Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
H$aZ-J«§W ‘| Ho$db J«h-J{UV ahVm h¡&<br />
~«÷Jwá, eVmZ§X, ^mñH$amMm©, JUoe X¡dk Am{X<br />
H$B© Ámo{V{fm| Zo H$aZ-J«§W {bIo& {gÕm§V, V§Ì<br />
Am¡a H$aZ J«§Wm| H$mo J{UV-Ámo{Vf Ho$ hr J«§W<br />
<strong>‘m</strong>ZZm Mm{hE& J{UV-Ámo{Vf Ho$ J«§Wm| ‘o§ {Za§Va<br />
g§emoYZ hmoVm ahm h¡& ~«÷Jwá Am¡a Xÿgao H$B©<br />
Ámo{V{fm| Zo Am©^Q> Ho$ ‘Vm| H$m I§S>Z {H$m&<br />
dQ>oída Zo ~«÷Jwá Ho$ ‘Vm| H$m I§S>Z {H$m& gm‘§V<br />
M§ÐeoIa Zo ‘hmZ ^mñH$amMm© Ho$ H$B© pñWam§H$m| ‘|<br />
g§emoYZ {H$m& Eogr pñW{V ‘| BZ {gÕm§VH$mam| H$mo<br />
Ámo{Vf Ho$ ZE nmR>çH«$‘ ‘| em{‘b H$aZo Ho$ ³m<br />
n[aUm‘ hm|Jo? m BZHo$ ~J¡a hr nmR>çH«$‘ ~ZoJm?<br />
g§{hVm-J«§Wm| ‘| J«hMmam| Am¡a ‘whÿVm] ({ddmh<br />
Am¡a mÌm{X H$<strong>‘m</strong>]) <strong>H$s</strong> MMm© ahVr h¡& damh{‘{ha<br />
<strong>H$s</strong> ~¥hËg§{hVm Ho$ ~mX h<strong>‘m</strong>ao Xoe ‘| ‘whÿV© {dfH$<br />
H$B© gmar nwñVH|$ {bIr JBª& hmoam ñH§$Y H$m<br />
Xÿgam Zm‘ hr OmVH$ h¡& OmVH$ ‘| ‘Zwî Ho$ b¾<br />
(CXH$mb <strong>H$s</strong> am{e) Ûmam CgHo$ g§nyU© gwI-Xþ…<br />
Im| H$m {ZíM {H$m OmVm h¡& ~mX ‘|, Aa~m|<br />
Ho$ g§nH©$ ‘| AmZo na, OmVH$ Ho$ gmW Vm{OH$ ^r<br />
Ow‹S> Jm&<br />
Bg Vah h‘ XoIVo h¢ {H$ bJ^J 500 B©. go<br />
^maVr Ámo{Vf à‘wIV… Xmo ^mJm| ‘| ~Q> Jm-<br />
J{UV-Ámo{Vf Am¡a ’${bV-Ámo{Vf& J{UV-<br />
Ámo{Vf H$mo h‘| {dkmZ hr <strong>‘m</strong>ZZm Mm{hE, ³m|{H$<br />
Bg‘| {Za§Va I§S>Z-‘§S>Z MbVm ahm, g§emoYZ<br />
hmoVm ahm, Am¡a ZE-ZE {gÕm§V ñWm{nV {H$E OmVo<br />
aho& O¡go, Am©^Q> (499 B©.) Zo lw{V-ñ‘¥{V <strong>H$s</strong><br />
nadmh {H$E {~Zm ^maV ‘| nhbr ~ma ^y-^«‘U<br />
H$m {gÕm§V à{VnmXZ {H$m, ^bo hr ~mX ‘| damh<br />
d ~«÷Jwá Am{X Ámo{V{fm| Zo ZmhH$ hr CZHo$<br />
ghr ‘V H$m {damoY {H$m hmo& ’${bV-Ámo{Vfr Vmo<br />
AmO ^r <strong>‘m</strong>ZVo h¢ {H$ n¥Ïdr pñWa h¡&<br />
EH$ Am¡a CXmhaU br{OE& doXm§J-Ámo{Vf ‘|<br />
wJ nm±M dfm] H$m Am¡a df© 366 {XZm| H$m <strong>‘m</strong>Zm<br />
Jm Wm& damh{‘{ha Zo {Og nwamZo gy©-{gÕm§V <strong>H$s</strong><br />
OmZH$mar Xr h¡ Cg‘| gm¡a df© 365.25875 {XZm|<br />
H$m ~Vmm Jm h¡& damh Ho$ ~mX Ho$ gy©-{gÕm§V<br />
‘| df©<strong>‘m</strong>Z 365.258756 {XZm| H$m {Xm Jm h¡&<br />
‘Ja AmYw{ZH$ AÝdofU Ho$ AZwgma gmZ df© H$m<br />
