'gounié); also Congo
99-AUD-ja ngom-mekambo �Mekambo Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo)
99-AUD-jb ngom-ogooué �Ogooué middle valley Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo)
99-AUD-jc ngom-koulamoutou �Koulamoutou Gabon (Ogooué-Lolo)
99-AUD-jd ngom-sindara �N'gounié valley: Sindara Gabon (N'gounié)
99-AUD-k aSake bantu-B25part �Booué Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo) 3*
99-AUD-ka a-sake -sake, shake Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo)
99-AUD-l mBangwe bantu-B23 Gabon (Haut-Ogooué); Congo 3
99-AUD-la m-bangwe m-banw�, m-bahouin Gabon (Haut-Ogooué); Congo
99-AUE AKELE+ ANDASA UPPER-OGOOUÉ, kele+ ndasa, bantu-B22a+ B24+ B25part, part of
net
"bantu-inner-northwest" transition < [99=] Congo-Basin
99-AUE-a aKele+ iKota Gabon; also Congo 4
99-AUE-aa a-kele -kele-W., kélé-W., di-kele, bantu-B22a �Mimongo (scattered) Gabon (Moyen-Ogooué… ) 4
99-AUE-ab le-sighu sixu, mississiou �Koulamoutou… Lastourville Gabon (Ogooué-Lolo) 3*
99-AUE-ac i-kota -kota, i-kuta, kuta, kotu, bantu-B25 �including many dialects, in
addition to those listed
Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo… ); also
Congo
99-AUE-aca kota bantu-B25part (Ogooué-Ivindo… )
99-AUE-acb kota-2 bantu-B25a (Ogooué-Ivindo… )
99-AUE-acc kota-3 bantu-B25b (Ogooué-Ivindo… )
4
4
4
4*
4
4

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 711
99-AUE-ad ma-hongwe bantu-B25part, including shama �Mekambo Gabon (Ogooué-Ivindo); also
Congo
99-AUE-ada ma-hongwe-W. (Ogooué-Ivindo)
99-AUE-adb ma-hongwe-E. (Ogooué-Ivindo)
99-AUE-b Wumvu �Lebamba-E. Gabon (N'gounié) 4*
99-AUE-ba wumvu wumbvu, mumbvu, wumbu, bantu-B24 �including dialects Gabon (N'gounié) 4*
99-AUE-c aNdasa �Franceville-S. Gabon (Haut-Ogooué) 3
99-AUE-ca a-ndasa -ndasa, ndash, ndassa Gabon (Haut-Ogooué) 3
99-AUF BOBANGI+ LIBINZA
net
UBANGI-CONGO, oubangi-congo, bantu-C13/17+ C21/27+ C31+
C37, part of "bantu-inner-northwest" transition < [99=] Congo-Basin
99-AUF-a Mbati �Banaka… Bolemba… Zanga… Ndea Central African Rep. (Lobaye); also
Congo (Likouala)
99-AUF-aa mbati isongo, lissongo, bantu-C13 Central African Rep. (Lobaye); also
Congo (Likouala)
99-AUF-aaa bolemba �Bolemba (Lobaye)
99-AUF-aab mbati-mbaïki �Mbaïki (Lobaye)
99-AUF-aac bwaka bouaka �Bouaka (Lobaye)
99-AUF-aad bonzio bondjio �Bondjio (Lobaye)
99-AUF-b diNgando+ diKota ngando+ kota, bodzanga �Mbaïlo-S. Central African Rep. (Lobaye) 3
99-AUF-ba di-kota -kota 4, ba-kota-NE., bantu-C17 Central African Rep. (Lobaye)
99-AUF-bb di-kuta -kuta-NE. Central African Rep. (Lobaye)
99-AUF-bc di-ngando -ngando, ngandou, ba-ngandou, ba-gandou Central African Rep. (Lobaye)
99-AUF-c mBomitaba bomitaba, m-bomotaba, bomotaba, bamitaba, bantu-C14 Central African Rep. (Lobaye);
Congo (Likouala)
99-AUF-ca m-bomitaba-N. matoki �Matoki (Lobaye)
99-AUF-cb m-bomitaba-C. epena �Epéna (Likouala)
99-AUF-d buNgili+ Ndaanda ngili+ ndaanda �Likouesso district… Sangha valley (Ouesso…
Pikounda)
99-AUF-da bu-ngili -ngili, ngiri, bo-ngili, bo-ngiri, bu-ngiri, bantu-C15 Congo (Sangha)
99-AUF-db ndaanda kpala Congo (Sangha)
Congo (Sangha) 3
99-AUF-dc bo-mboli-W. bo-mbongo Congo (Sangha)
99-AUF-e boMboxo+ Ngare* mboko+ ngare �Makoua-W. district Congo (Cuvette) 3*
99-AUF-ea bo-mboxo bo-mboko 2, mbuku, mboxo, ba-nbuku, bantu-C21 Congo (Cuvette)
99-AUF-eb ngare bantu-C23 Congo (Cuvette)
99-AUF-f Akwa* �Makoua district Congo (Cuvette) 3*
99-AUF-fa akwa aka, bantu-C22 �relatively isolated within this net Congo (Cuvette)
99-AUF-g Koyo* bantu-C24 Congo (Cuvette) 3*
99-AUF-ga koyo �Owando Congo (Cuvette)
99-AUF-h mBoshi* bantu-C25 �Mossaka district… Alima upper valley… Owando-S.
district
Congo (Cuvette; Plateaux) 5
99-AUF-ha m-boshi -boshi, mbochie, bosi, m-bosi �including dialects Congo (Cuvette; Plateaux) 5
99-AUF-i liKuba* bantu-C27 Congo (Cuvette) 4*
99-AUF-ia li-kuba li-kuba-S. �Alima… Sangha lower valleys �apparently distinct from
[99=] le-Moi (li-Kuba-N.)
Congo (Cuvette)
99-AUF-j liKwala* Congo/Zaire (Equateur); Congo
(Cuvette)
99-AUF-ja li-kwala -kwala, li-kouala, ma-kpala, bo-kwala, bantu-C26 �Likouala-
Mossaka… Sangha… Likouala-aux-Herbes lower valleys
Congo/Zaire (Equateur); Congo
(Cuvette)
99-AUF-k loBala+ Tanda* bala+ tanda ��Dongo environs transition < [99=] Ngiri-SW. Congo/Zaire (Equateur); also
Congo
99-AUF-ka lo-bala -bala, lobalala, munoko-ngmwa-lobala, bantu-C16 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-kb m-poko -poko Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-kc lo-bala-S. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-kd tanda Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-ke n-kolo -kolo Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-kf li-koka -koka Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-kg manganzi manganji Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-l liKaw+ boMboma* kaw+ mboma scattered communities translingual < 99-Lingala Congo/Zaire; also Congo 4
99-AUF-la bo-mboma boba �Bomboma Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-lb li-kaw -kaw, likau �Budjala-SW. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-lc li-ngonda -ngonda �Ngonda Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-ld ebuku �Ebuku Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-le bokonzi �Bokonzi Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
4
4
4
4*
4

page 712 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUF-m leMoi moi, le-moye Congo (Cuvette) 4*
99-AUF-ma nkoboko �Nkoboko Congo (Cuvette)
99-AUF-mb nsangasi �Nsangasi Congo (Cuvette)
99-AUF-mc bolobo �Bolobo Congo (Cuvette)
99-AUF-md li-kuba-N. �apparently distinct from [99=] li-Kuba Congo (Cuvette)
99-AUF-n boBangi -bangi, bantu-C32 Congo/Zaire; Central African Rep.;
Congo
99-AUF-na lo-bo-bangi -bangi, bu-bangi, bo-bangi, rebu Congo/Zaire; Central African Rep.
99-AUF-nb bo-bangi-V. "vehicular" bobangi, in [51=] Français: bobangi de traite =«trade
bobangi» ; submerged in early 20th century by [99=] Lingala
Congo/Zaire; Central African Rep.;
Congo
99-AUF-nc bo-bangi-mpombo �Ubangi upper valley: Mpombo Central African Rep.; Congo/Zaire
99-AUF-nd bo-bangi-ubangi �Ubangi lower valley Congo/Zaire; Central African Rep.;
Congo
99-AUF-o boKutu+ iNgbeele Doko, n-doko, kutu+ ngbeele, yumba transition < [99=] Ngombe Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4*
99-AUF-oa i-ngbeele+ bo-longo Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-oaa i-ngbeele (Equateur)
99-AUF-oab apindi (Equateur)
99-AUF-oac bo-longo (Equateur)
99-AUF-oad bashwa (Equateur)
99-AUF-oae bo-bala (Equateur)
99-AUF-ob ndeke Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-oc bwela bweela, buela, i-lingi, lingi, bantu-S42 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-od mongombo Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-oe bo-kutu bokuto Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-of ingundji Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-og bu-mbiya bumbiya Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-oh mongala-boko likimi+ libayi Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-p iTembo tembo, mo-tembo translingual < [99=] Lingala Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4*
99-AUF-pa tembo-bosanga �Mongala valley Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-pb tembo-mbinga �Mongala valley Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-pc bo-mbenga tembo-mokiri, "inner" tembo Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-pd tembo-banga-melo �Banga Melo valley Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-pe tembo-mongala Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-pea molendo �Mongala left-bank (Equateur)
99-AUF-peb popolo �Mongala right-bank (Equateur)
99-AUF-pf tembo-banga-bolu Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-pg tembo-sumba �Sumba island Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-ph tembo-ukaturaka �Ukaturaka island Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-pi tembo-malundja ; convergent towards [99=] Ngombe Congo/Zaire
99-AUF-q nDoko+ Mimbo* doko+ mimbo, yumba 2 Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4*
99-AUF-qa n-doko -doko 2 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-qb mimbo+ dyobo Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-qba mimbo (Equateur)
99-AUF-qbb mu-ndjinga li-jenga (Equateur)
99-AUF-qbc dyobo diobo �Diobo (Equateur)
99-AUF-qc gomba doko-busu-mandji ; convergent towards [99=] Ngombe Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-r liBinza+ liGendza* "Wider"-Binza, "pseudo" ngombe, ngombe-E., binza+ gendza
#overlapping ethnolinguistic names to be clarified
Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire) 4*
99-AUF-ra i-bindja -bindja, binza-aketi, babindja, baduumbi, maway Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-AUF-rb li-binza -binza, li-bindja, li-binja, binza-ibembo Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-AUF-rc li-gendza-bumba -gendza-bumba, li-ngenja-bumba Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-AUF-rd li-gendza-yambuku -gendza-yambuku, li-ngenja-yambuku Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-AUF-re di-gendja -gendja, ba-gendja, ba-ngendja Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-AUF-rf binza-wiinza* ngombe-wiinza 2 (Haut-Zaire)
99-AUF-rfa binza-wiinza-W. (Haut-Zaire)
99-AUF-rfb binza-wiinza-E. (Haut-Zaire)
99-AUF-rg di-baali-ligendza -baali-ligendza Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-AUF-rh di-baali-wiinza -baali-wiinza Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaire)
99-AUF-s Manga+ Yanduku Buja-S., em-buja, em-budja Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4*
99-AUF-sa manga+ bo-sanga Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-saa manga (Equateur)
99-AUF-sab waisalaka (Equateur)
99-AUF-sac bo-sanga -sanga (Equateur)
99-AUF-sad bo-ngoli -ngoli (Equateur)
4
0

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 713
99-AUF-sb yanduku+ itimbiri �Itimbiri valley Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-sba buja-itimbiri (Equateur)
99-AUF-sbb yanduku (Equateur)
99-AUF-sbc yandunga (Equateur)
99-AUF-t boSambi+
boMbanga
Buja-N., e-buja, e-budja, sambi+ mbanga, bantu-C37 Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 5
99-AUF-ta bo-sambi-yamwando Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-tb bo-sambi-yamuwa Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-tc bo-sambi-botsholi Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-td bo-sambi-yamoloto Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-tda bo-sambi-yamoloto-A. (Equateur)
99-AUF-tdb yaliambi (Equateur)
99-AUF-tdc woonda (Equateur)
99-AUF-te yamiekoli Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-tea yamiekoli-A. yamikeli (Equateur)
99-AUF-teb yalokuli (Equateur)
99-AUF-tf libute-yanzila Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-tg yamandika Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-th e-bango -bango, mo-bango Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUF-ti bo-mbanga -mbanga, buja-manga-bongolu Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUG INGUL+ NJAAL* net MIDDLE-KASAI, ngul+ njaal
99-AUG-a Njaal* Congo/Zaire (Bandundu) 3*
99-AUG-aa njaal nzadi, nzari, ndjari, ndzali, nzali, ndje; a-njaal =«river-community»
�Kasai left-bank (smalll riverine settlements)
99-AUG-b iNgul+ eNgwi* ngul+ ngwi �the separate identity of these two neighbouring
languages requires clarification
99-AUG-ba i-ngul nguli, ngulu, ngoli, ngodi, part of ngul, part of ngwi, perhaps the same
as ngul-W. (in Punkulu upper valley)
99-AUG-bb e-ngwi -ngwi, ngoli 2, ngodi 2, part of ngul, part of ngwi, perhaps the same as
lwer, lori, ba-lori, perhaps the same as ngul-E. (in Punkulu lower
valley)
99-AUH KIMBALA+ KIHOLU
net
UPPER-KWENGE, H41+ L11/13, part of "bantu-inner-northwest"
99-AUH-a kiMbala ki-mbala, gi-mbala, ru-mbala, bala, ambala, apeenzi, ba-mpen, bantu-
H 41 �Kwilu valley.… Kwango lower valleys
(Bandundu)
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu) 4*
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu) 5
99-AUH-aa ki-mbala-N. -mbala-N. �Mbela… Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUH-ab ki-mbala-S. -mbala-S. �Mashi-Manimba Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUH-b giPhende+ kiSoonde phende+ soonde Congo/Zaire (Bandundu) 5
99-AUH-ba gi-phende -phende, pende, pindi 2, pinji, bantu-L11 Congo/Zaire (Bandundu) 5
99-AUH-bb ki-soonde -soonde, sonde Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUH-bc ki-lua -lua, ki-luwa, i-luwa Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUH-c kiKwezo �Kikwit-W. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu) 4
99-AUH-ca ki-kwezo -kwezo, ki-kwese, kwese, u-kwese, pindi 3, bantu-L13 (Bandundu) 4
99-AUH-d kiHolu+ uSamba holu+ samba, bantu-L12 Angola (Malanje; Lunda); also
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUH-da ki-holu -holu, ki-holo, holo �Kwango, Cuango middle valleys (Malanje; Lunda); also (Bandundu-
SW.)
99-AUH-db u-samba -samba, tsamba, tsaam, shankadi (Bandundu-SW.)
99-AUI LOMONGO+
LINGALA net
CONGO-BASIN, mongo+ lingala, bantu-C31/38+ C61/63+ C71/75+
C81/85, part of "bantu-inner-northwest" transition < [99=] Upper-
Ogooué, [99=] Oubangi-Congo and [99=] Bantu-Inner-West
99-AUI-a liKila+ Loi Ngiri-SW., nguili-SW., kila+ loi, part of 'gens d'eau', part of bantu-C31
#in [51=] Français: gens d'eau=«water community» �Ubangi… Congo
valleys
Congo/Zaire (Equateur); also
Congo
99-AUI-aa ba-loi -loi, loi-ngiri, bo-loi, rebu 2, loyi Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-ab ma-mpoko ma-kumu, ma-bele, including bo-kongo Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 0
99-AUI-ac li-kila -kila, ba-lobo, bangele 2, likila-mabena Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-ad mbondo Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 0
99-AUI-ae bo-mbemda -mbemda, mbonzi 2 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-af ba-ngele -ngele Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 0
99-AUI-ag dzamba jamba, makutu, jamba-makutu Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-ah batu-baloi baato-baloi, batu-ba-ebale, loi 2, loi-ngiri 2, mokolo, mboo Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-ai mpundza mbonzi 3 Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 0
99-AUI-aj mbonzi mbondzi Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 0
99-AUI-ak bo-laba -laba, likoka, mbonzi 4 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
4
4
3

page 714 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUI-al mbonzo-buburu including buburu etc. Congo/Zaire (Equateur); Congo
99-AUI-am mbonzo-imese including imese etc. Congo/Zaire (Equateur); Congo
99-AUI-an mbonzo-boyele including boyele etc. Congo/Zaire (Equateur); Congo
99-AUI-ao mbonzo-mikinda dongo-mikinda Congo/Zaire (Equateur); Congo
99-AUI-ap nunu* bantu-C31c Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-b liKoto+ liNgundu Ngiri-NE., nguili-NE., koto+ngundu, part of 'gens d'eau', part of bantu-
C31 #in [51=] Français: gens d'eau=«water community» �Ngiri…
Congo valleys
Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 3
99-AUI-ba bo-mboli-E. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-bb li-binza-2 -binza, li-binja, lo-binza, ba-songo, balobo-ba-libinza �Ngiri valley Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-bc ba-lobo -lobo, balobo-na-mpio, balobo-bonkula, balobo-bondjinga Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-bd bu-jaba -jaba, budjaba, maleke Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-be li-ngundu+ ebuku Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-bf li-koto-'amont' "upstream" koto, "upstream" kutu #in [51=] Français:
amont=«upstream» #language-name prefix to be confirmed
99-AUI-bg li-koto-'aval' "downstream" koto, "downstream" kutu, bobaka #in [51=] Français:
aval=«downstream» #language-name prefix to be confirmed
Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-bh ba-mwe mamwe Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-bi dzandu djandu Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-bj lo-liba -liba, mo-liba Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-bk bo-niange -niange, including bobelu Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 0
99-AUI-bl e-waku -waku Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 0
99-AUI-bm monia monya Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-c boLoki+ Ndoobo including bo-loki, bo-logi, ba-loki, bo-leki, bu-luki, bantu-C36e �Congo
Bend valley ; converging towards [99=] Lingala
Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4*
99-AUI-ca bo-loki-S. "downstream" boloki �Ruki valley Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-cb bo-loki-N. "upstream" boloki, boloki "du boucle" # [51=] Français du boucle =«of
the (river) bend»
Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-cc ndoobo ndobo Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-d loMabaale+ diBaali mabaale+ baali �Ngiri valley Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4*
99-AUI-da lo-mabaale -mabaale, mabale, mbali Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-db li-panja li-mpandja Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-dc ma-banza Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-dd ma-bembe Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-de m-binga Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-df bo-nkembe ba-lobo-S., lobo-S. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-dg bo-kula ba-lobo-C., lobo-C. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-dh bo-djinga ba-lobo-N., lobo-N. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-di di-baali -bali, baali, di-bali, baale, ba-baale, ba-bale Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-dia baali-mongala (Equateur)
99-AUI-dib baali-'eau-noire' # [51=] Français: eau noire= «black-water» (Equateur)
99-AUI-dj i-boko -boko, i-booko Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-dk doko-ngiri doko 3 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-e liKangana+ liPoto* luSengo, lo-sengo, including saw Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 5*
99-AUI-ea li-kangana bantu-C36f Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-eb bo-londo "upper" saw Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-ec n-dolo -dolo, n-doolo, n-dolu, 'bondokoyi, bu-ndulu �Ndoolo marshes Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-eca i-liku eleko, leku, loleku, loleko, eleku, liko, bantu-C36g (Equateur)
99-AUI-ecb ndolo-bonginda (Equateur)
99-AUI-ecc li-mbudza mbudja, bantu-C36c (Equateur)
99-AUI-ed li-poto+ li-mpesa including -poto, u-poto, bantu-C36a Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-eda lipoto-bumba (Equateur)
99-AUI-edb li-kele -kele, bo-kele (Equateur)
99-AUI-edc lipoto-bumwangi (Equateur)
99-AUI-edd lipoto-esumba �Sumba island (Equateur)
99-AUI-ede li-mpesa mpesa, lipoto-empesa, bantu-C36b (Equateur)
99-AUI-edf i-ngundji ngundzi (Equateur)
99-AUI-edg lipoto-mongo (Equateur)
99-AUI-edh kunda-poto kunda, including kumba (Equateur)
99-AUI-edi ya-kata (Equateur)
99-AUI-edj ya-mongeri (Equateur)
99-AUI-edk li-ombe (Equateur)
99-AUI-edl ya-mbuya (Equateur)
99-AUI-edm lipoto-mongala mongala-poto �Mongala valley (Equateur)
99-AUI-edn lipoto-lusengo lusengo-poto (Equateur)

