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Chapter 1 Introduction to the Human Body 13 Table 1-1 Body Area Terms—Cont’d Occipital (ahk-SIP-ih-tal) Ophthalmic (off-THAL-mik) Oral (OH-ral or AW-ral) Otic (OH-tik) Palmar (PAWL-mar) Pectoral (PEK-toh-ral) Pedal (PED-al) Pelvic (PEL-vik) Perineal (pair-ih-NEE-al) Plantar (PLAN-tar) Popliteal (pop-LIT-ee-al) Sacral (SAY-kral) Sternal (STIR-nal) Tarsal (TAHR-sal) Thigh (THIGH) Thoracic (tho-RAS-ik) Umbilical (um-BIL-ih-kal) Vertebral (ver-TEE-bral or VER-teh-bral) Lower portion of the back of the head Pertaining to the eyes Pertaining to the mouth Pertaining to the ears Palm of hand Part of trunk inferior to neck and superior to diaphragm; thoracic or chest region Pertaining to the foot Inferior region of abdominopelvic cavity Region between anus and pubic symphysis; includes region of external reproductive organs Sole of foot Area behind knee Posterior region between hip bones Anterior midline of the thorax Ankle and instep of foot Part of lower extremity between hip and knee; femoral region Chest; part of trunk inferior to neck and superior to diaphragm; pectoral region Navel; middle region of abdomen Pertaining to spinal column; backbone Cephalic Cranial Ophthalmic Buccal Frontal Otic Oral Thoracic (pectoral) Occipital Cervical Sternal Brachial Antecubital Antebrachial (cubital) Carpal Palmar Navel (umbilical) Inguinal (groin) Tarsal Mammary Costal Leg (crural) Abdominal (celiac) Pelvic Perineal Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Axillary Vertebral Lumbar Cutaneous (skin) Sacral Gluteal (buttock) Plantar Pedal Figure 1-10 Terms for selected regions of the body.
14 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Human Body CHAPTER SUMMARY Anatomy and Physiology Define the terms anatomy and physiology and discuss the relationship between the two areas of study • Anatomy is the scientific study of structure. • Physiology is the scientific study of function. • Anatomy and physiology are interrelated because structure has an effect on function and function influences structure. Levels of Organization List the six levels of organization within the human body • From the simplest to the most complex, the six levels of organization within the human body are chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, body system, and total organism. Organ Systems in the Body Name the 11 organ systems of the body and briefly describe the major role of each one • Integumentary system consists of the skin with its derivatives; it covers and protects the body. • Skeletal system includes the bones, cartilages, and ligaments; it forms the framework of the body. • Muscular system consists of all the muscles in the body; it produces movement and heat. • Nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; it receives/transmits stimuli and coordinates body activities. • Endocrine system consists of the ductless glands; it regulates metabolic activities. • Cardiovascular system includes the blood, heart, and blood vessels; it transports substances throughout the body. • Lymphatic system includes lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphoid organs; it is a major defense against disease. • Digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs; it is responsible for the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food. • Respiratory system includes the air passageways and lungs; it is responsible for the exchange of gases between the external environment and the blood. • Urinary system consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts; it functions to eliminate metabolic wastes from the body. • Reproductive system consists of the ovaries and testes with the associated accessory organs; its function is to form new individuals for the continuation of the species. Life Processes List 10 life processes in the human body • The basic characteristics that distinguish living from nonliving forms are organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, and reproduction. Human life has additional characteristics such as growth, development, digestion, respiration, and excretion. Environmental Requirements for Life List five physical environmental factors necessary for survival of the individual • Physical factors from the environment that are necessary for human life include water, oxygen, nutrients, heat, and pressure. Homeostasis Discuss the concept of homeostasis • Homeostasis refers to a constant internal environment. • A lack of homeostasis leads to illness or disease. • All organ systems of the body, under direction from the nervous and endocrine system, work together to maintain homeostasis. Distinguish between negative feedback mechanisms and positive feedback mechanisms • Homeostasis is usually maintained by negative feedback mechanisms, which inhibit changes. • Positive feedback mechanisms are stimulating and cause a process or change to occur at faster and faster rates, leading to a culminating event. Anatomical Terms Give the four criteria that are used to describe the anatomical position • The body is erect with feet flat on the floor and facing forward, arms are at the sides, and palms and toes are directed forward. Use anatomical terms to describe body planes • Six pairs of opposite terms are used to describe the relative position of one body part to another—superior/inferior, anterior/ posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep, and visceral/parietal. • A sagittal plane divides the body into right and left parts; a transverse, or horizontal, plane divides it into upper and lower regions; and a frontal, or coronal, plane divides it into front and back portions. • The axial portion of the body consists of the head, neck, and trunk; the appendicular portion consists of the limbs or appendages; and specific anatomic terms are used to designate body regions. Distinguish between the dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity, and list the subdivisions of each one • The dorsal body cavity consists of the cranial cavity, which contains the brain, and the spinal cavity, which contains the spinal cord. • The ventral body cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs, and the abdominopelvic cavity, which contains the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. • A convenient and commonly used method divides the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions: epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, right and left hypochondriac, right and left lumbar, and right and left iliac.
Page 2 and 3: Edith Applegate, MS Professor of Sc
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Skeletal System 6 CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
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Muscular System 7 CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
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As described in Chapter 4, there ar
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TABLE 8-8 Spinal Nerve Plexus
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484 General Glossary Penile urethra
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504 Index hypotension, 412 hypothal
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