dmñV{dH$ <strong>‘m</strong>Z 365.242196 {XZ h¡&<br />
Bg Vah, gy©-{gÕm§V H$m df©<strong>‘m</strong>Z dmñV{dH$<br />
gmZ df©<strong>‘m</strong>Z go 0.016560 {XZ A{YH$ h¡& My±{H$<br />
gy©-{gÕm§V Ho$ Bg df©<strong>‘m</strong>Z H$m na§namJV nÕ{V Ho$<br />
n§Mm§J ~ZmZo ‘| AmO ^r CnmoJ hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE<br />
ha gmb df© H$m Ama§^ 0.01656 {XZ AmJo ~‹T><br />
OmVm h¡& Bg Vah {nN>bo H$ar~ 1400 dfm] ‘|<br />
df© H$m Ama§^ 23.2 {XZ AmJo ~‹T> Jm h¡& ³m<br />
n§Mm§Jm| H$m CnmoJ H$aHo$ OÝ‘-Hw§$S>{bm± ~ZmZo<br />
dmbo Bg VÏ go n[a{MV h¢?<br />
’${bV-Ámo{Vf d¡km{ZH$ {gÕm§Vm| Am¡a {Z<strong>‘m</strong>|<br />
na AmYm[aV Zht h¡, Bg{bE Bgo {dkmZ Zht<br />
<strong>‘m</strong>Zm Om <strong>gH$</strong>Vm& EH$ OÝ‘-n{<strong>ÌH$m</strong> Mma Omo{V{gm|<br />
(AmO Ho$ ’${bV-Ámo{V{fm| Ho$ {bE hr Zm‘<br />
Cnwº$ h¡) {XImBE, AmnH$mo Mma AZw<strong>‘m</strong>Z àmá<br />
hm|Jo& d¡km{ZH$ {ZîH$f© Bg Vah ì{º$JV Zht<br />
hmoVo&<br />
Omo{Vgr OÝ‘-Hw§$S>br ~ZmVo g‘ AMyH$<br />
OÝ‘H$mb H$m AmJ«h H$aVm h¡& bo{H$Z R>rH$<br />
OÝ‘H$mb H$m¡Z-gm <strong>‘m</strong>Zo? dh g‘ O~ {eew H$m<br />
{ga nhbr ~ma ZOa AmVm h¡? dh g‘ O~ {eew<br />
nyU© ê$n go ~mha Am OmVm h¡? dh g‘ O~ {eew<br />
àW‘ ídmg boH$a Q>çmh-Q>çmh H$aZo bJVm h¡?<br />
m dh g‘ O~ nhbr ~ma ór~rO Am¡a nw~rO<br />
H$m {‘bZ hmoVm h¡? m {’$a dh g‘ O~ Cg<br />
{‘bZo Ho$ ~mX H$mo{eH$mAm| go Ord H$m {dH$mg<br />
hmoZo bJVm h¡? BZ gdmbm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| Omo{V{gm|<br />
<strong>H$s</strong> EH$dm³Vm Zht h¡& Vmo {’$a Bg Vah V¡ma <strong>H$s</strong><br />
JB© OÝ‘-Hw§$S>br H$mo H¡$go d¡km{ZH$ <strong>‘m</strong>Zm OmE?<br />
OÝ‘-Hw§$S>br ~ZmZo Am¡a am{em| Ho$ {ZYm©aU ‘|<br />
Omo{Vgr AZoH$ Ad¡km{ZH$ ~mVm| H$mo Am±I ‘y§XH$a<br />
ñdrH$ma H$a boVo h¢& gy© H$m àH$me H$ar~ AmR><br />
{‘ZQ> ~mX n¥Ïdr na nhþ±MVm h¡& e{Z H$m àH$me<br />
n¥Ïdr na nhþ±MZo ‘| Am¡a ^r A{YH$ g‘ bJVm<br />
h¡& Vmao h‘go g¡H$‹S>m|-hOmam| àH$me-df© Xÿa h¢ Am¡a<br />
{H$gr ^r am{e (Vmam ‘§S>b) Ho$ gmao Vmao h‘go<br />
g<strong>‘m</strong>Z Xÿar na Zht h¡& AV… J«h Am¡a Vmam| H$mo O~<br />
h‘ AmH$me ‘| XoIVo h¢ Vmo do dñVwV… Cg ñWmZ na<br />
~o~rbmoZ na {gH§$Xa <strong>H$s</strong><br />
{dO Ho$ ~mX ’${bV-<br />
Ámo{Vf H$mo yZm{Zm| Zo<br />
^r AnZmZm ewê$ {H$m&<br />