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
99-AUI-f liNgala ngala, bantu-C36d �compromise vehicular, evolved within the area of
this net
99-AUI-fa lingala-F. "standard written" lingala, in [51=] Français: lingala scolaire =«school
lingala»
99-AUI-fb lingala-V. "vehicular" lingala, in [51=] Français: lingala populaire =«popular
lingala»
Linguasphere Observatory page 715
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu; Equateur;
Haut-Zaire); also Congo
Congo/Zaire, Congo
Congo/Zaire, Congo
99-AUI-fc bangala "vehicular" lingala-N. Congo/Zaire
99-AUI-fd mangala "vehicular" lingala-NW. Congo/Zaire, also Congo
99-AUI-g liNgombe+ liSena* ngombe+ sena ��Congo river-bend Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 5
99-AUI-ga dianga ngombe-SW., �Ikelemba valley Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-gb li-ngombe -ngombe, ngombe "proper", koyi, ma-koyi Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-gba ngombe-CS. �Congo left-bank… Lopori valley (Equateur)
99-AUI-gbb ngombe-bomboma �Bobey… Kwala… Busu-Ndongo (Equateur)
99-AUI-gbc ngombe-banga-bolo �Saw… Ngiri valleys (Equateur)
99-AUI-gbd ngombe-mongala �Mongala valley: Ukaturaka island (Equateur)
99-AUI-gbe ngombe-akula ngombe-bombele (Equateur)
99-AUI-gbf ngombe-mbinga (Equateur)
99-AUI-gbg ngombe-lisala (Equateur)
99-AUI-gbh ngombe-mbati including mosimba �Ubangi… Lua valleys (Equateur)
99-AUI-gc kipoto ngombe-mbati 2 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-gd li-sena vulangba, ngombe-busu-mandji Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-ge ngombe-wiinza ngombe-busu-mandji 2 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-gf ngbolo ngombe-bosobolo, ngombe-NW., ngombe-ubangi Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-gg ngombe-NE. ngombe-ubangi 2 �Busu-Mboma… Busu-Bwamango Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-h keSengele part of "wider" mongo���Mai-Ndombe-W. lake Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.) 4*
99-AUI-ha ke-sengele -sengele, sengere, bantu-C33 transition < [99=] Bobangi Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-i iYembe+ loSakani yembe+ sakani, part of "wider" mongo Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.) 5*
99-AUI-ia lo-sakani -sakani, sakanyi Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-ib nkole+ yeli bikoro-ntomba, part of "wider" lo-ntomba, "wider" lu-ntumba Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-iba nkole ntomba-nkole
99-AUI-ibb yeli ntomba-ileli Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-ic lo-lia bo-lia, bantu-C35, including boloki, bokoki, buliasa, etc. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-id jombo djombo Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-ie jale djale, ntomba-ndongo, inongo-ntomba, part of "wider" lo-ntomba,
"wider" lu-ntumba
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-if e-konda ekonda-N. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-ig i-yembe ekonda-S. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-iga i-yembe-A. (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-igb mbelo (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-igc mbili-nkamba bidia-nkamba (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-igd bo-kongo (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-ige i-panga e-panga (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-igf lo-titu (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-ih ya-jima yailima, yaelima Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-ii e-twa-oli* "pygmoid" oli, oli 2, part of ba-twa communities �plus other unlisted
idioms spoken by pygmoid communities scattered pygmoid
communities
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-ij e-diki Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-ik lo-kala bo-kala, kala-S., bu-kala Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-il lo-longo -longo, bo-longo, including mbamo Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-mn lo-lendo -lendo, bo-lendo Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-in nkole-2 nkole 2 Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-io i-moma Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-ip mpongo Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-iq lo-oli -oli, bo-oli, bu-uli, salonga Congo/Zaire (Bandundu-N.)
99-AUI-j loMongo+ Enga mongo+ enga, part of "wider" mongo Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 5*
99-AUI-ja enga ba-enga Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-jb djoku+ mpetsi lo-ntomba-N., lo-ntumba-N., bantu-C48, part of "wider" lo-ntomba,
"wider" lu-ntumba
99-AUI-jba djoku ntumba-djoku (Equateur)
99-AUI-jbb mpetsi ntumba-mpetsi (Equateur)
Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
7

page 716 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUI-jc lo-mongo basi-mongo, mongo+ nkundo, mongo-N., bantu-C61a Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-jca lo-mongo-F. -mongo+ nkundo-"union", "standard" lo-mongo �compromise written
standard
(Equateur)
99-AUI-jcb lo-mongo-V. bo-mongo, mongo "proper", vehicular lo-mongo (Equateur)
99-AUI-jcc nsongo mundji (Equateur)
99-AUI-jcd nkengo* (Equateur)
99-AUI-jce lo-nkundo nkundu, basi-nkundo, nkumdo, lolo, bantu-C16b (Equateur)
99-AUI-jcf e-kota -kota-E. (Equateur)
99-AUI-k boSaka+ loMbole-W. saka+ mbole-W. �distinct from [99=] lo-Mbole-E. Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4*
99-AUI-ka lo-mbole-NW. including yenge, nkengo, mpoko etc.; part of lo-mbole-W. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-kb lo-mbole-CW. including lo-kwongomo etc.; part of lo-mbole-W. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-kc lo-mbole-SW. including yongo etc.; part of lo-mbole-W. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-kd bo-ngongombe -ngongombe, ngombe 2 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-ke li-kalo Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-kf i-kongo Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-kg ba-kutu-N. -kutu-N., ba-kutu 6 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-kga be-songote (Equateur)
99-AUI-kgb bo-sengela (Equateur)
99-AUI-kgc nkwe (Equateur)
99-AUI-kgd mpombi (Equateur)
99-AUI-kh nkole-3 ntomb-bantu-a-nkole Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-ki lionje Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-kj bo-saka Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-l loNgando+ boOnde ngando+ onde Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4*
99-AUI-la ya-sayama ngando-S. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-lb lalia lalja, dzalia, ngando-W., bantu-C62 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-lc lalia-ngulu Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-ld lo-ngando ngando "proper", ngandu, bo-ngando, bantu-C63 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-le bo-kala-N. -kala-N. Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-lf lo-kole kole Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-lg bo-onde onde, boonde-yakata, ya-mongo 2 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-m Mpama+ Wangata �prefixes to be established Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 3*
99-AUI-ma wangata Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-mb mpama mpama-bakutu Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-n loNkutu+loYela "wider" kutu, nkutu+ yela Congo/Zaire (Equateur) 4*
99-AUI-na o-kela -kela, lo-kela, a-kela, part of kutu-NC., bantu-C75 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-nb lo-yela -yela, bo-yela, part of kutu-NC., bantu-C74 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-nc lo-nkutu -nkutu, kutu-SW., kutshu, part of lo-kenye, bantu-C73 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-nd lo-nkucu -nkucu, kutu-SC., nkutsu, nkutshu, a-nkucu, part of lo-kenye, bangongo
2, ba-kongola-meno, tetela-N. transition < [99=] Tetela
Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-ne lo-kutsu kutu-SE., kusu, tetela-E., bantu-C72 Congo/Zaire (Equateur)
99-AUI-o loLengese+
Songomene
sankuru, part of "pseudo" kuba transition < [99=] Lukuba
�Sankuru… Lukenye upper valleys
Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental;
Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUI-oa ba-shobwa shobbe, shoba, shuwa, shoowa, tshobwa, "pseudo" bushoong Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUI-ob lo-lengese lengese, ndengese, dengese, ileo, bantu-C81 Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental) 3
99-AUI-oc lodi
99-AUI-od songo-mene ba-songo-meno, bantu-C82
99-AUI-oda songo-mene-N. �Lukenye upper valley
99-AUI-odb o-hindu songo-mene-S. �Sankuru valley
99-AUI-oe ma-luk -luk, ba-luku
99-AUI-of ba-ngoombe -ngoombe, ngombe, ngombia
99-AUI-og ba-mbeengi -mbeengi, mbengi, mbingi
99-AUI-p buShoong+ usiLele Kuba, lu-kuba �Kasai valley westwards (ba-wongo to ba-shi-domai)
and eastwards (ba-ileo to i-sambo)
99-AUI-pa ba-wongo -wongo, hongo, gongo, tu-kongo, kongo 7, tukkongo, tu-kungo, lele
"subject clans", bantu-C85, including bu-jembe, -jembe, djembe, ndjembe,
wongo-S.
99-AUI-pb u-si-lele -lele "proper", bu-shi-lele, lele ruling clans, ba-shi-tundu, gomambura,
bantu-C84
Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental) 5
Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-pc ba-shi-domai* -shi-domai, "pygmoid" lele, part of ba-twa communities Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-pd ba-ileo -ileo, including ba-shi-ilebo Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-pe ba-kel -kel, kele-S., ngele, nkila Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-pf bu-shoong -shoong, bushongo, bushong, busoong, kuba-C., shongo, mongo 2,
mu-mbala, mbale, ganga, bantu-C83
Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental) 4
4*

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 717
99-AUI-pg kayuweeng bena-kayunga Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-pga kayuweeng-N. "downstream" kasai (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-pgb kayuweeng-S. "upstream" kasai (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-ph kaam Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental) 0
99-AUI-pi bi-eng bieeng, ba-shi-benge, biengi, byengu, bi-kenge, including shabita etc. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-pj bu-laang -laang, langu Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-pk bu-piaang -piaang, pyaang, pianga, panga, mpiango, including tsobwa, shobwa,
shoba
Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-pl bu-ngeende ngende Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-pm i-sambo -sambo, lu-sambo Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUI-q buNgongo* ngongo, part of "pseudo" kuba Congo/Zaire (Bandundu) 4*
99-AUI-qa bu-ngongo-A. translingual < [99=] Kituba Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUI-qb ba-twa cwa, tua, "pygmoid" ngongo, part of ba-twa communities �probably
several idioms
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUI-r oTetela tetela, bantu-C71 Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental; Kivu) 5
99-AUI-ra sungu tetela "proper" Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental) 5
99-AUI-rb hamba-W.* Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUI-rc pina-W. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUI-rd pina-E. transition < 99-Luba-Songye Congo/Zaire (Kivu)
99-AUJ KILEGA+ KIBUYU*
net
lega+ buyu, bantu-D25+ D28/29+ D43+ D54 ; forming a transition
between [99=] Lualaba-Lower and [99=] Bantu-Inner-West in an area
of confused inter-Bantu relationships, at least partly the result of reconvergence
among previously separated languages
99-AUJ-a kiNyanga bantu-D43 Congo/Zaire (Kivu) 4
99-AUJ-aa ki-nyanga Congo/Zaire (Kivu-N.) 4
99-AUJ-b kiKwame �Kasese… Walikale Congo/Zaire (Maniema; Kivu) 3
99-AUJ-ba ki-kwame -kwame, ki-kwami, kwami #=«tongue» Congo/Zaire (Maniema; Kivu-N.)
99-AUJ-c kiLega-E. ki-rega-E., rega-E. Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.) 4*
99-AUJ-ca ki-lega-mwenga mwenga Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUJ-cb imuzimu Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUJ-d kiLega-W. lega-shabunda, ki-rega-W., rega-W. �Shabunda Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.) 5
99-AUJ-da ki-lega-shabunda -lega-W., shabunda, ba-kisi, bantu-D25 Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUJ-db ki-gala-W. -gala-W. Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUJ-dc ki-gyoma -gyoma Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUJ-dd li-liga -liga Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUJ-de ki-sede -sede Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUJ-df ki-nyabanga -nyabanga Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUJ-dg ki-nyamunsange -nyamunsange Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUJ-dh ki-kaanu -kaanu, li-kanu, kanu, kano Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUJ-e kiBuyu+ kiKalanga* Congo/Zaire (Kivu; Shaba) 5
99-AUJ-ea kya-wakabango -wakabango Congo/Zaire (Kivu)
99-AUJ-eb i-beembe -beembe, e-beembe, bembe, bantu-D54 �Tanganyika lake>W. Congo/Zaire (Kivu) 5
99-AUJ-ec ki-buyu -buyu, ki-bujwe, boyo �Tanganyika lake>W.. Congo/Zaire (Kivu; Shaba) 4*
99-AUJ-eca ki-buyu-N. Congo/Zaire (Kivu)
99-AUJ-ecb ki-buyu-S. Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUJ-ed ki-holoholo -holoholo, horohoro, olo'olo, guha, bantu-D28 Congo/Zaire (Shaba) 4
99-AUJ-eda ki-holoholo-W. (Shaba)
99-AUJ-edb ki-holoholo-E. (Shaba)
99-AUJ-ee ki-kalanga -kalanga, ki-karanga, bantu-D29 Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUJ-ef ki-lumbu -lumbu Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUJ-eg e-tumbwe -tumbwe Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUK IKIGUSII net kavirondo, part of bantu-inner-northeast
99-AUK-a ikiGusii Kenya (Nyanza) 6
99-AUK-aa i-ki-gusii e-ke-gusii, guzii, kisii, kosova, bantu-E42 �Kisii Kenya (Nyanza) 6
99-AUL KITEMI net part of bantu-inner-northeast
99-AUL-a kiTemi bantu-E46 Tanzania (Arusha) 4
99-AUL-aa ki-temi -temi, 'sonjo', 'sonyo' �Natron lake>W.: Sonjo… Digidigo… (Arusha)
99-AUM GIKUYU+ KIDAISO
net
"kenya highlands"
99-AUM-a giGikuyu+ kiKamba Thagicu, gikuyu+ kamba, bantu-E51/E56 Kenya (Central; Eastern) 7*
99-AUM-aa gi-gikuyu -gikuyu, kikuyu, xikuyu, ge-gekoyo, gekoyo, bantu-E51 Kenya (Central…) 6
99-AUM-aaa ndia part of kirinyaga-S. �Kiambu district (Central)
99-AUM-aab gi-cugu -cugu, chugu, part of kirinyaga-S., including mwea �Murang'a district (Central)
99-AUM-aac kirinyaga �Kirinyaga district (Central)
99-AUM-aad mathira �Nyeri district (Central)

page 718 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUM-ab ki-embu embu, ke-embo, bantu-E52, part of embu+ mbeere Kenya (Eastern) 5
99-AUM-aba ki-embu-NW. "upper" embu (Eastern)
99-AUM-abb ki-embu-SE. "lower" embu (Eastern)
99-AUM-ac mbeere part of embu+ mbeere Kenya (Eastern) 4
99-AUM-aca mbeere-N. (Eastern)
99-AUM-acb mbeere-S. (Eastern)
99-AUM-ad cuka chuka, chuku, suka Kenya (Eastern) 4
99-AUM-ae nithi mwimbi+ muthambi Kenya (Eastern) 5
99-AUM-aea muthambi-W. "upper" muthambi (Eastern)
99-AUM-aeb muthambi-E. "lower" muthambi (Eastern)
99-AUM-aec mwimbi (Eastern)
99-AUM-af igoji Kenya (Eastern) 4
99-AUM-afa igoji-W. "upper" igoji (Eastern)
99-AUM-afb igoji-E. "lower" igoji (Eastern)
99-AUM-ag ki-meru -meru, ke-mero, meru-N., bantu-E53 Kenya (Eastern) 6
99-AUM-aga miutini (Eastern)
99-AUM-agb nkubu-imenti "nkubu" imenti (Eastern)
99-AUM-agc imenti-N. "standard" meru (Eastern)
99-AUM-agd tigania (Eastern)
99-AUM-age igembe (Eastern)
99-AUM-ah ki-tharaka -tharaka, ke-tharaka, saraka, sharoka, bantu-E54 �Meru-E.… Embu…
Kitui districts
99-AUM-aha gatue tharaka-N. (Eastern)
99-AUM-ahb thagichu (Eastern)
99-AUM-ahc ntugi tharaka-C. (Eastern)
99-AUM-ahd tharaka-S. tharaka "proper" (Eastern)
99-AUM-ai ki-kamba -kamba, ke-kamba, bantu-E55 �Machakos… Kitui… also Kwale
districts
99-AUM-aia mumoni (Eastern)
99-AUM-aib kitwi-N. kitui-N. �Kitui district (Eastern)
99-AUM-aic kitwi-S. kitui-S. �Kitui district (Eastern)
99-AUM-aid masaku machakos �Machakos district (Eastern)
Kenya (Eastern) 5*
Kenya (Eastern); migration>
Somalia
99-AUM-aie kamba-somalia migration> Somalia
99-AUM-b kiDaiso bantu-E56 Tanzania (Tanga) 4
99-AUM-ba ki-daiso -daiso, ke-daiso, ki-dhaiso, segeju, sageju, sengeju; a-daiso
community
99-AUN KIARUSHA+
KIROMBO net
CHAGA, bantu-E61/65, part of bantu-inner-northeast
99-AUN-a kiArusha+ kiRombo ki-shaka, shaka, chaga, caga, chagga, in [52=] Deutsch: dschagga,
�Kilimanjaro… Meru massifs
Tanzania (Tanga)
99-AUN-aa ki-arusha -arusha, rusha, arusha-chini, kuma, rusa, bantu-E63, part of chaga-W. Tanzania (Arusha)
99-AUN-ab ki-rwo -rwo, rwa, bantu-E61, part of meru-S., part of chaga-W. Tanzania (Arusha)
99-AUN-ac ki-hai -hai, bantu-E62a, part of meru-S., part of chaga-W. Tanzania (Arusha)
Tanzania (Kilimanjaro; Arusha) 6*
99-AUN-ad siha shira, part of chaga-W. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-ae ng'uni nuni, nguni, part of chaga-W. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-af ki-mashami -mashami, machame, macame, madschame, part of chaga-W. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-ag masama part of chaga-W. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-ah ki-bosho -bosho, part of chaga-W. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-ai ki-bombo -bombo, part of chaga-W. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-aj ki-wunjo -wunjo, wanjo, vunjo, bantu-E62b, part of chaga-C. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-aja marangu (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-ajb ki-lema -lema (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-ajc ki-rwa -rwa 2, ki-rua (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-ajd mamba (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-aje mwika (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-ak uru oru, part of chaga-C. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-al mbokom mbokumu, part of chaga-C. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-am ki-mochi -mochi, moci, moshi, "old" moshi, part of chaga-C. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-an ki-kahe -kahe, bantu-E64, part of chaga-C. Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-ao ki-rombo -rombo, chaga-E., bantu-E62c Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-aoa useri (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-aob mashati (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-aoc mkuu (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUN-aod keni (Kilimanjaro)
6

