Tyngdpunktsförskjutning rapport (PDF) - Sveriges kristna råd

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THE GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR THE PREVENTION OF ARMED CONFLICT Detta dokument kommer från European Centre for Conflict Prevention/International Secretariat of the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict. ABOUT THIS ISSUES PAPER This paper is the second in a series of studies into issues in conflict prevention and peace-‐building by civil society of the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC). This paper is based on the experiences and discussions undertaken through the first three years of the Global Partnership. It builds on the outcomes of regional conferences and action agendas, the global conference ‘From Reaction to Prevention: Civil Society Forging Partnerships to Prevent Violent Conflict and Build Peace” that took place at the United Nations headquarters in New York in July 2005 and the Global Action Agenda. Furthermore it also advances on the publication People Building-‐ Successful stories of civil society that was published in July 2005. Lastly, it benefits from the insights and practical experiences of the regional initiators of the Global Partnership. The purpose of the study is to provide an in-‐depth review of the many roles and functions that can be undertaken by civil society organizations and it provides an overview of the key challenges facing the wider field of civil society working for peace. This paper is written by Dr. Catherine Barnes. Dr. Barnes is an independent consultant working in support of peace-‐building initiatives through facilitation, training, and research. She is an advisor to the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict and an associate of Conciliation Resources. She holds a doctoral degree in conflict analysis and resolution from George Mason University and has authored several publications on peace processes, minority rights, and specific conflict situations around the world. The paper has made been made possible by the financial support of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ This study emerges from the experience and discussions undertaken through the first three years of the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC). The main focus is to survey many of the ways in which civil society organizations (CSOs) respond constructively to conflict, with the primary purpose of raising awareness of this potential. It starts with a brief description of the wider context of peace and security concerns that GPPAC aims to address. It then gives an overview of what is ‘civil society’ and why it is relevant in addressing conflict. After presenting a framework of the ways in which CSOs respond to conflict, it then provides a more in-‐depth review of the many roles and functions that can be undertaken by CSOs, illustrating these points with numerous examples. It concludes by identifying some of the key challenges facing the wider field of civil society peace-‐building if it is to maximize this potential and effectively catalyze a new way of responding to conflict that promotes human security in a more just and peaceful world. The following summarizes some of the key points that are made in arguing the case why it is important for civil society to be involved in responding to conflict and a review of the eight functional areas of civil society peace-‐building described in detail in the paper. Why should civil society be involved in working with conflict? The changing nature of war compels civil society to act. The use of unconventional tactics by warring parties has dramatically increased the costs of conflict for ordinary people. Noncombatant civilians are the main targets of violence and civilian deaths are the vast majority of all casualties. Forcible displacement and massacres; the targeting of women and children and abduction of children as soldiers; environmental 30
destruction and economic collapse creating profound impoverishment; the legacies of crippling bitterness, fear and division. These are some of the many reasons why civil society actors feel compelled to use their energy and creativity to find alternatives to violence, to end wars, and prevent them from starting or reoccurring. As people become directly affected by armed conflict, they develop a central interest in contributing to its resolution. Living alongside the armed actors, they have greater need and greater potential to take part in peace-‐building. Civil society as a force for people-‐centered security In a time when the world is divided in its approach to promoting security, the UN has championed a more holistic approach, as embodied in UN Secretary General Kofi Annan’s observation that: “The world must advance the causes of security, development and human rights together, otherwise none will succeed. Humanity will not enjoy security without development, it will not enjoy development without security, and it will not enjoy either without respect for human rights.” 13 People can be agents of this security, not merely passive recipients. Fulfilling this potential, however, necessitates changing the state’s ‘security monopoly’: the view that governments are solely responsible for providing security and this can best be achieved through military capacity and the threat of force. Governments have a primary obligation to provide security. Yet in a globalizing world, preventing violent conflict and building sustainable peace requires complex strategies. These need to address structural causes of conflict, many of which may be inherent in the global system. To do so effectively requires cooperation between civil society actors at the local, national, regional and global levels and with governments, intergovernmental organizations and, in some cases, businesses. Yet the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in promoting peace and security remains contested by some, who see them either as irrelevant or as a threat to the sovereign prerogative of states. Civil society can contribute depth and durability to peace-‐building Even using the methods of power politics and military intervention, it is extremely difficult to ‘impose’ peace on those who remain committed to achieving their objectives through violence. Sustainable peace cannot be achieved through the exercise of force alone; effective dialogue must be an integral part of any process aimed at truly resolving the conflict. At some point, those involved need to agree the basic terms and conditions in which they will co-‐exist. It is not possible to make peace without truly engaging with others across the conflict divide. In many cases, the engagement of large segments of the wider society in peace-‐building processes can give depth and durability to the changes needed to support sustainable peace. One of the greatest strengths civil society bring to working with conflict is their capacity to support changes in how people respond to conflict and to direct attention to the underlying causes that need to be addressed if a sustainable and just peace is to emerge. Furthermore, civil society actors have the potential to play an important role in raising awareness both of the costs of continued conflict and the opportunities and means to seek a way out through constructive engagement with opponents. While they can facilitate dialogue between the primary protagonists in armed struggle, CSO-‐led processes are often focused on enabling ordinary people to articulate what they really need and then working to find a common ground from which they can work to establish peaceful co-‐existence. Instead of the use of force, civil society actors generally rely on their creativity by stimulating a new sense of what is possible and how it can be achieved. This capacity is rooted, ultimately, in a sense of agency: the ability to act together with others to change the world. Agents for change: key functions of civil society peace-‐building Civil society responds to conflict in numerous ways. While often part of the forces supporting war, it is also one of the powerful forces promoting peace. CSO roles in humanitarian relief, development and human rights protection are well understood. What is less well known are 13 In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All. Report of the Secretary-‐General. 21 March 2005. A/59/2005. http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/contents.htm. 31
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