yZm{Zm| Ho$ O[aE B<strong>gH$</strong>m<br />
àdoe EH$ Amoa ^maV ‘|<br />
hþAm, Vmo Xÿgar Amoa amo‘ ‘|&<br />
~o~rbmoZr ’${bV-Ámo{Vf<br />
à‘wIV… amÁ Am¡a amOHw$b<br />
go g§~§{YV Wm, yZm{Zm|<br />
Zo Cgo Am‘ ì{º$ go Omo‹S><br />
{Xm& ‘Ja amo‘ d yZmZ<br />
‘| Eogo H$B© {dMmaH$ Wo Omo<br />
’${bV-Ámo{Vf H$mo ^«‘ hr<br />
<strong>‘m</strong>ZVo Wo& amo‘Z amOZr{Vk<br />
{ggamo (B©gm nyd© àW‘ gXr)<br />
<strong>H$s</strong> ’${bV-Ámo{Vf ‘| AmñWm<br />
Zht Wr, C<strong>gH$</strong>m H$hZm Wm {H$<br />
J«h-Vmao h‘go ~hþV Xÿa h¢&<br />
Zht hmoVo Ohm± do {XImB© XoVo h¢& Bg{bE J«hpñW{V<br />
EH$ ^«‘ h¡, Omo{V{gm| <strong>H$s</strong> ghr J«hpñW{V Am¡a<br />
ghr g‘ <strong>H$s</strong> ~mV {ZaW©H$ h¡&<br />
CÎmar Am¡a X{jUr Y«wd-àXoem| ‘| N>h ‘hrZm|<br />
H$m {XZ Am¡a N>h ‘hrZm| <strong>H$s</strong> amV hmoVr h¡& df©<br />
Ho$ Hw$N> g‘ VH$ dhm± J«h {XImB© ^r Zht XoVo&<br />
CÎmar Y«wd-àXoe Ho$ {Zdm{gm| H$mo X{jUr AmH$me<br />
Ho$ J«h-ZjÌ {XImB© Zht XoVo Am¡a X{jUr Y«wdàXoe<br />
Ho$ {Zdm{gm| H$mo CÎmar AmH$me Ho$ J«h-<br />
ZjÌ {XImB© Zht XoVo& V~ CZH$m n[aUm‘ dhm± Ho$<br />
{Zdm{gm| na H¡$go hmo <strong>gH$</strong>Vm h¡?<br />
Omo{Vgr gy©, M§Ð, amhþ Am¡a Ho$Vw H$mo J«h <strong>‘m</strong>ZVo<br />
h¢& ‘Ja gy© Vmam h¡, M§Ð CnJ«h h¡, amhþ d Ho$Vw<br />
AmH$me Ho$ Xmo H$mën{ZH$ q~Xþ h¡& ‘Oo <strong>H$s</strong> ~mV Vmo<br />
h h¡ {H$ amhþ-Ho$Vw O¡go H$mën{ZH$ q~XþAm| H$mo Vmo<br />
Hw§$S>br ‘| ñWmZ {Xm OmVm h¡, ‘Ja {Og n¥Ïdr-<br />
J«h na h<strong>‘m</strong>am {Zdmg h¡, {Og<strong>H$s</strong> n[apñW{Vm± h‘|<br />
g~go ÁmXm à^m{dV H$aVr h¢, CgHo$ {bE Hw§$S>br<br />
‘| H$moB© ñWmZ Zht h¡&<br />
EH$ hr g‘, EH$ hr Ajm§e na, m Añn-<br />
Vmb ‘| EH$ hr g‘ n¡Xm hþE g^r ~mbH$m| na<br />
J«h-ZjÌm| H$m EH$-gm n[aUm‘ XoIZo H$mo Zht<br />
{‘bVm& OmnmZ Ho$ {hamo{e<strong>‘m</strong> Am¡a ZmJmgm<strong>H$s</strong> ZJam|<br />
na H«$‘e… 6 d 9 AJñV 1945 H$mo S>mbo Jo EQ>‘<br />
~<strong>‘m</strong>| go AWdm bmVya Ho$ ^yH§$n ‘| EH$gmW Omo bmoJ<br />
‘ao, ³m CZ g~H$m OÝ‘ EH$ hr g‘ hþAm Wm?<br />
³m CZ g~ <strong>H$s</strong> OÝ‘-Hw§$S>{bm§ EH$-O¡gr Wt?<br />
Am¡a {’$a, J«hem§{V H$m h H$‘©H$m§S> ³m|?<br />
{X AZwð>mZm| go H$amo‹S>m| {H$bmo‘rQ>a Xÿa Ho$ Xþï> J«hm|<br />
H$mo amñVo na bmm Om <strong>gH$</strong>Vm h¡, Vmo Bgr YaVr<br />