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 719
99-AUN-b kiGweno Tanzania (Kilimanjaro) 4*
99-AUN-ba ki-gweno chaga-SE., bantu-E65 Tanzania (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUO CHAWIA+
KIKASIGAU net
awia+ kasigau, part of "taita hills"
99-AUO-a chAwia+ chAzi* Dawida, ki-dawida, ki-dabida, davida, dabida, teita, ki-taita, bantu-E74
bilingual < [99=] ki-Swahili �Taita hills �some idioms have been
combined on geographic grounds within the same inner-languages
(marked with a star), pending the examination of further data on this
area
99-AUO-aa bura Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ab ch-awia+ ki-pusi* -awia �Mwatete>N. Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-aba ch-awia-A. (Coast)
99-AUO-abb ki-pusi -pusi (Coast)
99-AUO-abc w-usi -usi (Coast)
99-AUO-abd secho (Coast)
99-AUO-ac ch-azi -azi, gh-azi, mbololo �Mbololo source Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ad ki-daya -daya Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ae ki-gala-E. -gala-E. Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-af ki-gombo -gombo Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ag ki-shamba-N. -shamba-N. Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ah m-bale+ m-warung* -bale �Voi source Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-aha m-bale -bale (Coast)
99-AUO-ahb m-sau -sau (Coast)
99-AUO-ahc m-raru -raru (Coast)
99-AUO-ahd m-warung -warunguu (Coast)
99-AUO-ai m-baramgondi -baramgondi Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-aj m-gange -gange Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ak m-korore -korore Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-al m-ragua -ragua Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-am m-wanda Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-an n-dile -dile Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ao n-dom -domee Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ap n-geranyi -geranyi Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-aq ronge Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ar selemba Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-as u-mingu -mingu, wu-mingu �Kedai>SE. Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-at w-eruga+
m-gambonyi*
-eruga, w-erugha, -erugha �Kedai>SW. Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ata w-eruga -eruga (Coast)
99-AUO-atb m-gambonyi -gambonyi (Coast)
99-AUO-au w-esu -esu Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-av wu-mari -mari Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-aw wu-ndanyi -ndanyi Kenya (Coast)
99-AUO-ax wu-ngonyi -ngonyi Kenya (Coast)
Kenya (Coast) 5
99-AUO-b Dambi+ Dalio �Sagala hill: Sagala>S. Kenya 3*
99-AUO-ba dambi
99-AUO-bb dalio talio
99-AUO-c kiKasigau �Kasigau, Kasigao hill Kenya 3*
99-AUO-ca ki-kasigau -kasigau, kasigao Kenya
99-AUP KISAGHALA net saghala, part of "taita hills"
99-AUP-a kiSaghala �Sagala hill: Sagala environs Kenya (Coast) 4*
99-AUP-aa ki-saghala -saghala, sagala-N., ki-sagalla, sagalla, ki-teri, -teri Kenya (Coast) 4*
99-AUQ ILWANA net �Tana middle valley: Garissa… Bura
99-AUQ-a Ilwana elwana, malakote, malankote, "outer" pokomo �distinct from [99=] ki-
Pokomo ("outer" Pokomo)
99-AUQ-aa utuli Kenya (Coast)
99-AUQ-ab masa Kenya (Coast)
99-AUQ-ac chewele Kenya (Coast)
99-AUR KIKOONGO+
KILUBA net
BANTU-INNER-WEST, koongo+ luba, bantu-B4/8+ bantu-H+ bantu-
R+ bantu-K + bantu-L+ bantu-M4/6 transition < [99=] Congo-Basin
and [99=] Bantu-Inner-East
Kenya (Coast) 4
99-AUR-a ghiShira+ yiPunu sira+ punu Gabon (Ngounié; Ogooué-
Maritime; Nyanga); also Congo
(Niari)
5

page 720 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUR-aa yi-barama -barama, gi-barama, ghi-barama, ba-varama; yi-baram-bu community
�Omboué hinterland
99-AUR-aaa yi-barama-N. (Ogooué-Maritime)
99-AUR-aab yi-barama-S. (Ogooué-Maritime)
99-AUR-ab ghi-sira xi-sira, i-sira, i-chira, yi-chira, gi-sira, shira, shire, bantu-B41; e-sira, eshira
community �Mouila-W.: N'gounié… Ovigi valleys
99-AUR-ac yi-sangu -sangu, i-sangu, chango, shango, yi-sangou, bantu-B42; ma-sangu,
ma-sango, massangou community �Mimongo… Iboundji
99-AUR-ad yi-punu -punu, i-yi-punu, pouno, puno, yi-pounou, bantu-B43 �Ndende…
Tchibanga
Gabon (Ogooué-Maritime) 3
Gabon (N'gounié) 4
Gabon (Ngounié) 4
Gabon (N'gounié; Nyanga); Congo
(Niari)
99-AUR-ae i-bwisi -bwisi, m-bwisi �Ndende Gabon (N'gounié; Nyanga); Congo
(Niari)
99-AUR-af i-lumbu -lumbu, ki-lumbu, bantu-B44; ba-lumbu, ba-loumbou community
transition < [99=] Kongo �Nyanga… Bangua valleys… M'Banio…
Tchimba lagoons
Gabon (N'gounié; Nyanga); Congo
(Niari)
99-AUR-b yiNzebi+ iCaangi nzebi+ caangi Gabon (Haut-Ogooué; Ogooué-
Lolo; N'gounié); Congo (Niari)
99-AUR-ba li-duma -duma, a-douma, douma, a-duma, bantu-B51 �Franceville area:
Lastoursville
Gabon (Haut-Ogooué) 4*
99-AUR-bb wandji ba-wandji community Gabon (Haut-Ogooué; Ogooué-
Lolo)
99-AUR-bc yi-nzebi -nzebi, nzabi, niebi, njabi "proper", i-njebi, yi-njebi, bi-nzabi, njavi, njevi,
ndjabi, djabi, njebi, bantu-B53; ba-nzebi, ba-ndzabi community
�Franceville… Léhamba
99-AUR-bd i-vili -vili 2
99-AUR-be i-caangi caangi, tsangi, tcengi, tchangi, tchangui, cengui, cangi, tsaangi, itsangi,
i-caangui, tcengui, bantu-B52 �Mossendjo-NW.
Gabon (Haut-Ogooué; Ogooué-
Lolo; N'gounié); Congo (Niari)
Congo (Niari); also Gabon
(N'gounié)
99-AUR-c liMbede+ leNduumu "outer" teke, mbede+ nduumu, part of "wider" teke Congo (Cuvette; Lekoumou);
Gabon (Haut-Ogooué)
99-AUR-ca li-mbede -mbede, mbédé, mbété, mbere, mbede, mbete, bantu-B61; am-bede
community �Okondja… Kellé… Ewo-N.
Gabon (Haut-Ogooué); Congo
(Cuvette)
99-AUR-cb ngwii Gabon and/or Congo
99-AUR-cc le-mbaama -mbaama, ghi-mbaama, mbama, mbaamba, mbamba, o-bamba, bakota-SW.,
kota-SW., bantu-B62 �Okondja-S.… Bambama district
99-AUR-cd le-nduumu -nduumu, ndumbu, ndumbo, o-ndumbo, mi-nduumo, nduumo, mindoumou,
mi-ndumbu, ndumu, ndoumbou, doumbou, dumbu, lendumu;
ba-nduumu, ba-ndoumou community �Franceville-N.…
Lastoursville… Bambama
Congo (Lekoumou); Gabon (Haut-
Ogooué)
Gabon (Haut-Ogooué); Congo
(Cuvette)
99-AUR-cda kuya Gabon and/or Congo
99-AUR-cdb epigi Gabon and/or Congo
99-AUR-cdc kananjoho kanandjoho Gabon and/or Congo
99-AUR-cdd nyani Gabon and/or Congo
99-AUR-ce le-kaningi -kaningi, kanini, ba-nike, ba-kanike �Franceville-S. Gabon (Haut-Ogooué) 3
99-AUR-d kaTege+ iFuumu "Narrow"-Teke, ki-teke, tege+ fuumu, part of "wider" teke Congo/Zaire; Congo; Gabon 5
99-AUR-da ka-tege -tege, tégué, ka-teghe, i-teghe, teke-N., bantu-B71 Congo (Cuvette; Plateaux); Gabon
(Haut-Ogooué)
99-AUR-daa ka-njiningi -njiningi, njinini, ndjinini, njikini, nzikini, djikini Gabon and/or Congo
99-AUR-dab ka-tege-kali -tege-kali Gabon and/or Congo
99-AUR-db m-pũmpũ mpumpu, mpũ, part of teke-NE. Congo (Plateaux)
99-AUR-dc n-gungwel -gungwel, ngangalu, ngangoulou, ngungulu, angungwel, part of teke-
NE., bantu-B72 �Gamboma district
Congo (Plateaux)
99-AUR-dd ngu-ngwoni -ngwoni, ngo-ngwoni, part of teke-W.�Djambala-SW. Congo (Plateaux)
99-AUR-de nci-ncege nchi-nchege*, part of teke-W. �Lékana district: Leketi valley… Gabon
frontier
Congo (Plateaux)
99-AUR-df ge-tsaayi -tsaayi, caayi, tsaya, tsaye, tsayi, n-tsaayi, part of teke-W., bantu-B77 Congo (Lekoumou); Gabon (Haut-
Ogooué)
99-AUR-dg laali+ yaa part of teke-W. Congo (Lekoumou)
99-AUR-dga i-laali -laali, lali, (Lekoumou)
99-AUR-dgb i-yaa -yaa, yaka 2, ya (Lekoumou)
99-AUR-dh kwe part of teke-W. Congo
99-AUR-di e-tyee -tyee, part of teke-W. Congo
99-AUR-dj ku-kuya -kuya, kukwa, ci-kuya, kou-kouya, chi-kuya, ki-kuwa, part of teke-SW.,
bantu-B73 �Lékana district: Leketi-E. valley
99-AUR-dk n-jinju -jinju, ndzindziu, ndzikou, nziku, ndziku, ndjyundjyu, e-njyunjyu,
njyunjyu, part of teke-SW. �Djambala
99-AUR-dl a-boong boõ, e-boo, e-boom, boma 2, bamboma, part of teke-SW., bantu-B73
�Djambala-E.… Congo valley
Congo (Plateaux)
Congo (Plateaux)
Congo (Plateaux)
5
4
5
4*
5*
4*
5
4
4
3
4
4

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
99-AUR-dm i-wuumu -wuumu, wumbu 2, hum, wuum, wumu, part of teke-SW., bantu-B76
�Lefini valley
Linguasphere Observatory page 721
99-AUR-dn i-fuumu -fuumu, m-fumu, "Calloch's" fumu, part of teke-SW. �Brazzaville>N. Congo (Pool)
99-AUR-do i-fuumu-2 m-fumu 2, "Vansina's" fumu, part of teke-SW. �Brazzaville>N. Congo (Pool)
99-AUR-dp i-tyoo -tyoo, tyo, teo, part of teke-SW.�Ngabe district Congo (Pool)
Congo (Pool); also Gabon 3
99-AUR-dq m-finu -finu, funika, m-fununga, im-funu, em-finu, part of teke-SE., bantu-B83 Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-dr n-tsiam part of teke-SE. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-ds n-tswar part of teke-SE. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-dt m-puono -puono, part of teke-SE. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-du esi-ngee nee, part of teke-SE., bantu-B74 Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-dv mosiee mosieno, part of teke-SE. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-dw li-bali -bali, am-bali, tio, teo, tyo 2, teke-S., teke-tio, tio-alima, bantu-B75 Congo; Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-e iYans+ iDzing yans+ dzing Congo/Zaire 5*
99-AUR-ea ki-tiene -tiene, ke-tyene, ki-tini, tini, cene, tiini, tende, bantu-B81 Congo/Zaire (Bandundu) 4
99-AUR-eb ki-boma -boma, buma, boma-kasai, bantu-B82 Congo/Zaire (Bandundu) 3
99-AUR-eba ki-boma-N. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-ebb ki-boma-S. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-ec i-yans -yans, yansi, i-yansi, yanzi, ki-yanzi, yanchi, bantu-B85 Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-eca m-biem -biem (Bandundu)
99-AUR-ecb m-pur -pur, mput (Bandundu)
99-AUR-ed i-yeei -yeei, yey, yesi, yay, yans-E., yanz Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-ee i-tsong -tsong, n-tsuo, ki-nsongo, songo-N. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-eea gobari-tsong tsong-W. (Bandundu)
99-AUR-eeb luniungu-tsong tsong-E. (Bandundu)
99-AUR-ef m-piin pindi, mpin Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-efa kwilu-luano piin-N. (Bandundu)
99-AUR-efb kwilu-kwenge piin-S. (Bandundu)
99-AUR-eg i-mbuun -mbuun, mbun, e-mbuun, mbunda, mbuno, mpuun, ki-mbuun, mbunda,
gi-mbunda, gi-mbunu, bunda, bantu-B88 �Kikwit>SE.
99-AUR-ega plains-mbuun "plains" mbuun (Bandundu)
99-AUR-egb forest-mbuun "forest" mbuun (Bandundu)
99-AUR-eh i-dzing -dzing, dsin, ding-W., dinga, bantu-B87, in [51=] Français: ding de la
Kamtsha
99-AUR-eha dzing-NW. ibjaal (Bandundu)
99-AUR-ehb dzing-SW. lesya (Bandundu)
99-AUR-ehc nyadi-dzing (Bandundu)
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-ei i-ding din, dĩ, dinga 2, bantu-B87 Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-eia kindwa-ding nkum-itshitshiri, nkum-kupang (Bandundu)
99-AUR-eib ding-NE. mangai-ipaamu (Bandundu)
99-AUR-eic mukene-ding ding-E. (Bandundu)
99-AUR-f kiSakata* bantu-B84 �Kasai lower valley right-bank… Fimi right-bank Congo/Zaire (Bandundu) 4
99-AUR-fa ki-djia -djia, dia, dja, jia Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-fb ki-bai -bai Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-fc ki-sakata sakata "proper", saka, including odual Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-fd ki-lesa Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-g kiKoongo+
kishiKoongo
Kongo, koongo Gabon (Nyanga); Congo (Niari;
Bouenza; Lekoumou); Congo/Zaire
(Zaïre-Central; Bandundu); Angola
(Cabinda)
99-AUR-ga ki-tuba -tuba, "generalised" ki-koongo, "generalised" kongo Gabon (Nyanga); Congo (Niari);
Congo/Zaire (Zaïre-Central;
Bandundu-S.); Angola (Cabinda)
99-AUR-gaa ki-tuba-F. "standard" tuba, congo/zaire "standard" ki-kongo, ki-kongo-ya-leta, kileta
from [51=] Français: kikongo d'état =«state (official) ki-kongo»
99-AUR-gab ki-tuba-V. zaïre "vehicular" ki-kongo, "ki-ngala", ki-mpangi, ki-zabave, in [51=]
Français: kikongo commercial, kikongo simplifié, including ikeleve
Congo/Zaire…
Congo/Zaire, Congo…
99-AUR-gac mono-ku-tuba ku-tuba, munu-ku-tuba, "vehicular" ki-tuba-NW. Congo; Gabon
99-AUR-gad ki-kwango -kwango, part of "inland vehicular" ki-tuba �Kwango lower valley Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-gae ki-kwilu -kwilu, part of "inland vehicular" ki-tuba �Kwilu lower valley Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-gb ki-fiote -fiote, ki-fioti, fiot, fioti, fyote, fiotte, cabinda, kabinda, ka-kongo, ki-ngoy
2, loango, luangu, ki-si-luangu, 'kongo-W.', bantu-H12, part of kongo-
NW. �Congo mouth… Cabinda… Pointe-Noire… Mayumba coast
Angola (Cabinda); Congo/Zaire
(Zaïre-Central); Congo (Kouilou);
Gabon (Nyanga)
99-AUR-gba ki-si-ka-koongo kakongo, "standard" kikongo-NW., bantu-H16a Angola (Cabinda); Congo/Zaire;
Congo; Gabon
99-AUR-gbb ki-fiote-V. "vehicular" fiote Angola (Cabinda); Congo/Zaire;
Congo; Gabon
99-AUR-gbc ki-vili -vili, ci-vili, tsi-vili, vi, ki-fiote "proper" Congo (Kouilou); Angola (Cabinda)
7
6
6

page 722 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUR-gbd ki-si-ngoyo -ngoyo, ki-si-ma-ngoyo, ki-ngoy, woyo, wooyo, oyo, ki-woyo Angola (Cabinda); Congo/Zaire
(Zaïre-Central)
99-AUR-gc ki-yombe -yombe, ma-yombe, ki-iombi, kiombi, iombe, yombe "proper", bantu-
H16b, part of kongo-NW.; ba-yombe community �Congo lower valley
99-AUR-gca ki-vungana -vungana, vunguni, "cataract standard" kongo, "cataract" kongo,
vungunya, vunginyi, ki-bula-matadi, in [51=] Français: yombe classique
Angola (Cabinda); Congo/Zaire
(Zaïre-Central); Congo (Kouilou)
Angola (Cabinda); Congo/Zaire
(Zaïre-Central); Congo (Kouilou)
99-AUR-gcb ki-mboma -mboma, velevele �Matadi upstream left-bank Congo/Zaire (Zaïre-Central)
99-AUR-gcc ki-ndingi -ndingi, ndinzi, ngingi, bantu-H14, Angola (Cabinda)
99-AUR-gcd ki-suundi-W. -suundi-W., sundi-W., ki-sundi-W., mazinga Congo/Zaire (Zaïre-Central);
Congo (Kouilou)
99-AUR-gd ki-kunyi -kunyi, part of kongo-NW. Congo (Niari; Bouenza;
Lekoumou); also Congo/Zaire
(Zaïre-Central)
99-AUR-gda ki-kunyi-A. -kunyi "proper", kaunyi, cougni, kouni, kuni, bantu-H13 �Niari valley:
Makabana… Zaïre frontier
(Niari; Bouenza; Lekoumou)
99-AUR-gdb ki-nyaanga -nyaanga, nianga, ki-nyanga-W., nyanga-W. Congo/Zaire (Zaïre-Central)
99-AUR-gdc ki-suundi-NW. -suundi-NW., sundi-NW., ci-suundi, ki-sundi-NW. Congo (Pool); Congo/Zaire
(Kinshasa; Zaïre-Central)
99-AUR-ge ki-doondo kaamba+ doondo, part of kongo-C. Congo (Bouenza); also
Congo/Zaire (Zaïre-Central)
99-AUR-gea ki-kaamba -kaamba, kamba, nsuku Congo (Bouenza)
99-AUR-geb ki-doondo-A. -doondo Congo (Bouenza); also
Congo/Zaire (Zaïre-Central)
99-AUR-gf ki-koongo-C. laadi+ manyanga, part of kongo-C. �in the context of mixed ethnic
groups, where ethnolinguistic names often overlap and/or alternate
Congo (Pool); Congo/Zaire
(Kinshasa; Zaïre-Central)
99-AUR-gfa ki-laadi -laadi, ladi, ki-lari, lari, ki-laali, ki-lali, lali, bissimenguengue Congo (Pool)
99-AUR-gfb ki-ghaangala -ghaangala, gangala, gaangala, hangala, kangala, ngangala Congo (Pool)
99-AUR-gfc ki-koongo-brazza brazzaville "urban" ki-kongo �Brazzaville Congo (Pool)
99-AUR-gfd ki-koongo-kinshasa kinshasa "urban" ki-kongo �Kinshasa Congo/Zaire (Kinshasa)
99-AUR-gfe ki-bweende -bweende, ki-bwende, bwende, in [51=] Français: bouendé Congo (Pool); Congo/Zaire
(Kinshasa; Zaïre-Central)
99-AUR-gff ki-mbinsa-N. mbisa-N., "right-bank" mbinsa Congo (Pool)
99-AUR-gfg ki-mbinsa-S. mbisa-S., "left-bank" mbinsa Congo/Zaire (Kinshasa; Zaïre-C.)
99-AUR-gfh ki-manyanga -manyanga, manianga, manyangasi, laadi-S., nyanga-E., ki-kongomanyanga,
part of ki-koongo-CS.
Congo/Zaire (Kinshasa; Zaïre-C.)
99-AUR-gfi mukimvika-kongo part of ki-koongo-CS. Congo/Zaire (Kinshasa; Zaïre-C.)
99-AUR-gfj mazinga-kongo part of ki-koongo-CS. Congo/Zaire (Kinshasa; Zaïre-C.)
99-AUR-gfk mukimbungu part of ki-koongo-CS. Congo/Zaire (Kinshasa; Zaïre-C.)
99-AUR-gfl mpalabala-kongo part of ki-koongo-CS. Congo/Zaire (Kinshasa; Zaïre-C.)
99-AUR-gg ki-ntaandu part of kongo-E. Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-gga ki-ntaandu-A. -ntaandu, ki-mpaangu, ntandu, mpangu Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-ggb ki-mpese -mpese, mpese "mission" kongo Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-ggc ki-santu -santu, ki-santu-ki-kongo Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-gh ki-dikidiki including lula, part of kongo-E. Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-gi ki-mbeeko -mbeeko, mbeko, part of kongo-E. Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-gj ki-nzamba -nzamba, dzamba, nzaamba, part of kongo-E. Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-gk ki-mbata -mbata, part of kongo-E. Congo/Zaire; Angola
99-AUR-gl ki-nkanu -nkanu, part of kongo-E. Congo/Zaire; Angola
99-AUR-gm ki-patu -patu, phatu, part of kongo-E. Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-gn ki-zoombo -zoombo, zombo, nzombo, part of kongo-SW., bantu-H16k Angola
99-AUR-go ki-ndibu part of kongo-SW., including ki-suundi-SE., sundi-SE. Angola; Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-gp ki-shi-koongo -shi-koongo, ki-si-kongo, si-kongo, xi-kongo, mu-chi-congo, mbanzakongo,
part of kongo-SW., bantu-H16h
Angola; Congo/Zaire 6
99-AUR-gpa ki-shi-koongo-F. san-salvador "standard" kongo, mbanza-kongo, kongo-di-ntotila Angola; Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-gpb ki-shi-koongo-A. Angola (Zaire; Uige); Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-gpc ki-solongo sorongo, musserongo Angola; Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-gpd ki-bunda quimbumbe, including sassu, lumbu Angola (Luanda; Uige)
99-AUR-gpe ambriz-kongo yembe �Ambriz & hinterland Angola (Luanda; Zaire)
99-AUR-gq ki-mbamba part of kongo-SE. Angola (Uige)
99-AUR-gr ki-pombo part of kongo-SE. �Sanza Pombo Angola (Uige)
99-AUR-gs ki-hungu -hungu-S., hungo, part of kongo-SE., bantu-H33 Angola (Cuanza Norte; Uige-S.;
Malanje-N.)
99-AUR-gsa makundi Angola
99-AUR-gsb ngumbi Angola
99-AUR-gsc ki-tsotso -tsotso, sosso, nguenza, pudi Angola
99-AUR-gsd luangu loango 2 Angola
5*
6*

