theanatomyandphysiologylearningsystem4epdfdr-150930024720-lva1-app6891

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Chapter 1 Introduction to the Human Body 5 Organ Systems of the Body—cont’d Lymphatic System Digestive System Respiratory System COMPONENTS: Lymph, lymph vessels, lymphoid organs FUNCTIONS: Returns tissue fluid to the blood; defends against disease COMPONENTS: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas FUNCTIONS: Ingests and digests food; absorbs nutrients into blood COMPONENTS:Air passageways, lungs FUNCTIONS: Exchanges gases between blood and external environment Urinary System Reproductive System COMPONENTS: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra FUNCTIONS: Excretes metabolic wastes; regulates fluid balance and acid-base balance COMPONENTS:Testes, ovaries, accessory structures FUNCTIONS: Forms new individuals to provide continuation of the human species Figure 1-2, Cont’d.
6 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Human Body and heart. It consists of the bones and joints along with ligaments and cartilage that bind the bones together. Bones serve as attachments for muscles and act with the muscles to produce movement. Tissues within bones produce blood cells and store inorganic salts containing calcium and phosphorus. Muscular System Muscles are the organs of the muscular (MUS-kyoo-lar) system. As muscles contract, they create the forces that produce movement and maintain posture. Muscles can store energy in the form of glycogen and are the primary source of heat within the body. Nervous System The nervous (NER-vus) system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves. These organs work together to coordinate body activities. Nerve cells, or neurons, are specialized to transmit impulses from one point to another. In this way, body parts can communicate with each other and with the outside environment. Some nerve cells have special endings called sense receptors that detect changes in the environment. Endocrine System The endocrine (EN-doh-krin) system includes all the glands that secrete chemicals called hormones. These hormones travel through the blood and act as messengers to regulate cellular activities. The endocrine and nervous systems work together to coordinate and regulate body activities to maintain a proper balance. The nervous system typically acts quickly, whereas the endocrine system acts slowly but with a more sustained effect. The endocrine system also regulates reproductive functions in both males and females. Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular (kar-dee-oh-VAS-kyoo-lar) system consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels. The blood transports nutrients, hormones, and oxygen to tissue cells and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide. Certain cells within the blood defend the body against disease. The heart acts as a pump to create the forces necessary to maintain blood pressure and to circulate the blood. The blood vessels serve as pipes or channels for the flow of blood. Lymphatic System The lymphatic (lim-FAT-ik) system consists of a series of vessels that transport a fluid called lymph from the tissues back into the blood. In addition to lymph, the system includes lymph nodes and lymphoid organs such as the tonsils, spleen, and thymus that filter the lymph to remove foreign particles as a protection against disease. Lymphoid organs also function in the body’s defense mechanism by enhancing the activities of cells that inactivate specific pathogenic agents. The lymphatic system is sometimes considered to be a part of the cardiovascular system. Digestive System The organs of the digestive (dye-JES-tiv) system include the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon), which make up the digestive tract. Accessory organs of this system include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The functions of this system are to ingest food, process it into molecules that can be used by the body, and then eliminate the residue. Respiratory System The respiratory (reh-SPY-rah-tor-ee or res-per-ah-TOR-ee) system brings oxygen, in the form of air, into the lungs, removes the carbon dioxide that is produced in metabolism, and provides a membrane for the exchange of these gases between the blood and lungs. The system consists of the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Urinary System The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra make up the urinary (YOO-rin-air-ee) system. The kidneys remove various waste materials, especially nitrogenous wastes, from the blood and help to regulate the fluid level and chemical content of the body. The product of kidney function is urine, which is transported through the ureters and urethra. The urinary bladder serves as a reservoir or storage area for the urine. Reproductive System The purpose of the reproductive (ree-pro-DUK-tiv) system is the production of new individuals. The primary organs of the system are the gonads that produce the reproductive cells. These are the ovaries in females and testes in males. In addition to gonads, there are accessory glands, supporting structures, and duct systems for the transport of reproductive cells. In the female, the reproductive system produces ova or eggs, receives sperm from the male, and provides for the support and development of the embryo and fetus. The male reproductive system is concerned with the production and maintenance of sperm and the transfer of these cells to the female. Life Processes All living organisms have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving forms. The basic processes of life include organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, and reproduction. In humans, who represent the most complex form of life, there are additional requirements such as growth, differentiation, respiration, digestion, and excretion. All of these processes are interrelated. No part of the body, from the smallest cell to a complete body system, works in isolation. All function together, in fine-tuned balance, for the well-being of the individual and to maintain life. Disease and death represent a disruption of the balance in these processes. The following is a brief description of the life processes. Organization At all levels of the organizational scheme, there is a division of labor. Each component has its own job to perform in cooperation with others. Even a single cell will die if it loses its integrity or organization. Metabolism Metabolism (meh-TAB-oh-lizm) includes all the chemical reactions that occur in the body. One phase of metabolism is
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Muscular System 7 CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
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