na Xþï>m| H$m X‘Z H$aHo$ Jar~r Am¡a AÝm H$m<br />
CÝ‘ybZ ³m| Zht {H$m OmVm? {dkmZ <strong>‘m</strong>ZVm h¡<br />
{H$ {díd <strong>H$s</strong> ha dñVw ha AÝ dñVw H$mo à^m{dV<br />
H$aVr h¡& AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZ ‘| BZ {d{dY àH$ma<br />
Ho$ à^mdm| m ~bm| <strong>H$s</strong> gyú‘ JUZmE± <strong>H$s</strong> OmVr<br />
h¢, BZH$m ìmnH$ CnmoJ {H$m OmVm h¡& BgHo$<br />
{dnarV, ’${bV-Ámo{Vf ‘| Ho$db H$mën{ZH$<br />
à^md <strong>H$s</strong> ~mV <strong>H$s</strong> OmVr h¡, Cg‘| Vmo ÝyQ>Z Ho$<br />
JwéËdmH$f©U Ho$ {bE ^r H$moB© ñWmZ Zht h¡&<br />
H§$ßyQ>a AnZo-Amn ‘| Hw$N> Zht H$a <strong>gH$</strong>Vm,<br />
<strong>‘m</strong>¡{bH$ Hw$N> Zht gmoM <strong>gH$</strong>Vm& CgHo$ {bE Omo<br />
àmoJ«m‘ ~Zmm OmVm h¡ Cgr Ho$ AZwgma dh n[aUm‘<br />
àñVwV H$a XoVm h¡& BYa Ho$ dfm] ‘| ’${bV-Ámo{Vf<br />
Ho$ {bE ì{º$JV gmoM Ho$ AZwgma Hw$N> àmoJ«m‘ ~Zo<br />
h¢& CÝht H$m CnmoJ H$aHo$ J«mhH$m| H$mo VwaV-’w$aV<br />
OÝ‘-Hw§$S>br g{hV C<strong>gH$</strong>m ‘w{ÐV ^{dî noe H$a<br />
{Xm OmVm Wm& Omo{V{fm| Zo AmH$me Ho$ J«hm|-<br />
ZjÌm|- am{em| H$mo nhMmZZm H$^r H$m N>mo‹S> {Xm<br />
Wm, ‘Ja ~Zo-~ZmE n§Mm§J H$m CnmoJ H$aZo na ^r<br />
Wmo‹S>m-~hþV J{UV CÝh| H$aZm n‹S>Vm Wm& H§$ßyQ>a<br />
Ho$ H$maU A~ Cg<strong>H$s</strong> ^r AmdíH$Vm Zht ah<br />
JB©& h R>J {dÚm A~ nyU©V… H§$ßyQ>a ‘erZ na<br />
Am{lV hmoZo Om ahr h¡&<br />
dV©<strong>‘m</strong>Z gXr ‘| EH$ ZE {damQ> {díd H$m CÓmQ>Z<br />
hþAm h¡& gZ² 1930 ‘| gm¡a-‘§S>b ‘| Zm ßbyQ>mo J«h<br />
ImoOm Jm& H$B© XO©Z ZE CnJ«h ImoOo JE, {OZ‘|<br />
H$B© h<strong>‘m</strong>ao M§Ð go ^r ~‹S>o h¢& AmH$meJ§Jm Ho$ nao<br />
hOmam|-bmIm| ‘§Xm{H${Zm± ImoOr JBª& ídoV dm‘Z,<br />
bmb XmZd, nëga, ÝyQ´>mZ Am{X H$B© {H$ñ‘ Ho$<br />
Vmam| Ho$ ~mao ‘| OmZH$mar {‘br& "ãb¡H$ hmob' O¡go<br />
{dbjU qnS>m| H$m nVm Mbm& ‘Zwî M§Ð <strong>H$s</strong> mÌm<br />
H$aHo$ bm¡Q>m& ewH«$ d ‘§Jb J«hm| na §ÌmonH$aU<br />
CVmao JE&<br />
bo{H$Z ’${bV-Ámo{Vf H$mo IJmob-{dkmZ<br />
<strong>H$s</strong> Bg ZB© OmZH$mar go, dmñV{dH$ ^m¡{VH$ {díd<br />
go H$moB© boZm-XoZm Zht h¡& nwamZr AYyar Am¡a<br />
Ad¡km{ZH$ OmZH$mar na Omo{V{gm| <strong>H$s</strong> AmñWm<br />
AmO ^r H$m‘ h¡& ’${bV-Ámo{Vf AmñWm Am¡a<br />
{dídmg na AmYm[aV ‘hO EH$ A§Y{dídmg h¡&<br />
^mñda ^maV, <strong>‘m</strong>M© 2015 41