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
99-AUR-gt hungaan hungana, hungani =«smiths' language», hungu-N., bantu-H42 spoken
by scattered communities of former blacksmiths
Linguasphere Observatory page 723
99-AUR-gta yasa-hungaan �Yasa (Bandundu)
99-AUR-gtb "leverville"-hungaan �Kwilu valley: Leverville (Bandundu)
99-AUR-gtc kikwit-hungaan �Kwilu valley: Kikwit (Bandundu)
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-h kiYaka+ kiBeembe yaka+ beembe, kongo-N.+ kongo-S., "peripheral" kongo Congo; Congo/Zaire; Angola 5*
99-AUR-ha ki-beembe kongo-N. �Madingou>E. Congo (Bouenza) 4*
99-AUR-haa ki-beembe-A. bembe (Bouenza)
99-AUR-hab ki-keenge kenge (Bouenza)
99-AUR-hac ki-yaka-N.* yaka-N. �Niari valley (Bouenza)
99-AUR-hb ki-yaka-S. yaka-S., iaka, yaca, kongo-S., bantu-H31 Congo/Zaire (Bandundu); Angola
(Uige; Lunda)
99-AUR-hba kwilu-nyari-yaka Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbb kwenge-kwilu-yaka Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbc ndinga-yaka ndinga Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbd ki-pelende yaka-NE. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbe bakali-yaka Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbf ki-yaka-E. mosaka-lukuni Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbg ki-yaka-C. ngowa Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbh ki-yaka-SW. Congo/Zaire (Bandundu); Angola
(Uige)
99-AUR-hbi ki-yaka-SE. itenda Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbj ki-lonzo �Lonzo valley Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbk ki-tsaamba tsamba, tsaam, ma-yaka-ma-nzadi =«river yaka», besi-kongo Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbl ki-ngoongo ngongo �Wamba… Lukiri… Inzia valleys Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbm ki-suku-N. -suku-N., bakali-kwenge-suku �Bakali… Kwenge valleys Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-hbn ki-suku-S. -suku-S., tungilu-suku �Tungilu valley Congo/Zaire (Bandundu); Angola
(Lunda)
99-AUR-i kiMbundu+ kiSongo mbundu+ songo Angola (Luanda; Cuanza Norte;
Cuanza Sul; Malanje); Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-ia ki-mbundu -mbundu-N., m'bundu, loanda, luanda, loande, ndongo, ki-ndongo,
dongo, n'bundo, nbundu, bantu-H21
Angola 6
99-AUR-iaa ngola (Cuanza Norte; adjacent Malanje) 4
99-AUR-iab nambuangongo transition < [99=] Kongo (Luanda; Uige)
99-AUR-iac ndembu-W. (Luanda; Cuanza Norte)
99-AUR-iad dembo �Cacuta-Caenda or Caculo-Caenda* (Cuanza Norte*)
99-AUR-iae bondo (Malenje)
99-AUR-iaf sende (Cuanza Sul)
99-AUR-iag ki-bala -bala, quibala (Cuanza Sul)
99-AUR-iah mbuiyi mbui, amboim transition < [99=] Umbundu (Cuanza Sul)
99-AUR-iai ki-lengue -lengue, quilengue extinct Angola 0
99-AUR-iaj ngage ngoge extinct Angola 0
99-AUR-iak ngengu Angola
99-AUR-ial quembo Angola
99-AUR-iam mussende �Mussende (Cuanza Sul)
99-AUR-ian makamba Angola
99-AUR-ib ki-sama -sama, kissama, quissama, ki-mbundu-W., bantu-H22 Angola (Luanda) 3
99-AUR-ic lu-bolo -bolo, li-bolo, haka, ki-mbundu-S., bantu-H23 Angola (Cuanza-Sul)
99-AUR-id njinga* Angola (Malanje)
99-AUR-ida njinga-A. ginga, jinga (Malanje)
99-AUR-idb ki-mbamba-2 -mbamba, bambeiro (Malanje)
99-AUR-idc mbaka ambaquista (Malanje)
99-AUR-ie ki-songo -songo, songu, i-tsong, n-songo, bantu-H24 �Cuanza middle valley
eastwards transition < [99=] Cokwe+ Lunda
Angola (Malanje); also
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-if ci-mbangala -mbangala Angola (Malanje)
99-AUR-ig lu-shinji -shinji, shindji, xinje, xinji, sinji, bantu-H35 transition < 99-Cokwe+ Angola (Lunda); Congo/Zaire
Lunda
(Bandundu)
99-AUR-j uMbundu+ nDombe mbundu+ dombe, bantu-R11/12 6
99-AUR-ja u-mbundu -mbundu-S., quimbundo, ki-mbunda, ovi-mbundu, ki-ndongo, nano,
mbali, mbari, 'mbundu-benguella', 'benguella', bantu-R11
99-AUR-jaa sumbe pinda (Cuanza Sul)
99-AUR-jab sele mussele (Cuanza Sul)
99-AUR-jac bailundo bailoundou �Bailundo, Teixeira da Silva (Huambo)
Angola (Cuanza Sul; Benguela;
Huambo; Bié; Huila)
99-AUR-jad ganda �Môco highlands (Benguela; Cuanza Sul; Huambo)
99-AUR-jae hanya* hanha (Benguela)
99-AUR-jaf huambo uambo �Huambo (Huambo)
5*
6
4
6

page 724 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUR-jag sambo �Sambo (Huambo)
99-AUR-jah bieno (Bié)
99-AUR-jai kakonda caconda (Huila)
99-AUR-jb n-dombe -dombe, mu-n-dombe, bantu-R12 Angola (Benguela) 5*
99-AUR-k oluNyaneka+
oluHanda
nyaneka+ handa, bantu-R13/14 Angola (Huila; Cunene) 4
99-AUR-ka o-lu-nyaneka -lu-nyaneka, -nyaneka, o-lu-nhaneca, lu-nhaneca, nhaneca, nhaneka,
bantu-R13
99-AUR-kaa o-lu-nyaneka-A. (Huila)
99-AUR-kab o-lu-mwila -mwila, muila, huila �Lubango>N. (Huila)
99-AUR-kac ngambwe �Lubango>S. (Huila)
Angola (Huila; Cunene)
99-AUR-kb o-lu-chi-lenge-muso -lu-ci-lenge, ci-lenge, tyi-lenge-muso, lenge �Quilengues Angola (Huila; Benguela)
99-AUR-kc o-lu-nkumbi -lu-nkumbi, 'nkumbi, o-lu-nkhumbi, nkhumbi, khumbi, humbe, bantu-
R14; ba-nkumbi community
99-AUR-kca mu-londo -londo �Mulondo (Huila)
Angola (Huila; Cunene)
99-AUR-kcb ci-teve -teve, tyi-teve, quiteve �Cunene valley: Quiteve (Huila; Cunene)
99-AUR-kcc kamba-S. �Cunene valley: Camba (Cunene)
99-AUR-kcd ndongona �Cunene valley: Donguena (Cunene)
99-AUR-kce hinga (Cunene*)
99-AUR-kd o-lu-handa -lu-handa, -handa Angola (Huila)
99-AUR-kda e-handa-lya-ci-mbungu e-handa-lya-tyi-mbungu, handa "quipungo", handa-W. �Cunene
valley>W.
(Huila)
99-AUR-kdb ci-pungu -pungu, tyi-pingu, quipungo �Quipungo (Huila)
99-AUR-kdc e-handa-lya-kauvi handa "mupa", handa-E. �Cunene valley>E. (Huila)
99-AUR-kdd ci-lenge-humbi -humbi, humbe, tyi-lenge-humbi, quilenge-hono (Huila)
99-AUR-l oshiKwanyama+
ochiHerero
kwanyama+ herero Angola; Namibia; Botswana 5
99-AUR-la o-shi-kwanyama -kwanyama, o-ci-kwanyama, cuanhama, kuanyama, kuanjama, o-sikwanyama,
o-si-kuanjama, humba, bantu-R21; o-vambo, ambo, otjambo
community
99-AUR-laa o-si-vale e-vale, vale (Cunene)
99-AUR-lab kafima cafima (Cunene)
99-AUR-lac kwamatwi cuamato (Cunene)
99-AUR-lad mbandja (Cunene)
Angola (Cunene); Namibia
(Ovamboland)
99-AUR-lae dombondola Angola (Cunene); Namibia frontier
99-AUR-laf eunda Namibia (Ovamboland); Angola
frontier
99-AUR-lag mbalantu Namibia (Ovamboland); Angola
frontier
99-AUR-lah nkolonkhadi Namibia (Ovamboland)
99-AUR-lai kwaludhi Namibia (Ovamboland)
99-AUR-laj ngandjera ngandyera Namibia (Ovamboland)
99-AUR-lb kwambi Namibia (Ovamboland)
99-AUR-lc o-chi-ndonga o-shi-ndonga, o-si-ndonga, bantu-R22 Namibia (Ovamboland); also
Angola (Cunene)
99-AUR-ld o-chi-herero -herero, o-tyi-herero, o-tji-herero, herrero, damara, bantu-R31
numbers and territory substantially reduced by General von Trotha in
1904 (Battle of Waterberg)
Angola (Namibe/ Moçamedes;
Cunene; Huila); Namibia
(Ovamboland; Kaokoveld;
Swakopmund; Omaruru;
Otjiwarongo; Windhoek); Botswana
(Ngamiland)
99-AUR-lda kuvale cuvale Angola (Namibe/ Moçamedes)
99-AUR-ldb kwanyoka cuanhoca Angola (Namibe/ Moçamedes)
99-AUR-ldc o-tyabikwa chavicua Angola (Cunene)
99-AUR-ldd himba dhimba, dimba, tjimba, simba, chimba Namibia (Ovamboland); Angola
(Cunene; Huila)
99-AUR-lde herero-SW. �Kaokofeld coastal hinterland (including Sesfontein…) Namibia (Kaokoveld;
Swakopmund)
99-AUR-ldf herero-S. �Okombahe… Otjohorong… Waterberg… Epukiro Namibia (Omaruru; Otjiwarongo)
99-AUR-ldg herero-U. herero "urban" �Windhoek Namibia (Windhoek)
99-AUR-le mbandieru herero-SE. Botswana (Ngamiland); adjacent
Namibia
99-AUR-m chiYei �Okavango swamp Botswana (Ngamiland) 4
99-AUR-ma chi-yei -yei, yeei, yeye, yeyi, koba, kuba, bantu-R41 Botswana (Ngamiland) 4
99-AUR-n esiLuyana+
siKwangali
luyana+ kwangali Zambia; Namibia; Angola 5
99-AUR-na e-si-luyana -luyana, luyi, luiana, lui, luano, louyi, rouyi, yana, bantu-K31
submerged < [99=] si-Lozi, but survives as ceremonial language
Zambia (Western)
99-AUR-nb kwandi �Zambezi confluence: Lui upstream Zambia (Western) 3
5
4

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 725
99-AUR-nc kwangwa bantu-K37 �Lui river-bend Zambia (Western) 4
99-AUR-nd e-si-mbowe -mbowe, bantu-K32 �Zambezi+ Kabompo confluence (inter-riverine) Zambia (Western)
99-AUR-ne mbumi Zambia (Western)
99-AUR-nf liyuwa Zambia (Western); Angola
(Moxico)
99-AUR-ng mwenyi mwinyi �Zambezi confluence: Luanginga upstream Zambia (Western) 4*
99-AUR-nh makoma �Luaginga valley Zambia (Western) 4
99-AUR-ni nyengo nhengo Zambia (Western); Angola
(Moxico)
99-AUR-nj i-milangu Zambia (Western)
99-AUR-nk simaa bantu-K35 �Kwando… Lueti valleys (inter-riverine) Zambia (Western) 4
99-AUR-nl ndundulu Zambia (Western); Angola frontier 4
99-AUR-nm mulonga Zambia (Western); Angola frontier
99-AUR-nn kwandu Zambia (Western); Angola frontier
99-AUR-nna kwandu-N. (Western)
99-AUR-nnb kwandu-S. (Western)
99-AUR-no cha-mashi -machi, bantu-K34 Angola (Cuanda Cubango;
Moxico); Zambia (Western)
99-AUR-np mbukushu-N. Angola (Cuanda Cubango);
Namibia (Caprivi Strip)
99-AUR-nq thi-mbukushu-S. mambukush, mampukush, mbukushi, mbukuhu, gova, goba, bantu-
K33; ha-mbukushu community
Namibia (Caprivi Strip); Botswana
(Ngamiland)
99-AUR-nr shi-sambyu -sambyu, sambiu, sambio Angola (Cuanda Cubango)…
99-AUR-ns shi-mo* -mo Angola (Cuanda Cubango)*
99-AUR-nt si-kwangali kwangari, ru-kwangali Angola (Cuanda Cubango);
Namibia (Ovamboland)
99-AUR-nu mbundza* bunja, mbunza Angola (Cuanda Cubango)…
99-AUR-nv ru-gciriku -gciriku, /giriku, diriku, diriko, dirico, shi-mbogedu, mbogedu Angola (Cuanda Cubango);
Namibia (Ovamboland)
99-AUR-o shiNkoya+
shiMbwera
nkoya+ mbwera Zambia (Western; Southern) 5
99-AUR-oa shi-nkoya -nkoya, bantu-L62 Zambia (Western; Southern)
99-AUR-oaa nkoya-NW. (North-Western)
99-AUR-oab nkoya-C. �Mankoya district (Western)
99-AUR-oac nkoya-W. �including two dialects; surrounded by [99=] si-Lozi (Western)
99-AUR-oad shi-kalu shi-kulu, nkoya-S. (Southern)
99-AUR-ob shi-mbwera -mbwera-E., mbwela-E., bantu-L61 �distinct from [99=] shi-Mbwela in
Angola
99-AUR-oba lukolwe shi-mbwera "proper", mbowela �Kabompo+ Dongwe confluence
upstream (also scattered northwards & westwards)
99-AUR-obb lushange lushangi �Luena valley (Western)
Zambia (North-Western; Western)
(North-Western; Western)
99-AUR-obc ma-shasha �near Lunga valley (North-Western; Western)
99-AUR-p kiChokwe+ chiLunda chokwe+ lunda, wiko+ ganguela; bantu-K10+ L50 Angola; Congo/Zaire; Zambia 6
99-AUR-pa nyemba nhemba, ganguela-S., bantu-K16 �Cubango valley Angola (Huila; Cuando-Cubango) 5*
99-AUR-pb nkangala ngangala, nkangwela, ngangela, ganguela, ganguela-C., bantu-K18 Angola (Huambo; Bié; Huila)
99-AUR-pc shi-mbwela -mbwela-W., mbwera-W., mbuela, ambuella, ambwela, bantu-K17
�between Cuando… Cubango valleys �now distinct from [99=] shi-
Mbwera in Zambia
99-AUR-pd chi-luimbi -luimbi, luimbe, lwimbe, lwimbi, ganguela-N., bantu-K12 �Cuanza
valley
Angola (Cuando-Cubango)
Angola (Malanjé; Bié) 4
99-AUR-pe mbande luimbi-S. Angola (Bié; Moxico)
99-AUR-pf ki-chokwe -chokwe, cokwe, ciokwe, tshokwe, tschiokwe, shioko, djok, tshok, jok,
part of "wiko" �Kasai upper valley… Cuito upper valley
99-AUR-pg mi-nungu -nungu, mi-nungo, nungo, yongo, yungo, part of "wiko" transition <
[99=] Mbundu+ Songo �Kwenge… Cuilo upper valleys
Angola (Lunda; Moxico; Bié);
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu; Shaba);
Zambia (Northwestern)
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu); Angola
(Lunda)
99-AUR-ph si-lwena+ chi-luvale part of "wiko" Angola (Moxico); Congo/Zaire
(Shaba); Zambia (North Western)
99-AUR-pha si-lwena -lwena, luena, luvale-N., bantu-K14 Angola (Moxico); Congo/Zaire
(Shaba)
99-AUR-phb chi-luvale -luvale, luwale, lwena-S., lubale, lovale, lubare Angola (Moxico); Zambia (North
Western)
99-AUR-pi chi-luchazi -lucazi, ci-lucazi, luchazi, lujazi, lutchaz, lujash, lutshase, luxage,
ponda, bantu-K13, part of "wiko"
Angola (Moxico); Zambia (North
Western)
99-AUR-pia chi-luchazi-C. Angola (Moxico); Zambia (North
Western)
99-AUR-pib chi-luchazi-W. �Dongwa-Kabompo swamp (enclave) Angola (Moxico)
6
6
5

page 726 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUR-pj chi-mbunda -mbunda, ci-mbunda, gi-mbunda, mbuunda, bunda, bantu-K15, part of
"wiko"
Angola (Cuando-Cubango;
Moxico); Zambia (Western)
99-AUR-pja chi-mbunda-A. Angola (Moxico); Zambia
(Western)
99-AUR-pjb yauma �Cuando, Kwando valley Angola (Cuando-Cubango;
Moxico); Zambia (Western)
99-AUR-pk chi-lunda luunda-S., part of lunda-S., bantu-L52 Zambia (North Western);
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu); Angola
(Moxico)
99-AUR-pka lunda-ndembu ndembu-E., ndembo, "standardised" lunda Zambia (North Western);
Congo/Zaire (Bandundu)
99-AUR-pkb ka-lunda lunda-kalunda (Bandundu)
99-AUR-pkc ka-mbove lunda-kambove (Bandundu)
99-AUR-pkd humbu (North Western)
99-AUR-pke ka-wiku (North Western)
99-AUR-pkf kosa koosa, a-kosa (North Western)
99-AUR-pl i-shindi -shindi, chindi, lunda-lua-chindi, part of lunda-S. Zambia; Angola
99-AUR-pm chi-na-luunda-W. luunda-W., part of lunda-N., luapula-lunda submerged < [99=] ci-na-
Luunda-E. survives as ceremonial language
99-AUR-pn u-ruund -ruund, ruunda, luunda-N., chi-luwunda, luwunda, muatiamvua, lundakamboro,
lunda-kambove, part of lunda-N.
Zambia
99-AUR-po kanincin ruund-kaninkin, beena-tubeya, part of lunda-N. Congo/Zaire
99-AUR-pp chi-salampahu -salampahu, salampasu, salampashu, mpasu, salampasa, bantu-L51
�Luiza-E.
Congo/Zaire (Shaba; Lunda);
Angola
99-AUR-ppa chi-salampasu-A. (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUR-ppb luntu (Kasai-Occidental)
Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental) 4
99-AUR-q chiLuba+ kiSonge luba+ songe, bantu-L20… L30 Congo/Zaire; adjacent Zambia;
Angola
99-AUR-qa lwalwa lwalu Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental) 4
99-AUR-qb mbal* Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUR-qc mbagani mbangani, bindi-SW., binji-SW. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUR-qd lu-kete-S. -kete-S., ki-kete-S, kete-ipila, bantu-L21 Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUR-qe lu-kete-N. -kete-N., ki-kete-N, kete-katomb �Mweka-NE. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUR-qea lu-kete-NW. (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUR-qeb lu-kete-NE. (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUR-qf chi-binji -binji, bindi, bindji Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental;
Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qfa chi-binji-NW. (Kasai-Occidental)
99-AUR-qfb chi-binji-SE. (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qg bu-ilande -ilande, bwilande, including lu-bondooyi, bondooyi Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qga ki-monga (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qgb ki-beeji beeshi (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qgc mu-solo (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qgd mi-dindwe (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qge kyambwe (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qgf mw-elaayi -elaayi, part of lu-bondooyi, bondooyi (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qgg chi-puke -puke, part of lu-bondooyi, bondooyi 2 (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qgh luulu part of lu-bondooyi, bondooyi 3 (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qh ki-budya -budya, ki-budia, budia, part of luba-N. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qi ki-songe -songe, ki-songe-W.+ ka-lebwe, luba-songi, luba-NE., bantu-L23, part
of luba-N. �Sankuru… Lualaba valleys
99-AUR-qia ki-songe-W. -songe-W., ki-songe "proper", lu-songe, songye, songi, "standard" west
songe
99-AUR-qib ka-lebwe ki-na-ka-lebwe, i-ka-lebwe, i-ka-leebwe, songe-E., "standard" songe-
E., ki-lombeno-ki-bya
Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental) 6
(Kasai-Oriental)
(Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qj mi-lembwe -lembwe, part of luba-N. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qja mi-lembwe-N. (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qjb mi-lembwe-S. (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qk ki-n-ekiiye part of luba-N. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qka ki-n-ekiiye-A. ekii, beneki (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qkb mpanza (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qkc maziba (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-ql chi-luba-V. "vehicular" chi-luba, luba-kasai, luba-kasayi, tshi-luba, luba-lulua, luva,
ki-tuba-W., chi-tuba, kiluba-kituba, in [51=] Français: tshi-luba de traite
=«trade ciluba», bantu-L31, part of luba-W.
Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Occidental;
Kasai-Oriental)
5
5
5
5
7*
4
7

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 727
99-AUR-qm chi-luba-E. part of luba-W., part of ba-luba community Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental) 6
99-AUR-qma chi-tolo -tolo (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qmb kande-E. (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qmc bowa (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qmd ndoba (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qme lonji (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qmf nshimba (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qmg nomba (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qn chi-luba-C. part of luba-W., part of ba-luba community Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qna nsumpia (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qnb kwanga (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qo chi-luba-W. part of luba-W., part of ba-luba community Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qoa kalonji-ka-mpuku (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qob disho (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qoc mpuka (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qod shila-kasanga (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qp chi-luba-S. part of luba-W., part of ba-luba community Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qpa kalonji-ka-chimanga (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qpb chi-yamba -yamba (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qq ki-na-luluwa lulua, part of luba-W. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qqa ki-na-luluwa-A. bena-lulua community (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qqb chi-shi-lange (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qr bu-kwa-mputu -mputu, bwina-nkoshi, part of luba-W. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qs luna inkongo, kuba 2, part of luba-W. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental) 4
99-AUR-qt bu-kwa-luntu part of luba-W. Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental)
99-AUR-qu chi-kanyoka -kanyoka, chi-na-kanyoka, kanyok, kanioka, luba-SW., bantu-L32
�Bushimaie… Luembe valleys
Congo/Zaire (Kasai-Oriental) 5
99-AUR-qv ki-luba luba-shaba, luba-katanga, luba-samba, bantu-L33, part of luba-E. Congo/Zaire (Shaba; Kivu-S.) 6
99-AUR-qva ki-na-kalundwe ki-luba-W. Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-qvb luba-kabongo ki-luba-C. �Kabongo Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-qvc luba-kasongo part of ki-luba-N. �Lualaba valley: Kasongo Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUR-qvd luba-enya -enya-S., c-eenya-S., eenya-S., genya-kasongo, part of ki-luba-N.
�Lualaba valley: Kasongo
Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.)
99-AUR-qve ki-zeela -zeela, zela, ki-luba-E. Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-qw ki-hemba -hemba, pemba, bantu-L34, part of luba-E. Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-qwa ki-hemba-N. (Shaba)
99-AUR-qwb ki-hemba-S. (Shaba)
99-AUR-qx ki-sanga luba-S., luba-sanga, luba-garenganze, bantu-L35 Congo/Zaire (Shaba) 5
99-AUR-qy ki-bangubangu -bangubangu, ki-bangobango, bangobango, bantu-D27 transition <
99-Lega
Congo/Zaire (Kivu-S.; Shaba-N.) 5
99-AUR-qya ki-bangubangu-A. (Kivu-S.; Shaba-N.)
99-AUR-qyb ki-sanzi
99-AUR-qz chi-kaonde -kaonde, ci-kaonde, ki-kaonde, kawonde, chi-kahonde, kahonde,
bantu-L41
Zambia; Congo/Zaire 5
99-AUR-qza kaonde-kolwezi "zaïrean" kaonde �Kolwezi Congo/Zaire 4
99-AUR-qzb kaonde-solwezi �Solwezi Zambia
99-AUR-qzc kaonde-kasempa �Kasempa Zambia
99-AUR-qzd kaonde-mumbwa �Mumbwa Zambia
99-AUR-r ichiBemba+
ichiLamba
bemba+ lamba, bantu-M41/42 transition < [99=] Kiswahili+ Ikiruundi
(Bantu-Inner-East)
Zambia; Congo/Zaire 6
99-AUR-ra ki-lomotwa -lomotwa, lomotua, bantu-M42c transition < [99=] Luba+ Songye Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-rb ki-nwenshi -nwenshi, nweshi, nwesi, bantu-M42d transition < [99=] Luba+ Songye Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-rc ki-na-kunda -kunda 2, ba-kamania, ba-ulu transition < 99-Luba+ Songye Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-rca ki-na-kunda-N. (Shaba)
99-AUR-rcb ki-na-kunda-S. (Shaba)
99-AUR-rd ki-lembwe -lembwe, lembue, bantu-M42e Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-re i-chi-taabwa -taabwa, tabwa, rungu, bantu-M41a Zambia; Congo/Zaire (Shaba) 4
99-AUR-rf ki-bwile -bwile, ba-anza, anza, bwila, bile Zambia; Congo/Zaire (Shaba) 4
99-AUR-rg ki-shila sila, bantu-M41b Zambia; Congo/Zaire (Shaba) 3
99-AUR-rh i-chi-bemba -bemba, ci-bemba, wemba, ki-bemba, bantu-M42a Zambia; also Congo/Zaire (Shaba) 6
99-AUR-rha i-chi-bemba-N. bemba-mweru �Mweru-W. lake Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-rhb i-chi-bemba-C. central bemba, "standard" bemba ; towards which other Bemba+
Lamba languages are converging
99-AUR-rhc i-chi-bemba-U. chi-kopabeluti (from [52=] English: "copper-belt"), "popular urban"
bemba, "copperbelt" bemba �Kitwe… Ndola
Zambia
Zambia

page 728 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUR-ri chi-na-luunda-E. chi-lunda-E., luapula-lunda 2 ; having submerged [99=] chi-na-
Luunda-W.
Zambia 4
99-AUR-rj ngoma ki-shinga, shinga 2, luapula-lunda 3, bantu-M42b Zambia; Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-rk chi-shinga -shinga Zambia
99-AUR-rl mukululu Zambia
99-AUR-rm ngumbo numbo, ng'umbo Zambia
99-AUR-rn i-chi-biisa -biisa, chi-bisa, bisa, bantu-M51 Zambia 5
99-AUR-rna i-chi-biisa-N. �Bangweulu-E. lake Zambia
99-AUR-rnb i-chi-biisa-E. transition < [99=] Nyanja-Cewa Zambia
99-AUR-rnc i-chi-biisa-S. transition < [99=] Nyanja-Cewa Zambia
99-AUR-ro i-chi-lamba -lamba, bantu-M54 Zambia (Copperbelt; Central;
Northwestern-SE.); Congo/Zaire
(Shaba)
99-AUR-roa i-chi-lamba-N. lemba Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-rob i-chi-lamba-S. Zambia(Copperbelt; Central;
Northwestern-SE.); Congo/Zaire
(Shaba)
99-AUR-rp ki-seba -seba, sewa, shishi, bantu-M55 Zambia; Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUR-rq i-ch-aushi -aushi, kyaushi, ushi, usi, uzhii Zambia; Congo/Zaire (Shaba) 5
99-AUR-rr kabende Zambia 4
99-AUR-rs unga+ twa �Bangweulu-SE. lake Zambia 4
99-AUR-rsa unga ungwa Zambia 4
99-AUR-rsb twa-bangweulu Zambia
99-AUR-rt i-chi-lala -lala, bantu-M52 Zambia; Congo/Zaire (Shaba) 5
99-AUR-ru ambo mbo, luangwa-ambo transition < [99=] Nyanja-Cewa Zambia 3
99-AUR-rv vu-lima wu-lima Zambia 4
99-AUR-rw i-chi-swaka -swaka, ma-swaka, bantu-M53 Zambia 4
99-AUR-rx luano Zambia
99-AUR-s chiTonga+ chiLenje tonga+ lenje Zambia (Central; Southern);
Zimbabwe
99-AUR-sa chi-lenje bantu-M61 �Lukanga swamp Zambia (Central) 5
99-AUR-saa chi-na-mukuni -mukuni, chiina-mukuni, chine-mukuni (Central)
99-AUR-sab chi-lenje-A. -lenje-A. (Central)
99-AUR-sac chi-lenge -lenge, lengi (Central)
99-AUR-sad twa-lukanga (Central)
99-AUR-sb chi-soli bantu-M62 �Lusaka>E. �plus at least one other dialect Zambia (Central) 4
99-AUR-sba chi-soli-wa-manyika soli-rufunsa (Central)
99-AUR-sbb chi-soli-wa-malundu soli-lusaka (Central)
99-AUR-sc chi-ila bantu-M63 Zambia (Central; Southern) 4
99-AUR-sca chi-ila-A. sukulumbwe, shukulumbwe (Central; Southern)
99-AUR-scb lumbu-N. mbo-N.* (Central…)
99-AUR-scc lumbu-S. mbo-S.* (Southern…)
99-AUR-scd maala mala, mbala Zambia
99-AUR-sce lundwe Zambia
99-AUR-scf twa-kafue Zambia
99-AUR-scg sala-W. Zambia
99-AUR-sch sala-E. Zambia
99-AUR-sci bizhi* Zambia
99-AUR-sd chi-tonga-W. -tonga-W., zambezi, "bantu-botatwe", bantu-M64 Zambia; Zimbabwe 5
99-AUR-sda tonga-N. "plateau" tonga Zambia
99-AUR-sdb tonga-C. "downstream" tonga, part of "valley" tonga Zambia; Zimbabwe
99-AUR-sdc tonga-M. "midstream" tonga, part of "valley" tonga Zambia; Zimbabwe
99-AUR-sdd tonga-SW. "upstream" tonga, part of "valley" tonga Zambia; Zimbabwe
99-AUR-sde toka tonga-S., bantu-M64b Zambia
99-AUR-se leya Zambia; Botswana; Zimbabwe
99-AUR-sf chi-ikuhane -ikuhane, e-ci-subiya, subiya, subya, soubiya, ikwahani, bantu-K42 Zambia; Namibia; Botswana;
Zimbabwe
99-AUR-sg fwe Zambia; Namibia; Botswana
99-AUR-sh e-chi-totela -totela, bantu-K41 Zambia 4
99-AUR-si shanjo sanjo, bantu-K36 Zambia
5
6

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 729
99-AUS KISWAHILI+
BANTU-INNER-EAST, swahili+ ruundi, including bantu-D5/6… bantu-
IKIRUUNDI net E… bantu-F… bantu-G… bantu-M1/2… bantu-N… bantu-P transition <
[99=] Bantu-Inner-West and to [99=] Bantu-Inner-South
99-AUS-a ishiNyiha+ ichiFipa nyiha+ fipa, bantu-M11/27 Zambia; Tanzania 6
99-AUS-aa i-chii-na-mwanga -mwanga, na-mwanga, nyamwanga, i-na-mwanga, namwanga, kinamwanga,
wi-na-mwanga, bantu-M22
99-AUS-ab chi-kuulwe
99-AUS-ac i-wa -wa, mwanga-S., bantu-M26 Zambia
99-AUS-ad tambo tembo, bantu-M27 Zambia
99-AUS-ae i-chi-lambya -lambya, lambia, lambwa, rambia, bantu-N21h Malawi
Zambia; Tanzania 5
99-AUS-af i-shi-malila -malila, i-shi-malilia, malilia, bantu-M24 Tanzania; Malawi 4
99-AUS-ag i-shi-safwa -safwa, ci-safwa, guruku, mbila, songwe, bantu-M25 Tanzania 5
99-AUS-ah i-shi-nyiha -nyiha, nyika-S., nyixa, ci-nyiha, bantu-M23 �dialects to be identified
�Rukwa-S. lake
Zambia 5
99-AUS-ai i-chi-wanda -wanda, wandya, wandia, bantu-M21 �Rukwa lake Tanzania 4
99-AUS-aj mambwe+ lungu Zambia; Tanzania 5
99-AUS-aja "union"-mambwe-lungu "standard" mambwe-lungu �compromise written standard Zambia; Tanzania
99-AUS-ajb i-chi-mambwe -mambwe, ki-mambwe, bantu-M15 �Rukwa-SW. lake Zambia; Tanzania 5
99-AUS-ajc i-chi-lungu -lungu, i-chi-rungu, rungu, adong, bantu-M14 �Tanganyika-S. lake Zambia 5*
99-AUS-ak i-chi-fipa -fipa, fiba, bantu-M13 �Tanganyika-SE. lake Tanzania 5
99-AUS-aka yantili pemba Tanzania
99-AUS-akb kwafi Tanzania
99-AUS-akc siwa Tanzania
99-AUS-akd kandasi Tanzania
99-AUS-ake e-chi-sukuma -sukuma-S. Tanzania
99-AUS-akf aa-kwa kwa Tanzania
99-AUS-akg chile cipeta Tanzania
99-AUS-al i-chi-rungwa -rungwa, lungwa, bantu-M12 �Rukwa-N. lake Tanzania 4
99-AUS-am i-chi-pimbwe -pimbwe, bantu-M11 Tanzania 4
99-AUS-b ikiBungu+ kiKimbu bungu+ kimbu, -bantu-F24/25 Tanzania 5
99-AUS-ba i-ki-bungu -bungu, vungu, wungu, bantu-F25 �Rukwa-SE. lake Tanzania 4
99-AUS-bb ki-kimbu -kimbu, yanzi, bantu-F24 �Rukwa lake… Rungwa Tanzania 4
99-AUS-c kiBende+ kiTongwe bende+ tongwe, -bantu-F11/12 �Tanganyika-E. lake Tanzania 4
99-AUS-ca ki-bende bantu-F12 �prefix to be confirmed Tanzania 4
99-AUS-cb ki-tongwe -tongwe, bantu-F11 Tanzania 4
99-AUS-d i-kiRuundi+
i-kinyaRwanda
Nyanza-W., ruundi+ rwanda transition < 99-Nyanza-C. Tanzania; Burundi; Rwanda;
Congo/Zaire; Uganda
99-AUS-da vinza bantu-D67 Tanzania 4*
99-AUS-db i-ki-ha -ha, ki-ha, gi-ha, haa, bantu-D66 Tanzania 5
99-AUS-dc i-ki-ruundi rundi, u-rundi, ki-rundi, bantu-D62 A Burundi; also Tanzania 6
99-AUS-dca hutu-S. ba-hutu-S. community Burundi
99-AUS-dcb tutsi-S. ba-tutsi-S., wa-tutsi-S. community Burundi
99-AUS-dcc ru-twa -twa; part of ba-twa communities Burundi…
99-AUS-dd u-ru-shubi shuvi, subi, sinja, bantu-D64 Tanzania
99-AUS-de ki-hangaza bantu-D65 Tanzania
99-AUS-df i-ki-nya-rwanda ruanda, o-ru-nya-rwanda, u-ru-nya-ruanda; ba-hutu-N.+ wa-tutsi-N.
communities
99-AUS-dfa u-lu-lera lera; part of hutu-N., ba-hutu-N. community Rwanda
99-AUS-dfb hera-N. part of hutu-N., ba-hutu-N. community Rwanda
99-AUS-dfc ndara part of hutu-N., ba-hutu-N. community Rwanda
99-AUS-dfd i-ki-shobyo -shobyo, part of hutu-N., ba-hutu-N. community Rwanda
99-AUS-dfe tshogo part of hutu-N., ba-hutu-N. community Rwanda
99-AUS-dff ndogo part of hutu-N., ba-hutu-N. community Rwanda
99-AUS-dfg tutsi-N. ba-tutsi-N., wa-tutsi-N. community Rwanda
99-AUS-dfh ki-goyi Rwanda
99-AUS-dfi bu-fumbwa -fumbwa Rwanda
A Rwanda; also Tanzania;
Congo/Zaire; Uganda
99-AUS-dfj gi-sozo Rwanda 0
99-AUS-dg i-gi-kiga -kiga, ki-lera, gi-shiru, tshiga, bantu-D68 Rwanda; Uganda
99-AUS-dh ki-joba* -joba, zyoba, zoba �Tanganyika-W. lake Tanzania; Congo/Zaire 4
99-AUS-dha masanze �Tanganyika-W. lake Tanzania
99-AUS-dhb vira �Tanganyika-NW. lake: Uvira-NW. Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-di i-ki-fuliru -huliro, ki-fuliro, fuliro, fuliiru, fulero, bantu-D63 �Uvira-NW. Congo/Zaire 5
99-AUS-dj kabwari Congo/Zaire
7
6

page 730 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUS-dk a-ma-shi -shi, ma-shi, ra-shi Congo/Zaire 5
99-AUS-dka kabare Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dkb burhale-ngweshi Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dkc nyangeshi Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dkd lindja lwindja, hwindja Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dke ziba-W. Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dl e-ki-haavu -haavu, havu, ki-haavu, ki-havu, gi-havu, haavu-mushi, bantu-D52 Congo/Zaire; Rwanda
99-AUS-dla e-ki-haavu-W. bantu-D52 Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dlb e-ki-haavu-E. Rwanda
99-AUS-dm e-ki-hunde -hunde-W., kano Congo/Zaire 5
99-AUS-dma e-ki-hunde-A. Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dmb e-ki-tembo tenbo, nyabungu, bantu-D53 Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dmc e-ki-rhinyirhinyi -rhinyirhinyi Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dmd e-ki-nyindu -nyindu Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dn o-ru-kobi -kobi, ru-kobi, kovi, hunde-E. �Kigezi Uganda
99-AUS-do e-ki-songoora -songoora-E., e-di-songoora Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dp e-ki-shu Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dpa e-ki-shu-G. "general" shu Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dpb e-ki-shukali "women's" shu Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dq e-ki-nande -nando-ru-nande, ndande Congo/Zaire; also Uganda 6*
99-AUS-dqa e-ki-nande-A. -nande-N., o-ru-ndandi, nandi, ndandi, ndande Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dqb e-ki-kira -kira Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dqc e-ki-swaga swanga Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dqd e-ki-tangi -tangi Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dqe e-ki-kumbule -kumbule Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dqf e-ki-mate -mate Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dqg e-ki-yira Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-dr o-ru-konzo -konzo, konjo, kondjo, o-lu-konzo, ru-konjo, bantu-D41 Congo/Zaire (Kivu); Uganda (Toro) 5
99-AUS-dra o-ru-konzo-A. �Ruwenzori mountains Congo/Zaire (Kivu); Uganda (Toro) 5
99-AUS-drb e-ki-sanza -sanza Uganda (Toro) 4
99-AUS-ds ki-yaaka* Rwanda
99-AUS-dt talinga-bwisi in Zaïre: e-ki-talinga, in Uganda: o-ru-bwisi transition < [99=] Nyanza-
C. �Kilimbe
Uganda; Congo/Zaire trans-frontier 4
99-AUS-dta e-ki-talinga-A. Congo/Zaire; also Uganda
99-AUS-dtb o-ru-bwisi-A. Uganda; also Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-e o-ruNyankore+
o-luGanda
Nyanza-C., nkore+ ganda, runyankore+ luganda, ru-tara transition <
[99=] Nyanza-W.
Uganda; Congo/Zaire; Tanzania 6
99-AUS-ea ru-gungu -gungu Uganda
99-AUS-eb o-ru-ruli -ruli, ru-ruli Uganda
99-AUS-ec nyoro-toro Uganda; Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-eca o-ru-nyoro-E. -nyoro-E., ugandan nyoro, tyopi, bantu-E11 Uganda
99-AUS-ecb o-ru-nyoro-W. -nyoro-W., zaïrean nyoro, bu-nyoro, mo-kambo, kambo, wa-gongo,
gongo
Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-ecc o-ru-tooro tooro, toro, bantu-E12 Uganda
99-AUS-ed o-ru-tagwenda Uganda
99-AUS-ee ru-nya-ruguru ruguru-NW. Uganda
99-AUS-ef o-ru-nya-nkore runyankore, -nkore, nkole, u-lu-nya-nkore, lu-nya-nkore, ankole, bantu-
E13; ba-hima-N., hima-N. community
99-AUS-efa o-ru-nya-nkore-A. runyankore "proper" Uganda
99-AUS-efb ru-hororo -hororo Uganda
Uganda; also Rwanda;
Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-efc o-lu-ciga kiga, tshiga, o-ru-ciga, Kiga 2, bantu-E14 Uganda; also Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-efd o-ro-hima -hima-S., hema, huma, u-ru-hema, ki-hema; ba-hima-S., hima
community
Rwanda; Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-eg ru-nyambo -nyambo, e-ki-nyambo, ki-nyambo, bantu-E21 Tanzania (West Lake) 3
99-AUS-ega ru-nyambo-A. -nyambo-A. (West Lake)
99-AUS-egb u-ru-ragwe -ragwe, ka-ragwe, ru-ka-ragwe, (West Lake)
99-AUS-egc yakahanga (West Lake)
99-AUS-eh ru-haya -haya, e-ki-haya, bantu-E22 Tanzania (West Lake) 6
99-AUS-eha ru-haya-A. -haya-A., e-ki-haya (West Lake)
99-AUS-ehb lu-na-buddu -buddu (West Lake)
99-AUS-ehc lu-ziba -ziba-E., e-ki-ziba, lu-na-ziba, bantu-E22a (West Lake)
99-AUS-ehd bumbira (West Lake)
99-AUS-ehe edangabo (West Lake)
99-AUS-ehf hamba-E. (West Lake)
6

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 731
99-AUS-ehg hangiro (West Lake)
99-AUS-ehh mwani-2 (West Lake)
99-AUS-ehi nyakisasa nyakisisa, nyakisaka (West Lake)
99-AUS-ehj yoza (West Lake)
99-AUS-ei e-chi-jinja -jinja, e-chi-dzindza, dzindza, e-ci-zinza, zinza, zinja, e-ciinja, bantu-
E23 �Victoria-SW. shore & islands
99-AUS-ej e-chi-kerebe -kerebe, e-ki-kerebe, kereve, kerewe, bantu-E24 �Victoria-SE. lake:
Ukerewe island… Bukerebe peninsula
99-AUS-ek kwaya part of suguti �Victoria-SE. shore Tanzania
99-AUS-eka kwaya-A. Tanzania
99-AUS-ekb ruri rori Tanzania
99-AUS-el e-chi-jita -jita, e-ci-jita, bantu-E25, part of suguti �Victoria-SE. shore Tanzania
99-AUS-em ki-kara -kara, 'regi', part of suguti �Victoria-SE. lake: Ukara island… Kateguru
peninsula
99-AUS-en o-lu-sese -sese �Victoria-N. lake: Sese archipelago Uganda
99-AUS-eo o-lu-kome �Victoria-N. lake: Kome island Uganda
99-AUS-ep o-lu-vuma �Victoria-N. lake: Bavuma island Uganda
99-AUS-eq o-lu-gaya �Victoria-N. lake: Bugaia island Uganda
Tanzania 5
Tanzania 5*
Tanzania 5*
99-AUS-er o-lu-ganda -lu-ganda, ganda, bantu-E15 Uganda; migration> Tanzania;
Kenya
99-AUS-era o-lu-ganda-A. -lu-ganda-A. Uganda
99-AUS-erb o-lu-kooki -kooki, lu-ganda-S. transition < [99=] ru-Haya Uganda
99-AUS-es o+lu-soga -lu-soga, soga, bantu-E16 �Victoria-N. lake… Kyoga lake Uganda (Busoga)
99-AUS-esa o-lu-soga-S. (Busoga)
99-AUS-esb o-lu-soga-N. (Busoga)
99-AUS-esc o-lu-kenyi -lu-kenyi, kenyi �Kyoga lake (Busoga)
99-AUS-et o-lu-diope -lu-diope, diope Uganda
99-AUS-eu o-lu-lamogi -lu-lamogi, lamogi Uganda
99-AUS-ev o-lu-siki -lu-siki, siki Uganda
99-AUS-ew o-lu-gwere -lu-gwere, gwere, bantu-E17 �Kyoga lake Uganda 5
99-AUS-ex o-ru-nyara -nyara, lu-nyala, nyala, bantu-E18 transition < [99=] Nyanza-NE.
�Victoria-NE. shore
Uganda; Kenya frontier
99-AUS-f uluMasaba+
oluLuyia
Nyanza-N., masaba+ luyia, bantu-E30's Kenya; Uganda 6
99-AUS-fa u-lu-masaba -masaba, lu-masaba, part of masaba+ bukusu �Elgon-W. massif Uganda (Bugisu) 5
99-AUS-faa u-lu-gisu -gisu, gishu, kisu, u-lu-kisu, u-lu-masaba-A., bantu-E31 (Bugisu) 5
99-AUS-fab u-lu-dadiri -lu-dadiri, dadiri (Bugisu)
99-AUS-fac u-lu-buya -lu-buya, buya, vuya (Bugisu)
99-AUS-fb u-lu-bukusu -lu-bukusu, bukusu, vukusu, bukushu, kitosh, part of masaba+ bukusu Kenya (Western)
99-AUS-fc o-ru-syan bantu sebei, part of masaba+ bukusu Uganda
99-AUS-fd o-lu-nyore -nyore, lu-nyore, nyuli-W., bantu-E33 Uganda; Kenya (Western) 5
99-AUS-fe o-lu-saamia -saamia, samia, samya, luyia-W., bantu-E34 Uganda; Kenya (Western) 5
99-AUS-fea o-lu-saamia-A. -saaamia-A. Uganda; Kenya (Western) 4
99-AUS-feb lu-gwe -gwe-N. Uganda
99-AUS-fec songa-N. Uganda 4
99-AUS-fed lu-xaayo xayo, xaiyo, khayo, tindi Uganda; Kenya (Western) 4
99-AUS-fee lu-nyala-SW. -nyala-SW., du-nyala, ru-nyara, "lake" ba-nyala community Kenya (Western); also Uganda 4
99-AUS-fef lu-maraci marachi, marach Kenya (Western) 4
99-AUS-ff o-lu-luyia-F. "standard" luyia, "union" luhya, "union" lu-luyia, "union" lu-luhya,
"bantu" kavirondo �compromise colonial written standard, now
discontinued
Kenya (Western) 6*
99-AUS-fg o-lu-wanga o-lu-hanga, hanga, bantu-E32a, part of lu-luyia-C., luyia-C., luhya-C. Kenya 5
99-AUS-fga o-lu-wanga-N. -wanga-N., hanga-N. Kenya
99-AUS-fgb o-lu-wanga-mukulu -wanga-mukulu, mukulu Kenya
99-AUS-fgc o-lu-wanga-S. -wanga-S., hanga-S. Kenya
99-AUS-fh lu-nyala-NE. -nyala-N., lu-kakelelwa, lewi, part of lu-luyia-C., luyia-C., luhya-C. Kenya
99-AUS-fi taconi tachoni, tatsoni, tadjoni, part of lu-luyia-C., luyia-C., luhya-C. Kenya
99-AUS-fj kabras Kenya
99-AUS-fja kabras-N. Kenya
99-AUS-fjb kabras-S. Kenya
99-AUS-fk lu-tsotso -tsotso, tsootso, bantu-E32b, part of lu-luyia-C., luyia-C., luhya-C. Kenya
99-AUS-fl lu-marama -marama, part of lu-luyia-C., luyia-C., luhya-C. Kenya
99-AUS-fm lu-shisa -sisa, kisa, lu-kisa, part of lu-luyia-C., luyia-C., luhya-C. Kenya
99-AUS-fn o-lu-nyuli -nyuli, nyule, nyole, nyoole, lu-nyole, o-lu-nyole, nyore-E., bantu-E35,
part of lu-luyia-C., luyia-C., luhya-C.
99-AUS-fo lw-isuxa -isuxa, isukha, u-lu-isuxa, be-sukha, kakumega-N., kakamega-N., part
of lu-luyia-S.
Kenya 5
Kenya
6

page 732 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUS-fp lw-idaxo -idaxo, idakho, itakho, itoxo, itokho, itaxo, be-dakho, kakumega-S.,
kakamega-S., part of lu-luyia-S.
Kenya
99-AUS-fq lu-tiriki -tiriki, tirichi, part of lu-luyia-S. Kenya
99-AUS-fr u-lu-logooli -logooli, logoli, lugooli, l-lugooli, llogole, lu-lagoli, ragoli, lu-ragoli, maragoli,
ragole, l-logole, bantu-E41, part of lu-luyia-S.
Kenya
99-AUS-g ekeKoria+ ekeZanaki Nyanza-E., koria+ zanaki, bantu-E43/45 Kenya 5
99-AUS-ga e-ke-koria -koria, kuria, i-ki-kuria, e-ke-kuria, e-ki-kuria, i-gi-kuria, gi-kuria, guria,
koria, kurya, tende, bantu-E43 �in course of replacement by [04=]
Dho-Luo
99-AUS-gaa suba
99-AUS-gab lu-singa -singa �Victoria lake: Rusinga Island Kenya (Nyanza)
99-AUS-gac mfangano �Victoria lake: Mfangano Island Kenya (Nyanza)
99-AUS-gad kaksingri Kenya*
99-AUS-gae gwasi Kenya*
99-AUS-gaf suna+ rieri �Suna Kenya (Nyanza)
99-AUS-gag kine Kenya*
99-AUS-gah surwa Kenya*
99-AUS-gai sweta soeta, bantu-E44e Kenya*
99-AUS-gaj ki-seru -seru Kenya*
99-AUS-gak simbiti bantu-E44k Kenya*
Kenya (Nyanza); Tanzania (Mara) 5
99-AUS-gal e-ke-koria-A. -koria "proper" Kenya (Nyanza); Tanzania (Mara)
99-AUS-gam timbaru Kenya and/or Tanzania
99-AUS-gan kenye keenai Kenya and/or Tanzania
99-AUS-gao bw-iregi -irege Kenya and/or Tanzania
99-AUS-gap nya-basi -basi �Nyabasi Kenya (Nyanza)+ Tanzania (Mara)
frontier
99-AUS-gaq nya-moongo -moongo �Nyamougo Tanzania (Mara)
99-AUS-gar mera �Mara Tanzania (Mara)
99-AUS-gas bu-gumbe -gumbe Tanzania*
99-AUS-gat bu-kira -kira Tanzania*
99-AUS-gau ki-roba -roba, bantu-E44f Tanzania*
99-AUS-gav rencoka Tanzania*
99-AUS-gaw kabwa Tanzania*
99-AUS-gb e-ke-zanaki+ i-koma Tanzania (Mara) 4
99-AUS-gba e-ke-zanaki zanaki "proper", i-ki-zanaki, bantu-E44a Tanzania (Mara)
99-AUS-gbb ndali bantu-E44c (Mara)
99-AUS-gbc siora bantu-E44d (Mara)
99-AUS-gbd i-ki-ngurimi ngoreme, nguruimi, ngruimi (Mara)
99-AUS-gbe sizaki shasi (Mara)
99-AUS-gbf i-koma (Mara)
99-AUS-gbg i-ki-isenyi -isenyi, i-ki-isanyi, issenyi, issenye, bantu-E44b (Mara)
99-AUS-gbh i-ki-zu bantu-E44g (Mara)
99-AUS-gbi gi-rango -rango, bantu-E44h (Mara)
99-AUS-gbj i-ki-nata bantu-E45 (Mara)
99-AUS-h kiNyamwezi+ kiGwe Nyanza-S., nyamwezi+ gwe, sukuma+ nyamwezi, nyanza-S. �Victoria
lake… Rungwa lake
Tanzania 6
99-AUS-ha ki-sumbwa -sumbwa, mweri, bantu-F23 Tanzania (Shinyanga) 5
99-AUS-hb ki-gwe ki-sukuma, bantu-F21 #sukuma =«north» Tanzania (Mwanza; Shinyanga) 6
99-AUS-hba ki-muna-sukuma sukuma "proper", gwe-N. (Mwanza)
99-AUS-hbb ki-muna-ngweeli -ngweeli, muna-nweeli, gwe-W. (Mwanza; Shinyanga)
99-AUS-hbc ki-muna-dakama -dakama, gwe-S. (Shinyanga)
99-AUS-hbd ki-muna-kiiya -kiiya, kiya, gwe-E. (Shinyanga)
99-AUS-hc ki-nyamwezi -nyamwezi, -mwezi, nyamwesi, ki-namweri, mweri Tanzania (Tabora) 6*
99-AUS-hca yubi yuvi, u-yui; wa-yuwi community (Tabora)
99-AUS-hcb nyanyembe u-nyanyembe, fundikiras; wa-nyanyembe community (Tabora)
99-AUS-hcc lambo u-rambo; wa-lambo community (Tabora)
99-AUS-hcd konongo sikonge; wa-konongo community (Tabora)
99-AUS-hce kimbu-N. kiimbu, u-kimbu, tabora; wa-kimbu-N. community �Tabora (Tabora)
99-AUS-hcf ki-dakama -dakama, takama, galaganza, garaganza; wa-galaganza community (Tabora)
99-AUS-hcg nandaala ndala; wa-nandaala community (Tabora)
99-AUS-hch nambiyu u-nyambiu; wa-nambiyu community (Tabora)
99-AUS-hd i-ki-ni-lyamba -nilyamba, -lyamba, bantu-F31 Tanzania (Tabora; Singida) 5
99-AUS-hda i-ki-ni-lyamba-A. nilyamba "proper", ni-lamba, i-ramba, lamba, ramba (Tabora; Singida) 5
99-AUS-hdb n-yambi -yambi, iambi, nilyamba-E. �Iambi (Singida; Arusha) 4
99-AUS-hdc i-sanzu -sanzu, nilyamba-N. (Tabora*)
99-AUS-hdd yeke migration> Congo/Zaire 0

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 733
99-AUS-he ki-nya-turu -nyaturu, -turu; wa-nya-turu community, bantu-F32 �Singida>S. Tanzania (Singida; Tabora) 5
99-AUS-hea ki-rimi -rimi, ke-remi, limi, ki-nya-turu-A., nyaturu-A. (Singida; Tabora)
99-AUS-heb ki-rwana -rwana, gi-rwana, qi-rwana (Singida*)
99-AUS-hec c-ahi -ahi (Singida*)
99-AUS-hed ki-nya-munyinganyi -munyinganyi, gi-nya-munyinganyi (Singida*)
99-AUS-i kiLangi+ kiMbugwe langi+ mbugwe, bantu-F33/34 Tanzania (Dodoma; Arusha) 5
99-AUS-ia ki-langi kii-rangi, ke-langi, i-rangi, rangi, bantu-F33 Tanzania (Dodoma; Arusha) 5
99-AUS-ib ki-mbugwe buwe, bantu-F34 #prefix to be confirmed �Manyara lake Tanzania (Arusha) 4
99-AUS-j kiTuveta+ chAsu tuveta+ asu, bantu-G21/22 Tanzania (Kilimanjaro; Tanga);
Kenya (Coast)
99-AUS-ja ki-tuveta -tuveta, ki-taveta, taveta, ki-tubeta, tubeta, bantu-G21 �Taveta Kenya (Coast); also Tanzania
(Kilimanjaro)
99-AUS-jb ch-asu -asu, -athu, chi-athu, chi-asu, chasu, pare, bantu-G22 �Same… Pare
mountains
99-AUS-jba chasu-N. pare-N. (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUS-jbb chasu-S. pare-S. (Kilimanjaro)
99-AUS-jc chi-mbughu -mbughu, mbugu 2, mbougou, part of ba-twa community �spoken
alongside [15=] Ma'a (Mbugu) �Usambara mountains
99-AUS-k kiPokomo "inner" pokomo �Tana lower valley �distinct from [99=] Ilwana
("outer" Pokomo)
99-AUS-ka ki-pokomo-A. -pokomo "proper", fokomo, ki-pfokomo, pfokomo, phokomo, pokomo-
N., bantu-E71, part of "upper" pokomo
Tanzania (Kilimanjaro); adjacent
Kenya
Tanzania (Tanga) 4
Kenya (Coast) 4
Kenya (Coast) 4
99-AUS-kaa malalulu (Coast) 3
99-AUS-kab zubaki (Coast) 3
99-AUS-kb ndura+ gwano pokomo-C., part of "upper" pokomo Kenya ( (Coast) 4
99-AUS-kba ndura-A. (Coast) 3
99-AUS-kbb kinakomba (Coast) 3
99-AUS-kbc gwano (Coast) 3
99-AUS-kbd ndera (Coast) 3
99-AUS-kc malachini malacini, pokomo-S., "lower" pokomo Kenya ( (Coast) 4
99-AUS-kca mwina (Coast)
99-AUS-kcb buu-N. (Coast)
99-AUS-kcc ku-lesa -lesa, lisa, bi-lisa (Coast)
99-AUS-kcd ngatana (Coast)
99-AUS-kce buu-C. (Coast)
99-AUS-kcf dzunza (Coast)
99-AUS-kcg buu-S. (Coast)
99-AUS-kch kalindi (Coast)
99-AUS-l kiGiryama+ kiDigo Miji-Kenda, giryama+ digo, nyika, nyiha, bantu-E72 �Indian Ocean
coast: Lamu-S.… Tanga-N. #in [99=] Swahili miji kenda =«nine
communities/towns»
Kenya (Coast); adjacent Tanzania
(Tanga)
99-AUS-la ki-giryama -giryama,.giriama, part of mijikenda-N. Kenya (Coast) 5
99-AUS-lb ki-kauma -kauma, part of mijikenda-N. Kenya (Coast) 4
99-AUS-lc ki-conyi -conyi, chonyi, dschogni, part of mijikenda-N. Kenya (Coast)
99-AUS-ld ki-jibana -jibana, dzihana, part of mijikenda-N. Kenya (Coast) 4
99-AUS-le ki-kambe -kambe, part of mijikenda-N. Kenya (Coast) 3
99-AUS-lf ki-ribe -ribe, rihe, part of mijikenda-N. Kenya (Coast) 3
99-AUS-lg ki-rabai -rabai, part of mijikenda-S. Kenya (Coast) 4
99-AUS-lh ki-duruma -duruma, part of mijikenda-S. Kenya (Coast) 5
99-AUS-li ki-digo -digo, part of mijikenda-S. Kenya (Coast); adjacent Tanzania
(Tanga)
99-AUS-lj ki-chwaka -chwaka, part of mijikenda-S. constitutes an additional (tenth)
member of miji-kenda
99-AUS-m kiSwahili "wider" swahili #derived from [12=] 'Arabiyya sawaa�ilii=«coastal, of
the coasts» �Arabic script; Latin script
99-AUS-ma ki-swahili-L. "muslim literary" swahili �from c.1700: in Arabic script �still used for
traditional poetry, including variants according to local spoken form
Kenya and/or Tanzania
A Tanzania; A Kenya; Uganda;
Somalia; Mozambique; Comoro
Islands (including Mayotte);
Congo/Zaire; Rwanda; Burundi…
Kenya; Tanzania…
99-AUS-mb ki-swahili-F. sanifu, "standard" swahili, "union" swahili �based largely on ki-Unguja Tanzania; Kenya; Uganda; Comoro
Islands; Congo/Zaire; Rwanda;
Burundi…
99-AUS-mc ci-miini ci-mwiini, mbalazi, ci-mbalazi, "bravanese", bantu-G41b; baraawe
community �Brava
99-AUS-md ki-tikuu t'ik'uu, thikuu, tikulu, bajuni, badjouni, bajoni, bajun, patschuni, gunya,
ki-gunya, faza-swahili, bantu-G41a
Somalia; migration (recent
refugees)> Kenya
Kenya (Coast); Somalia (Lower
Juba)
99-AUS-mda barani "mainland" tikuu (Coast); (Lower Juba)
99-AUS-mdb dhisiwani "island" tikuu (Coast)
5
3
5
6
5
7
4

page 734 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUS-me ki-siyu -siyu, siu �Siu island Kenya (Coast)
99-AUS-mf ki-pate -pate, patta �Patta island Kenya (Coast) 3
99-AUS-mg matondoni Kenya (Coast)
99-AUS-mh ki-amu �Lamu island, bantu-G42a Kenya (Coast)
99-AUS-mha ki-shela -shela (Coast);
99-AUS-mhb ki-pungani -pungani (Coast);
99-AUS-mi ki-mvita -mvita, mwita, bantu-G42b Kenya (Coast)
99-AUS-mia malindi (Coast)
99-AUS-mib kilifi (Coast)
99-AUS-mic mombasa (Coast)
99-AUS-mj ci-jomvu -jomvu Kenya (Coast)
99-AUS-mk ki-ngare -ngare Kenya (Coast)
99-AUS-ml shirazi Kenya (Coast)
99-AUS-mla shirazi-A. (Coast)
99-AUS-mlb ci-cifundi chifundi, chifunzi, funzi (Coast)
99-AUS-mlc aleni (Coast)
99-AUS-mld ngowa (Coast)
99-AUS-mm ki-vumba Kenya (Coast)
99-AUS-mma ki-vumba-A. vumba "proper" (Coast)
99-AUS-mmb ki-kyuyu -kyuyu (Coast)
99-AUS-mmc ki-masi -masi (Coast)
99-AUS-mmd ki-bumbu -bumbu (Coast)
99-AUS-mme ki-vanga -vanga (Coast)
99-AUS-mn ki-mtangata -mtangata, mtanata, mrima-N. Tanzania (Tanga)
99-AUS-mo pemba ki-phemba, ki-pemba, bantu-G43a �Pemba island Tanzania (Pemba)
99-AUS-moa konde-N. part of pemba-N. (Pemba)
99-AUS-mob tumbe part of pemba-N. (Pemba)
99-AUS-moc mi-cheweni -cheweni, part of pemba-N. (Pemba)
99-AUS-mod kowani part of pemba-C. (Pemba)
99-AUS-moe matele part of pemba-C. (Pemba)
99-AUS-mof ndagoni part of pemba-C. (Pemba)
99-AUS-mog ngwachani part of pemba-C. (Pemba)
99-AUS-moh kiuyu part of pemba-C. (Pemba)
99-AUS-moi kambini part of pemba-C. (Pemba)
99-AUS-moj chokocho pemba-S. (Pemba)
99-AUS-mp zanzibari �Zanzibar… Pemba-S. islands Tanzania (Zanzibar)
99-AUS-mpa ki-tumbatu tumbato, bantu-G43b, zanzibari-N. �Zanzibar… Pemba-S. islands (Zanzibar)
99-AUS-mpb ki-hadimu zanzibari-S., bantu-G43c �Zanzibar island (Zanzibar)
99-AUS-mpc makunduchi (Zanzibar)
99-AUS-mpd jambiani (Zanzibar)
99-AUS-mq ki-unguja "urban" zanzibari, "central" swahili, bantu-G42d Tanzania (Zanzibar)
99-AUS-mr ki-mrima bantu-G42d Tanzania (Coast; Mtwara); also
Mozambique (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-mra mafia �Mafia island (Coast)
99-AUS-mrb mgao kilwa �Kilwa southwards (Mtwara); (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-ms shi-ngazidya ki-ngazidya, ngazija, bantu-G44a, part of shimasiwa, komoro,
comorien �Grande Comore island
Comoro Islands
99-AUS-mt ki-mwali �Mohéli island Comoro Islands
99-AUS-mu shi-nzuani -nzuani, nzwani, hinzua, hunzua, anjouan, bantu-G44b, in [51=]
Français: grand-comorien, part of shimasiwa, komoro, comorien
�Anjouan island
Comoro Islands
99-AUS-mua shi-nzuani-W. anjouan-W. Comoro Islands
99-AUS-mub shi-nzuani-E. anjouan-E. Comoro Islands
99-AUS-muc "highland"-nzuani* "highland" anjouan Comoro Islands
99-AUS-mv shi-maore in [51=] Français: mahorais, part of shimasiwa, komoro, comorien Mayotte 4
99-AUS-mva shi-maore-A. "rural" maore Mayotte
99-AUS-mvb shi-maore-U. "urban" maore �Momojou… Dzaudzi Mayotte
99-AUS-mw ki-shamba "up-country" swahili influence < [99=] Bantu mother-tongues Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda
99-AUS-mx ki-hindi "up-country" swahili 2, "indian" swahili � influence < [59=] Indo-Aryan
primary languages
99-AUS-my ki-settla "up-country" swahili 3, "settler" swahili, "european" swahili influence <
[52=] English
Kenya; Tanzania
Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 735
99-AUS-mz ki-ngwana congo-swahili, potopoto Congo/Zaire-E. (Shaba; Kivu;
Haut-Zaire)
99-AUS-mza ki-ngwana-F. -ngwana "official", "standard" congo-swahili �compromise written
standard
Congo/Zaire
99-AUS-mzb ituri "kibali-ituri" ki-ngwana Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre)
99-AUS-mzc lualaba "lualaba river" ki-ngwana �Lualaba corridor Congo/Zaire (Haut-Zaïre; Kivu…)
99-AUS-mzd ki-shaba lubumbashi-swahili Congo/Zaire (Shaba)
99-AUS-n kiMwani mwani, mwane, muane, mwali, quimuane, swahili-S.; na-mwani, namuene
community �Quionga… Memba coast & offshore islands
Mozambique 5
99-AUS-na ki-mwani-N. moçimboa-da-praia Moçimboa-da-Praia coast & offshore islands (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-nb ki-mwani-ki-sanga quissanga �Quissanga coast (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-nc ki-mwani-ibo ibo �Ibo island (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-nd ki-mwani-S. memba �Memba coast (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-ne ki-mwani-W. mwani-makwe � influence < [99=] Makua primary language
�Quissanga hinterland
(Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-o kiShambala+
chiGogo*
shambala+ gogo, bantu-G11/12+ G23+ G31/39 Tanzania; adjacent Kenya 6
99-AUS-oa ki-shambala -shambala, ki-shambaa, shambaa, ki-sambaa, sambaa, sambara,
sambala, bantu-G23, in [52=] Deutsch: schambala �Usambara
mountains
Tanzania; adjacent Kenya 5
99-AUS-ob ki-bondei -bondei, bonde �Usambara-NE. mountains Tanzania 4
99-AUS-oc ki-ngulu -ngulu-N., nguru-N., nguli, ngula, nguu, including wayomba, geja,
bantu-G34 �Ngulu mountains
99-AUS-od ki-zigula -zigula, zigwa, zeguha, zigua, zigoua, seguha, bantu-G31; wa-zigula,
wa-zegua, wa-yombo community
99-AUS-oe ki-mushu-ngulu wa-zegua-N. community �spoken by descendants of formerly
enslaved speakers of [99=] ki-Zigula �Jamaame… Kismaayo
�Muqdisho
Tanzania 5
Tanzania 5
Somalia (since 19th century) 4
99-AUS-of doe dohe Tanzania 4
99-AUS-og ki-zalamo -zalamo, ki-zaramo, zaramo, zaramu, dzalamo, myagatwa, bantu-G33 Tanzania 5
99-AUS-oh ki-nghwele -nghwele, ngwele, nhwele, kwele, kwere, bantu-G32 Tanzania
99-AUS-oi ki-kutu -kutu, khutu, ziraha, bantu-G37 Tanzania 4
99-AUS-oj chi-lugulu -lugulu, luguru, ruguru-SE., i-ki-ruguru, guru, bantu-G35 �Luguru hills Tanzania (Morogoro) 5
99-AUS-oja "upland"-luguru-W. "upper" luguru-W. (Morogoro)
99-AUS-ojb "lowland"-luguru-W. "lower" luguru-W. (Morogoro)
99-AUS-ojc "upland"-luguru-E. "upper" luguru-E. (Morogoro)
99-AUS-ojd "lowland"-luguru-E. "lower" luguru-E. (Morogoro)
99-AUS-ok ki-kami -kami, bantu-G36 Tanzania 5
99-AUS-ol ci-vidunda -vidunda, ki-vidunda, ndunda, nkunda, bantu-G38 Tanzania 4
99-AUS-om ki-sagara* -sagara, ki-sagala-S., sagala-S., bantu-G39 �Usagara country Tanzania (Dodoma; Iringa) 4
99-AUS-oma n-kwifiya -kwifiya, kwifa, kwiva Tanzania
99-AUS-omb kwenyi kwenye Tanzania
99-AUS-omc kondoa kondoe, solwe Tanzania
99-AUS-omd itumba Tanzania
99-AUS-ome ziraha Tanzania
99-AUS-on chi-kagulu -kagulu, kaguru, kiningo, sagara-N., bantu-G12 Tanzania (Dodoma; Morogoro)
99-AUS-oo chi-megi bantu-G12 Tanzania
99-AUS-op chi-gogo* bantu-G11 Tanzania (Dodoma; Singida) 6*
99-AUS-opa chi-tumba Tanzania
99-AUS-opb chi-nyaugogo Tanzania
99-AUS-opc chi-nyambwa Tanzania
99-AUS-p kiNgindo+ kiRuihi* ngindo+ ruihi, bantu-P10's Tanzania 5
99-AUS-pa ki-ndengereko -ndengereko, ngengereko, ndengeleko, bantu-P11 Tanzania 5
99-AUS-pb ki-ruihi -ruihi, rufiji, fiji, bantu-P12 �Ruihi lower right-bank Tanzania (Coast) 5
99-AUS-pc ki-matumbi -matumbi, bantu-P13 Tanzania (Coast; Mtwara) 4
99-AUS-pd ki-chi -chi, ku-ci, ku-chi Tanzania
99-AUS-pe ki-ngindo -ngindo, njindo, bantu-P14 Tanzania (Mtwara; Morogoro) 5
99-AUS-q chiMakonde+ chiYao makonde+ yao, bantu-P20's Mozambique; Tanzania; Malawi 6
99-AUS-qa chi-mwera -mwera, ci-mwera, mwela, bantu-P22 Tanzania 5
99-AUS-qb macinga machinga Tanzania 4
99-AUS-qc chi-ndonde -ndonde, -ndomde, ki-mawanda, mawanda, bantu-P24 Tanzania 4
99-AUS-qd chi-makonde -makonde, chi-na-makonde, ci-makonde, shi-makonde, chi-nimakonde,
konde, makonda, maconde, matambwe, bantu-P23
Tanzania; Mozambique 6
99-AUS-qda makonde-N. va-makonde-N. community Tanzania 5
99-AUS-qdb makonde-S. va-makonde-S. community Mozambique 5
99-AUS-qdc donde n-donde; va-donde community Mozambique
6

page 736 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUS-qdd mwalu va-mwalu community Mozambique
99-AUS-qde mwambe va-mwambe community Mozambique
99-AUS-qe chi-mabiha -mabiha, ci-mabiha, chi-maviha, maviha, mavia, mawia, ki-mawiha,
mawiha, bantu-P25
99-AUS-qf chi-yao -yao, ci-yao, ayo, djao, adsawa, adsoa, ayawa, ajawa, achawa, hiao,
hyao, haiao, jao, veiao, wajao, bantu-P21
Mozambique; Tanzania 4
Tanzania (Ruvuma); Mozambique
(Niassa); Malawi (Southern)
99-AUS-qfa chi-yao-N. �Tanduru Tanzania (Ruvuma)
99-AUS-qfb chi-makale -makale Mozambique (Niassa)
99-AUS-qfc chi-massaninga -massaninga Mozambique (Niassa)
99-AUS-qfd chi-yao-S. �Nyasa… Chilwa lakes Malawi
99-AUS-r chiManda+
chiMatengo
manda+ matengo, bantu N10's Tanzania; adjacent Mozambique 5
99-AUS-ra chi-manda -manda, ki-manda, bantu-N11, part of ki-nyasa, nyasa-N. �Malawi-NE.
lake
99-AUS-rb chi-mpoto -mpoto, ci-mpoto, ki-mpoto, bantu-N14, part of ki-nyasa, nyasa-N.
�Malawi-NE. lake
Tanzania 4
Tanzania 4
99-AUS-rc chi-matengo -matengo, ki-matengo, bantu-N13 Tanzania; adjacent Mozambique 5
99-AUS-rd chi-ngoni-N. -ngoni 7, ki-ngoni, angoni, ki-sutu, -sutu, bantu-N12 �linguistic
realignment from former position in [99=] Ngoni
Tanzania; Mozambique 5
99-AUS-rda ngoni-songea �Songea Tanzania (Ruvuma)
99-AUS-rdb ngoni-macuaida �Macuaida Mozambique (Niassa)
99-AUS-rdc ngoni-mualo �Mualo-M. valley Mozambique (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-re kisi bantu-G67 �Malawi-N. lake (enclave) Tanzania 4
99-AUS-rf ndendeule ndendeuli Tanzania 4
99-AUS-s chiPogolu pogolu �Kilombero valley Tanzania (Morogoro) 5
99-AUS-sa chi-pogolu -pogolu, pogolo, pogoro, bantu-G51 Tanzania (Morogoro) 5
99-AUS-t Ndamba+ Mbunga* #prefixes to be established �Kilombero valley Tanzania (Morogoro) 4
99-AUS-ta ndamba Tanzania (Morogoro) 4
99-AUS-tb mbunga bantu-P13 Tanzania (Morogoro) 4
99-AUS-tba mbunga-S.* �perhaps to be reclassified with neighbouring [99=] Chipogolu (Morogoro)
99-AUS-tbb mbunga-N.* (Morogoro)
99-AUS-u ekiHehe+ ekiBena* hehe+ bena, bantu-G60's Tanzania (Iringa; Mbeya; Ruvuma) 5
99-AUS-ua e-ki-hehe -hehe, bantu-G62 Tanzania (Iringa) 5
99-AUS-ub e-ki-bena -bena Tanzania (Iringa) 5
99-AUS-uba e-ki-bena-A. -bena-A., bantu-G63 Tanzania (Iringa) 5
99-AUS-ubb lu-pembe -pembe (Iringa)
99-AUS-ubc ma-sakati -sakati, namanga (Iringa)
99-AUS-ubd ma-situ -situ (Iringa)
99-AUS-ube ma-swamu -swamu (Iringa)
99-AUS-ubf sovi (Iringa)
99-AUS-ubg ma-tumbi* -tumbi (Iringa)
99-AUS-uc e-ki-pangwa -pangwa, bantu-G64 Tanzania (Iringa; Ruvuma) 5
99-AUS-ud e-shi-sangu -sangu, sango, rori, bantu-G61 Tanzania (Mbeya) 4
99-AUS-ue ki-wanji -wanji, ki-vwanji, vwanji, uwanji, bantu-G66 Tanzania (Mbeya; Iringa) 4
99-AUS-uf e-ki-kinga -kinga, ki-kinga, xingwa, bantu-G65 �Malawi-NE. lake: Livingstone
mountains
Tanzania (Iringa) 4
99-AUS-v ikiNyakyusa+
ikiNgonde
nyakyusa+ ngonde, bantu-M31 Tanzania; Malawi 5
99-AUS-va i-ki-nyakyusa -nyakyusa, ki-nyakyusa, nyekyosa, nyakusa, nyikyusa, mombe
�Nyasa-N. lake… Rungwe massif
99-AUS-vaa mwamba (Mbeya)
99-AUS-vab lungulu luguru-S. (Mbeya)
Tanzania (Mbeya) 5
99-AUS-vac kaa-selya -selya, salya, seria (Mbeya) *
99-AUS-vad ngumba (Mbeya)
99-AUS-vae kukwe (Mbeya)
99-AUS-vaf penja (Mbeya)
99-AUS-vag sokelo* sokili, sokile, sochile (Mbeya)
99-AUS-vah ma-soko* -soko, saku (Mbeya)
99-AUS-vb i-chi-ndali -ndali Tanzania (Mbeya)
99-AUS-vc i-ki-ngonde kya-ngonde, konde, nkonde Malawi (Northern) 5
99-AUS-vd sukwa* Malawi
5

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
99-AUS-w chiTumbuka+
chiSenga
Linguasphere Observatory page 737
tumbuka+ senga Malawi; Zambia 6
99-AUS-wa chi-senga senga-N., bantu-N21d Zambia
99-AUS-wb yombe bantu-N21e Zambia; also Malawi
99-AUS-wc chi-tumbuka+ chikamanga
-tumbuka, ci-tumbuka, tambuka, timbuka, tumboka, tombuca, tew Malawi (Northern); Zambia
(Eastern)
99-AUS-wca chi-tumbuka bantu-N21a Malawi; Zambia
99-AUS-wcb fungwe bantu-N21f Malawi; Zambia
99-AUS-wcc hewe hewa Malawi; Zambia
99-AUS-wcd chi-kamanga -kamanga, ci-kamanga, kamanga, bantu-N21c Malawi; Zambia
99-AUS-wce henga-N. Malawi…
99-AUS-wcf henga-S. Malawi…
99-AUS-wcg kandawire kandawile Malawi…
99-AUS-wch wenya nenya, bantu-N21g Malawi…
99-AUS-wci chi-phoka -phoka, ci-poka, poka, bantu-N21b Malawi…
99-AUS-wcj nthali Malawi…
99-AUS-wck fulilwa fulirwa Malawi…
99-AUS-wcl sisya siska Malawi…
99-AUS-wd chi-tonga-E. -tonga-E., bantu-N15 Malawi (Northern); Zambia
(Eastern)
99-AUS-x chiNyanja+ chiSena nyanja+ sena, bantu-N30's+ N40's Malawi; Zambia; Mozambique; also
Zimbabwe
99-AUS-xa chi-nyanja+
chi-chewa
including nyanja, ci-nyanja, maravi… cewa, chewa, cheva, sheva, cicewa
99-AUS-xaa chi-nyanja-F. "standard" nyanja, "zambian" nyanja-cewa Zambia
99-AUS-xab chi-nyanja-U. "town" nyanja, lusaka-nyanja �Lusaka Zambia
99-AUS-xac chi-chewa-F. "standard" chewa, "malawian" nyanja+ chewa Malawi
Malawi; Zambia; Mozambique 6
99-AUS-xad chi-chewa-W. -chewa-W., nyanja+ chewa-W., bantu-N31b Malawi; Zambia; Mozambique
99-AUS-xae chi-nyanja-S. -nyanja-S., nyanja+ chewa-S., bantu-N31a Malawi; Mozambique
99-AUS-xaf chi-nyasa -nyasa-S., nyanja+ chewa-E. Malawi; Mozambique; Tanzania
99-AUS-xag chi-kunda-N. -kunda 3 transition < wards [99=] Bemba Zambia
99-AUS-xb chi-peta -peta Malawi
99-AUS-xc chi-ngoni-S. -ngoni 6 ; linguistic realignment (shift) from former position within [99=]
Ngoni
Tanzania; Malawi
99-AUS-xd chi-manganja -manganja, mananja, mang'anja, wa-ganga, bantu-N31c Malawi; Mozambique
99-AUS-xe chi-kunda-S. kunda 4, ci-kunda, chi-kunda, bantu-N42 #from [99=] Nyanja mcikunda=
«soldier»
99-AUS-xea chi-kunda-luangwa �Luangwa valley Zambia
Zambia; Mozambique; Zimbabwe 5
99-AUS-xeb chi-kunda-zambezi �Zambezi valley Zambia; Mozambique; Zimbabwe
99-AUS-xf chi-nsenga -nsenga, senga-S., bantu-N41 Zambia; Mozambique; Zimbabwe 5
99-AUS-xfa nsenga-petauke -petauke Zambia; also Zimbabwe
99-AUS-xfb nsenga-mpezeni ngoni 5 �linguistic realignment from former position within [99=] Ngoni Zambia
99-AUS-xfc nsenga-zambezi �Zambezi valley Mozambique
99-AUS-xg pimbi Mozambique
99-AUS-xh chi-nyungwe -nyungwe, teta, tete, nyungwi, nyongwe, yungwe, nhungue, shinhungue,
bantu-N43 �Zambezi valley
Mozambique 5
99-AUS-xi chi-sena bantu-N44 transition < [99=] Shona �Zambezi lower valley: Sena Mozambique; also Malawi;
Zimbabwe
99-AUS-xia chi-sena-C. �Sena Mozambique
99-AUS-xib sare care, chi-sena-N., sena-sare, sena-chare Mozambique
99-AUS-xic bangwe chi-sena-S., sena-bangwe Mozambique
99-AUS-xj chi-rue -rue, ci-rue, ba-rwe, ba-rgwe, 'barwe' tonga, bantu-N45 Mozambique; Zimbabwe; Malawi
99-AUS-xk gombe Mozambique
99-AUS-xl sangwe Mozambique
99-AUS-xm chi-podzo -podzo, ci-podzo, puthsu, shi-puthsu, bantu-N46 �Zambezi lower leftbank:
Marromeu… Chinda
Mozambique
99-AUS-xn mazaro* Mozambique
99-AUS-xo hwesa Zimbabwe
99-AUS-y chiChwabo+ eMeeto Makhua, chwabo+ meeto, e-makhua, i-makhua, makua, makoa,
makoane, makwa, maquoua, ki-makua, macua
Mozambique; Malawi; Tanzania 6
99-AUS-ya e-meeto -meeto, e-meetto, meto, medo, mato, "interior" makua-N., ameto Mozambique (Cabo Delgado);
Tanzania
99-AUS-yb i-ngulu -ngulu-S., nguru-S., makhua-W., makhua-niassa, e-mihavani,
mihavane, mihawani, bantu-P33
Mozambique (Niassa); Malawi
6*
6
6

page 738 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUS-yc e-mwuikari* -mwuikari, mwikari, maca, e-maka, "coastal" makhua-N. Mozambique (Cabo Delgado) 5
99-AUS-yca e-khinga -khinga (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-ycb e-tthwari -tthwari (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-ycc e-nahara -nahara, maharra (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-ycd nampamela (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-yce mulai (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-ycf e-marevoni -marevoni, marrevone (Cabo Delgado)
99-AUS-yd i-makhuani -makhuani, e-makhuwani, e-makhuana, makhuwa-makhuwana,
makoane, makuana, makhua-C., bantu-P31 �Nampula
99-AUS-ye e-sakaji* -sakaji, sangaji, sangage, e-shaaka, -shaaka, e-saka, saka, theithei
�Sangange peninsula… Namaponda… Mogincual
Mozambique (Nampula)
Mozambique 4
99-AUS-yf e-koti -koti, coti, angoche, angoxe �Angoche coast & islands Mozambique 4
99-AUS-yg i-lomwe -lomwe, e-lomwe, a-lomwe, ci-lowe, chi-lowe, lowe, lomue, lolo,
makua-W., mihavane, mihavani, mihawani, bantu-P32; wa-lomwe
community
99-AUS-yh chi-chwabo -chwabo, e-cuabo, e-chuabo, e-chuwabo, ci-cuabo, chuabo, chwampo,
cuambo, chuambo, xuabo, lolo 2, lomwe-S., bantu-P34 �Quelimane
coast… Mulanje mountains
99-AUS-yha cuabo-C. chwabo-C. (Zambézia)
99-AUS-yhb atakwani (Zambézia)
99-AUS-yhc kokola (Zambézia)
99-AUS-yhd e-karumgu karungu, eckarumgu (Zambézia)
99-AUS-yi e-shirima -shirima Mozambique
99-AUS-yj i-mithupi -mithupi Mozambique
99-AUS-yk i-korovere -korovere Mozambique
99-AUT ISIZULU+
CHIZEZURU net
99-AUT-a chiZezuru+
chiKaranga
Mozambique (Zambézia); Malawi 6
Mozambique (Zambézia); adjacent
Malawi
BANTU-INNER-SOUTH, zulu+ zezuru, bantu-S10's/S60's transition <
[99=] Kiswahili+ Ikiruundi (Bantu-Inner-East)
Shona, zezuru+ karanga, bantu-S10's Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Zambia 6
99-AUT-aa chi-shona-F. -shona, "union" shona, "standard" shona, 'swina' �compromise written
standard, based primarily on Zezuru (representing northern Shona)
and Karanga (representing southern Shona)
Zimbabwe…
99-AUT-ab chi-korekore -korekore, ci-korekore, shona-N., bantu-S11 Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Zambia 5
99-AUT-aba chi-korekore-W. korekore-urungwe Zimbabwe
99-AUT-abb chi-korekore-E. korekore-chipuriro, korekore-sipolilo �Sipolilo Zimbabwe
99-AUT-abc tande korekore-tande Zimbabwe
99-AUT-abd tavara tabara Mozambique; also Zimbabwe
99-AUT-abe nyon-gwe nyonbwe, korekore-nyombwe Zimbabwe
99-AUT-abf pfun-gwe pfunde Zimbabwe
99-AUT-abg shan-gwe-N. �Omay Zimbabwe
99-AUT-abh shan-gwe-S. �Gokwe Zimbabwe
99-AUT-abi budya Zimbabwe
99-AUT-abj gova-N. goba-NW. Zambia
99-AUT-abk gova-S. goba-SW. Zambia
99-AUT-ac chi-zezuru -zezuru, ci-zezuru, shona-C., ma-zizuru, zizuru, zuzura, bantu-S12; bazezuru,
ba-zuzura, va-zezuru, wa-zezuru community
99-AUT-aca shawasha Zimbabwe
99-AUT-acb harava Zimbabwe
99-AUT-acc nohwe Zimbabwe
99-AUT-acd gova-NE. Zimbabwe
99-AUT-ace hera Zimbabwe
99-AUT-acf njanja Zimbabwe
99-AUT-acg mbire Zimbabwe
99-AUT-ach nobvu Zimbabwe
99-AUT-aci kwa-chikwakwa chikwakwa Zimbabwe
99-AUT-acj kwa-zwimba zwimba Zimbabwe
99-AUT-ack tsunga Zimbabwe
99-AUT-ad chi-manyika-N.* -manyika-N., ci-manyika-N., shona-NE., nyanga, i-nyanga, bantu-S12
transition < [99=] Nyanja+ Sena
99-AUT-ada i-nyanga -nyanga-A. �Inyanga (Manicaland)
99-AUT-adb u-nyama -nyama (Manicaland)
99-AUT-adc nyatwe �Sanyatwe* (Manicaland)
Zimbabwe 5
Zimbabwe (Manicaland);
Mozambique (Manica e Sofala)
99-AUT-add nyamuka Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-ade bunji Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
5

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
Linguasphere Observatory page 739
99-AUT-adf nyatoro Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-adg karombe Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-adh nyika Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-adi ingwe Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-adj tokwana Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-adk domba Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-ae chi-manyika-C. -manyika-C., ci-manyika-C., shona-E., bantu-S12 Zimbabwe (Manicaland;
Mozambique (Manica e Sofala)
99-AUT-aea guta Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-aeb jindwi Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-aec bvumba Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-aed boca bocha, boka Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-aee here Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-aef hungwe Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-aeg teve tebe; wa-teve, va-teve community transition < [99=] Ndau Zimbabwe and/or Mozambique
99-AUT-af chi-karanga -karanga, ci-karanga, shona-S., bantu-S14, including chi-rozwi, rozwi;
including toko� hwesa� rozwi, rozvi, ruzwi communities
99-AUT-afa duma-W. part of karanga-W. Zimbabwe
99-AUT-afb jena part of karanga-W. Zimbabwe
99-AUT-afc govera gobera, part of karanga-W. Zimbabwe
99-AUT-afd ngova gova-SE., part of karanga-W. Zimbabwe
99-AUT-afe mhari mari, part of karanga-E. Zimbabwe
99-AUT-aff nyubi part of karanga-E. Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe 5
99-AUT-ag chi-ndau -ndau, ci-ndau, njao, ndzawu, sofala, shona-SE., bantu-S15 Mozambique; Zimbabwe 5
99-AUT-aga chi-ndau-A. -ndau-A. Mozambique (Sofala; Manica);
Zimbabwe
99-AUT-agb tonga-SE. duma-E.; a-ba-tonga, a-tonga, ba-toka, ba-tonga, wa-tonga community Zimbabwe
99-AUT-agc garwe Zimbabwe
99-AUT-agd chi-ndanda -ndanda, danda, dondo; va-danda, wa-dondo community Mozambique
99-AUT-age buzi Mozambique
99-AUT-ah chi-shanga -shanga, changa, xanga, ci-shanga, chi-changa, ci-changa, chi-xanga,
mashanga, ci-mashanga, senji, chi-senji, "coastal" shona, "coastal"
ndau
99-AUT-ai chi-kalanga kalanga, ci-kalanga, kanana, kalana, se-kalaña, ma-kalaka, kalaka,
part of shona-W.; wa-kalanga community
99-AUT-aj chi-nambya -nambya, ci-nambya, nyai, in [99=] Ndebele: nanzva; a-ba-nyai, banyai,
wa-nyai community, part of shona-W.
Mozambique
99-AUT-aja chi-nambya-W. nambya-wankie �Wankie Zimbabwe
99-AUT-ajb chi-nambya-E. nambya-gwaai �Gwaai valley Zimbabwe
99-AUT-ajc chi-nambzya nambya-ngami Botswana
Zimbabwe 5
Zimbabwe; Botswana 4
99-AUT-ak chi-lilima -lilima, ci-lilima, part of shona-W. Zimbabwe; Botswana; South Africa
99-AUT-aka humbe Zimbabwe; Botswana
99-AUT-akb talaunda talahundra Zimbabwe
99-AUT-akc peri Botswana
99-AUT-akd chi-rozvi rozwi submerged < [99=] Karanga Zimbabwe 0
99-AUT-ake twamamba Zimbabwe; South Africa 0*
99-AUT-akf lemba South Africa
99-AUT-b chiVenda venda, bantu-S21 South Africa; Zimbabwe 5
99-AUT-ba chi-venda -venda, ci-venda, ce-venda, tshi-venda, ts-venda, tsi-vend, vend,
phenda, penda, bantu-S21
South Africa (North Transvaal);
Zimbabwe
99-AUT-baa chi-venda-F. "standard" venda, "literary" venda South Africa; Zimbabwe
99-AUT-bab chi-venda-C. "central" venda (North Transvaal) 5
99-AUT-bac phani (North Transvaal)
99-AUT-bad tavhatsindi (North Transvaal)
99-AUT-c shiChopi+ giTonga chopi+ tonga, bantu-S60's Mozambique 5
99-AUT-ca gi-tonga -tonga-S., shengwe, tonga-inhambane, bi-tonga, khambani
�Inhambane, bantu-S62 �Morrumbane… Inhambane coast
99-AUT-caa gi-tonga-gy-khogani khogani (Inhambane)
99-AUT-cab ci-nyambe nyambe (Inhambane)
99-AUT-cac gi-sewi sewi (Inhambane)
Mozambique (Inhambane) 5
99-AUT-cb ki-lenge -lenge, lengue Mozambique (Inhambane)
5
5

page 740 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUT-cc shi-chopi -chopi, -copi, ci-copi, xope, tschopi, bantu-S61, in [51=] Portuguese:
txopi, txi-txopi �Inharrime… Quissico… Chidunguela coast �including
over 50 dialects
Mozambique (Inhambane; Gaza) 5
99-AUT-cca shi-chopi-A. -chopi "proper" Mozambique (Inhambane; Gaza)
99-AUT-ccb lambwi lambwe Mozambique
99-AUT-ccc n-donge Mozambique
99-AUT-ccd khambani Mozambique
99-AUT-d shiTswa+ shiRonga tswa+ ronga, "wider" shi-tsonga, bantu-S50's Mozambique; Zimbabwe; South
Africa
99-AUT-da shi-tswa -tswa, shi-tshwa, tshwa, ki-tswa, shee-tswa, xi-tswa, dzonga+ dzibi,
bantu-S51b
99-AUT-daa shi-tswa-A. -tswa-A. (Inhambane)
99-AUT-dab shi-dzibi -dzibi, dzivi, xi-dzivi (Inhambane)
99-AUT-dac dzonga n-dshonge, n-dxhonge, dshonge (Inhambane)
99-AUT-dad mandla (Inhambane)
99-AUT-dae nhayi (Inhambane)
Mozambique (Inhambane)
99-AUT-db shi-hlengwe -hlengwe, lengwe, makwakwe+ khambana, bantu-S51a Mozambique (Inhambane)
99-AUT-dba makwakwe (Inhambane)
99-AUT-dbb khambana khambani (Inhambane)
99-AUT-dc shi-shangana -shangana, changana, changa, shi-tsonga "proper", -tsonga, xi-tsonga,
thonga, tonga 4, bantu-S53, in [51=] Portuguese: xi-changana, shichangana,
changa
99-AUT-dca vila bila Mozambique*
99-AUT-dcb jonga-S. djonga, dzonga Mozambique*
Mozambique (Inhambane;
Maputo); South Africa (North
Transvaal; East Transvaal);
Swaziland
99-AUT-dcc shi-hlanganu -hlanganu, shi-langanu, langanu, hanganu, n-hlanganu (Inhambane; Maputo)
99-AUT-dcd shi-shangana-A. -shangana-A., shangaan (North Transvaal; East Transvaal);
Swaziland
99-AUT-dce ma-luleke -luleke South Africa (North Transvaal)
99-AUT-dcf gwamba gwapa South Africa (North Transvaal)
99-AUT-dcg shi-ngwalungu -ngwalungu, nwalungu, shi-gwalangu South Africa (North Transvaal)
99-AUT-dd shi-ronga -ronga, xi-ronga, gi-ronga, shi-rongo Mozambique (Maputo); South
Africa (Kwazulu-Natal)
99-AUT-dda shi-ronga-A. -ronga-A. Mozambique (Maputo)
99-AUT-ddb xonga South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal)
99-AUT-ddc songa-S. South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal)
99-AUT-ddd konde-S. South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal)
99-AUT-dde putru South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal)*
99-AUT-e seSotho+ seTswana sotho+ tswana South Africa; Lesotho; Botswana;
Zimbabwe; also Namibia
99-AUT-ea khe-lobedu -lobedu, lovedu, lubedu, sotho-NE. South Africa (North Transvaal);
also Zimbabwe; Botswana
99-AUT-eaa birwa* (North Transvaal); Zimbabwe;
Botswana
99-AUT-eab tlokwa-SE. tlokoa, tokwa, dogwa (North Transvaal)
99-AUT-eac khe-lobedu-A. -lobedu "proper" (North Transvaal)
99-AUT-ead kgaga kxaxa, khaga, part of kgaga+ tswene (North Transvaal)
99-AUT-eae kone+ tswene* koni+ tsweni, tswene+ kone, tsweni+ koni, kwena, part of kgaga+
tswene; including ba-kwena… ba-fokeng… ba-kubung communities
(North Transvaal)
99-AUT-eaf mambolo (North Transvaal)
99-AUT-eag the-phalaborwa -phalaborwa, phalaburwa, palaburwa, nari submerged < [99=] thi-
Pulana
99-AUT-eb thi-pulana -pulana, part of sotho-E. (East Transvaal)
99-AUT-ec khutswe khutswi, kutswe, part of sotho-E. (East Transvaal)
(East Transvaal) 0*
99-AUT-ed se-pedi -pedi, sotho-N., bantu-S32 South Africa (North Transvaal;
East Transvaal; Gauteng); also
Zimbabwe
99-AUT-eda se-pedi-F. "standard" sotho-N., transvaal-sotho, bantu-S32b South Africa (North Transvaal;
East Transvaal; Gauteng); also
Zimbabwe
99-AUT-edb se-pedi-U. "urban" pedi �Witwatersrand (Gauteng)
99-AUT-edc hananwa gananwa, xananwa South Africa
99-AUT-edd moletshi matlala-moletshi South Africa
99-AUT-ede masemula masemola, tau South Africa
99-AUT-edf thabine part of dzwabo South Africa
99-AUT-edg roka part of dzwabo South Africa
99-AUT-edh nareng part of dzwabo South Africa
99-AUT-edi kopa South Africa
6
6
5
7
6

9= TRANSAFRICAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique
99-AUT-ee se-sotho sotho-S., sotho "proper", sutho, suto, souto, suthu, si-sutho, se-suto,
bantu-S32
99-AUT-eea se-sotho-F. standard" sotho-S., 'literary" sotho-S.
99-AUT-eeb se-sotho-U. "urban" sotho-S. �Witwatersrand (Gauteng)
Linguasphere Observatory page 741
A Lesotho; South Africa (Orange
Free State and adjacent provinces)
99-AUT-eec se-sotho-G. "generalised" sotho-S. Lesotho; (Orange Free State) 6
99-AUT-eed taung-NE. Lesotho
99-AUT-eee taung-SW. Lesotho; (Orange Free State)
99-AUT-ef si-lozi -lozi, rozi, tozvi, rotse, rutse, kololo ; formerly part of [99=] Sotho-S.,
with subsequent convergence towards [99=] e-si-Luyana
Zambia; also Botswana
99-AUT-eg se-tswana -tswana, chuana, cuana, se-chuana, bantu-S31 South Africa (North Cape; North-
West and adjacent provinces);
Botswana; also Zimbabwe;
Namibia
99-AUT-ega se-tswana-F. "standard" tswana South Africa; Botswana… 6*
99-AUT-egb se-tswana-U. "urban" tswana �Witwatersrand (Gauteng)
99-AUT-egc tawana Botswana, also Zimbabwe
99-AUT-egd si-ngwato -ngwato, nwato, ngwatu, ma-ngwato Botswana; also Zimbabwe
99-AUT-ege kwena koena Botswana
99-AUT-egf ngwaketse ngwaketsi Botswana; also South Africa
99-AUT-egg hurutshe kurutsi Botswana; also South Africa
99-AUT-egh tlokwa-NW. tokwa, tlokoa Botswana
99-AUT-egi me-lete -lete; ba-ga-ma-lete community Botswana
99-AUT-egj kgatla kxhatla, khatla Botswana; South Africa
99-AUT-egk thlaping tlapi, tlhaping South Africa (North-West)
99-AUT-egl thlware thlaro, thlaru, tlharo South Africa (North Cape; North-
West); also Botswana
99-AUT-egm se-rolong-N. -rolong-N., si-rolong-N., tshidi �Molopo valley: Tshidilamolomo South Africa (North-West);
Botswana
99-AUT-egn se-rolong-S. -rolong-S., si-rolong-S., seleka (Orange Free State)
99-AUT-eh kxalaxari kxalaxadi, kalahari, kgalagadi, kxhalaxadi Botswana
99-AUT-eha ngologa Botswana
99-AUT-ehb koma Botswana
99-AUT-ehc kuwe Botswana
99-AUT-f isiZulu+ isiXhosa Ngoni, zulu+ xhosa South Africa; Swaziland; Lesotho;
Zimbabwe; Tanzania…
99-AUT-fa i-si-xhosa -xhosa, xosa, koosa, bantu-S41 South Africa (East Cape; Lesotho;
Gauteng… )
99-AUT-faa i-si-xhosa-F. "standard" xhosa �Xhosa-C. model South Africa
99-AUT-fab i-si-xhosa-U. "urban" xhosa �Witwatersrand (Gauteng)
99-AUT-fac i-si-gcaleka gcaleka, part of xhosa-C. South Africa
99-AUT-fad i-si-ndlambe -ndlambe, part of xhosa-C. South Africa
99-AUT-fae i-si-ngaika -ngaika, ng!ika, gaika, ncqika, part of xhosa-C. South Africa
99-AUT-faf thembu South Africa
99-AUT-fag bomvana South Africa
99-AUT-fah mpondomse mpondomise, mpondomisi South Africa
99-AUT-fai mpondo pondo South Africa
99-AUT-faj i-si-xesibe South Africa
99-AUT-fb i-si-hlubi lubi, part of tekeza, tekela �Tsatsana highlands Lesotho-S.; (East Cape) transfrontier
99-AUT-fc phuthi puthi, part of tekeza, tekela transition < [99=] Sotho+ Tswana
�Orange upper valley
Lesotho-S.; (East Cape) transfrontier
99-AUT-fd i-si-bhaca baca, part of tekeza, tekela South Africa (East Transvaal)
99-AUT-fe i-si-swati -swati, si-swati, i-si-swazi, swazi, bantu-S4; part of tekeza, tekela Swaziland; South Africa (East
Transvaal; Kwazulu-Natal;
Gauteng)
99-AUT-fea i-si-swati-F. "standard" swati Swaziland; South Africa
99-AUT-feb i-si-swati-G. "modern generalised" swati Swaziland
99-AUT-fec i-si-swati-A. "traditional" swati �including localised dialects Swaziland
99-AUT-ff pai mbai, mbayi transition < [99=] Sotho+ Tswana �Drakensberg-S.
highlands
South Africa (East Transvaal)
99-AUT-fg i-si-zulu South Africa 6
99-AUT-fga i-si-zulu-F. "standard" zulu, "literary" zulu South Africa
99-AUT-fgb i-si-zulu-U. "urban" zulu �Witwatersrand (Gauteng)
99-AUT-fgc i-si-zulu-C. "central" zulu (Kwazulu-Natal; East Transvaal;
Gauteng)
99-AUT-fgd lala South Africa
99-AUT-fge qabe South Africa
6
6
7
6
6

page 742 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition
99-AUT-fh fanakolo fanekolo, fanagalo, fanagolo, i-si-lololo, lololo, ci-lapalapa, chiraparapa,
i-si-kuula, i-si-piki, piki, nguni-"pidgin", 'kitchen kaffir', 'mine
kaffir', 'basic bantu', 'zulu-boi'
99-AUT-fi i-si-ndebele-S. -ndebele-S., inde'bele-S., udebele, transvaal-ndebele-S., part of ngoni-
"diaspora", ndebele+ ngoni �Middelburg
99-AUT-fia ndzundza mapôrs, mapoggers, mapogga, mapokka ; convergent towards [99=]
Sotho+ Tswana
South Africa; Namibia; Zimbabwe;
Zambia
South Africa (East Transvaal)
South Africa…
99-AUT-fib manala South Africa (East Transvaal)
99-AUT-fj i-si-nrebele -nrebele, ndebele 3, transvaal-ndebele-N., ndebele-potgietersrus
�Potgietersrus
99-AUT-fk i-si-ndebele-N. -ndebele-N., inde'bele-N., tabeele, tabele, zimbabwe ndebele, former
"rhodesian" ndebele, ngoni-zimbabwe, bantu-S44, part of ngoni
"diaspora", ndebele+ ngoni; matabele community �Matabeleland
country
99-AUT-fka ngoni-malawi "mpehlembu's ngoni", malawi ngoni, bantu-S42b �submerged < [99=]
ci-Tumbuka
99-AUT-fkb ngoni-mozambique-NW. �submerged < [99=] ci-Ngoni-N. Mozambique
99-AUT-fkc ngoni-mozambique-NE. angoni �submerged < [99=] ci-Ngoni-N. Mozambique
99-AUT-fkd ngoni-tanzania ki-sutu 2 �submerged < [99=] ci-Ngoni-N. Tanzania
South Africa (North Transvaal)
Zimbabwe 5
Malawi 0